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The Global Market for Advanced Carbon Materials 2026-2036

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  • Published: February 2026
  • Pages: 1,243
  • Tables: 320
  • Figures: 154

 

The global advanced carbon materials market encompasses a diverse and rapidly expanding family of carbon-based materials that are enabling some of the most consequential industrial transformations of the twenty-first century. Spanning carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, biochar, nanodiamonds, fullerenes, carbon nanofibers, graphene quantum dots, carbon aerogels, carbon foam, and emerging allotropes such as carbon nano-onions and diamond semiconductors, these materials share a common elemental foundation but exhibit dramatically different morphologies, microstructures, and functional properties. The market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of approximately 11.7% through 2036, driven by the convergence of multiple structural megatrends across energy, transport, electronics, construction, and environmental remediation.

The electrification of transport has created enormous demand for carbon nanotubes as conductive additives in lithium-ion battery cathodes, where they enhance electronic conductivity and cycle life in nickel manganese cobalt and lithium iron phosphate chemistries. With global EV battery production projected to grow from approximately 800 GWh in 2024 to over 3,500 GWh by 2036, CNT demand is expanding proportionally, making it the fastest-growing segment by volume. The expansion of renewable energy, particularly offshore wind, is driving substantial demand for large-tow carbon fiber in turbine blade spar caps, as rotor diameters extend beyond 160 metres and carbon fiber reinforced polymer content in blades increases to approximately 40%. The hydrogen economy is creating a transformational new market for carbon fiber in Type IV composite overwrapped pressure vessels, with each hydrogen fuel cell vehicle requiring 5–10 kg of carbon fiber for its tank system. Aerospace continues to drive demand for high-performance carbon fiber, with current-generation wide-body aircraft utilising 50% or more composite materials by structural weight.

Asia Pacific has emerged as the dominant regional market, led by China, which is now the world's largest consumer of carbon fibers and home to the largest carbon nanotube producers. Jiangsu Cnano Technology alone operates over 10,500 metric tonnes of annual MWCNT capacity, with plans to reach 30,000 tonnes by 2027. Chinese carbon fiber capacity has surpassed 100,000 metric tonnes annually, though quality gaps in aerospace-grade production persist. North America and Europe remain significant markets, particularly in aerospace, defence, and high-value industrial applications, and are leading the development of carbon capture, utilisation, and storage infrastructure that increasingly intersects with advanced carbon materials production.

Biochar has emerged as a significant new market category, driven by the carbon dioxide removal credit market. Global production reached at least 350,000 tonnes in 2023, with biochar delivering over 90% of commercially traded permanent CDR credits. The EU Carbon Removals and Carbon Farming Regulation is establishing certification frameworks expected to become global benchmarks, and corporate demand for durable carbon removal is projected to reach 40–200 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year by 2030. The graphene market continues its transition from laboratory-scale research toward commercial deployment across composites, energy storage, thermal management, and coatings applications, with the 2025 demonstration of the world's first functional graphene semiconductor at Georgia Institute of Technology marking a landmark milestone.

The intersection of CCUS technology with advanced carbon materials represents a potentially transformational development. Companies such as Carbon Corp, UP Catalyst, Graphitic Energy, and HiiROC are demonstrating commercially viable pathways for converting methane or captured CO2 into high-value carbon nanomaterials, graphite, and carbon black. As of early 2025, global operational CO2 capture and storage capacity stood at approximately 50 Mtpa, with over 600 projects in the pipeline. The ability to convert waste carbon into advanced materials offers compelling dual-benefit models that simultaneously address climate change and materials supply chain security.

The competitive landscape has undergone notable changes, including the exposure of the Kangde Group fraud in China, the transition of DowAksa to Aksa Carbon following Dow's exit, and continued aggressive capacity expansion by Chinese and South Korean producers across both carbon fiber and carbon nanotube segments. As production volumes scale and manufacturing costs decline, advanced carbon materials are transitioning from niche specialty markets into mainstream industrial adoption, positioning them as foundational materials for the global energy transition, digital infrastructure expansion, and sustainable construction.

The Global Market for Advanced Carbon Materials 2026–2036 is the most comprehensive market intelligence report available on the advanced carbon materials industry, spanning over 1,150 pages of in-depth analysis, market forecasts, company profiles, and application roadmaps. This report provides detailed coverage of the entire advanced carbon materials value chain, from raw material precursors and production technologies through to end-use applications across more than a dozen industry sectors including energy storage, aerospace, automotive, construction, electronics, and environmental remediation.

Advanced carbon materials are foundational to the global energy transition, enabling lighter vehicles, longer wind turbine blades, higher-performance batteries, cleaner industrial processes, and verified carbon dioxide removal. The market encompasses carbon fibers, carbon black, graphite (natural and synthetic), biochar, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, graphene quantum dots, carbon foam, carbon aerogels, diamond-like carbon coatings, activated carbon, and emerging materials such as carbon nano-onions and diamond semiconductors. Each material category is analysed independently with dedicated chapters covering properties, production methods, markets and applications, competitive landscape, pricing, supply chain dynamics, and demand forecasts extending to 2036.

The report provides granular market forecasts segmented by material type, application sector, and geographic region, with historical data from 2018 and projections through 2036. Regional analysis covers Asia Pacific (including detailed China coverage), North America, Europe, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. Pricing analysis includes current and forecast pricing by material grade, with producer-level pricing data for graphene, nanodiamonds, fullerenes, and graphene quantum dots.

A distinguishing feature of this report is its unmatched company coverage, profiling over 900 companies across all advanced carbon material categories. Company profiles include descriptions, products and technologies, production capacities, headquarters locations, and website information. Coverage spans material producers, composite manufacturers, recyclers, and technology developers from established multinationals to innovative startups.

The report includes dedicated analysis of the carbon capture, utilisation, and storage sector and its intersection with advanced carbon materials production, covering point-source capture technologies, direct air capture, electrochemical CO2 conversion, and companies converting captured CO2 into carbon nanotubes, graphene, and other high-value carbon nanomaterials. The biochar chapter provides extensive coverage of this rapidly growing market, including carbon credit market dynamics, regulatory frameworks, production technologies, and over 140 company profiles.

This report is essential reading for materials scientists, corporate strategists, investors, policy analysts, and procurement professionals seeking authoritative market intelligence on the advanced carbon materials industry through 2036.

Report contents include:

  • Market Overview and Drivers
    • Market landscape and evolution through 2036
    • Key market drivers: electrification, hydrogen economy, renewable energy, aerospace, digital infrastructure, CCUS, and sustainability mandates
    • Role of advanced carbon materials in the green transition
    • Application framework across thermal management, conductive battery additives, and composites
  • Carbon Fibers
    • Properties, precursor types (PAN, pitch, lignin, polyethylene, textile PAN)
    • Recycled carbon fibers — market, recycling processes, and companies
    • Carbon fiber 3D printing and plasma oxidation technology
    • Markets: aerospace, wind energy, automotive, pressure vessels, oil and gas, civil engineering
    • Market analysis: competitive landscape, production capacities by producer, price and cost analysis, supply chain, demand forecasts 2020–2036 by industry and region
    • Over 90 company profiles including carbon fiber producers, composite producers, and recyclers
  • Carbon Black 
    • Properties, manufacturing processes, specialty and recovered carbon black
    • Markets: tires, non-tire rubber, specialty applications
    • Global market forecasts by end-user market and region
    • Over 50 company profiles
  • Graphite 
    • Natural graphite (flake, amorphous, vein) and synthetic graphite (isostatic, extruded, electrode)
    • China dominance analysis, US subsidies and tariff policy
    • Lithium-ion battery anode market analysis and gigafactory coverage
    • Global production, pricing, and demand forecasts by end-use market and region 2016–2036
    • Over 100 company profiles
  • Biochar 
    • Carbon sequestration, properties, production processes (pyrolysis, gasification, HTC, torrefaction)
    • Carbon credits market analysis, regulatory framework
    • Applications across 13 sectors: agriculture, construction, wastewater, filtration, carbon capture, cosmetics, textiles, additive manufacturing, packaging, steel, energy, and more
    • Global demand forecasts by market, region, and feedstock 2018–2036
    • Over 140 company profiles
  • Graphene 
    • Types, properties, pricing by graphene type and producer
    • Application roadmaps (2025–2036) for 18 market sectors including batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, conductive inks, thermal management, aerospace, automotive, biomedical, photovoltaics, and more
    • Production capacities by producer, supply chain analysis
    • Global demand forecasts by graphene type, end-use market, and region 2018–2036
    • Over 350 company profiles
  • Carbon Nanotubes 
    • MWCNT and SWCNT properties, production capacities, and market overview
    • Application roadmaps for energy storage, polymer composites, electronics, thermal interface materials, construction, coatings, automotive, and aerospace
    • Coverage of DWNTs, VACNTs, FWNTs, carbon nanohorns, carbon nano-onions, and boron nitride nanotubes
    • Over 150 company profiles
  • Carbon Nanofibers
    • Properties, synthesis methods, markets (energy storage, composites, filtration, catalysis, EMI shielding)
    • Global market revenue forecasts 2020–2036
    • Company profiles
  • Fullerenes 
    • Properties, applications, TRL assessment
    • Global market demand forecasts 2018–2036
    • Company profiles
  • Nanodiamonds 
    • Types (detonation, fluorescent, diamond semiconductors)
    • Markets, pricing by producer, global demand forecasts 2018–2036
    • Over 30 company profiles
  • Graphene Quantum Dots 
    • Properties, synthesis, applications, pricing by producer
    • Company profiles
  • Carbon Foam and Carbon Aerogels 
    • Properties, markets, global market revenue forecasts
    • Company profiles
  • Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings 
    • Properties, applications, global revenue forecasts 2018–2036
    • Company profiles
  • Activated Carbon 
    • Types, production, markets, global revenue forecasts 2020–2036
    • Company profiles
  • Carbon Materials from Carbon Capture and Utilisation 
    • Global point-source CO2 capture capacities and historical growth
    • Carbon capture processes: post-combustion, oxy-fuel, pre-combustion, chemical looping
    • Carbon separation technologies: absorption, adsorption, membranes, cryogenic, electrochemical
    • Direct air capture technologies and companies
    • CO2-to-carbon-materials companies and technologies
 
Companies profiled include 3DC, Arkema, Birla Carbon, Black Bear Carbon, Black Semiconductor GmbH, C12, CamGraPhIC, Carbon Cell, Carbon Conversions, Carbice, Cabot Corporation, Directa Plus, DowAksa, Eden Innovations, First Graphene, Fujitsu Laboratories, GrafTech International, Graphene Manufacturing Group, Graphenea, Graphitic Energy , GraphEnergy Tech, Graphjet Technology, Hexcel Corporation, HiiROC, Huntsman Corporation, HydroGraph, Imerys, INBRAIN Neuroelectronics, Levidian Nanosystems, Low Sulphur Fuels, Lyten, Mersen, Nanocomp Technologies, Naieel Technology, NanoXplore, NDB Technology, OCSiAl Group,  Paragraf, Perpetuus Carbon Group, Premier Graphene, Resonac, Samsung, SGL Carbon, Skeleton Technologies, Syrah Resources, Talga Resources, Teijin Limited, Thomas Swan, Toray Industries, TrimTabs, Universal Matter, Vartega, Versarien, and Zeon Specialty Materials and more.....
 
 
 

 

 

1             THE ADVANCED CARBON MATERIALS MARKET     58

  • 1.1        Market overview           62
  • 1.2        Market Landscape and Evolution     62
  • 1.3        Key Market Drivers      63
    • 1.3.1    Electrification and Energy Storage   63
    • 1.3.2    Hydrogen Economy   63
    • 1.3.3    Renewable Energy Expansion            63
    • 1.3.4    Aerospace Recovery and Growth     63
    • 1.3.5    Digital Infrastructure and Electronics            64
    • 1.3.6    Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) 64
    • 1.3.7    Carbon Removal and Sustainability Mandates       64
  • 1.4        Main Applications       64
  • 1.5        Role of Advanced Carbon Materials in the Green Transition          65
  • 1.6        Main applications       65
    • 1.6.1    Thermal management             65
      • 1.6.1.1 Commercialization    67
    • 1.6.2    Conductive Battery Additives and Electrodes          70
    • 1.6.3    Composites    72
  • 1.7        Role of advanced carbon materials in the green transition             74
  • 1.8        Pricing Overview Across Advanced Carbon Materials,       74
  • 1.9        Price Trajectory Forecasts     77
  • 1.10     Comparative Growth Rates by Application 79

 

2             CARBON FIBERS         81

  • 2.1        Competitive landscape and production capacity  81
  • 2.2        Properties of carbon fibers   81
    • 2.2.1    Types by modulus       83
    • 2.2.2    Types by the secondary processing 83
  • 2.3        Precursor material types        84
    • 2.3.1    PAN: Polyacrylonitrile               85
      • 2.3.1.1 Spinning            86
      • 2.3.1.2 Stabilizing        86
      • 2.3.1.3 Carbonizing    86
      • 2.3.1.4 Surface treatment       87
      • 2.3.1.5 Sizing  87
      • 2.3.1.6 Pitch-based carbon fibers     87
      • 2.3.1.7 Isotropic pitch               87
      • 2.3.1.8 Mesophase pitch         88
      • 2.3.1.9 Viscose (Rayon)-based carbon fibers            89
    • 2.3.2    Bio-based and alternative precursors           89
      • 2.3.2.1 Lignin  89
      • 2.3.2.2 Polyethylene   93
      • 2.3.2.3 Vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF)     93
      • 2.3.2.4 Textile PAN       94
    • 2.3.3    Recycled carbon fibers (r-CF)             94
      • 2.3.3.1 The market for rCF      94
      • 2.3.3.2 Recycling processes 95
      • 2.3.3.3 Recycled Carbon Fiber Market Size and Forecast (2025–2036)   97
      • 2.3.3.4 Companies     98
    • 2.3.4    Carbon Fiber 3D Printing        99
    • 2.3.5    Plasma oxidation        101
    • 2.3.6    Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)      101
      • 2.3.6.1 Applications   102
  • 2.4        Markets and applications      104
    • 2.4.1    Aerospace        104
      • 2.4.1.1 Overview           104
      • 2.4.1.2 2025/2026 Market Update     105
    • 2.4.2    Wind energy    105
      • 2.4.2.1 Overview           105
      • 2.4.2.2 2025/2026 Market Update     105
    • 2.4.3    Sports & leisure            107
      • 2.4.3.1 Overview           107
    • 2.4.4    Automotive      107
      • 2.4.4.1 Overview           107
      • 2.4.4.2 2025/2026 Market Update     109
    • 2.4.5    Pressure vessels          110
      • 2.4.5.1 Hydrogen Economy   111
    • 2.4.6    Oil and gas      112
    • 2.4.7    Civil Engineering and Infrastructure                113
    • 2.4.8    Emerging and High-Growth Application Markets    113
      • 2.4.8.1 Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and eVTOL Aircraft             113
      • 2.4.8.2 Space and Satellite Launch 114
      • 2.4.8.3 Marine and Shipbuilding        114
      • 2.4.8.4 Medical Devices and Prosthetics     114
      • 2.4.8.5 Electrical and Electronics      114
  • 2.5        Market analysis            115
    • 2.5.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   115
    • 2.5.2    Regulations     116
    • 2.5.3    Price and Costs Analysis       116
    • 2.5.4    Supply Chain 117
    • 2.5.5    Competitive Landscape         117
      • 2.5.5.1 Annual capacity, by producer              118
    • 2.5.6    Future Outlook             118
    • 2.5.7    Addressable Market Size        120
    • 2.5.8    Risks and Opportunities         121
    • 2.5.9    Global Carbon Fiber Demand 2020–2036  122
      • 2.5.9.1 By Industry (Thousand Metric Tonnes)          122
      • 2.5.9.2 By Region (Thousand Metric Tonnes)             123
      • 2.5.9.3 Revenues by Industry (Billions USD)              124
  • 2.6        Company profiles       125
    • 2.6.1    Carbon fiber producers           125 (29 company profiles)
    • 2.6.2    Carbon Fiber composite producers                143 (65 company profiles)
    • 2.6.3    Carbon fiber recyclers              179 (17 company profiles)

 

3             CARBON BLACK          193

  • 3.1        Commercially available carbon black           193
  • 3.2        Properties         194
    • 3.2.1    Particle size distribution         195
    • 3.2.2    Structure-Aggregate size        196
    • 3.2.3    Surface chemistry      196
    • 3.2.4    Agglomerates 197
    • 3.2.5    Colour properties        198
    • 3.2.6    Porosity             199
    • 3.2.7    Physical form 199
  • 3.3        Manufacturing processes      199
  • 3.4        Markets and applications      201
    • 3.4.1    Tires and automotive 201
    • 3.4.2    Non-Tire Rubber (Industrial rubber) 204
    • 3.4.3    Lithium-Ion Batteries and Energy Storage   205
      • 3.4.3.1 Role of Carbon Black in Battery Electrodes                205
      • 3.4.3.2 Carbon Black vs. Carbon Nanotubes in Battery Applications       205
      • 3.4.3.3 Key Conductive Carbon Black Grades for Batteries              206
      • 3.4.3.4 Market Size and Forecast       206
    • 3.4.4    Other markets               207
  • 3.5        Specialty carbon black            208
    • 3.5.1    Applications   208
    • 3.5.2    Global market size for specialty CB 209
  • 3.6        Recovered carbon black (rCB)           210
    • 3.6.1    Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires (ELT)   211
    • 3.6.2    Discontinuous (“batch”) pyrolysis   212
    • 3.6.3    Semi-continuous pyrolysis   212
    • 3.6.4    Continuous pyrolysis                212
    • 3.6.5    Key players      213
    • 3.6.6    Global market size for Recovered Carbon Black    214
  • 3.7        Plasma-Produced Carbon Black      215
    • 3.7.1    Technology Overview                215
    • 3.7.2    Key Players      215
    • 3.7.3    Market Outlook            216
  • 3.8        Bio-based and Alternarive Carbon Black    218
    • 3.8.1    Overview           218
    • 3.8.2    Key Players and Technologies             218
    • 3.8.3    Market Assessment  218
    • 3.8.4    Market analysis            221
      • 3.8.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   221
      • 3.8.4.2 Regulations     222
      • 3.8.4.3 Supply chain  223
      • 3.8.4.4 Price and Costs Analysis       224
      • 3.8.4.5 Competitive Landscape         225
      • 3.8.4.6 Future Outlook             227
      • 3.8.4.7 Customer Segmentation        228
      • 3.8.4.8 Addressable Market Size        229
      • 3.8.4.9 Risks and Opportunities         230
      • 3.8.4.10            Global market                230
    • 3.8.5    Company profiles       234 (59 company profiles)

 

4             GRAPHITE        271

  • 4.1        Types of graphite         273
    • 4.1.1    Natural vs synthetic graphite               274
  • 4.2        Natural graphite           276
    • 4.2.1    Classification 277
    • 4.2.2    Processing       278
    • 4.2.3    Flake    278
      • 4.2.3.1 Grades               279
      • 4.2.3.2 Applications   279
      • 4.2.3.3 Spherical graphite      281
      • 4.2.3.4 Expandable graphite 282
    • 4.2.4    Amorphous graphite 283
      • 4.2.4.1 Applications   283
    • 4.2.5    Crystalline vein graphite         284
      • 4.2.5.1 Applications   284
  • 4.3        Synthetic graphite      285
    • 4.3.1    Classification 285
      • 4.3.1.1 Primary synthetic graphite    286
      • 4.3.1.2 Secondary synthetic graphite             286
    • 4.3.2    Processing       287
      • 4.3.2.1 Processing for battery anodes            287
    • 4.3.3    Issues with synthetic graphite production  288
    • 4.3.4    Isostatic Graphite       288
      • 4.3.4.1 Description     288
      • 4.3.4.2 Markets              289
      • 4.3.4.3 Producers and production capacities           289
    • 4.3.5    Graphite electrodes   289
    • 4.3.6    Extruded Graphite      291
    • 4.3.7    Vibration Molded Graphite    292
    • 4.3.8    Die-molded graphite 293
  • 4.4        New technologies       294
  • 4.5        Recycling of graphite materials          294
  • 4.6        Markers and applications      295
  • 4.7        Graphite pricing (ton)               296
    • 4.7.1    Pricing 2020-2025      296
      • 4.7.1.1 Fine Flake Graphite Prices     297
      • 4.7.1.2 Spherical Graphite Prices      298
      • 4.7.1.3 +32 Mesh Natural Flake Graphite Prices      298
      • 4.7.1.4 Large Flake      299
  • 4.8        Global production of graphite             300
    • 4.8.1    Market Dynamics and Demand Drivers (2024-2025)          300
      • 4.8.1.1 Steel Sector Weakness           300
      • 4.8.1.2 Inventory Overhang Impact  301
      • 4.8.1.3 Substitution Dynamics           301
      • 4.8.1.4 Ex-China Markets Maintain Natural Preference       301
    • 4.8.2    China dominance       302
      • 4.8.2.1 Domestic Market Competition Structure     302
      • 4.8.2.2 Strategic Cost Optimization (2021-2024)   303
      • 4.8.2.3 Government Support and Subsidy Structures          305
      • 4.8.2.4 China's Strategic Export Control Framework            305
      • 4.8.2.5 Practical Impact of Export Controls                305
    • 4.8.3    United States Subsidies, Loans, and Tariff Policy Evolution            306
      • 4.8.3.1 Federal Loan Guarantee Programs  306
      • 4.8.3.2 The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Clean Vehicle Credit (CVC)              307
      • 4.8.3.3 FEOC Restrictions and Timeline Extensions             307
      • 4.8.3.4 Political Uncertainty - "One Big Beautiful Bill" and CVC Expiration            308
      • 4.8.3.5 Tariff Policy Evolution               308
      • 4.8.3.6 July 2025 - Preliminary AD Determination   309
      • 4.8.3.7 Chinese Retaliatory Measures           310
      • 4.8.3.8 Policy Sustainability Analysis             310
    • 4.8.4    Global mine production and reserves of natural graphite 311
    • 4.8.5    Global graphite production in tonnes, 2024-2036 312
      • 4.8.5.1 Natural Graphite          312
      • 4.8.5.2 Synthetic Graphite     312
    • 4.8.6    Western Market Cost Competitiveness Analysis   313
      • 4.8.6.1 Ex-China Natural Anode Cost Structure       313
      • 4.8.6.2 Chinese Pricing as Competitive Floor            314
      • 4.8.6.3 Policy Support Mechanisms Bridging the Gap         314
      • 4.8.6.4 Alternative Competitive Strategies  316
  • 4.9        Global market demand for graphite by end use market 2016-2036, tonnes        320
    • 4.9.1    Battery Market Dominance  320
    • 4.9.2    Steel/Refractories Sector       321
    • 4.9.3    Mature Industrial Markets     321
    • 4.9.4    Global Graphite Revenues by End-Use Market        321
  • 4.10     Demand by region      323
    • 4.10.1 Asia-Pacific    324
    • 4.10.2 North America              324
    • 4.10.3 Europe                325
    • 4.10.4 Brazil   326
  • 4.11     Factors that aid graphite market growth      328
  • 4.12     Factors that hinder graphite market growth              328
  • 4.13     Main market players  329
    • 4.13.1 Natural graphite           329
    • 4.13.2 Synthetic graphite      329
  • 4.14     Market supply chain  330
  • 4.15     Lithium-ion batteries 332
    • 4.15.1 Gigafactories 334
    • 4.15.2 Anode material in electric vehicles  336
      • 4.15.2.1            Properties         337
      • 4.15.2.2            Market demand            338
      • 4.15.2.3            Global Anode Market Structure and Competitive Dynamics          338
    • 4.15.3 Recent trends in the automotive market and EVs  342
    • 4.15.4 Higher costs and tight supply              343
    • 4.15.5 Forecast for EVs           343
  • 4.16     Refractory manufacturing (Steel market)    343
    • 4.16.1 Steel market trends and graphite growth    344
    • 4.16.2 Carbon Sources for refractories        344
    • 4.16.3 Electric arc furnaces in steelmaking              344
    • 4.16.4 Recarburising 345
  • 4.17     Graphite Shapes          346
  • 4.18     Electronics      347
    • 4.18.1 Thermal management             347
  • 4.19     Fuel Cells         347
  • 4.20     Nuclear              348
  • 4.21     Lubricants       348
  • 4.22     Friction materials        349
  • 4.23     Flame retardants         349
  • 4.24     Solar and wind turbines          349
  • 4.25     Company profiles       350 (103 company profiles)

 

5             BIOCHAR          420

  • 5.1        What is biochar?         420
  • 5.2        Carbon sequestration              421
  • 5.3        Properties of biochar 422
  • 5.4        Markets and applications      424
  • 5.5        Biochar production    429
  • 5.6        Feedstocks      429
  • 5.7        Production processes              430
    • 5.7.1    Sustainable production          431
    • 5.7.2    Pyrolysis            432
      • 5.7.2.1 Slow pyrolysis               432
      • 5.7.2.2 Fast pyrolysis 433
    • 5.7.3    Gasification    434
    • 5.7.4    Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)  434
    • 5.7.5    Torrefaction     435
    • 5.7.6    Equipment manufacturers   435
  • 5.8        Carbon credits              436
    • 5.8.1    Overview           436
    • 5.8.2    Removal and reduction credits          436
    • 5.8.3    The advantage of biochar      437
    • 5.8.4    Price     437
    • 5.8.5    Buyers of biochar credits       437
    • 5.8.6    Competitive materials and technologies    437
      • 5.8.6.1 Geologic carbon sequestration         438
      • 5.8.6.2 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)       438
      • 5.8.6.3 Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS)   439
      • 5.8.6.4 Enhanced mineral weathering with mineral carbonation 439
      • 5.8.6.5 Ocean alkalinity enhancement          440
      • 5.8.6.6 Forest preservation and afforestation           440
  • 5.9        Markets for biochar   441
    • 5.9.1    Agriculture & livestock farming          441
      • 5.9.1.1 Market drivers and trends      441
      • 5.9.1.2 Applications   441
    • 5.9.2    Construction materials           445
      • 5.9.2.1 Market drivers and trends      445
      • 5.9.2.2 Applications   445
    • 5.9.3    Wastewater treatment             448
      • 5.9.3.1 Market drivers and trends      448
      • 5.9.3.2 Applications   449
    • 5.9.4    Filtration            450
      • 5.9.4.1 Market drivers and trends      450
      • 5.9.4.2 Applications   450
    • 5.9.5    Carbon capture            451
      • 5.9.5.1 Market drivers and trends      451
      • 5.9.5.2 Applications   451
    • 5.9.6    Cosmetics       452
      • 5.9.6.1 Market drivers and trends      452
      • 5.9.6.2 Applications   452
    • 5.9.7    Textiles               452
      • 5.9.7.1 Market drivers and trends      452
      • 5.9.7.2 Applications   453
    • 5.9.8    Additive manufacturing          453
      • 5.9.8.1 Market drivers and trends      453
      • 5.9.8.2 Applications   453
    • 5.9.9    Ink         454
      • 5.9.9.1 Market drivers and trends      454
      • 5.9.9.2 Applications   454
    • 5.9.10 Polymers           455
      • 5.9.10.1            Market drivers and trends      455
      • 5.9.10.2            Applications   455
    • 5.9.11 Packaging        456
      • 5.9.11.1            Market drivers and trends      456
      • 5.9.11.2            Applications   456
    • 5.9.12 Steel and metal            457
      • 5.9.12.1            Market drivers and trends      457
      • 5.9.12.2            Applications   457
    • 5.9.13 Energy 458
      • 5.9.13.1            Market drivers and trends      458
      • 5.9.13.2            Applications   458
  • 5.10     Market analysis            462
    • 5.10.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   462
    • 5.10.2 Regulations     462
    • 5.10.3 Price and Costs Analysis       462
    • 5.10.4 Supply Chain 463
    • 5.10.5 Competitive Landscape         464
    • 5.10.6 Future Outlook             464
    • 5.10.7 Customer Segmentation        464
    • 5.10.8 Addressable Market Size        465
    • 5.10.9 Risks and Opportunities         466
  • 5.11     Global market                467
    • 5.11.1 By end use market      467
    • 5.11.2 By region           468
    • 5.11.3 By feedstocks 469
      • 5.11.3.1            China and Asia-Pacific            469
      • 5.11.3.2            North America              471
      • 5.11.3.3            Europe                471
      • 5.11.3.4            South America              472
      • 5.11.3.5            Africa   473
      • 5.11.3.6            Middle East     474
  • 5.12     Company profiles       475 (147 company profiles)

 

6             GRAPHENE      559

  • 6.1        Types of graphene      559
  • 6.2        Properties         561
  • 6.3        Market analysis            562
    • 6.3.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   562
    • 6.3.2    Regulations     564
    • 6.3.3    Price and Costs Analysis       564
      • 6.3.3.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene      567
      • 6.3.3.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 567
      • 6.3.3.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing        568
      • 6.3.3.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing             569
      • 6.3.3.5 Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing 570
      • 6.3.3.6 Graphene ink 571
    • 6.3.4    Markets and applications      572
      • 6.3.4.1 Batteries            572
      • 6.3.4.2 Supercapacitors          573
      • 6.3.4.3 Polymer additives       575
      • 6.3.4.4 Sensors             576
      • 6.3.4.5 Conductive inks           578
      • 6.3.4.6 Transparent conductive films             579
      • 6.3.4.7 Transistors and integrated circuits   581
      • 6.3.4.8 Filtration            583
      • 6.3.4.9 Thermal management             585
      • 6.3.4.10            Additive Manufacturing/3D printing 587
      • 6.3.4.11            Adhesives         589
      • 6.3.4.12            Aerospace        590
      • 6.3.4.13            Automotive      593
      • 6.3.4.14            Fuel cells          595
      • 6.3.4.15            Biomedical and healthcare  596
      • 6.3.4.16            Building and Construction    599
      • 6.3.4.17            Paints and coatings   601
      • 6.3.4.18            Photovoltaics 603
    • 6.3.5    Supply Chain 605
    • 6.3.6    Production Capacities             607
    • 6.3.7    Future Outlook             613
    • 6.3.8    Addressable Market Size        617
    • 6.3.9    Risks and Opportunities         623
    • 6.3.10 Global demand 2018-2036, tons     624
      • 6.3.10.1            Global demand by graphene material (tons)             624
      • 6.3.10.2            Global demand by end user market                625
      • 6.3.10.3            Graphene market, by region 625
      • 6.3.10.4            Revenue by End-Use Application    627
  • 6.4        Company profiles       628 (359 company profiles)

 

7             CARBON NANOTUBES            864

  • 7.1        Properties         864
    • 7.1.1    Comparative properties of CNTs       865
  • 7.2        Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)               866
    • 7.2.1    Properties         866
    • 7.2.2    Markets and applications      866
  • 7.3        Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)             870
    • 7.3.1    Properties         870
    • 7.3.2    Markets and applications      870
  • 7.4        Market Overview          872
    • 7.4.1    Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)            872
    • 7.4.2    Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs)           873
    • 7.4.3    Market Demand by End-Use Market (2020-2036) 873
    • 7.4.4    Revenue by End-Use Application     874
  • 7.5        Markets for Carbon Nanotubes         876
    • 7.5.1    Energy Storage              876
    • 7.5.2    Polymer Composites 876
    • 7.5.3    Electronics      877
    • 7.5.4    Thermal interface materials 878
    • 7.5.5    Construction  879
    • 7.5.6    Coatings            880
    • 7.5.7    Automotive      880
    • 7.5.8    Aerospace        881
    • 7.5.9    Others (Filtration, Sensors, Medical Devices, Lubricants, and Emerging Applications)               882
  • 7.6        Company profiles       884 (154 company profiles)
  • 7.7        Other types     994
    • 7.7.1    Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)              994
      • 7.7.1.1 Properties         994
      • 7.7.1.2 Applications   995
    • 7.7.2    Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs)     995
      • 7.7.2.1 Properties         995
      • 7.7.2.2 Applications   996
    • 7.7.3    Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)      997
      • 7.7.3.1 Properties         997
      • 7.7.3.2 Applications   997
    • 7.7.4    Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)  998
      • 7.7.4.1 Properties         998
      • 7.7.4.2 Applications   998
    • 7.7.5    Carbon Nano-Onions              999
      • 7.7.5.1 Properties         999
      • 7.7.5.2 Applications   1000
      • 7.7.5.3 Production and Pricing            1000
      • 7.7.5.4 Market Analysis           1000
    • 7.7.6    Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)    1001
      • 7.7.6.1 Properties         1001
      • 7.7.6.2 Applications   1002
      • 7.7.6.3 Production       1003
    • 7.7.7    Companies     1004 (6 company profiles)

 

8             CARBON NANOFIBERS           1008

  • 8.1        Properties         1008
  • 8.2        Synthesis          1008
    • 8.2.1    Chemical vapor deposition  1008
    • 8.2.2    Electrospinning            1008
    • 8.2.3    Template-based           1009
    • 8.2.4    From biomass               1009
  • 8.3        Markets              1009
    • 8.3.1    Energy storage              1009
      • 8.3.1.1 Batteries            1009
      • 8.3.1.2 Supercapacitors          1010
      • 8.3.1.3 Fuel cells          1010
    • 8.3.2    CO2 capture   1010
    • 8.3.3    Composites    1011
    • 8.3.4    Filtration            1011
    • 8.3.5    Catalysis           1011
    • 8.3.6    Sensors             1011
    • 8.3.7    Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding          1012
    • 8.3.8    Biomedical      1012
    • 8.3.9    Concrete           1012
  • 8.4        Market analysis            1013
    • 8.4.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1013
    • 8.4.2    Price and Costs Analysis       1013
    • 8.4.3    Supply Chain 1014
    • 8.4.4    Future Outlook             1014
    • 8.4.5    Addressable Market Size        1015
    • 8.4.6    Risks and Opportunities         1016
  • 8.5        Global market revenues          1016
  • 8.6        Companies     1018 (12 company profiles)

 

9             FULLERENES 1026

  • 9.1        Properties         1026
  • 9.2        Markets and applications      1027
  • 9.3        Technology Readiness Level (TRL)   1028
  • 9.4        Market analysis            1029
    • 9.4.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1029
    • 9.4.2    Price and Costs Analysis       1029
    • 9.4.3    Supply Chain 1030
    • 9.4.4    Future Outlook             1030
    • 9.4.5    Customer Segmentation        1030
    • 9.4.6    Addressable Market Size        1031
    • 9.4.7    Risks and Opportunities         1031
    • 9.4.8    Global market demand (tons)            1032
    • 9.4.9    Global Fullerene Revenues by End-Use Market       1033
  • 9.5        Producers         1034 (20 company profiles)

 

10          NANODIAMONDS       1044

  • 10.1     Introduction    1044
  • 10.2     Types   1044
    • 10.2.1 Detonation Nanodiamonds 1045
    • 10.2.2 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs)               1048
    • 10.2.3 Diamond semiconductors    1048
  • 10.3     Markets and applications      1049
  • 10.4     Market analysis            1052
    • 10.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1052
    • 10.4.2 Regulations     1053
    • 10.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis       1053
    • 10.4.4 Supply Chain 1057
    • 10.4.5 Future Outlook             1057
    • 10.4.6 Risks and Opportunities         1059
    • 10.4.7 Global demand 2018-2036, tonnes 1059
    • 10.4.8 Global Nanodiamond Revenues by End-Use Market           1060
  • 10.5     Company profiles       1061 (30 company profiles)

 

11          GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS              1086

  • 11.1     Comparison to quantum dots            1087
  • 11.2     Properties         1088
  • 11.3     Synthesis          1088
    • 11.3.1 Top-down method      1088
    • 11.3.2 Bottom-up method    1089
  • 11.4     Applications   1091
  • 11.5     Graphene quantum dots pricing       1091
    • 11.5.1 Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast        1093
  • 11.6     Graphene quantum dot producers  1094 (9 company profiles)

 

12          CARBON FOAM            1102

  • 12.1     Types   1102
    • 12.1.1 Carbon aerogels          1102
      • 12.1.1.1            Carbon-based aerogel composites 1103
  • 12.2     Properties         1103
  • 12.3     Markets and Applications      1104
    • 12.3.1 Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast        1107
  • 12.4     Company profiles       1108 (10 company profiles)

 

13          DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON (DLC) COATINGS               1115

  • 13.1     Properties         1116
  • 13.2     Applications and markets      1117
  • 13.3     Global market size     1118
  • 13.4     Company profiles       1120 (9 company profiles)

 

14          ACTIVATED CARBON 1126

  • 14.1     Overview           1126
  • 14.2     Types   1126
    • 14.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)  1128
    • 14.2.2 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)    1128
    • 14.2.3 Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC)    1128
    • 14.2.4 Impregnated Activated Carbon          1129
    • 14.2.5 Bead Activated Carbon (BAC               1129
    • 14.2.6 Polymer Coated Carbon         1129
    • 14.2.7 Specialty Forms           1129
  • 14.3     Production       1130
    • 14.3.1 Coal-based Activated Carbon            1130
    • 14.3.2 Wood-based Activated Carbon         1130
    • 14.3.3 Coconut Shell-based Activated Carbon      1130
    • 14.3.4 Fruit Stone and Nutshell-based Activated Carbon                1130
    • 14.3.5 Polymer-based Activated Carbon    1130
    • 14.3.6 Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs)         1130
  • 14.4     Markets and applications      1131
    • 14.4.1 Water Treatment          1131
    • 14.4.2 Air Purification              1132
    • 14.4.3 Food and Beverage Processing          1132
    • 14.4.4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications 1132
    • 14.4.5 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries     1132
    • 14.4.6 Mining and Precious Metal Recovery              1132
    • 14.4.7 Environmental Remediation 1132
    • 14.4.8 Energy Storage              1133
      • 14.4.8.1            Supercapacitor Technology and Activated Carbon's Role                1133
      • 14.4.8.2            Lead-carbon batteries             1135
      • 14.4.8.3            Lithium-ion Batteries and Lithium-ion Capacitors 1136
      • 14.4.8.4            Flow Batteries                1137
      • 14.4.8.5            Zinc-Air and Metal-Air Batteries         1137
      • 14.4.8.6            Fuel Cell Components            1137
      • 14.4.8.7            Solid-State Batteries 1137
    • 14.4.9 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries     1137
    • 14.4.10              Automotive and Vehicle Applications            1138
    • 14.4.11              Personal Care, Consumer Products, and Other Specialty Applications 1138
  • 14.5     Market analysis            1139
    • 14.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1139
    • 14.5.2 Regulations     1140
    • 14.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis       1141
    • 14.5.4 Supply Chain 1141
    • 14.5.5 Future Outlook             1142
    • 14.5.6 Customer Segmentation        1144
    • 14.5.7 Addressable Market Size        1144
    • 14.5.8 Risks and Opportunities         1146
  • 14.6     Global market revenues 2020-2036               1146
    • 14.6.1 Global activated carbon production capacity          1148
      • 14.6.1.1            Reactivation Capacity              1148
  • 14.7     Companies     1149 (24 company profiles)

 

15          CARBON AEROGELS AND XEROGELS          1169

  • 15.1     Overview           1169
  • 15.2     Types   1169
    • 15.2.1 Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (RF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels     1169
    • 15.2.2 Phenolic-Furfural (PF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels        1169
    • 15.2.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels     1170
    • 15.2.4 Biomass-derived Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels   1170
    • 15.2.5 Doped Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels           1170
    • 15.2.6 Composite Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1170
  • 15.3     Markets and applications      1170
    • 15.3.1 Energy Storage              1171
    • 15.3.2 Thermal Insulation     1171
    • 15.3.3 Catalysis           1171
    • 15.3.4 Environmental Remediation 1172
    • 15.3.5 Other Applications     1172
  • 15.4     Market analysis            1172
    • 15.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1172
    • 15.4.2 Regulations     1173
    • 15.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis       1174
    • 15.4.4 Supply Chain 1174
    • 15.4.5 Future Outlook             1175
    • 15.4.6 Customer Segmentation        1175
    • 15.4.7 Addressable Market Size        1176
    • 15.4.8 Risks and Opportunities         1176
  • 15.5     Global market                1177
  • 15.6     Companies     1178 (10 company profiles)

 

16          CARBON MATERIALS FROM CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION          1190

  • 16.1     CO2 capture from point sources      1191
    • 16.1.1 Transportation              1192
    • 16.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities           1192
  • 16.2     Main carbon capture processes        1194
    • 16.2.1 Materials           1194
    • 16.2.2 Post-combustion        1196
    • 16.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion                1197
    • 16.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle  1198
    • 16.2.5 Pre-combustion           1199
  • 16.3     Carbon separation technologies       1200
    • 16.3.1 Absorption capture    1201
    • 16.3.2 Adsorption capture    1205
    • 16.3.3 Membranes    1207
    • 16.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture    1209
    • 16.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture  1209
    • 16.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner        1210
    • 16.3.7 Other technologies    1211
      • 16.3.7.1            Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)          1212
    • 16.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies             1213
    • 16.3.9 Electrochemical conversion of CO2               1213
      • 16.3.9.1            Process overview        1214
  • 16.4     Direct air capture (DAC)         1216
    • 16.4.1 Description     1216
  • 16.5     Market Analysis           1218
  • 16.6     Companies     1220 (4 company profiles)

 

17          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              1223

 

18          REFERENCES 1224

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Advanced Carbon Materials Market 2024–2036 (Billions USD) 58
  • Table 2. Consolidated Pricing Comparison for Advanced Carbon Materials (2025)        58
  • Table 3. Price Forecast Trends 2020–2036 61
  • Table 4. The advanced carbon materials market.  62
  • Table 5. Applications and Properties of Carbon Materials in Thermal Management for IC/Chip Manufacturing.            66
  • Table 6. Companies and Products Utilizing Carbon Materials in Thermal Management for IC/Chip Manufacturing.            67
  • Table 7.Carbon-Based Thermal Management Materials   69
  • Table 8. Carbon-Based Battery Additives    70
  • Table 9. Price Forecast Trends for All Materials 2020–2036            77
  • Table 10. Cross-Material CAGR Comparison by Application (Revenue CAGR 2024–2036, %) 79
  • Table 11. Classification and types of the carbon fibers.    81
  • Table 12. Summary of carbon fiber properties.        82
  • Table 13. Modulus classifications of carbon fiber. 83
  • Table 14. Comparison of main precursor fibers.     84
  • Table 15. Properties of lignins and their applications.        91
  • Table 16. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries.          92
  • Table 17. Fiber properties of polyolefin-based CFs.             93
  • Table 18. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages.       95
  • Table 19. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.       97
  • Table 20. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.    98
  • Table 21. Methods for direct fiber integration.         99
  • Table 22. Continuous fiber 3D printing producers.                99
  • Table 23. Summary of markets and applications for CFRPs.          102
  • Table 24. Comparison of CFRP to competing materials.   104
  • Table 25. The market for carbon fibers in wind energy-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.           106
  • Table 26. The market for carbon fibers in sports & leisure-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 107
  • Table 27. The market for carbon fibers in automotive-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.           108
  • Table 28. Carbon fiber automotive applications by component and adoption stage     109
  • Table 29. The market for carbon fibers in pressure vessels-market drivers, desirable properties of CF, applications, pricing, key players.    110
  • Table 30. Key Type IV Pressure Vessel Manufacturers         111
  • Table 31. Hydrogen economy carbon fiber demand forecast         112
  • Table 32. The market for carbon fibers in oil and gas-market drivers, desirable properties, applications, pricing and key players.           112
  • Table 33. Carbon fiber demand from UAM/eVTOL sector — key parameters       114
  • Table 34. Market drivers and trends in carbon fibers.          115
  • Table 35. Regulations pertaining to carbon fibers  116
  • Table 36. Price and costs analysis for carbon fibers.           116
  • Table 37. Carbon fibers supply chain.           117
  • Table 38. Production capacities of carbon fiber producers, in metric tonnes, current and planned.  118
  • Table 39. Future Outlook by End-Use Market.          119
  • Table 40. Addressable market size for carbon fibers by market.  121
  • Table 41. Market challenges in the CF and CFRP market. 121
  • Table 42. Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2036, by industry (MT).       122
  • Table 43. Global Carbon Fiber Demand 2020–2036, by Region (Thousand Metric Tonnes)        123
  • Table 44. Global Carbon Fiber Revenues 2020–2036, by Industry (Billions USD)              124
  • Table 45. Toray production sites        140
  • Table 46. Commercially available carbon black grades.   193
  • Table 47. Properties of carbon black and influence on performance.      195
  • Table 48. Carbon black compounds.             199
  • Table 49. Carbon black manufacturing processes, advantages and disadvantages.    200
  • Table 50: Market drivers for carbon black in the tire industry.        203
  • Table 51.  Global market for carbon black in tires (Million metric tons), 2018 to 2036. 204
  • Table 52. Carbon black non-tire applications.         204
  • Table 53. Conductive Carbon Black Demand in Batteries (000s Tons)    206
  • Table 54. Specialty carbon black demand, 2018-2036 (000s Tons), by market. 209
  • Table 55. Categories for recovered carbon black (rCB) based on key properties and intended applications.  210
  • Table 56. rCB post-treatment technologies.             211
  • Table 57. Recovered carbon black producers.         213
  • Table 58. Recovered carbon black demand, 2018–2036 (000s Tons), by market               215
  • Table 59.  Plasma-Produced Carbon Black — Applications and Demand, 2020–2036 (000s Metric Tons).                216
  • Table 60. Bio-Based and Alternative Carbon Black — Applications and Demand, 2020–2036 (000s Metric Tons)    219
  • Table 61. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Black.      221
  • Table 62. Regulations pertaining to carbon black. 222
  • Table 63. Market supply chain for carbon black.    223
  • Table 64 Pricing of carbon black.      224
  • Table 65. Carbon black capacities, by producer.    226
  • Table 66. Future outlook for carbon black by end use market.      227
  • Table 67. Customer Segmentation: Carbon Black.               228
  • Table 68. Addressable market size for carbon black by market.   229
  • Table 69. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Black.            230
  • Table 70. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by end-user market (100,000 tons)       230
  • Table 71. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by end-user market (billion USD)            231
  • Table 72. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by region (100,000 tons)               232
  • Table 73. Selected physical properties of graphite.              271
  • Table 74. Characteristics of natural and synthetic graphite.          272
  • Table 75. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite.               274
  • Table 76. Natural graphite size categories, their advantages, average prices, and applications.            277
  • Table 77. Classification of natural graphite with its characteristics.         277
  • Table 78. Applications of flake graphite.      279
  • Table 79. Amorphous graphite applications.            283
  • Table 80. Crystalline vein graphite applications.    284
  • Table 81. Characteristics of synthetic graphite.      285
  • Table 82: Main markets and applications of isostatic graphite.    289
  • Table 83. Current or planned production capacities for isostatic graphite.          289
  • Table 84. Main graphite electrode producers and capacities (MT/year). 289
  • Table 85. Extruded graphite applications.   291
  • Table 86. Applications of Vibration Molded Graphite.         292
  • Table 87. Applicaitons of Die-molded graphite.      293
  • Table 88. Recycled refractory graphite applications.           294
  • Table 89. Markets and applications of graphite.     295
  • Table 90. Pricing by Graphite Type, 2020-2025.      296
  • Table 91. Fine Flake Graphite Prices (-100 mesh, 90-97% C).        297
  • Table 92. Spherical Graphite Prices (99.95% C).    298
  • Table 93. Spherical Graphite Quality Grades and Applications.   298
  • Table 94. +32 Mesh Natural Flake Graphite Prices (>500μm, 94-97% C).              298
  • Table 95. Large Flake Premium Analysis.    299
  • Table 96. Graphite Pricing Compression Analysis 2022-2024.     299
  • Table 97.Chinese Battery AAM Mix Evolution.          301
  • Table 98. Chinese Graphite Anode Market Structure.          302
  • Table 99. Chinese Graphitisation Cost Evolution 2021-2024.       304
  • Table 100. Chinese Feedstock Cost Dynamics 2021-2024.           305
  • Table 101. Examples of Graphite-Related Federal Support.            306
  • Table 102. Potential Final Combined Tariffs (if affirmative final determinations).             309
  • Table 103. Estimated global mine Production of natural graphite 2020-2025, by country (tons).          311
  • Table 104. Global graphite production in tonnes, 2024-2036.      312
  • Table 105. Natural Graphite Breakdown (2024 & 2036).    312
  • Table 106. Synthetic Graphite Breakdown (2024 & 2036). 312
  • Table 107. Typical cost breakdown for ex-China natural graphite AAM production (per tonne).              313
  • Table 108. Synthetic Anode Cost Dynamics.            313
  • Table 109. Ex-China Natural Anode Cost Structure Analysis.        314
  • Table 110. Current and potential tariff structures. 315
  • Table 111. US Graphite Tariff Evolution and Impact Analysis.       315
  • Table 112. Landed Cost Impact (Chinese AAM @ US$5,000-7,000/t DDP China).           316
  • Table 113. Competitive Positioning Analysis.          320
  • Table 114. Global Graphite Demand by End-Use Market 2020-2036 (tonnes).  321
  • Table 115. End Use Market Share Evolution.             321
  • Table 116. Global Graphite Revenues by End-Use Market                322
  • Table 117. Global Graphite Demand by Regional Market 2020-2036 (tonnes).  323
  • Table 118. Asia-Pacific Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2036 (tonnes). 324
  • Table 119. North America Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2036 (tonnes)            325
  • Table 120. North America Supply vs Demand Balance (AAM only).           325
  • Table 121. Europe Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2036 (tonnes)             326
  • Table 122. Europe Supply vs Demand Gap (AAM, kt):         326
  • Table 123. Brazil Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2036 (tonnes) 327
  • Table 124. Brazil Supply-Demand Balance:               327
  • Table 125. Main natural graphite producers.             329
  • Table 126. Main synthetic graphite producers.        330
  • Table 127. Key minerals in an EV battery.     333
  • Table 128. Global Battery Demand by Chemistry and Anode Type (2024-2030).              333
  • Table 129. Current and planned gigafactories.       334
  • Table 130. Key Battery Anode Specifications.          341
  • Table 131. Historical Anode Pricing Trends (DDP China). 341
  • Table 132. Major Anode Producer Profiles and Competitive Positioning 342
  • Table 133. Overview of thermal management materials. 347
  • Table 134. Graphite production capacities by producer.   350
  • Table 135. Next Resources graphite flake products.            393
  • Table 136. Summary of key properties of biochar. 422
  • Table 137. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties         422
  • Table 138. Markets and applications for biochar.  424
  • Table 139. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics.    429
  • Table 140. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages.    431
  • Table 141. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass.  434
  • Table 142. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production.                435
  • Table 143. Biochar production equipment manufacturers.            435
  • Table 144. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits.              437
  • Table 145.  Biochar applications in agriculture and livestock farming.    441
  • Table 146. Effect of biochar on different soil properties.   442
  • Table 147.  Fertilizer products and their associated N, P, and K content.               443
  • Table 148. Application of biochar in construction.                445
  • Table 149. Process and benefits of biochar as an amendment in cement .          446
  • Table 150. Application of biochar in asphalt.           447
  • Table 151. Biochar applications for wastewater treatment.            449
  • Table 152. Biochar in carbon capture overview.     451
  • Table 153. Biochar in cosmetic products.   452
  • Table 154. Biochar in textiles.             453
  • Table 155. Biochar in additive manufacturing.        453
  • Table 156. Biochar in ink.       454
  • Table 157. Biochar in packaging.      456
  • Table 158. Companies using biochar in packaging.             457
  • Table 159. Biochar in steel and metal.          458
  • Table 160. Summary of applications of biochar in energy.               458
  • Table 161. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in biochar. 462
  • Table 162. Regulations pertaining to biochar.          462
  • Table 163. Biochar supply chain.      463
  • Table 164. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets.      464
  • Table 165. Future outlook for biochar by end use market.                464
  • Table 166. Customer Segmentation for Biochar.    464
  • Table 167. Addressable market size for biochar by market.            465
  • Table 168. Risk and opportunities in Biochar.          466
  • Table 169. Global demand for biochar 2018-2036 (1,000 tons), by market.         467
  • Table 170. Global demand for biochar 2018-2036 (1,000 tons), by region.           468
  • Table 171. Biochar production by feedstocks in China (1,000 tons), 2023-2036.             469
  • Table 172. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (1,000 tons), 2023-2036.               470
  • Table 173. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (excluding China) (1,000 tons), 2023–2036.                470
  • Table 174. Biochar production by feedstocks in North America (1,000 tons), 2023-2036.         471
  • Table 175. Biochar production by feedstocks in Europe (1,000 tons), 2023-2036.          472
  • Table 176. Biochar production by feedstocks in Africa (1,000 tons), 2023-2036.             473
  • Table 177. Biochar production by feedstocks in the Middle East (tons), 2023–2036      474
  • Table 178. Various Forms of Graphene and Related Materials      559
  • Table 179. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.  561
  • Table 180. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in graphene.            562
  • Table 181. Regulations pertaining to graphene.      564
  • Table 182. Types of graphene and typical prices.   564
  • Table 183. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer.   567
  • Table 184. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.            568
  • Table 185. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer.  568
  • Table 186. Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Pricing by Producer (2025 Updated)           569
  • Table 187. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer.          570
  • Table 188. Graphene ink pricing by producer.           571
  • Table 189. Market and applications for graphene in automotive (20255-2036). 594
  • Table 190. Graphene supply chain. 605
  • Table 191. Graphene producer production capacities.      607
  • Table 192. Future outlook for graphene by end use market.            613
  • Table 193. Addressable market size for graphene by market.        618
  • Table 194. Risks and Opportunities in Graphene.  623
  • Table 195. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2036 (tons). 624
  • Table 196. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2036 (tons).          625
  • Table 197. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2036 (tons).          626
  • Table 198. GRAPHENE — Revenue by End-Use Application           627
  • Table 199. Performance criteria of energy storage devices.            859
  • Table 200. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT.       864
  • Table 201. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              865
  • Table 202. Applications of MWCNTs.             866
  • Table 203. Comparative properties of MWCNT and SWCNT.          870
  • Table 204. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.   871
  • Table 205. Updated MWCNT Production Capacity Table (2024/2025)     873
  • Table 206. SWCNT Production Capacity (2024)     873
  • Table 207. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by end-use market, 2020-2036 (metric tons)           874
  • Table 208. Carbon Nanotube Revenue by End-Use Application (Millions USD) 874
  • Table 209. Carbon Nanotube CAGR by End-Use Application         875
  • Table 210. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in energy storage, 2025-2036. 876
  • Table 211. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in polymer composites, 2025-2036.  877
  • Table 212. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in electronics, 2025-2036.       877
  • Table 213. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in thermal interface materials, 2025-2036.   878
  • Table 214. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in construction, 2025-2036.   879
  • Table 215. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in coatings, 2025-2036.             880
  • Table 216. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in automotive, 2025-2036.       881
  • Table 217. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in aerospace, 2025-2036.         881
  • Table 218. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in other end-use markets, 2025-2036.             882
  • Table 219. Chasm SWCNT products.             907
  • Table 220. Thomas Swan SWCNT production.         979
  • Table 221. Properties of carbon nanotube paper.  982
  • Table 222. Applications of Double-walled carbon nanotubes.     995
  • Table 223. Markets and applications for Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs).        996
  • Table 224. Markets and applications for few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs).           997
  • Table 225. Markets and applications for carbon nanohorns.         998
  • Table 226. CARBON NANO-ONIONS — Revenue by End-Use Application            1001
  • Table 227. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs.  1002
  • Table 228. Applications of BNNTs.   1002
  • Table 229. Carbon Nanofibers from Biomass Analysis.    1009
  • Table 230. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanofibers.      1013
  • Table 231. Price and Cost Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers.            1013
  • Table 232. Carbon nanofibers supply chain.            1014
  • Table 233. Future outlook for CNFs by end use market.    1014
  • Table 234. Addressable market size for CNFs by market. 1015
  • Table 235. Risks and Opportunities Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers.      1016
  • Table 236. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2036 (millions USD), by market          1017
  • Table 237. Market overview for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications.              1026
  • Table 238. Types of fullerenes and applications.    1027
  • Table 239. Products incorporating fullerenes.          1027
  • Table 240. Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes.         1027
  • Table 241. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Fullerenes.          1029
  • Table 242. Price and costs analysis for Fullerenes.               1029
  • Table 243. Fullerenes supply chain.               1030
  • Table 244. Future outlook for Fullerenes by end use market.         1030
  • Table 245. Addressable market size for Fullerenes by market.      1031
  • Table 246. Risks and Opportunities Analysis.          1031
  • Table 247. Global market demand for  fullerenes, 2018-2036 (tons).      1032
  • Table 248. Global Fullerene Revenues by End-Use Market              1033
  • Table 249. Properties of nanodiamonds.    1046
  • Table 250. Summary of types of NDS and production methods-advantages and disadvantages.        1047
  • Table 251. Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds.             1049
  • Table 252. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Nanodiamonds.              1052
  • Table 253. Regulations pertaining to Nanodiamonds.       1053
  • Table 254. Price and costs analysis for Nanodiamonds.  1053
  • Table 255. Price of nanodiamonds by producer.     1055
  • Table 256. Nanodiamonds supply chain.    1057
  • Table 257. Future outlook for Nanodiamonds by end use market.              1058
  • Table 258. Risks and Opportunities in Nanodiamonds.    1059
  • Table 259. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2036.       1060
  • Table 260. Global Nanodiamond Revenues by End-Use Market   1060
  • Table 261. Production methods, by main ND producers. 1061
  • Table 262. Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc. nanodiamond product list. 1063
  • Table 263. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list.              1067
  • Table 264. Daicel nanodiamond product list.           1069
  • Table 265. FND Biotech Nanodiamond product list.            1071
  • Table 266. JSC Sinta nanodiamond product list.    1075
  • Table 267. Plasmachem product list and applications.     1082
  • Table 268. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list.         1083
  • Table 269. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis.      1084
  • Table 270. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.         1087
  • Table 271. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs.      1090
  • Table 272. Applications of graphene quantum dots.           1091
  • Table 273. Prices for graphene quantum dots.        1092
  • Table 274. Graphene Quantum Dots Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast     1093
  • Table 275. Properties of carbon foam materials.    1104
  • Table 276. Applications of carbon foams.  1105
  • Table 277. Carbon Foam Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast               1107
  • Table 278. Properties of Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings.     1116
  • Table 279. Applications and markets for Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 1118
  • Table 280. Global revenues for DLC coatings, 2018-2036 (Billion USD). 1119
  • Table 281. Activated Carbon Product Type Comparison (Updated 2026)              1129
  • Table 282. Markets and Applications for Activated Carbon.           1131
  • Table 283. Supercapacitor Performance Specifications for Activated Carbon   1133
  • Table 284. Producers of Supercapacitor-Grade Activated Carbon             1134
  • Table 285. Types of Carbon Used in Lead-Carbon Batteries           1135
  • Table 286. Lead-Carbon Battery Applications          1135
  • Table 287. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Activated Carbon.          1139
  • Table 288. Regulations pertaining to Activated Carbon.    1140
  • Table 289. Price and costs analysis for Activated Carbon.              1141
  • Table 290. Activated Carbon supply chain.                1142
  • Table 291. Future outlook for Activated Carbon by end use market.         1143
  • Table 292. Addressable market size for Activated Carbon by market.      1144
  • Table 293. Risks and Opportunities in Activated Carbon. 1146
  • Table 294. Global market revenues for Activated Carbon 2020-2036 (millions USD), by market.          1147
  • Table 295. Global Activated Carbon Production Capacity by Region (2025-2026)          1148
  • Table 296. Markets and Applications for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.              1170
  • Table 297. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.             1172
  • Table 298. Regulations pertaining to Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.       1173
  • Table 299. Price and costs analysis for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.  1174
  • Table 300. Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels supply chain.   1174
  • Table 301. Future outlook for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by end use market.            1175
  • Table 302. Addressable market size for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by market.         1176
  • Table 303. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Aerogels.   1176
  • Table 304. Global market revenues for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 2020-2036 (millions USD), by market.              1177
  • Table 305. Point source examples.  1191
  • Table 306.Historical Growth of Global Operational CCS Capacity (2010–2025)               1193
  • Table 307.Global CCS Project Pipeline Status (2025)         1193
  • Table 308.Major Operational CCS Facilities Worldwide (2025)    1193
  • Table 309. Assessment of carbon capture materials           1194
  • Table 310. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 1197
  • Table 311. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.      1200
  • Table 312. Main capture processes and their separation technologies. 1200
  • Table 313. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview.            1201
  • Table 314. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption. 1203
  • Table 315. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview.            1205
  • Table 316. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview.             1207
  • Table 317. Comparison of main separation technologies.               1213
  • Table 318. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.            1214
  • Table 319. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.              1218
  • Table 320. CO₂-DERIVED CARBON MATERIALS — Revenue by End-Use Application     1219

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1.  Manufacturing process of PAN type carbon fibers.         86
  • Figure 2. Production processes for pitch-based carbon fibers.    88
  • Figure 3. Lignin/celluose precursor. 89
  • Figure 4. Process of preparing CF from lignin.          91
  • Figure 5. Neustark modular plant.   134
  • Figure 6. CR-9 carbon fiber wheel.  153
  • Figure 7. The Continuous Kinetic Mixing system.   158
  • Figure 8. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam.          189
  • Figure 9. Electron microscope image of carbon black.      194
  • Figure 10. Different shades of black, depending on the surface of Carbon Black.           196
  • Figure 11. Structure- Aggregate Size/Shape Distribution. 196
  • Figure 12. Surface Chemistry – Surface Functionality Distribution.          197
  • Figure 13. Sequence of structure development of Carbon Black.               198
  • Figure 14. Carbon Black pigment in Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer.      199
  • Figure 15 Break-down of raw materials (by weight) used in a tire.               202
  • Figure 16. Conductive Carbon Black Demand in Batteries (000s Tons)   207
  • Figure 17. Applications of specialty carbon black.               208
  • Figure 18. Pyrolysis process: from ELT to rCB, oil, and syngas, and applications thereof.           212
  • Figure 19. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by end-user market (100,000 tons)     231
  • Figure 20. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by end-user market (billion USD)          232
  • Figure 21. Global market for carbon black 2018–2036, by region (100,000 tons)             233
  • Figure 22. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.             253
  • Figure 23. Structure of graphite.        271
  • Figure 24. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG).       274
  • Figure 25. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications.          276
  • Figure 26. Flake graphite.       279
  • Figure 27. Flake graphite production              281
  • Figure 28. Amorphous graphite.        283
  • Figure 29. Vein graphite.         285
  • Figure 30: Isostatic pressed graphite.            288
  • Figure 31. Global market for graphite EAFs, 2018-2036 (MT).        290
  • Figure 32. Extruded graphite rod.      291
  • Figure 33. Vibration Molded Graphite.           292
  • Figure 34. Die-molded graphite products.  293
  • Figure 35. Graphite market supply chain (battery market).              332
  • Figure 36. 2 Graphite: Content and share of total cell weight, for common types of lithium-ion cells for battery-powered electric vehicles. 337
  • Figure 37. Graphite as active anode material in lithium-ion cell. 337
  • Figure 38.  Schematic illustration of an EAF.              345
  • Figure 39. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures.      420
  • Figure 40. Compressed biochar.       424
  • Figure 41. Biochar production diagram.      431
  • Figure 42. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture.         433
  • Figure 43. Perennial ryegrass plants grown in clay soil with (Right) and without (Left) biochar.               444
  • Figure 44. Biochar bricks.      447
  • Figure 45. Biochar production by feedstocks in South America (1,000 tons), 2023-2036.         472
  • Figure 46. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln.             492
  • Figure 47. Made of Air's HexChar panels.   528
  • Figure 48. Takavator.  551
  • Figure 49. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 561
  • Figure 50. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Batteries (2025–2036)            573
  • Figure 51. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Supercapacitors (2025–2036)          574
  • Figure 52. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Polymer Additives (2025–2036)       576
  • Figure 53. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Sensors (2025–2036)              577
  • Figure 54. Applications roadmap for graphene in conductive inks (2025-2036).              579
  • Figure 55. Applications roadmap for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (2025–2036)                581
  • Figure 56. Applications roadmap for graphene transistors (2025-2036).               583
  • Figure 57. Applications roadmap for graphene filtration membranes (2025–2036)        585
  • Figure 58. Applications roadmap for graphene in thermal management (2025-2036). 587
  • Figure 59. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in additive manufacturing.        588
  • Figure 60. Applications roadmap for graphene in adhesives (2025-2036).           590
  • Figure 61. Applications roadmap for graphene in aerospace (2205-2036).          592
  • Figure 62. Applications roadmap for graphene in fuel cells (2025–2036)              596
  • Figure 63. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in biomedical and healthcare (2025-2036).                598
  • Figure 64. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in building and construction (2025-2036).                601
  • Figure 65. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in paints and coatings (2025-2036).         603
  • Figure 66. Applications roadmap for graphene in in photovoltaics.           605
  • Figure 67. Graphene heating films. 628
  • Figure 68. Graphene flake products.              634
  • Figure 69. Printed graphene biosensors.     643
  • Figure 70. Prototype of printed memory device.     648
  • Figure 71. Brain Scientific electrode schematic.    663
  • Figure 72. Graphene battery schematic.      687
  • Figure 73. Dotz Nano GQD products.            689
  • Figure 74. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.           695
  • Figure 75. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production.         704
  • Figure 76.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.     736
  • Figure 77. Sensor surface.    751
  • Figure 78. BioStamp nPoint. 767
  • Figure 79. Nanotech Energy battery.               784
  • Figure 80. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.              787
  • Figure 81. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.  788
  • Figure 82. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.    789
  • Figure 83. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.          790
  • Figure 84. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445.            806
  • Figure 85. Quantag GQDs and sensor.          808
  • Figure 86. The Sixth Element graphene products.  822
  • Figure 87. Thermal conductive graphene film.         823
  • Figure 88. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.         836
  • Figure 89. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO.                839
  • Figure 90. AWN Nanotech water harvesting prototype.     887
  • Figure 91. Large transparent heater for LiDAR.        898
  • Figure 92. Carbonics, Inc.’s carbon nanotube technology.              901
  • Figure 93. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process.           907
  • Figure 94. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 914
  • Figure 95. Cup Stacked Type Carbon Nano Tubes schematic.      917
  • Figure 96. CSCNT composite dispersion.   917
  • Figure 97. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays.      921
  • Figure 98. Koatsu Gas Kogyo Co. Ltd CNT product.              928
  • Figure 99. Carbon nanotube paint product.               931
  • Figure 100. MEIJO eDIPS product.    937
  • Figure 101. NAWACap.            948
  • Figure 102. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.               949
  • Figure 103. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 950
  • Figure 104. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.       951
  • Figure 105. CNT film. 954
  • Figure 106. HiPCO® Reactor.               956
  • Figure 107. Shinko Carbon Nanotube TIM product.              970
  • Figure 108. Smell iX16 multi-channel gas detector chip.  972
  • Figure 109. The Smell Inspector.       973
  • Figure 110. Toray CNF printed RFID.               983
  • Figure 111. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model.   995
  • Figure 112. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment.        996
  • Figure 113. TEM image of FWNTs.     997
  • Figure 114. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns.       998
  • Figure 115. TEM image of carbon onion.      999
  • Figure 116. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red.  1002
  • Figure 117. Conceptual diagram of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) (A) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (B) showing typical dimensions of length, width, and separation distance between graphene layers in MWCNTs (Source: JNM).         1003
  • Figure 118. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet.        1006
  • Figure 119. Solid Carbon produced by UP Catalyst.            1024
  • Figure 120. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes.        1028
  • Figure 121. Detonation Nanodiamond.        1045
  • Figure 122. DND primary particles and properties.               1045
  • Figure 123. Functional groups of Nanodiamonds. 1046
  • Figure 124. NBD battery.         1077
  • Figure 125. Neomond dispersions. 1079
  • Figure 126. Visual representation of graphene oxide sheets (black layers) embedded with nanodiamonds (bright white points).             1080
  • Figure 127. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots.   1086
  • Figure 128. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4).  1087
  • Figure 129. Graphene quantum dots.            1089
  • Figure 130. Top-down and bottom-up methods.    1090
  • Figure 131. Dotz Nano GQD products.          1094
  • Figure 132.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.  1097
  • Figure 133. Quantag GQDs and sensor.       1099
  • Figure 134. Schematic of typical microstructure of carbon foam: (a) open-cell, (b) closed-cell.           1102
  • Figure 135. Classification of DLC coatings.               1115
  • Figure 136. SLENTEX® roll (piece).    1180
  • Figure 137. CNF gel.  1187
  • Figure 138. Block nanocellulose material. 1187
  • Figure 139. CO2 capture and separation technology.         1191
  • Figure 140. Post-combustion carbon capture process.     1196
  • Figure 141. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. 1197
  • Figure 142. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.      1198
  • Figure 143. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.               1199
  • Figure 144. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.       1199
  • Figure 145. Amine-based absorption technology. 1203
  • Figure 146. Pressure swing absorption technology.              1207
  • Figure 147. Membrane separation technology.        1208
  • Figure 148. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation.   1209
  • Figure 149. Process schematic of chemical looping.          1210
  • Figure 150. Calix advanced calcination reactor.     1211
  • Figure 151. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram.            1212
  • Figure 152. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction products.       1214
  • Figure 153. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.     1217
  • Figure 154. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.         1218

 

 

 

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The Global Market for Advanced Carbon Materials 2026-2036
The Global Market for Advanced Carbon Materials 2026-2036
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