The Global Bioplastics Market 2026-2036

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            44

• 1.1        What are bioplastics?              45
• 1.2        Global Plastics Market and Supply  45
• 1.3        Recycling Polymers    46
• 1.4        Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers 46
• 1.5        Regional Distribution                48
• 1.6        Next Generation Bio-based Polymers            49
• 1.7        Integration with Chemical Recycling              50
• 1.8        Novel Feedstock Sources      51
• 1.9        Turning Waste into Bioplastics           53
• 1.10     Global Bioplastics Capacity 54
  • 1.10.1 Production capacities 2024 54
  • 1.10.2 Production capacities forecast 2025-2036 54
  • 1.10.3 Production capacities by region 2024-2036             55
• 1.11     Global Market Forecasts        56
• 1.12     Environmental Impact and Sustainability   57
  • 1.12.1 Plastics carbon footprint       57
  • 1.12.2 Bioplastics carbon footprint 57
  • 1.12.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bioplastics            59
  • 1.12.4 Use of renewables in production      59
  • 1.12.5 Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability       60
  • 1.12.6 Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives      61
• 1.13     Bio-composites           62
  • 1.13.1 Sustainable packaging            62
  • 1.13.2 Enhanced biodegradation of bio-based polymers 63
  • 1.13.3 Bio-composite manufacturing           64

2             INTRODUCTION          65

• 2.1        Types of bioplastics  65
  • 2.1.1    Introduction    65
  • 2.1.2    Polymer Types               66
    • 2.1.2.1 Transition from fossil-based to bio-based polymers            67
    • 2.1.2.2 Monosaccharides      67
    • 2.1.2.3 Vegetable Oils               68
  • 2.1.3    Bio-based monomers              69
    • 2.1.3.1 Portfolio of available monomers       69
    • 2.1.3.2 Emerging Monomer Technologies    71
  • 2.1.4    The Green Premium   71
• 2.2        Feedstocks      72
  • 2.2.1    Types   72
  • 2.2.2    Prices  74
  • 2.2.3    Alternative feedstocks for bioplastics           74
  • 2.2.4    Food security, land use, and water resources          75
• 2.3        Chain of custody         75
• 2.4        Chemical tracers and markers           77
• 2.5        Bioplastics regulations            78
  • 2.5.1    Overview           78
  • 2.5.2    Extended producer responsibility (EPR)       81
  • 2.5.3    United States 81
  • 2.5.4    Europe                82
• 2.5.5    Asia-Pacific    83

3             BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES MARKET               85

• 3.1        BIOREFINERIES            85
• 3.2        BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE    86
• 3.3        PLANT-BASED                88
  • 3.3.1    STARCH             88
    • 3.3.1.1 Overview           88
    • 3.3.1.2 Sources             88
    • 3.3.1.3 Global production      89
    • 3.3.1.4 Lysine 90
      • 3.3.1.4.1           Source                90
      • 3.3.1.4.2           Applications   91
      • 3.3.1.4.3           Global production      91
    • 3.3.1.5 Glucose             92
      • • 3.3.1.5.1           HMDA 93
        • 3.3.1.5.1.1      Overview           93
        • 3.3.1.5.1.2      Sources             93
        • 3.3.1.5.1.3      Applications   93
        • 3.3.1.5.1.4      Global production      94
        • 3.3.1.5.2           1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)   95
          • 3.3.1.5.2.1      Overview           95
          • 3.3.1.5.2.2      Sources             95
          • 3.3.1.5.2.3      Applications   95
          • 3.3.1.5.2.4      Global production      96
        • 3.3.1.5.3           Sorbitol              96
          • 3.3.1.5.3.1      Isosorbide        96
            • 3.3.1.5.3.1.1  Overview           96
            • 3.3.1.5.3.1.2  Sources             97
            • 3.3.1.5.3.1.3  Applications   97
            • 3.3.1.5.3.1.4  Global production      97
        • 3.3.1.5.4           Lactic acid       98
          • 3.3.1.5.4.1      Overview           98
          • 3.3.1.5.4.2      D-lactic acid   99
          • 3.3.1.5.4.3      L-lactic acid    99
          • 3.3.1.5.4.4      Lactide               99
        • 3.3.1.5.5           Itaconic acid  101
          • 3.3.1.5.5.1      Overview           101
          • 3.3.1.5.5.2      Sources             101
          • 3.3.1.5.5.3      Applications   102
          • 3.3.1.5.5.4      Global production      102
        • 3.3.1.5.6           3-HP     103
          • 3.3.1.5.6.1      Overview           103
          • 3.3.1.5.6.2      Sources             103
          • 3.3.1.5.6.3      Applications   103
          • 3.3.1.5.6.4      Global production      104
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5      Acrylic acid     105
            • 3.3.1.5.6.5.1  Overview           105
            • 3.3.1.5.6.5.2  Applications   105
            • 3.3.1.5.6.5.3  Global production      105
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6      1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)   106
            • 3.3.1.5.6.6.1  Overview           106
            • 3.3.1.5.6.6.2  Applications   106
            • 3.3.1.5.6.6.3  Global production      107
        • 3.3.1.5.7           Succinic Acid 108
          • 3.3.1.5.7.1      Overview           108
          • 3.3.1.5.7.2      Sources             108
          • 3.3.1.5.7.3      Applications   108
          • 3.3.1.5.7.4      Global production      109
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5      1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)     110
            • 3.3.1.5.7.5.1  Overview           110
            • 3.3.1.5.7.5.2  Applications   110
            • 3.3.1.5.7.5.3  Gobal production        110
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6      Tetrahydrofuran (THF)               111
            • 3.3.1.5.7.6.1  Overview           111
            • 3.3.1.5.7.6.2  Applications   111
            • 3.3.1.5.7.6.3  Global production      112
        • 3.3.1.5.8           Adipic acid      113
          • 3.3.1.5.8.1      Overview           113
          • 3.3.1.5.8.2      Applications   113
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3      Caprolactame               114
            • 3.3.1.5.8.3.1  Overview           114
            • 3.3.1.5.8.3.2  Applications   114
            • 3.3.1.5.8.3.3  Global production      115
        • 3.3.1.5.9           Isobutanol       115
          • 3.3.1.5.9.1      Overview           115
          • 3.3.1.5.9.2      Sources             116
          • 3.3.1.5.9.3      Applications   116
          • 3.3.1.5.9.4      Global production      117
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5      p-Xylene            117
            • 3.3.1.5.9.5.1  Overview           117
            • 3.3.1.5.9.5.2  Sources             118
            • 3.3.1.5.9.5.3  Applications   118
            • 3.3.1.5.9.5.4  Global production      118
            • 3.3.1.5.9.5.5  Terephthalic acid         119
            • 3.3.1.5.9.5.6  Overview           119
        • 3.3.1.5.10        1,3 Proppanediol         121
          • 3.3.1.5.10.1 Overview           121
          • 3.3.1.5.10.2   Sources             121
          • 3.3.1.5.10.3   Applications   121
          • 3.3.1.5.10.4   Global production      122
        • 3.3.1.5.11        Monoethylene glycol (MEG) 122
          • 3.3.1.5.11.1   Overview           122
          • 3.3.1.5.11.2   Sources             123
          • 3.3.1.5.11.3   Applications   123
          • 3.3.1.5.11.4   Global production      123
        • 3.3.1.5.12        Ethanol              124
          • 3.3.1.5.12.1   Overview           124
          • 3.3.1.5.12.2   Sources             124
          • 3.3.1.5.12.3   Applications   125
          • 3.3.1.5.12.4   Global production      125
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5   Ethylene            126
            • 3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview           126
            • 3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications   126
            • 3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production      127
            • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene         127
            • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride 130
          • 3.3.1.5.12.6   Methly methacrylate 131
  • 3.3.2    SUGAR CROPS             134
    • 3.3.2.1 Saccharose     134
      • 3.3.2.1.1           Aniline 134
        • 3.3.2.1.1.1      Overview           134
        • 3.3.2.1.1.2      Applications   134
        • 3.3.2.1.1.3      Global production      135
      • 3.3.2.1.2           Fructose            135
        • 3.3.2.1.2.1      Overview           135
        • 3.3.2.1.2.2      Applications   136
        • 3.3.2.1.2.3      Global production      136
        • 3.3.2.1.2.4      5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)    137
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.1  Overview           137
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.2  Applications   137
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.3  Global production      137
        • 3.3.2.1.2.5      5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)       138
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.1  Overview           138
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.2  Applications   138
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.3  Global production      139
        • 3.3.2.1.2.6      Levulinic Acid 140
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.1  Overview           140
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.2  Applications   140
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.3  Global production      141
        • 3.3.2.1.2.7      FDME  141
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.1  Overview           141
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.2  Applications   142
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.3  Global production      142
        • 3.3.2.1.2.8      2,5-FDCA          143
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.1  Overview           143
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.2  Applications   143
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.3  Global production      144
  • 3.3.3    LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS           145
    • 3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone        145
      • 3.3.3.1.1           Overview           145
      • 3.3.3.1.2           Applications   145
      • 3.3.3.1.3           Global production      145
    • 3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose               146
      • 3.3.3.2.1           Overview           146
      • 3.3.3.2.2           Biochemicals from hemicellulose   146
      • 3.3.3.2.3           Global production      147
      • 3.3.3.2.4           Furfural              148
        • 3.3.3.2.4.1      Overview           148
        • 3.3.3.2.4.2      Applications   148
        • 3.3.3.2.4.3      Global production      149
        • 3.3.3.2.4.4      Furfuyl alcohol              150
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.1  Overview           150
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.2  Applications   150
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.3  Global production      150
    • 3.3.3.3 Lignin  151
      • 3.3.3.3.1           Overview           151
      • 3.3.3.3.2           Sources             152
      • 3.3.3.3.3           Applications   153
        • 3.3.3.3.3.1      Aromatic compounds              153
          • 3.3.3.3.3.1.1  Benzene, toluene and xylene               153
          • 3.3.3.3.3.1.2  Phenol and phenolic resins  154
          • 3.3.3.3.3.1.3  Vanillin               155
        • 3.3.3.3.3.2      Polymers           155
      • 3.3.3.3.4           Global production      156
  • 3.3.4    PLANT OILS     157
    • 3.3.4.1 Overview           157
    • 3.3.4.2 Glycerol             158
      • 3.3.4.2.1           Overview           158
      • 3.3.4.2.2           Applications   158
      • 3.3.4.2.3           Global production      158
      • 3.3.4.2.4           MPG     159
        • 3.3.4.2.4.1      Overview           159
        • 3.3.4.2.4.2      Applications   160
        • 3.3.4.2.4.3      Global production      160
      • 3.3.4.2.5           ECH      161
        • 3.3.4.2.5.1      Overview           161
        • 3.3.4.2.5.2      Applications   161
        • 3.3.4.2.5.3      Global production      161
    • 3.3.4.3 Fatty acids       162
      • 3.3.4.3.1           Overview           162
      • 3.3.4.3.2           Applications   162
      • 3.3.4.3.3           Global production      163
    • 3.3.4.4 Castor oil          164
      • 3.3.4.4.1           Overview           164
      • 3.3.4.4.2           Sebacic acid  164
        • 3.3.4.4.2.1      Overview           164
        • 3.3.4.4.2.2      Applications   164
        • 3.3.4.4.2.3      Global production      165
      • 3.3.4.4.3           11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)  166
        • 3.3.4.4.3.1      Overview           166
        • 3.3.4.4.3.2      Applications   166
        • 3.3.4.4.3.3      Global production      166
    • 3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)                167
      • 3.3.4.5.1           Overview           167
      • 3.3.4.5.2           Applications   168
      • 3.3.4.5.3           Global production      168
    • 3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate            169
      • 3.3.4.6.1           Overview           169
      • 3.3.4.6.2           Applications   169
      • 3.3.4.6.3           Global production      170
  • 3.3.5    NON-EDIBIBLE MILK 171
    • 3.3.5.1 Casein                171
      • 3.3.5.1.1           Overview           171
      • 3.3.5.1.2           Applications   171
      • 3.3.5.1.3           Global production      172
• 3.4        WASTE                173
  • 3.4.1    Food waste      173
    • 3.4.1.1 Overview           173
    • 3.4.1.2 Products and applications    173
    • 3.4.1.3 Global production      174
  • 3.4.2    Agricultural waste       174
    • 3.4.2.1 Overview           174
    • 3.4.2.2 Products and applications    175
    • 3.4.2.3 Global production      175
  • 3.4.3    Forestry waste               176
    • 3.4.3.1 Overview           176
    • 3.4.3.2 Products and applications    176
    • 3.4.3.3 Global production      176
  • 3.4.4    Aquaculture/fishing waste    177
    • 3.4.4.1 Overview           177
    • 3.4.4.2 Products and applications    177
    • 3.4.4.3 Global production      178
  • 3.4.5    Municipal solid waste              178
    • 3.4.5.1 Overview           178
    • 3.4.5.2 Products and applications    179
    • 3.4.5.3 Global production      179
  • 3.4.6    Industrial waste           180
    • 3.4.6.1 Overview           180
    • 3.4.6.2 Waste oils        180
    • 3.4.6.3 Overview           180
    • 3.4.6.4 Products and applications    180
    • 3.4.6.5 Global production      181
• 3.5        MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES  181
  • 3.5.1    Microalgae      182
    • 3.5.1.1 Overview           182
    • 3.5.1.2 Products and applications    182
    • 3.5.1.3 Global production      182
  • 3.5.2    Macroalgae     183
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview           183
    • 3.5.2.2 Products and applications    183
    • 3.5.2.3 Global production      184
  • 3.5.3    Mineral sources            184
    • 3.5.3.1 Overview           184
    • 3.5.3.2 Products and applications    185
• 3.6        GASEOUS         185
  • 3.6.1    Biogas 186
    • 3.6.1.1 Overview           186
    • 3.6.1.2 Products and applications    187
    • 3.6.1.3 Global production      187
  • 3.6.2    Syngas               188
    • 3.6.2.1 Overview           188
    • 3.6.2.2 Products and applications    189
    • 3.6.2.3 Global production      189
  • 3.6.3    Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO   190
    • 3.6.3.1 Overview           190
    • 3.6.3.2 Products and applications    190

4             BIO-BASED POLYMERS           192

• 4.1        BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS       192
  • 4.1.1    Drop-in bio-based plastics   192
  • 4.1.2    Novel bio-based plastics       193
• 4.2        BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS               193
  • 4.2.1    Biodegradability          194
  • 4.2.2    Compostability            195
• 4.3        TYPES 195
• 4.4        KEY MARKET PLAYERS             197
• 4.5        SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS               198
  • 4.5.1    Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear               198
    • 4.5.1.1 Market analysis            198
    • 4.5.1.2 Production       199
    • 4.5.1.3 Applications   199
    • 4.5.1.4 Producers         200
  • 4.5.2    Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)        200
    • 4.5.2.1 What is polylactic acid?         200
    • 4.5.2.2 Market analysis            201
    • 4.5.2.3 Applications   202
    • 4.5.2.4 Production       202
    • 4.5.2.5 Biomanufacturing of lactic acid (C3H6O3) 203
    • 4.5.2.6 Bacterial fermentation             204
      • 4.5.2.6.1           Lactic acid       204
      • 4.5.2.6.2           Selection of optimal bacterial strains           205
      • 4.5.2.6.3           Downstream processing of fermentation broth into PLA-grade lactic acid           206
    • 4.5.2.7 PLA hydrolysis               207
    • 4.5.2.8 Ocean degradation    208
    • 4.5.2.9 PLA end-of-life              208
    • 4.5.2.10            Producers and production capacities, current and planned          209
      • 4.5.2.10.1        Lactic acid producers and production capacities 209
      • 4.5.2.10.2        PLA producers and production capacities 210
      • 4.5.2.10.3        Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 211
  • 4.5.3    Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)            212
    • 4.5.3.1 Market analysis            212
    • 4.5.3.2 Bio-based MEG and PET         213
      • 4.5.3.2.1           Monomer production               213
      • 4.5.3.2.2           Applications   214
    • 4.5.3.3 Producers and production capacities           214
    • 4.5.3.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)     215
  • 4.5.4    Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)   215
    • 4.5.4.1 Market analysis            215
    • 4.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities           216
    • 4.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      216
  • 4.5.5    Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)     217
    • 4.5.5.1 Market analysis            217
    • 4.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET          218
    • 4.5.5.3 Producers and production capacities           218
      • 4.5.5.3.1           FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities         218
      • 4.5.5.3.2           Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).            219
  • 4.5.6    Polyamides (Bio-PA)  220
    • 4.5.6.1 Market analysis            220
    • 4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities           221
    • 4.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)           221
  • 4.5.7    Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)           222
    • 4.5.7.1 Market analysis            222
    • 4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities           222
    • 4.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)    223
  • 4.5.8    Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers       223
    • 4.5.8.1 Market analysis            224
    • 4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities           224
    • 4.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      225
  • 4.5.9    Polyethylene (Bio-PE)               225
    • 4.5.9.1 Market analysis            225
    • 4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities           226
    • 4.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).      226
  • 4.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)            227
    • 4.5.10.1            Market analysis            227
    • 4.5.10.2            Producers and production capacities           227
    • 4.5.10.3            Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)     227
  • 4.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers     228
    • 4.5.11.1            Market analysis            228
    • 4.5.11.2            Production       228
    • 4.5.11.3            Applications   229
    • 4.5.11.4            Producers         230
• 4.6        NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS    230
  • 4.6.1    Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             231
    • 4.6.1.1 Technology description           231
    • 4.6.1.2 Types   232
      • 4.6.1.2.1           PHB      234
      • 4.6.1.2.2           PHBV   234
    • 4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes             236
    • 4.6.1.4 Market analysis            238
    • 4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs            239
    • 4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs        240
      • 4.6.1.6.1           Packaging        241
      • 4.6.1.6.2           Cosmetics       242
        • 4.6.1.6.2.1      PHA microspheres     242
      • 4.6.1.6.3           Medical              242
        • 4.6.1.6.3.1      Tissue engineering      242
        • 4.6.1.6.3.2      Drug delivery  243
      • 4.6.1.6.4           Agriculture       243
        • 4.6.1.6.4.1      Mulch film        243
        • 4.6.1.6.4.2      Grow bags        243
    • 4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities           243
    • 4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      244
  • 4.6.2    Cellulose          245
    • 4.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA)             245
      • 4.6.2.1.1           Market analysis            245
      • 4.6.2.1.2           Production       245
      • 4.6.2.1.3           Applications   246
      • 4.6.2.1.4           Producers         246
    • 4.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)        247
      • 4.6.2.2.1           Market analysis            247
      • 4.6.2.2.2           Producers and production capacities           248
    • 4.6.2.3 Nanocellulose               248
      • 4.6.2.3.1           Cellulose nanocrystals           248
        • 4.6.2.3.1.1      Synthesis          249
        • 4.6.2.3.1.2      Properties         251
        • 4.6.2.3.1.3      Production       251
        • 4.6.2.3.1.4      Applications   252
        • 4.6.2.3.1.5      Market analysis            253
        • 4.6.2.3.1.6      Producers and production capacities           254
      • 4.6.2.3.2           Cellulose nanofibers 255
        • 4.6.2.3.2.1      Applications   255
        • 4.6.2.3.2.2      Market analysis            256
        • 4.6.2.3.2.3      Producers and production capacities           258
      • 4.6.2.3.3           Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)          258
        • 4.6.2.3.3.1      Production       258
        • 4.6.2.3.3.2      Applications   261
  • 4.6.3    Protein-based bio-polymers 262
    • 4.6.3.1 Types, applications and producers  262
    • 4.6.3.2 Casein polymers         263
      • 4.6.3.2.1           Market analysis            263
      • 4.6.3.2.2           Production       264
      • 4.6.3.2.3           Applications   264
  • 4.6.4    Algal and fungal           265
    • 4.6.4.1 Algal     265
      • 4.6.4.1.1           Advantages     265
      • 4.6.4.1.2           Production       267
      • 4.6.4.1.3           Producers         267
    • 4.6.4.2 Mycelium          268
      • 4.6.4.2.1           Properties         268
      • 4.6.4.2.2           Applications   268
      • 4.6.4.2.3           Commercialization    270
  • 4.6.5    Chitosan           270
    • 4.6.5.1 Technology description           270
• 4.7        NATURAL FIBERS        271
  • 4.7.1    Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers       274
  • 4.7.2    Advantages of natural fibers 275
  • 4.7.3    Commercially available next-gen natural fiber  products 275
  • 4.7.4    Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers    278
  • 4.7.5    Challenges      279
  • 4.7.6    Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)      280
    • 4.7.6.1 Seed fibers      280
      • 4.7.6.1.1           Cotton 280
        • 4.7.6.1.1.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       281
      • 4.7.6.1.2           Kapok 281
        • 4.7.6.1.2.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       282
      • 4.7.6.1.3           Luffa    282
    • 4.7.6.2 Bast fibers        283
      • 4.7.6.2.1           Jute       284
      • 4.7.6.2.2           Production volumes 2018-2036       284
        • 4.7.6.2.2.1      Hemp  285
        • 4.7.6.2.2.2      Production volumes 2018-2036       286
      • 4.7.6.2.3           Flax       286
        • 4.7.6.2.3.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       287
      • 4.7.6.2.4           Ramie 287
        • 4.7.6.2.4.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       288
      • 4.7.6.2.5           Kenaf   289
        • 4.7.6.2.5.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       289
    • 4.7.6.3 Leaf fibers        290
      • 4.7.6.3.1           Sisal     290
        • 4.7.6.3.1.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       290
      • 4.7.6.3.2           Abaca 291
      • 4.7.6.3.2.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       292
    • 4.7.6.4 Fruit fibers       292
      • 4.7.6.4.1           Coir      292
        • 4.7.6.4.1.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       293
      • 4.7.6.4.2           Banana              293
        • 4.7.6.4.2.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       294
      • 4.7.6.4.3           Pineapple         295
    • 4.7.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues          296
      • 4.7.6.5.1           Rice fiber          296
      • 4.7.6.5.2           Corn     297
    • 4.7.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed           297
      • 4.7.6.6.1           Switch grass   297
      • 4.7.6.6.2           Sugarcane (agricultural residues)    298
      • 4.7.6.6.3           Bamboo            298
        • 4.7.6.6.3.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       299
      • 4.7.6.6.4           Fresh grass (green biorefinery)           300
  • 4.7.7    Animal (fibrous protein)          300
    • 4.7.7.1 Wool    300
      • 4.7.7.1.1           Alternative wool materials    301
      • 4.7.7.1.2           Producers         301
    • 4.7.7.2 Silk fiber            301
      • 4.7.7.2.1           Alternative silk materials        302
        • 4.7.7.2.1.1      Producers         302
    • 4.7.7.3 Leather               303
      • 4.7.7.3.1           Alternative leather materials               304
        • 4.7.7.3.1.1      Producers         304
    • 4.7.7.4 Fur         304
      • 4.7.7.4.1           Producers         305
    • 4.7.7.5 Down  305
      • 4.7.7.5.1           Alternative down materials   305
        • 4.7.7.5.1.1      Producers         305
  • 4.7.8    Markets for natural fibers       306
    • 4.7.8.1 Composites    306
    • 4.7.8.2 Applications   306
    • 4.7.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds           307
      • 4.7.8.3.1           Properties         307
      • 4.7.8.3.2           Applications   308
    • 4.7.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites  308
      • 4.7.8.4.1           Automotive      308
      • 4.7.8.4.2           Applications   308
    • 4.7.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites            309
    • 4.7.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds            309
    • 4.7.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats  310
      • 4.7.8.7.1           Flax       310
      • 4.7.8.7.2           Kenaf   310
    • 4.7.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites          310
    • 4.7.8.9 Aerospace        311
      • 4.7.8.9.1           Market overview           311
    • 4.7.8.10            Automotive      312
      • 4.7.8.10.1        Market overview           312
      • 4.7.8.10.2        Applications of natural fibers              315
    • 4.7.8.11            Building/construction              316
      • 4.7.8.11.1        Market overview           316
      • 4.7.8.11.2        Applications of natural fibers              317
    • 4.7.8.12            Sports and leisure       318
      • 4.7.8.12.1        Market overview           318
    • 4.7.8.13            Textiles               318
      • 4.7.8.13.1        Market overview           318
      • 4.7.8.13.2        Consumer apparel     319
      • 4.7.8.13.3        Geotextiles      320
    • 4.7.8.14            Packaging        320
      • 4.7.8.14.1        Market overview           321
  • 4.7.9    Global production of natural fibers 322
• 4.8        LIGNIN                324
  • 4.8.1    Introduction    324
    • 4.8.1.1 What is lignin?              324
      • 4.8.1.1.1           Lignin structure             325
    • 4.8.1.2 Types of lignin               326
      • 4.8.1.2.1           Sulfur containing lignin           328
      • 4.8.1.2.2           Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process 328
    • 4.8.1.3 Properties         328
    • 4.8.1.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery             330
    • 4.8.1.5 Markets and applications      331
    • 4.8.1.6 Challenges for using lignin    332
  • 4.8.2    Lignin production processes               333
    • 4.8.2.1 Lignosulphonates       334
    • 4.8.2.2 Kraft Lignin      335
      • 4.8.2.2.1           LignoBoost process   335
      • 4.8.2.2.2           LignoForce method    336
      • 4.8.2.2.3           Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification              336
      • 4.8.2.2.4           A-Recovery+   337
    • 4.8.2.3 Soda lignin      338
    • 4.8.2.4 Biorefinery lignin         338
      • 4.8.2.4.1           Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes                340
    • 4.8.2.5 Organosolv lignins     342
    • 4.8.2.6 Hydrolytic lignin           342
  • 4.8.3    Markets for lignin        343
    • 4.8.3.1 Market drivers and trends for lignin 343
    • 4.8.3.2 Production capacities              344
      • 4.8.3.2.1           Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)           344
      • 4.8.3.2.2           Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)    345
    • 4.8.3.3 Estimated consumption of lignin      345
    • 4.8.3.4 Prices  346
    • 4.8.3.5 Heat and power energy            346
    • 4.8.3.6 Pyrolysis and syngas 346
    • 4.8.3.7 Aromatic compounds              347
      • 4.8.3.7.1           Benzene, toluene and xylene               347
      • 4.8.3.7.2           Phenol and phenolic resins  347
      • 4.8.3.7.3           Vanillin               348
    • 4.8.3.8 Plastics and polymers              348

5             MARKETS FOR BIOPLASTICS               349

• 5.1        Packaging (Flexible and Rigid)            349
  • 5.1.1    Processes for bioplastics in packaging        349
  • 5.1.2    Applications   350
  • 5.1.3    Flexible packaging     350
    • 5.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2036       352
  • 5.1.4    Rigid packaging            353
    • 5.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2036       354
• 5.2        Consumer Goods       355
  • 5.2.1    Applications   355
  • 5.2.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       355
• 5.3        Automotive      356
  • 5.3.1    Applications   356
  • 5.3.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       357
• 5.4        Building and Construction    357
  • 5.4.1    Applications   357
  • 5.4.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       358
• 5.5        Textiles and Fibers      358
  • 5.5.1    Apparel              359
  • 5.5.2    Footwear           359
  • 5.5.3    Medical textiles            360
  • 5.5.4    Production volumes 2019-2036       361
• 5.6        Electronics      361
  • 5.6.1    Applications   361
  • 5.6.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       362
• 5.7        Agriculture and Horticulture 363
  • 5.7.1    Production volumes 2019-2036       363
• 5.8        Production of Biopolymers, by region            364
  • 5.8.1    North America              364
  • 5.8.2    Europe                365
  • 5.8.3    Asia-Pacific    367
  • 5.8.4    Latin America 368

6             COMPANY PROFILES                369 (581 company profiles)

7             APPENDIX        759

• 7.1        Research Methodology           759
• 7.2        Key terms and definitions      760

8             REFERENCES 761

List of Tables

• Table 1. Global Plastics Production (1950-2024). 45
• Table 2. Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers.            46
• Table 3. Regional Biopolymer Distribution and Projections (2024-2036).              48
• Table 4. Regional Production Capacity Projections (1,000 tonnes).          48
• Table 5. Next Generation Bio-based Polymers.       49
• Table 6. Bio-based Polymers and Chemical Recycling (2024-2036).        50
• Table 7. Novel Feedstock Sources   52
• Table 8. Global bioplastics production capacities 2024. 54
• Table 9. Bioplastics Global Total Capacity Forecast 2025-2036 by Type (1,000 tonnes).            55
• Table 10. Bioplastics Production Capacities by Region 2024-2036 (1,000 tonnes).       55
• Table 11. Global Bio-based Polymers Market by Type 2020-2036 (Revenues in $ Millions).      56
• Table 12. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers. 59
• Table 13. Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternative   61
• Table 14. Available Bio-based Monomers. 69
• Table 15. Bioplastic feedstocks,       72
• Table 16. Bioplastics regulations around the world.             78
• Table 17. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 86
• Table 18. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.               87
• Table 19. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.            88
• Table 20. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.        89
• Table 21. Global production of starch for biobased chemicals and intermediates, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).             89
• Table 22. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.         90
• Table 23. Applications of  lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals.             91
• Table 24. Global production of biobased lysine, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).     91
• Table 25. Global glucose production for bio-based chemicals and intermediates 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).             92
• Table 26. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.              93
• Table 27. Applications of bio-based HDMA.              93
• Table 28. Global production volumes of bio-HMDA, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).            94
• Table 29. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).         95
• Table 30. Applications of DN5.           95
• Table 31. Global production of bio-based DN5, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).      96
• Table 32. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide.        97
• Table 33. Applications of bio-based isosorbide.    97
• Table 34. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).        97
• Table 35. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).    99
• Table 36. Lactide applications.          100
• Table 37. Global lactide production, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).               100
• Table 38. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.  101
• Table 39. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.               102
• Table 40. Global production of bio-itaconic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).  102
• Table 41. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.     103
• Table 42. Applications of 3-HP.           103
• Table 43. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).              104
• Table 44. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.  105
• Table 45. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid,  2018-2036 (metric tonnes).     106
• Table 46. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO). 107
• Table 47. Global production of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).    107
• Table 48. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid. 108
• Table 49. Applications of succinic acid.       108
• Table 50. Global production of bio-based Succinic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).  109
• Table 51. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).           110
• Table 52. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).        110
• Table 53. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).           111
• Table 54. Global production of bio-based tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).                112
• Table 55. Applications of bio-based adipic acid.    113
• Table 56. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.               114
• Table 57. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).   115
• Table 58. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.       116
• Table 59. Applications of bio-based isobutanol.    116
• Table 60. Global production of bio-based isobutanol, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).        117
• Table 61. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene.            118
• Table 62. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene.         118
• Table 63. Global production of bio-based p-xylene, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).             118
• Table 64. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA).         119
• Table 65. Global production of biobased terephthalic acid (TPA), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).               120
• Table 66. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol.        121
• Table 67. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol.     121
• Table 68. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).           122
• Table 69. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.     123
• Table 70. Applications of bio-based MEG.  123
• Table 71. Biobased MEG producers capacities.     123
• Table 72. Global production of biobased MEG, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).        124
• Table 73. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.              125
• Table 74. Applications of bio-based ethanol.           125
• Table 75. Global production of biobased ethanol, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes). 125
• Table 76. Applications of bio-based ethylene.         126
• Table 77. Global production of biobased ethylene, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).              127
• Table 78. Applications of bio-based propylene.      128
• Table 79. Global production of biobased propylene, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).            129
• Table 80. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride.               130
• Table 81. Global production of biobased vinyl chloride, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).    131
• Table 82. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate.              132
• Table 83. Global production of bio-based Methly methacrylate, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 132
• Table 84. Applications of bio-based aniline.             134
• Table 85. Global production of biobased aniline, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).   135
• Table 86. Applications of biobased fructose.            136
• Table 87. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). 137
• Table 88. Global production of biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).                138
• Table 89. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF).              139
• Table 90. Global production of biobased 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).                139
• Table 91. Applications of Levulinic acid.      140
• Table 92. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).   141
• Table 93. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME. 142
• Table 94.Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).      142
• Table 95. Applications of FDCA.        143
• Table 96. Global production of biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).             144
• Table 97. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone.       145
• Table 98. Global production projections for bio-based levoglucosenone from 2018 to 2035 in metric tonnes.              145
• Table 99. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose            146
• Table 100. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose             147
• Table 101. Global production of hemicellulose, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).      147
• Table 102. Global production of biobased furfural, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).               149
• Table 103. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol.        150
• Table 104. Global production of biobased furfuryl alcohol, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).             151
• Table 105. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes  152
• Table 106. Lignin aromatic compound products.   153
• Table 107. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.         153
• Table 108. Lignin products in polymeric materials.              155
• Table 109. Application of lignin in plastics and composites.          155
• Table 110. Global production of biobased lignin, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).   156
• Table 111. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.          158
• Table 112. Global production of biobased glycerol, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).              158
• Table 113. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG. 160
• Table 114. Global production of Bio-MPG, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).  160
• Table 115. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH.      161
• Table 116. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).     162
• Table 117. Global production of biobased fatty acids, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).       163
• Table 118. Global production of biobased sebacic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).  165
• Table 119. Global production of biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).             167
• Table 120. Global production of biobased Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).                168
• Table 121.Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).                170
• Table 122. Global production of biobased casein, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 172
• Table 123. Global production of food waste for biochemicals, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).     174
• Table 124. Global production of agricultural waste for biochemicals, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).                175
• Table 125. Global production of forestry waste for biochemicals, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).                176
• Table 126. Global production of aquaculture/fishing waste for biochemicals, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).             178
• Table 127. Global production of municipal solid waste for biochemicals, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).             179
• Table 128. Global production of waste oils for biochemicals, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).       181
• Table 129.Global microalgae production, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).  182
• Table 130. Global macroalgae production, 2018-2036 (million metric tonnes).                184
• Table 131. Mineral source products and applications.       185
• Table 132. Global production of biogas, 2018-2036 (billion m3). 187
• Table 133. Global production of syngas, 2018-2036 (billion m3).               189
• Table 134. Type of biodegradation.  194
• Table 135. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.                195
• Table 136. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.      195
• Table 137. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.           197
• Table 138. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 199
• Table 139. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear Applications.       200
• Table 140. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) producers.      200
• Table 141. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  201
• Table 142. Optimal Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for Fermentation              205
• Table 143. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.       209
• Table 144. PLA producers and production capacities.       210
• Table 145. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China.     210
• Table 146. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     212
• Table 147. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities.             214
• Table 148. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     215
• Table 149. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.       216
• Table 150. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  217
• Table 151. PEF vs. PET.            218
• Table 152. FDCA and PEF producers.            219
• Table 153. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        220
• Table 154. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.       221
• Table 155. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     222
• Table 156. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands.              222
• Table 157. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.      224
• Table 158. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.   224
• Table 159. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        225
• Table 160. Leading Bio-PE producers.           226
• Table 161. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        227
• Table 162. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.        227
• Table 163. Superabsorbent polymers production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)     229
• Table 164. Superabsorbent polymers Applications.            230
• Table 165. Superabsorbent polymers producers.  230
• Table 166.Types of PHAs and properties.     233
• Table 167. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.         235
• Table 168. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.        237
• Table 169. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.             238
• Table 170. Commercially available PHAs.  239
• Table 171. Markets and applications for PHAs.       240
• Table 172. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.              241
• Table 173. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.           243
• Table 174. Cellulose acetate (CA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)             245
• Table 175. Cellulose acetate (CA) applications.     246
• Table 176. Cellulose acetate (CA) producers.          246
• Table 177. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        247
• Table 178. Leading MFC producers and capacities.            248
• Table 179. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC).              249
• Table 180. CNC sources, size and yield.      250
• Table 181. CNC properties.  251
• Table 182. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials. 251
• Table 183. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).         252
• Table 184. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis.             253
• Table 185: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.            254
• Table 186. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).     255
• Table 187. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis. 256
• Table 188. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.              258
• Table 189. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).             261
• Table 190. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.   262
• Table 191. Casein polymers production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)          264
• Table 192. Casein polymers applications.  265
• Table 193. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies.               265
• Table 194. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 266
• Table 195. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.          267
• Table 196. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.            268
• Table 197. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.               270
• Table 198. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.             270
• Table 199. Types of next-gen natural fibers.               271
• Table 200. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.             274
• Table 201. Typical properties of natural fibers.        275
• Table 202. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.        275
• Table 203. Market drivers for natural fibers.               278
• Table 204. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.   280
• Table 205. Cotton production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).    281
• Table 206. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     281
• Table 207. Kapok production volume 2018-2036 (MT).      282
• Table 208. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        282
• Table 209. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          284
• Table 210. Jute production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).          284
• Table 211. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     285
• Table 212. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          286
• Table 213. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          286
• Table 214. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 287
• Table 215. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    288
• Table 216. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          288
• Table 217. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      289
• Table 218. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).           289
• Table 219. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.              290
• Table 220. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).             291
• Table 221. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    291
• Table 222. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          292
• Table 223. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          292
• Table 224. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).          293
• Table 225. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 294
• Table 226. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).       294
• Table 227. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.           295
• Table 228. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          296
• Table 229. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        297
• Table 230. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.  297
• Table 231. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.    298
• Table 232. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.               298
• Table 233. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT). 299
• Table 234. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.       300
• Table 235. Alternative wool materials producers.  301
• Table 236. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.            302
• Table 237. Alternative silk materials producers.     302
• Table 238. Alternative leather materials producers.             304
• Table 239. Next-gen fur producers. 305
• Table 240. Alternative down materials producers. 305
• Table 241. Applications of natural fiber composites.          306
• Table 242. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.               307
• Table 243. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.           309
• Table 244. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.             309
• Table 245. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.  310
• Table 246. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.        310
• Table 247. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      311
• Table 248. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.        313
• Table 249. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      314
• Table 250. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.       315
• Table 251. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.             316
• Table 252. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.     317
• Table 253. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.              318
• Table 254. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.                318
• Table 255. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      321
• Table 256. Global fiber production (million MT) 2020-2036.          323
• Table 257. Technical lignin types and applications.             326
• Table 258. Classification of technical lignins.          328
• Table 259. Lignin content of selected biomass.     329
• Table 260. Properties of lignins and their applications.     329
• Table 261. Example markets and applications for lignin.  331
• Table 262. Processes for lignin production.               333
• Table 263. Biorefinery feedstocks.   339
• Table 264. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.              339
• Table 265. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes 340
• Table 266. Market drivers and trends for lignin.       344
• Table 267. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.  344
• Table 268. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers.              345
• Table 269. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2036 (000 MT).           345
• Table 270. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.         347
• Table 271. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers.                348
• Table 272. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.              349
• Table 273. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.   350
• Table 274. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.      351
• Table 275. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.             353
• Table 276. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.       364
• Table 277. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.        365
• Table 278. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific.             367
• Table 279. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.        368
• Table 280. Lactips plastic pellets.    574
• Table 281. Oji Holdings CNF products.         638

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Schematic of biorefinery processes.         85
• Figure 2. Overview of Toray process.              113
• Figure 3. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 136
• Figure 4. Schematic of WISA plywood home.           154
• Figure 5.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.   192
• Figure 6. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.       193
• Figure 7. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).           211
• Figure 8. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 215
• Figure 9. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 216
• Figure 10. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.          219
• Figure 11. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).     219
• Figure 12. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).  221
• Figure 13. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).                223
• Figure 14. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).             225
• Figure 15. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).               226
• Figure 16. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).   228
• Figure 17. PHA family.              233
• Figure 18. PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).             244
• Figure 19. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.   249
• Figure 20. CNC preparation. 249
• Figure 21. Extracting CNC from trees.            250
• Figure 22. CNC slurry.              252
• Figure 23. CNF gel.     255
• Figure 24. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes 260
• Figure 25. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.               267
• Figure 26. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.      269
• Figure 27. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.    269
• Figure 28. Types of natural fibers.     273
• Figure 29. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap. 275
• Figure 30. Adidas algae-ink tees.      276
• Figure 31. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle.          276
• Figure 32. Miratex watch bands.       276
• Figure 33. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22.             276
• Figure 34. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker               277
• Figure 35.  Luffa cylindrica fiber.       283
• Figure 37. Pineapple fiber.     295
• Figure 38. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial.              296
• Figure 39. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials. 303
• Figure 40. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.         311
• Figure 41. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.     312
• Figure 42. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.            313
• Figure 43. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.       320
• Figure 44. Coir mats for erosion control.     320
• Figure 45. Global fiber production in 2024, by fiber type, million MT and %.        323
• Figure 48. High purity lignin. 325
• Figure 49. Lignocellulose architecture.         326
• Figure 50. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.        326
• Figure 51. The lignocellulose biorefinery.    331
• Figure 52. LignoBoost process.          335
• Figure 53. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor.           336
• Figure 54. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system.      337
• Figure 55. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept.           338
• Figure 56.  Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.             340
• Figure 57. Organosolv lignin.               342
• Figure 58. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 343
• Figure 60. PHA bioplastics products.             350
• Figure 61. The global market for bio-based polymers for flexible packaging 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes).                352
• Figure 62. Production volumes for bio-based polymers for rigid packaging, 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes).                354
• Figure 63. Global production for bio-based polymers in consumer goods 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.                355
• Figure 64. Global production capacities for bio-based polymers in automotive 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.              357
• Figure 65. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in building and construction 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.           358
• Figure 66. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in textiles and fibers 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.              361
• Figure 67. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in electronics 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.              362
• Figure 68. Biodegradable mulch films.         363
• Figure 69. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in agriculture 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.              363
• Figure 70. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2036, 1,000 tonnes.                364
• Figure 71. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in North America 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.                365
• Figure 72. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Europe by type 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.                366
• Figure 73. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Asia-Pacific by type 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.              367
• Figure 75. Pluumo.     373
• Figure 76. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.          385
• Figure 77. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.     387
• Figure 78. MEDICELLU™.         387
• Figure 79. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.     396
• Figure 80. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.          397
• Figure 81. CNF nonwoven fabric.      398
• Figure 82. Roof frame made of natural fiber.             406
• Figure 83. Beyond Leather Materials product.          409
• Figure 84. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.           415
• Figure 85. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.          416
• Figure 86. Fiber-based screw cap.   430
• Figure 87: Celluforce production process. 447
• Figure 88: NCCTM Process.  447
• Figure 89: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:  448
• Figure 90. formicobio™ technology. 453
• Figure 91. nanoforest-S.         456
• Figure 92. nanoforest-PDP.   456
• Figure 93. nanoforest-MB.     457
• Figure 94. sunliquid® production process. 465
• Figure 95. CuanSave film.     468
• Figure 96. Celish.        469
• Figure 97. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.         470
• Figure 98. ELLEX products.   472
• Figure 99. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.               472
• Figure 100. Kirekira! toilet wipes.      473
• Figure 101. Color CNF.             474
• Figure 102. Rheocrysta spray.             479
• Figure 103. DKS CNF products.         480
• Figure 104. Domsjö process.               482
• Figure 105. Mushroom leather.           492
• Figure 106. CNF based on citrus peel.           494
• Figure 107. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.         494
• Figure 108. Filler Bank CNC products.          508
• Figure 109. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.      510
• Figure 110.  TMP-Bio Process.             513
• Figure 111. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.      514
• Figure 112. Water-repellent cellulose.           516
• Figure 113. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).          517
• Figure 114. PHA production process.            518
• Figure 115. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.              519
• Figure 116. AVAPTM process.              530
• Figure 117. GreenPower+™ process.               530
• Figure 118. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.               533
• Figure 119. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).     535
• Figure 120. CNF gel.  543
• Figure 121. Block nanocellulose material. 543
• Figure 122. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.             544
• Figure 123. Marine leather products.             547
• Figure 124. Inner Mettle Milk products.        550
• Figure 125. Kami Shoji CNF products.           562
• Figure 126. Dual Graft System.          564
• Figure 127. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.      565
• Figure 128. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).        565
• Figure 129. Kel Labs yarn.      566
• Figure 130. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).                570
• Figure 131. Lignin gel.               579
• Figure 132. BioFlex process. 582
• Figure 133. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.          583
• Figure 134. LX Process.           587
• Figure 135. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 589
• Figure 136. TransLeather.       590
• Figure 137. Chitin nanofiber product.            595
• Figure 138. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.           596
• Figure 139. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.    597
• Figure 140. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.    600
• Figure 141. IPA synthesis method.   604
• Figure 142. MOGU-Wave panels.      607
• Figure 143. CNF slurries.        608
• Figure 144. Range of CNF products.               608
• Figure 145. Reishi.      612
• Figure 146. Compostable water pod.             628
• Figure 147. Leather made from leaves.         629
• Figure 148. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.              629
• Figure 149. CNF clear sheets.             638
• Figure 150. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       639
• Figure 151. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.           652
• Figure 152.  Precision Photosynthesis™ technology.            656
• Figure 153. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.             658
• Figure 154. XCNF.       665
• Figure 155: Plantrose process.           666
• Figure 156. LOVR hemp leather.         670
• Figure 157. CNF insulation flat plates.          672
• Figure 158. Hansa lignin.       678
• Figure 159. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  682
• Figure 160. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  686
• Figure 161. 3D printed cellulose shoe.          693
• Figure 162. Lyocell process. 696
• Figure 163. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.              700
• Figure 164. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.             700
• Figure 165. Spider silk production.  701
• Figure 166. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.      705
• Figure 167. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.            706
• Figure 168. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.         707
• Figure 169. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.        707
• Figure 170. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       708
• Figure 171. Sulapac cosmetics containers.              709
• Figure 172.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.            710
• Figure 173. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins. 711
• Figure 174. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles. 719
• Figure 175. Corbion FDCA production process.     727
• Figure 176. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.    728
• Figure 177. CNF resin products.        731
• Figure 178. UPM biorefinery process.            733
• Figure 179. Vegea production process.        737
• Figure 180. The Proesa® Process.     739
• Figure 181. Goldilocks process and applications. 740
• Figure 182. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process. 743
• Figure 183. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.            745
• Figure 184. Worn Again products.    750
• Figure 185. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.    754

The report includes these components:

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• Comprehensive Excel spreadsheet of all data, including demand by market, demand by country, and capacity by company and plant.
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The Global Bioplastics Market 2026-2036

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The Global Bioplastics Market 2026-2036

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