The Global Bioplastics Market 2026-2036

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            36

• 1.1        What are bioplastics?              37
• 1.2        Global Plastics Market and Supply  37
• 1.3        Recycling Polymers    38
• 1.4        Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers 38
• 1.5        Bio-based Content Across the Full Polymer Market             40
• 1.6        Regional Distribution                41
• 1.7        Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview             42
• 1.8        Next Generation Bio-based Polymers            44
• 1.9        Integration with Chemical Recycling              45
• 1.10     Novel Feedstock Sources      46
• 1.11     Turning Waste into Bioplastics           48
• 1.12     Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025    49
• 1.13     Global Bioplastics Capacity 50
  • 1.13.1 Production capacities 2025 50
  • 1.13.2 Production capacities forecast 2025-2036 51
  • 1.13.3 Production capacities by region 2024-2036             52
• 1.14     Global Market Forecasts        53
• 1.15     Environmental Impact and Sustainability   55
  • 1.15.1 Plastics carbon footprint       55
  • 1.15.2 Bioplastics carbon footprint 55
  • 1.15.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bioplastics            57
  • 1.15.4 Use of renewables in production      57
  • 1.15.5 Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability       58
  • 1.15.6 Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives      59
• 1.16     Bio-composites           60
  • 1.16.1 Sustainable packaging            60
  • 1.16.2 Enhanced biodegradation of bio-based polymers 61
  • 1.16.3 Bio-composite manufacturing           62
  • 1.16.4 Sustainability and Environmental Performance of Bio-based Polymers 63

2             INTRODUCTION          64

• 2.1        The Biodegradability and Bio-based Independence Principle        64
• 2.2        Types of bioplastics  64
  • 2.2.1    Introduction    65
  • 2.2.2    Polymer Types               65
    • 2.2.2.1 Transition from fossil-based to bio-based polymers            66
    • 2.2.2.2 Monosaccharides      67
    • 2.2.2.3 Vegetable Oils               68
  • 2.2.3    Bio-based monomers              68
    • 2.2.3.1 Portfolio of available monomers       69
    • 2.2.3.2 Emerging Monomer Technologies    70
  • 2.2.4    The Green Premium   70
  • 2.2.5    Market Pathway Classification: Drop-in, Smart Drop-in and Dedicated Bio-based Polymers  71
• 2.3        Feedstocks      72
  • 2.3.1    Types   72
  • 2.3.2    Prices  74
  • 2.3.3    Alternative feedstocks for bioplastics           74
  • 2.3.4    Food security, land use, and water resources          75
• 2.4        Chain of custody         76
• 2.5        Chemical tracers and markers           77
• 2.6        Bioplastics regulations            78
  • 2.6.1    Overview           78
  • 2.6.2    The UN Global Plastics Treaty             81
  • 2.6.3    Extended producer responsibility (EPR)       81
  • 2.6.4    United States 82
  • 2.6.5    Europe                83
    • 2.6.5.1 EU Bioeconomy Strategy November 2025  84
  • 2.6.6    Asia-Pacific    85
  • 2.6.7    Recycled-content mandates and material bans    86

3             BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES MARKET               87

• 3.1        Biorefineries   87
• 3.2        Feedstock and Land Use        87
• 3.3        Plant-based Feedstocks         88
  • 3.3.1    Starch 88
  • 3.3.2    Glucose-platform intermediates       89
  • 3.3.3    Sugar crops and the furan platform 90
  • 3.3.4    Lignocellulosic biomass        90
  • 3.3.5    Plant oils           91
  • 3.3.6    Other plant-based feedstocks           91
• 3.4        Waste Feedstocks      91
• 3.5        Microbial and Mineral Sources           91
• 3.6        Gaseous Feedstocks 92

4             BIO-BASED POLYMERS           92

• 4.1        BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS       92
  • 4.1.1    Drop-in bio-based plastics   92
  • 4.1.2    Novel bio-based plastics       93
• 4.2        BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS               94
  • 4.2.1    Biodegradability          94
  • 4.2.2    Compostability            95
• 4.3        TYPES 96
• 4.4        KEY MARKET PLAYERS             97
• 4.5        SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS               98
  • 4.5.1    Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear               99
    • 4.5.1.1 Market analysis            99
    • 4.5.1.2 Production       99
    • 4.5.1.3 Applications   100
    • 4.5.1.4 Producers         101
  • 4.5.2    Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)        101
    • 4.5.2.1 What is polylactic acid?         101
    • 4.5.2.2 Market analysis            101
    • 4.5.2.3 Applications   102
    • 4.5.2.4 Production       103
    • 4.5.2.5 Biomanufacturing of lactic acid (C3H6O3) 103
    • 4.5.2.6 Bacterial fermentation             104
      • 4.5.2.6.1           Lactic acid       105
      • 4.5.2.6.2           Selection of optimal bacterial strains           105
      • 4.5.2.6.3           Downstream processing of fermentation broth into PLA-grade lactic acid           106
    • 4.5.2.7 PLA hydrolysis               108
    • 4.5.2.8 Ocean degradation    108
    • 4.5.2.9 PLA end-of-life              109
    • 4.5.2.10            Producers and production capacities, current and planned          110
      • 4.5.2.10.1        Lactic acid producers and production capacities 110
      • 4.5.2.10.2        PLA producers and production capacities 110
      • 4.5.2.10.3        Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 111
      • 4.5.2.10.4        PLA Production by region 2019–2036            112
  • 4.5.3    Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)            113
    • 4.5.3.1 Market analysis            113
    • 4.5.3.2 Bio-based MEG and PET         114
      • 4.5.3.2.1           Monomer production               114
      • 4.5.3.2.2           Applications   115
    • 4.5.3.3 Producers and production capacities           115
    • 4.5.3.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)     116
  • 4.5.4    Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)   117
    • 4.5.4.1 Market analysis            117
    • 4.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities           117
    • 4.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      118
    • 4.5.4.4 PTT Production by region 2019–2036            119
  • 4.5.5    Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)     119
    • 4.5.5.1 Market analysis            120
    • 4.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET          120
    • 4.5.5.3 Commercial status    121
    • 4.5.5.4 Producers and production capacities           121
      • 4.5.5.4.1           FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities         121
      • 4.5.5.4.2           Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).            122
  • 4.5.6    Polyamides (Bio-PA)  123
    • 4.5.6.1 Market analysis            123
    • 4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities           124
    • 4.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)           125
    • 4.5.6.4 Bio-PA Production by region 2019–2036     126
  • 4.5.7    Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)           126
    • 4.5.7.1 Market analysis            126
    • 4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities           127
    • 4.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)    128
    • 4.5.7.4 PBAT Production by region 2019–2036         129
  • 4.5.8    Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers       129
    • 4.5.8.1 Market analysis            130
    • 4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities           130
    • 4.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      131
    • 4.5.8.4 PBS Production by region 2019–2036           132
  • 4.5.9    Polyethylene (Bio-PE)               132
    • 4.5.9.1 Market analysis            132
    • 4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities           133
    • 4.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).      134
    • 4.5.9.4 Bio-PE Production by region 2019–2036     134
  • 4.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)            135
    • 4.5.10.1            Market analysis            135
    • 4.5.10.2            Producers and production capacities           136
    • 4.5.10.3            Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)     136
    • 4.5.10.4            Bio-PP Production by region 2019–2036     137
  • 4.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers     138
    • 4.5.11.1            Market analysis            138
    • 4.5.11.2            Production       139
    • 4.5.11.3            Applications   140
    • 4.5.11.4            Producers         141
  • 4.5.12 Polytrimethylene Furandicarboxylate (PTF)               141
    • 4.5.12.1            Market Analysis           141
    • 4.5.12.2            Production       142
    • 4.5.12.3            Applications   142
    • 4.5.12.4            Producers and Production Capacities          142
    • 4.5.12.5            PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          142
  • 4.5.13 Bio-based Polybutylene Terephthalate (Bio-PBT)   143
    • 4.5.13.1            Market Analysis           143
    • 4.5.13.2            Production       144
    • 4.5.13.3            Applications   144
    • 4.5.13.4            Producers and Production Capacities          144
    • 4.5.13.5            Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 145
  • 4.5.14 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol (PFA)      145
    • 4.5.14.1            Market Analysis           145
    • 4.5.14.2            Production       146
    • 4.5.14.3            Applications   146
    • 4.5.14.4            Producers and Production Capacities          146
    • 4.5.14.5            PFA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          147
  • 4.5.15 Bio-based Polyvinyl Chloride (Bio-PVC)       148
    • 4.5.15.1            Market Analysis           148
    • 4.5.15.2            Production       148
    • 4.5.15.3            Applications   148
    • 4.5.15.4            Producers and Production Capacities          148
    • 4.5.15.5            Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 149
  • 4.5.16 Bio-based Polymethyl Methacrylate (Bio-PMMA)  150
    • 4.5.16.1            Market Analysis           150
    • 4.5.16.2            Production       150
    • 4.5.16.3            Applications   150
    • 4.5.16.4            Producers and Production Capacities          150
    • 4.5.16.5            Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)           151
  • 4.5.17 Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)   152
    • 4.5.17.1            Market Analysis           152
    • 4.5.17.2            Production       152
    • 4.5.17.3            Applications   152
    • 4.5.17.4            Producers and Production Capacities          152
    • 4.5.17.5            Bio-SBR Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 153
  • 4.5.18 Epoxy resins (bio-based content)     153
    • 4.5.18.1            Market Analysis           153
    • 4.5.18.2            Producers and Production Capacities          154
    • 4.5.18.3            Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036 154
    • 4.5.18.4            Epoxy resins Production by region 2019–2036        155
  • 4.5.19 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio-based content)    155
    • 4.5.19.1            Market Analysis           155
    • 4.5.19.2            Producers and Production Capacities          156
    • 4.5.19.3            Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036               156
    • 4.5.19.4            PUR Production by region 2019–2036           157
• 4.6        NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS    157
  • 4.6.1    Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             158
    • 4.6.1.1 Technology description           158
    • 4.6.1.2 Types   159
      • 4.6.1.2.1           PHB      161
      • 4.6.1.2.2           PHBV   161
    • 4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes             162
    • 4.6.1.4 Market analysis            165
    • 4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs            166
    • 4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs        167
      • 4.6.1.6.1           Packaging        168
      • 4.6.1.6.2           Cosmetics       169
        • 4.6.1.6.2.1      PHA microspheres     169
      • 4.6.1.6.3           Medical              169
        • 4.6.1.6.3.1      Tissue engineering      169
        • 4.6.1.6.3.2      Drug delivery  170
      • 4.6.1.6.4           Agriculture       170
        • 4.6.1.6.4.1      Mulch film        170
        • 4.6.1.6.4.2      Grow bags        170
    • 4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities           171
    • 4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      172
    • 4.6.1.9 PHA Production by region 2019–2036           172
  • 4.6.2    Cellulose          173
    • 4.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA)             173
      • 4.6.2.1.1           Market analysis            173
      • 4.6.2.1.2           Production       173
      • 4.6.2.1.3           Applications   174
      • 4.6.2.1.4           Cellulose acetate Production by region 2019–2036            175
      • 4.6.2.1.5           Producers         175
    • 4.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)        176
      • 4.6.2.2.1           Market analysis            176
      • 4.6.2.2.2           Producers and production capacities           177
    • 4.6.2.3 Nanocellulose               177
    • 4.6.2.4 Casein polymers         178
      • 4.6.2.4.1           Market analysis            178
    • 4.6.2.5 Commercial status    178
      • 4.6.2.5.1           Production       179
      • 4.6.2.5.2           Applications   180
    • 4.6.2.6 Algal, Fungal and Mycelium-based Materials: Emerging Outlook               180
  • 4.6.3    Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC)    181
    • 4.6.3.1 Market Analysis           181
    • 4.6.3.2 Producers and Production Capacities          181
    • 4.6.3.3 SCPC production 2019–2036             182
    • 4.6.3.4 SCPC Production by region 2019–2036       182
• 4.7        NATURAL FIBERS        183
  • 4.7.1    Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers       186
  • 4.7.2    Advantages of natural fibers 187
  • 4.7.3    Commercially available next-gen natural fiber  products 188
  • 4.7.4    Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers    191
  • 4.7.5    Challenges      192
  • 4.7.6    Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)      192
    • •  
  • 4.7.7    Animal (fibrous protein)          212
  • 4.7.8    Markets for natural fibers       218
  • 4.7.9    Global production of natural fibers 234
• 4.8        LIGNIN                236
  • 4.8.1    Lignin as a Bio-based Polymer Feedstock   236

5             MARKETS FOR BIOPLASTICS               237

• 5.1        Packaging (Flexible and Rigid)            238
  • 5.1.1    Processes for bioplastics in packaging        238
  • 5.1.2    Applications   239
  • 5.1.3    Flexible packaging     239
    • 5.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2036       241
  • 5.1.4    Rigid packaging            242
    • 5.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2036       243
• 5.2        Consumer Goods       244
  • 5.2.1    Applications   244
  • 5.2.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       244
• 5.3        Automotive      245
  • 5.3.1    Applications   245
  • 5.3.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       246
• 5.4        Building and Construction    247
  • 5.4.1    Applications   247
  • 5.4.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       247
• 5.5        Textiles and Fibers      248
  • 5.5.1    Apparel              248
  • 5.5.2    Footwear           249
  • 5.5.3    Medical textiles            250
  • 5.5.4    Production volumes 2019-2036       250
• 5.6        Electronics      252
  • 5.6.1    Applications   252
  • 5.6.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       253
• 5.7        Agriculture and Horticulture 254
  • 5.7.1    Production volumes 2019-2036       254
• 5.8        Production of Biopolymers, by region            256
  • 5.8.1    North America              256
  • 5.8.2    Europe                257
  • 5.8.3    Asia-Pacific    258
  • 5.8.4    Latin America 259
• 5.9        Polymer-Specific Application Distribution 259
  • 5.9.1    All bio-based polymers — Application summary   259
  • 5.9.2    PLA — Application distribution          260
  • 5.9.3    PHA — Application distribution         261
  • 5.9.4    PBAT — Application distribution       262
  • 5.9.5    PBS — Application distribution          262
  • 5.9.6    SCPC — Application distribution     263
  • 5.9.7    Cellulose acetate — Application distribution           263

6             COMPANY PROFILES                265 (592 company profiles)

7             APPENDIX        679

• 7.1        Research Methodology           679

8             REFERENCES 681

List of Tables

• Table 1. Global Plastics Production (1950-2025). 38
• Table 2. Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers (2025).            39
• Table 3. Regional Biopolymer Distribution and Projections (2025–2036)              41
• Table 4. Regional Production Capacity Projections (1,000 tonnes).          42
• Table 5. Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview          43
• Table 6. Global Bio-based Building Block Production Capacities 2011–2036 (million tonnes total, all building blocks)            43
• Table 7. Next Generation Bio-based Polymers.       44
• Table 8. Bio-based Polymers and Chemical Recycling (2024-2036).        45
• Table 9. Novel Feedstock Sources   47
• Table 10. Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025               49
• Table 11. Global Bio-based Polymer Production Capacities and Production 2025         50
• Table 12. Bio-based Polymer Global Installed Capacity Forecast 2025–2036 by Type (1,000 tonnes) 51
• Table 13. Bioplastics Production Capacities by Region 2024-2036 (1,000 tonnes).       53
• Table 14. Global Bio-based Polymers Market by Type 2020–2036 (Revenues $M)           54
• Table 15. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers. 57
• Table 16. Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternative   59
• Table 17. Available Bio-based Monomers. 69
• Table 18. Bioplastic feedstocks,       72
• Table 19. Bioplastics regulations around the world.             78
• Table 20. Global biomass demand and the bio-based polymer share, 2023–2025         87
• Table 21.Common starch sources used as bio-based feedstock                88
• Table 22. Global production of starch for bio-based chemicals (million tonnes)              89
• Table 23. Production of major glucose-platform intermediates (tonnes unless stated)                89
• Table 24. Production of key furan-platform intermediates (tonnes)           90
• Table 25. Intermediates derived from lignocellulosic biomass     90
• Table 26. Production of major plant-oil intermediates (tonnes)   91
• Table 27. Waste feedstocks and derived products                91
• Table 28.Gaseous feedstocks and conversion routes         92
• Table 29. Type of biodegradation.    95
• Table 30. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.  96
• Table 31. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.         96
• Table 32. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.              98
• Table 33. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)  100
• Table 34. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear Applications.          100
• Table 35. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) producers.         101
• Table 36. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  101
• Table 37. Optimal Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for Fermentation 106
• Table 38. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.          110
• Table 39. PLA producers and production capacities.          110
• Table 40. Planned PLA Capacity Expansions (2025 confirmed)   111
• Table 41. PLA Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          111
• Table 42. Polylactic acid (PLA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)              112
• Table 43. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     113
• Table 44. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities. 115
• Table 45. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).              116
• Table 46. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     117
• Table 47. PTT Production Capacities (2025)              118
• Table 48. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).               118
• Table 49. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          119
• Table 50. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  120
• Table 51. PEF vs. PET.               120
• Table 52. FDCA and PEF Producers (2025) 121
• Table 53. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).       122
• Table 54. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        123
• Table 55. Bio-PA Producers Production Capacities (2025)              124
• Table 56. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).    125
• Table 57. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)               126
• Table 58. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     127
• Table 59. PBAT Producers, Production Capacities and Brands (2025)     127
• Table 60. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).                128
• Table 61. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)              129
• Table 62. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.         130
• Table 63. PBS Producers and Production Capacities (2025)          130
• Table 64. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).               131
• Table 65. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          132
• Table 66. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        132
• Table 67. Leading Bio-PE producers.              133
• Table 68. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 134
• Table 69. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)            134
• Table 70. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.           135
• Table 71. Bio-PP Producers and Capacities (2025)              136
• Table 72. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).     136
• Table 73. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)         137
• Table 74. Superabsorbent Polymers Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       139
• Table 75. Superabsorbent polymers Applications.               140
• Table 76. Superabsorbent polymers producers.     141
• Table 77. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Applications             142
• Table 78. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Producers and Production Capacities    142
• Table 79. PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)     142
• Table 80. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Applications                144
• Table 81. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Producers and Production Capacities       144
• Table 82. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)              145
• Table 83. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Applications   146
• Table 84. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Producers and Production Capacities          146
• Table 85. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)    147
• Table 86. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC)   148
• Table 87. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC) Producers and Production Capacities            148
• Table 88. Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          149
• Table 89. Bio-PMMA Applications    150
• Table 90. Bio-PMMA Producers and Production Capacities           150
• Table 91. Bio-PMMA Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)            151
• Table 92. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) Applications 152
• Table 93. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)              152
• Table 94. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)              153
• Table 95. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)        154
• Table 96. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)  155
• Table 97. Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       156
• Table 98.Types of PHAs and properties.       160
• Table 99. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.         162
• Table 100. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.        163
• Table 101. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.             165
• Table 102. Commercially available PHAs.  166
• Table 103. Markets and applications for PHAs.       167
• Table 104. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.              168
• Table 105. PHA Producers (2025)    171
• Table 106. PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).            172
• Table 107. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       172
• Table 108. Cellulose acetate (CA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)             173
• Table 109. Cellulose acetate (CA) applications.     174
• Table 110. Cellulose acetate (CA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       175
• Table 111. Cellulose acetate (CA) producers.          175
• Table 112. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        176
• Table 113. Leading MFC producers and capacities.            177
• Table 114. Casein polymers production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)          179
• Table 115. Casein polymers applications.  180
• Table 116. Starch-containing polymer compounds Producers and Production Capacities       181
• Table 117. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)    182
• Table 118. SCPC production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)             182
• Table 119. Types of next-gen natural fibers.               183
• Table 120. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.             186
• Table 121. Typical properties of natural fibers.        187
• Table 122. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.        188
• Table 123. Market drivers for natural fibers.               191
• Table 124. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.   192
• Table 125. Cotton production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).    193
• Table 126. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     194
• Table 127. Kapok production volume 2018-2036 (MT).      194
• Table 128. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        195
• Table 129. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          196
• Table 130. Jute production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).          197
• Table 131. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     197
• Table 132. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          198
• Table 133. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          199
• Table 134. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 199
• Table 135. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    200
• Table 136. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          201
• Table 137. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      201
• Table 138. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).           202
• Table 139. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.              202
• Table 140. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).             203
• Table 141. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    203
• Table 142. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          204
• Table 143. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          205
• Table 144. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).          206
• Table 145. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 206
• Table 146. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).       207
• Table 147. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.           207
• Table 148. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          209
• Table 149. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        209
• Table 150. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.  210
• Table 151. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.    210
• Table 152. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.               211
• Table 153. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT). 212
• Table 154. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.       213
• Table 155. Alternative wool materials producers.  213
• Table 156. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.            214
• Table 157. Alternative silk materials producers.     214
• Table 158. Alternative leather materials producers.             216
• Table 159. Next-gen fur producers. 217
• Table 160. Alternative down materials producers. 217
• Table 161. Applications of natural fiber composites.          218
• Table 162. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.               220
• Table 163. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.           221
• Table 164. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.             221
• Table 165. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.  222
• Table 166. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.        222
• Table 167. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      223
• Table 168. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.        225
• Table 169. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      226
• Table 170. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.       227
• Table 171. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.             228
• Table 172. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.     229
• Table 173. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.              230
• Table 174. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.                230
• Table 175. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      233
• Table 176. Global fiber production (million MT) 2020-2036.          235
• Table 177. Global Production Capacities by End-Use Market 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes total)               237
• Table 178. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.              238
• Table 179. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.   239
• Table 180. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.      240
• Table 181. Bio-based Polymers for Flexible Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          241
• Table 182. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.             242
• Table 183. Bio-based Polymers for Rigid Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 243
• Table 184. Global production for bio-based polymers in consumer goods 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.                244
• Table 185. Bio-based Polymers in Automotive and Transport 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)           246
• Table 186. Bio-based Polymers in Building and Construction 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          247
• Table 187. Bio-based Polymers in Textiles and Fibres 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)            251
• Table 188. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in electronics 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.              253
• Table 189. Bio-based Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)      254
• Table 190. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.       256
• Table 191. Bio-based Polymers in North America by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)   256
• Table 192. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.        257
• Table 193. Bio-based Polymers in Europe by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)    257
• Table 194. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Asia-Pacific by type 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes 258
• Table 195. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.        259
• Table 196. All bio-based polymers by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)               259
• Table 197. Polylactic acid (PLA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)     260
• Table 198. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 261
• Table 199. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)              262
• Table 200. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 262
• Table 201. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)              263
• Table 202. Cellulose acetate (CA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 263
• Table 203. Lactips plastic pellets.    483
• Table 204. Oji Holdings CNF products.         550

List of Figures

• Figure 1.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.   93
• Figure 2. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.       94
• Figure 3. PHA family. 160
• Figure 4. Types of natural fibers.        186
• Figure 5. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap.    188
• Figure 6. Adidas algae-ink tees.         188
• Figure 7. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle.             188
• Figure 8. Miratex watch bands.          189
• Figure 9. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22. 189
• Figure 10. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker               189
• Figure 11.  Luffa cylindrica fiber.       195
• Figure 12. Pineapple fiber.     208
• Figure 13. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial.              208
• Figure 14. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials. 215
• Figure 15. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.         223
• Figure 16. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.     224
• Figure 17. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.            225
• Figure 18. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.       232
• Figure 19. Coir mats for erosion control.     232
• Figure 20. Global fiber production, by fiber type, million MT and %.          235
• Figure 21. PHA bioplastics products.             239
• Figure 22. Biodegradable mulch films.         254
• Figure 23. Pluumo.     269
• Figure 24. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.          282
• Figure 25. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.     284
• Figure 26. MEDICELLU™.         284
• Figure 27. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.     293
• Figure 28. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.          293
• Figure 29. CNF nonwoven fabric.      294
• Figure 30. Roof frame made of natural fiber.             304
• Figure 31. Beyond Leather Materials product.          308
• Figure 32. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.           314
• Figure 33. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.          315
• Figure 34. Fiber-based screw cap.   329
• Figure 35: Celluforce production process. 346
• Figure 36: NCCTM Process.  346
• Figure 37: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:  347
• Figure 38. formicobio™ technology. 352
• Figure 39. nanoforest-S.         355
• Figure 40. nanoforest-PDP.   355
• Figure 41. nanoforest-MB.     356
• Figure 42. sunliquid® production process. 364
• Figure 43. CuanSave film.     367
• Figure 44. Celish.        368
• Figure 45. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.         369
• Figure 46. ELLEX products.   371
• Figure 47. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.               371
• Figure 48. Kirekira! toilet wipes.         372
• Figure 49. Color CNF.               373
• Figure 50. Rheocrysta spray.                378
• Figure 51. DKS CNF products.            379
• Figure 52. Domsjö process.  381
• Figure 53. Mushroom leather.              395
• Figure 54. CNF based on citrus peel.             397
• Figure 55. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.            398
• Figure 56. Filler Bank CNC products.             414
• Figure 57. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.         417
• Figure 58.  TMP-Bio Process.               419
• Figure 59. Water-repellent cellulose.             421
• Figure 60. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).             422
• Figure 61. PHA production process.               423
• Figure 62. CNF products from Furukawa Electric. 424
• Figure 63. AVAPTM process. 434
• Figure 64. GreenPower+™ process.  435
• Figure 65. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.               439
• Figure 66. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).        441
• Figure 67. CNF gel.     448
• Figure 68. Block nanocellulose material.    449
• Figure 69. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.                449
• Figure 70. Marine leather products. 453
• Figure 71. Inner Mettle Milk products.           456
• Figure 72. Kami Shoji CNF products.              470
• Figure 73. Dual Graft System.             472
• Figure 74. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.         472
• Figure 75. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).        473
• Figure 76. Kel Labs yarn.        474
• Figure 77. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).                478
• Figure 78. Lignin gel. 488
• Figure 79. BioFlex process.   493
• Figure 80. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.             494
• Figure 81. LX Process.              497
• Figure 82. Made of Air's HexChar panels.   500
• Figure 83. TransLeather.          501
• Figure 84. Chitin nanofiber product.               506
• Figure 85. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.              507
• Figure 86. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.       508
• Figure 87. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.      511
• Figure 88. IPA synthesis method.      515
• Figure 89. MOGU-Wave panels.        518
• Figure 90. CNF slurries.           519
• Figure 91. Range of CNF products.  519
• Figure 92. Reishi.         523
• Figure 93. Compostable water pod.               539
• Figure 94. Leather made from leaves.            540
• Figure 95. Nike shoe with beLEAF™. 540
• Figure 96. CNF clear sheets.                550
• Figure 97. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.          551
• Figure 98. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.              566
• Figure 99.  Precision Photosynthesis™ technology.               569
• Figure 100. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.             571
• Figure 101. XCNF.       578
• Figure 102: Plantrose process.           579
• Figure 103. LOVR hemp leather.         583
• Figure 104. CNF insulation flat plates.          585
• Figure 105. Hansa lignin.       592
• Figure 106. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  596
• Figure 107. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  600
• Figure 108. 3D printed cellulose shoe.          607
• Figure 109. Lyocell process. 610
• Figure 110. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.              614
• Figure 111. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.             615
• Figure 112. Spider silk production.  616
• Figure 113. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.      620
• Figure 114. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.            621
• Figure 115. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.         621
• Figure 116. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.        622
• Figure 117. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       622
• Figure 118. Sulapac cosmetics containers.              624
• Figure 119.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.            625
• Figure 120. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins. 626
• Figure 121. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles. 634
• Figure 122. Corbion FDCA production process.     642
• Figure 123. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.    643
• Figure 124. CNF resin products.        648
• Figure 125. UPM biorefinery process.            650
• Figure 126. Vegea production process.        654
• Figure 127. The Proesa® Process.     656
• Figure 128. Goldilocks process and applications. 657
• Figure 129. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process. 660
• Figure 130. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.            662
• Figure 131. Worn Again products.    667
• Figure 132. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.    671

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