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The Global Printed and Flexible Electronics Market 2027-2037

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  • Published: July 2026
  • Pages: 1,104
  • Tables: 406
  • Figures: 235

 

Printed and flexible electronics represent a fundamental shift in how electronic functionality is made and where it can be deployed. Rather than etching rigid silicon and copper onto flat boards, this field builds sensing, computing, display, power and connectivity functions additively — printing functional inks and depositing thin films onto flexible, stretchable, conformable and even biodegradable substrates. The result is electronics that can bend, stretch, wrap around curved surfaces, adhere to skin, embed within textiles or laminate onto packaging, at low cost per unit area and with far less material waste than conventional fabrication.

The market has moved decisively from laboratory promise to commercial reality. Skin-worn biosensors and health patches now monitor patients and consumers continuously; smart rings and hearables have become mainstream wearables; foldable and rollable displays anchor premium consumer devices; electronic textiles weave sensing directly into clothing; and smart packaging turns everyday products into connected, traceable objects. Across automotive interiors, intelligent buildings, industrial sensing and energy harvesting, printed and flexible electronics are becoming the connective tissue of a more instrumented world.

Several forces are converging to accelerate adoption. The relentless demand for wearable, ambient and IoT devices requires form factors that rigid electronics cannot provide. Decarbonization and sustainability priorities favour additive, low-waste, low-energy manufacturing and recyclable or degradable materials. Healthcare is shifting toward continuous, remote and preventive monitoring, for which thin, comfortable, disposable sensors are ideally suited. And advances in conductive inks, printable semiconductors, flexible integrated circuits, thin-film batteries and roll-to-roll manufacturing are steadily closing the performance and cost gaps that once confined the technology to niche uses.

The sector is not without friction. Qualification timelines, standardization gaps, encapsulation and reliability challenges, and uneven adoption temper the pace in places. Yet the structural tailwinds are durable and the addressable applications keep multiplying, spanning consumer electronics, medical and wellness devices, e-textiles, energy storage and harvesting, displays, automotive, sensors, smart buildings and packaging.

This report provides a comprehensive technology and market assessment of printed, flexible and hybrid electronics across every major application area. It examines manufacturing methods, materials and components, the competitive landscape, the innovation pipeline, sustainability, investment activity and the companies shaping the field. It is designed as a decision-grade reference for materials suppliers, device makers, brand owners, investors and technology strategists navigating one of the most versatile and fast-moving areas of advanced electronics.

The Global Market for Printed and Flexible Electronics 2027-2037 is a comprehensive market and technology assessment of the printed, flexible, stretchable and hybrid electronics industry across the 2027–2037 forecast period. It spans the full value chain — manufacturing methods, materials and components, and every major application market — and profiles the companies driving commercialization. The analysis pairs detailed technology explanation with granular, segmented forecasts, SWOT analyses, market drivers, macro-trends and challenges for each application area, making it a decision-grade reference for materials suppliers, device and equipment makers, brand owners, investors and strategists.

Content covered includes:

  • Market sizing and 2027–2037 revenue forecasts, segmented by application, technology and region, with growth analysis and scenario framing
  • Industry context: the evolution of electronics, the wearables revolution, the market map, CES 2023–2026 innovations, investment funding and buy-outs 2024–2026, flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) and sustainability
  • Manufacturing methods: printed electronics, 3D and 4D electronics, analogue and digital printing, in-mold electronics (IME), roll-to-roll (R2R), and advanced deposition and sintering
  • Materials and components: component-attachment materials, conductive inks, functional and specialty inks, printable semiconductors and sensing materials, flexible substrates, flexible ICs, printed PCBs, thin-film batteries and energy harvesting
  • Consumer electronics: wearable sensors and actuators, wrist-worn wearables, hearables, sleep trackers, sports and fitness, and pet, military and industrial wearables
  • Medical, healthcare and wellness: electronic skin patches, wearable drug delivery, cosmetic patches, femtech, smart woundcare, smart diapers, and wearable robotics and exoskeletons
  • Electronic textiles (e-textiles) and smart apparel, energy storage and harvesting, printed and flexible displays and lighting, automotive electronics, printed sensors, smart buildings and construction, and smart packaging
  • Supply-chain analysis, an ecosystem market map, and 650+ company profiles across consumer, medical, gaming and entertainment, e-textiles, and energy storage

 

Companies profiled include Abbott Laboratories, Ampcera, Anthro Energy, Asahi Kasei, Ateios Systems, Avegant, BeFC, Bekaert, binder, BioIntelliSense, Biolinq, Bittium, Blue Current, Blue Spark Technologies, Bosch Sensortec, Brewer Science, Canatu, CeQur, Corsano Health, Covestro AG, Dexcom, DiaMonTech, Digid, Directa Plus, Dispelix, Dracula Technologies, DuPont, E Ink, Elephantech, Enfucell, Ensurge Micropower, Epicore Biosystems, Epishine, Epson, Exeger, FlexEnable, Forster Rohner, Google, Grapheal, HeiQ Materials, Henkel, Heraeus Epurio, Hexoskin, Huawei, Hummink, InnovationLab, Innovega, Insulet, InuRu, iRhythm, i-SENS, ISORG, Jade Bird Display, Jenax, Kopin, Kupros, Lenovo, LetinAR, LionVolt, Lumus, Magic Leap, Maxell, Meta Platforms, MICLEDI, Microsoft, Molex, Murata, Myant, NextFlex, Nextiles, Nippon Mektron, Nippon Paper Group, Nissha, Optomec, OQmented, Oura Health, Peratech, PKvitality, PragmatIC Semiconductor, Prologium, QD Laser, Quad Industries, RealWear, Rokid, Sakuú, Samsung Electronics, Samsung SDI, Saralon, Sekisui Polymatech, Senseonics, Sibel Health, SmartKem, Spiber Technologies, STMicroelectronics, Sun Chemical, TDK, Teijin, Toray Industries, Toyobo, TracXon B.V., TriLite, Ultrahuman, UNIGRID, Varta, Versarien, VitalConnect, VivaLNK, Vuzix, Wearable Devices, West Pharmaceutical Services, Wiliot, Withings, Xiaomi, Xreal, Xsensio, Ynvisible and more.......

 

 

 

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            73

  • 1.1        Printed and Flexible Electronics Market-Growth Outweighs Uncertainty               73
  • 1.2        The evolution of electronics 74
  • 1.3        What is printed/flexible electronics?              75
    • 1.3.1    Motivation for use       76
    • 1.3.2    From rigid to flexible and stretchable             76
      • 1.3.2.1 Stretchable electronics           77
      • 1.3.2.2 Stretchable electronics in wearables            78
      • 1.3.2.3 Stretchable electronics in Medical devices               79
      • 1.3.2.4 Stretchable electronics in sensors  79
      • 1.3.2.5 Stretchable electronics in energy harvesting           79
      • 1.3.2.6 Stretchable artificial skin       79
  • 1.4        Markets for printed and flexible electronics               80
    • 1.4.1    Macro-trends 80
    • 1.4.2    Healthcare and wellness       81
    • 1.4.3    Automotive      82
    • 1.4.4    Buildings and construction   82
    • 1.4.5    Energy storage and harvesting           83
    • 1.4.6    E-Textiles           83
    • 1.4.7    Consumer electronics             84
    • 1.4.8    Smart packaging and logistics           84
    • 1.4.9    Extended reality (XR) 85
  • 1.5        The wearables revolution       85
  • 1.6        The wearable tech market in 2026   88
  • 1.7        Continuous monitoring           90
  • 1.8        Market map for printed and flexible electronics      91
  • 1.9        Wearable market leaders       92
  • 1.10     Role in the metaverse               92
  • 1.11     Wearable electronics in the textiles industry            93
  • 1.12     New conductive materials    94
  • 1.13     Entertainment               96
  • 1.14     Market growth               97
    • 1.14.1 Printed, flexible and hyrbid products             97
    • 1.14.2 Future growth 98
    • 1.14.3 Advanced materials as a market driver         98
    • 1.14.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics         99
  • 1.15     Innovations at CES 2023-2026          100
  • 1.16     Investment funding and buy-outs 2024-2026          101
  • 1.17     Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)      102
  • 1.18     Sustainability in flexible electronics               106
  • 1.19     Global market revenues, 2027-2037             106
    • 1.19.1 Consumer electronics             106
    • 1.19.2 Medical & healthcare               107
    • 1.19.3 E-textiles and smart apparel               108
    • 1.19.4 Displays            110
    • 1.19.5 Automotive      111
    • 1.19.6 Smart buildings            112
    • 1.19.7 Smart packaging         114
    • 1.19.8 Extended reality (XR) 115
    • 1.19.9 Neural interfaces and AI-ambient wearables           116

 

2             MANUFACTURING METHODS            118

  • 2.1        Comparative analysis              118
  • 2.2        Printed electronics     119
    • 2.2.1    Technology description           119
    • 2.2.2    SWOT analysis              120
  • 2.3        3D electronics               121
    • 2.3.1    Technology description           121
    • 2.3.2    SWOT analysis              123
  • 2.4        Analogue printing        124
    • 2.4.1    Technology description           124
    • 2.4.2    SWOT analysis              126
  • 2.5        Digital printing               127
    • 2.5.1    Technology description           127
    • 2.5.2    SWOT analysis              129
  • 2.6        In-mold electronics (IME)      130
    • 2.6.1    Technology description           130
    • 2.6.2    SWOT analysis              133
  • 2.7        Roll-to-roll (R2R)         133
    • 2.7.1    Technology description           133
    • 2.7.2    SWOT analysis              136
  • 2.8        4D electronics (shape-morphing additive manufacturing)              137
  • 2.9        Advanced deposition and sintering 137
    • 2.9.1    Photonic and pulsed-light sintering 137
    • 2.9.2    Direct-ink writing / extrusion                138
    • 2.9.3    Imprint and nano-imprint lithography           138
    • 2.9.4    Laser-induced graphene (LIG) patterning    139
    • 2.9.5    Slot-die coating for PV and perovskites        139
  • 2.10     Other emerging deposition and patterning methods           140

 

3             MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS       141

  • 3.1        Component attachment materials  141
    • 3.1.1    Conductive adhesives             142
    • 3.1.2    Biodegradable adhesives      143
    • 3.1.3    Magnets            143
    • 3.1.4    Bio-based solders      143
    • 3.1.5    Bio-derived solders   144
    • 3.1.6    Recycled plastics       144
    • 3.1.7    Nano adhesives           144
    • 3.1.8    Shape memory polymers       144
    • 3.1.9    Photo-reversible polymers    145
    • 3.1.10 Conductive biopolymers        146
    • 3.1.11 Traditional thermal processing methods     146
    • 3.1.12 Low temperature solder          147
    • 3.1.13 Reflow soldering          149
    • 3.1.14 Induction soldering    149
    • 3.1.15 UV curing          149
    • 3.1.16 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing 150
    • 3.1.17 Photonic sintering/curing       150
    • 3.1.18 Hybrid integration       150
  • 3.2        Conductive inks           151
    • 3.2.1    Overview           151
    • 3.2.2    Technology readiness of conductive-ink types        153
    • 3.2.3    Metal-based conductive inks              154
    • 3.2.4    Nanoparticle inks       155
    • 3.2.5    Silver inks         155
    • 3.2.6    Particle-Free conductive ink 156
    • 3.2.7    Copper inks    157
    • 3.2.8    Gold (Au) ink   158
    • 3.2.9    Conductive polymer inks       158
    • 3.2.10 Liquid metals 159
    • 3.2.11 Companies     159
  • 3.3        Functional and specialty inks             163
    • 3.3.1    Dielectric and insulating inks              163
    • 3.3.2    Piezoelectric and ferroelectric inks 163
    • 3.3.3    Electroluminescent inks and phosphors     164
    • 3.3.4    Electrochromic and thermochromic inks   164
    • 3.3.5    Quantum-dot inks      164
    • 3.3.6    Perovskite inks              164
    • 3.3.7    Magnetic and ferrite inks       165
    • 3.3.8    Thermoelectric inks  165
    • 3.3.9    Resistive inks (PTC, NTC and carbon resistor)          165
    • 3.3.10 Two-dimensional materials beyond graphene         165
    • 3.3.11 Nanocellulose and bio-based substrates   166
    • 3.3.12 Bioresorbable and transient conductors     166
    • 3.3.13 Self-healing polymers              166
    • 3.3.14 Solid and printed electrolytes             166
    • 3.3.15 Liquid-metal inks and gels (EGaIn, Galinstan)         167
    • 3.3.16 MXene inks      167
  • 3.4        Printable semiconductors     168
    • 3.4.1    Technology overview 168
    • 3.4.2    Advantages and disadvantages        169
    • 3.4.3    SWOT analysis              171
  • 3.5        Printable sensing materials  171
    • 3.5.1    Overview           171
    • 3.5.2    Types   172
    • 3.5.3    SWOT analysis              174
  • 3.6        Flexible Substrates     175
    • 3.6.1    Flexible plastic substrates    177
      • 3.6.1.1 Types of materials      178
      • 3.6.1.2 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs             178
    • 3.6.2    Paper substrates         179
      • 3.6.2.1 Overview           179
    • 3.6.3    Glass substrates         180
      • 3.6.3.1 Overview           180
    • 3.6.4    Textile substrates        181
  • 3.7        Flexible Integrated Circuits (Ics)        181
    • 3.7.1    Description     181
    • 3.7.2    Flexible metal oxide ICs          183
    • 3.7.3    Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies      183
    • 3.7.4    SWOT analysis              184
  • 3.8        Printed PCBs  185
    • 3.8.1    Description     185
    • 3.8.2    High-Speed PCBs       186
    • 3.8.3    Flexible PCBs 186
    • 3.8.4    3D Printed PCBs          187
    • 3.8.5    Sustainable PCBs       187
  • 3.9        Thin film batteries       188
    • 3.9.1    Technology description           188
    • 3.9.2    SWOT analysis              189
  • 3.10     Energy harvesting       190
    • 3.10.1 Approaches    190
    • 3.10.2 Perovskite photovoltaics        191
    • 3.10.3 Applications   191
    • 3.10.4 SWOT analysis              192

 

4             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS         194

  • 4.1        Macro-trends 194
  • 4.2        Market drivers and trends      194
  • 4.3        SWOT analysis              196
  • 4.4        Wearable sensors       197
  • 4.5        Wearable actuators   198
  • 4.6        Recent market developments             201
    • 4.6.1    The rise of screenless wearables      201
    • 4.6.2    Extended reality and smart glasses break out          201
    • 4.6.3    AI-ambient wearables and consumer neurotechnology    201
    • 4.6.4    AI-native health sensing goes mainstream 201
  • 4.7        Wrist-worn wearables              203
    • 4.7.1    Overview           203
    • 4.7.2    Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers         203
      • 4.7.2.1 Sensing              203
      • 4.7.2.2 Actuating          204
    • 4.7.3    SWOT analysis              207
    • 4.7.4    Health monitoring      208
    • 4.7.5    Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches        209
    • 4.7.6    Companies and products      209
  • 4.8        Sports and fitness      210
    • 4.8.1    Overview           210
    • 4.8.2    Wearable devices and apparel           210
    • 4.8.3    Skin patches   210
    • 4.8.4    Companies and products      211
  • 4.9        Hearables        212
    • 4.9.1    Technology overview 212
    • 4.9.2    Assistive Hearables   214
      • 4.9.2.1 Biometric Monitoring 214
    • 4.9.3    SWOT analysis              215
    • 4.9.4    Health & Fitness Hearables  216
      • 4.9.4.1 Overview           216
      • 4.9.4.2 Products           216
    • 4.9.5    Multimedia Hearables             217
      • 4.9.5.1 Overview           217
      • 4.9.5.2 Products           217
    • 4.9.6    Artificial Intelligence (AI)        217
      • 4.9.6.1 Overview           217
      • 4.9.6.2 Products           218
    • 4.9.7    Companies and products      218
  • 4.10     Sleep trackers and wearable monitors         219
    • 4.10.1 Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers      220
    • 4.10.2 Smart rings      220
    • 4.10.3 Headbands     221
    • 4.10.4 Sleep monitoring devices       221
      • 4.10.4.1            Companies and products      222
  • 4.11     Pet and animal wearables     222
    • 4.11.1 Overview           222
    • 4.11.2 Products           223
  • 4.12     Military wearables      223
    • 4.12.1 Overview           223
    • 4.12.2 Applications   224
  • 4.13     Industrial and workplace monitoring             224
    • 4.13.1 Overview           224
    • 4.13.2 Products           225
  • 4.14     Global market forecasts         225
    • 4.14.1 Volume              225
    • 4.14.2 Revenues          226
  • 4.15     Market challenges      228

 

5             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE/WELLNESS ELECTRONICS       229

  • 5.1        Macro-trends 229
  • 5.2        Market drivers                230
  • 5.3        SWOT analysis              231
  • 5.4        Current state of the art            232
    • 5.4.1    Electrochemical biosensors                233
    • 5.4.2    Skin patches for continuous monitoring      234
    • 5.4.3    Printed pH sensors    234
    • 5.4.4    Wearable medical device products 235
    • 5.4.5    Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring           237
    • 5.4.6    Multi-analyte and continuous biochemical sensing            238
    • 5.4.7    Cuffless and continuous blood-pressure monitoring         239
    • 5.4.8    Neural interfaces and bioelectronic medicine         239
    • 5.4.9    AI and closed-loop systems 240
    • 5.4.10 Microneedle and intradermal sensing           240
    • 5.4.11 Ingestible and implantable bioelectronics 240
    • 5.4.12 Regulatory and reimbursement landscape                241
  • 5.5        Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation             241
    • 5.5.1    Market overview           241
    • 5.5.2    Companies and products      242
  • 5.6        Electronic skin patches           242
    • 5.6.1    Electronic skin sensors           243
    • 5.6.2    Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics       244
    • 5.6.3    Nanomaterials-based devices           245
    • 5.6.4    Liquid metal alloys     246
    • 5.6.5    Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics       246
    • 5.6.6    Printed and flexible batteries               247
      • 5.6.6.1 Overview           247
      • 5.6.6.2 Companies and products      247
    • 5.6.7    Materials           248
      • 5.6.7.1 Summary of advanced materials      248
    • 5.6.8    SWOT analysis              249
    • 5.6.9    Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring           250
      • 5.6.9.1 Market overview           250
      • 5.6.9.2 Companies and products      251
    • 5.6.10 Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)        252
      • 5.6.10.1            Market overview           252
      • 5.6.10.2            Minimally-invasive CGM sensors     252
        • 5.6.10.2.1        Technologies  253
      • 5.6.10.3            Non-invasive CGM sensors  253
        • 5.6.10.3.1        Commercial devices 253
        • 5.6.10.3.2        Companies and products      254
    • 5.6.11 Cardiovascular monitoring   255
      • 5.6.11.1            Market overview           255
      • 5.6.11.2            ECG sensors  255
        • 5.6.11.2.1        Companies and products      255
      • 5.6.11.3            PPG sensors   256
        • 5.6.11.3.1        Companies and products      256
    • 5.6.12 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring              257
      • 5.6.12.1            Market overview           257
      • 5.6.12.2            Companies and products      257
    • 5.6.13 Hydration sensors      258
      • 5.6.13.1            Market overview           258
      • 5.6.13.2            Companies and products      258
    • 5.6.14 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports)        259
      • 5.6.14.1            Market overview           259
      • 5.6.14.2            Companies and products      260
  • 5.7        Wearable drug delivery            260
    • 5.7.1    Overview           260
    • 5.7.2    Companies and products      261
  • 5.8        Cosmetics patches    261
    • 5.8.1    Overview           261
    • 5.8.2    Companies and products      262
  • 5.9        Femtech devices         262
    • 5.9.1    Overview           262
    • 5.9.2    Companies and products      262
  • 5.10     Smart footwear for health monitoring           263
    • 5.10.1 Overview           263
    • 5.10.2 Companies and products      263
  • 5.11     Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired     264
    • 5.11.1 Overview           264
    • 5.11.2 Companies and products      264
  • 5.12     Smart woundcare       265
    • 5.12.1 Overview           265
    • 5.12.2 Companies and products      265
  • 5.13     Smart diapers                265
    • 5.13.1 Overview           265
    • 5.13.2 Companies and products      266
  • 5.14     Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots 266
    • 5.14.1 Overview           266
      • 5.14.1.1            Medical and rehabilitation exoskeletons     266
      • 5.14.1.2            Industrial exosuits      267
      • 5.14.1.3            Bionic prostheses       268
      • 5.14.1.4            Body-worn collaborative robots and supernumerary limbs            269
    • 5.14.2 Companies and products      269
  • 5.15     Global market forecasts         270
    • 5.15.1 Volume              270
    • 5.15.2 Revenues          271
  • 5.16     Market challenges      272

 

6             ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL           274

  • 6.1        Macro-trends 274
  • 6.2        Market drivers                275
  • 6.3        SWOT analysis              276
  • 6.4        Performance requirements for E-textiles     277
  • 6.5        Growth prospects for electronic textiles      278
    • 6.5.1    Fourth-generation e-textiles 280
  • 6.6        Textiles in the Internet of Things        280
  • 6.7        Types of E-Textile products   282
    • 6.7.1    Embedded e-textiles 282
    • 6.7.2    Laminated e-textiles  282
  • 6.8        Materials and components  283
    • 6.8.1    Integrating electronics for E-Textiles               283
      • 6.8.1.1 Textile-adapted             283
      • 6.8.1.2 Textile-integrated         284
      • 6.8.1.3 Textile-based  284
    • 6.8.2    Manufacturing of E-textiles   284
      • 6.8.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks            285
      • 6.8.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers   287
      • 6.8.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets       287
    • 6.8.3    Flexible and stretchable electronics in E-textiles   288
    • 6.8.4    E-textiles materials and components            289
      • 6.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns           289
        • 6.8.4.1.1           Production       290
        • 6.8.4.1.2           Metals 291
        • 6.8.4.1.3           Carbon materials and nanofibers    291
          • 6.8.4.1.3.1      Graphene         293
          • 6.8.4.1.3.2      Carbon nanotubes     293
          • 6.8.4.1.3.3      Nanofibers      295
      • 6.8.4.2 Mxenes              297
      • 6.8.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)     297
      • 6.8.4.4 Conductive polymers               298
        • 6.8.4.4.1           PDMS  300
        • 6.8.4.4.2           PEDOT: PSS     301
        • 6.8.4.4.3           Polypyrrole (PPy)          301
        • 6.8.4.4.4           Conductive polymer composites     301
        • 6.8.4.4.5           Ionic conductive polymers    301
      • 6.8.4.5 Conductive inks           302
      • 6.8.4.6 Electronic filaments  303
      • 6.8.4.7 Phase change materials         303
        • 6.8.4.7.1           Temperature controlled fabrics         304
      • 6.8.4.8 Metal halide perovskites        304
      • 6.8.4.9 3D printing       305
        • 6.8.4.9.1           Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)  305
        • 6.8.4.9.2           Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)           305
        • 6.8.4.9.3           Products           305
        • 6.8.4.10            4D-printed and shape-morphing textiles     306
    • 6.8.5    E-textiles components            306
      • 6.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators            306
        • 6.8.5.1.1           Physiological sensors              307
        • 6.8.5.1.2           Environmental sensors           308
        • 6.8.5.1.3           Pressure sensors         308
          • 6.8.5.1.3.1      Flexible capacitive sensors  308
          • 6.8.5.1.3.2      Flexible piezoresistive sensors           309
          • 6.8.5.1.3.3      Flexible piezoelectric sensors            309
        • 6.8.5.1.4           Activity sensors            309
        • 6.8.5.1.5           Strain sensors               310
          • 6.8.5.1.5.1      Resistive sensors        310
          • 6.8.5.1.5.2      Capacitive strain sensors      311
        • 6.8.5.1.6           Temperature sensors                311
        • 6.8.5.1.7           Inertial measurement units (IMUs)  311
      • 6.8.5.2 Electrodes        311
      • 6.8.5.3 Connectors     312
  • 6.9        Applications, markets and products              312
    • 6.9.1    Temperature monitoring and regulation       312
      • 6.9.1.1 Heated clothing           313
      • 6.9.1.2 Heated gloves               313
      • 6.9.1.3 Heated insoles             313
      • 6.9.1.4 Heated jacket and clothing products             313
      • 6.9.1.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications             314
    • 6.9.2    Stretchable E-fabrics                315
    • 6.9.3    Therapeutic products               315
      • 6.9.3.1 Market overview           315
    • 6.9.4    Sport & fitness              316
      • 6.9.4.1 Market overview           316
      • 6.9.4.2 Products           317
    • 6.9.5    Smart footwear             318
      • 6.9.5.1 Market overview           318
      • 6.9.5.2 Companies and products      318
    • 6.9.6    Wearable displays      319
      • 6.9.6.1 Market overview           319
      • 6.9.6.2 Commercial Examples            320
    • 6.9.7    Military               320
    • 6.9.8    Textile-based lighting                321
    • 6.9.9    Smart gloves  321
    • 6.9.10 Powering E-textiles     322
      • 6.9.10.1            Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles          323
      • 6.9.10.2            Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles               323
      • 6.9.10.3            Textile supercapacitors           325
      • 6.9.10.4            Energy harvesting       325
        • 6.9.10.4.1        Photovoltaic solar textiles     326
          • 6.9.10.4.1.1   TENGs 327
          • 6.9.10.4.1.2   PENGs                328
        • 6.9.10.4.2        Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting       328
    • 6.9.11 Motion capture for AR/VR      328
  • 6.10     Global market forecasts         329
    • 6.10.1 Volume              329
    • 6.10.2 Revenues          330
  • 6.11     Market challenges      331
  • 6.12     Companies     333

 

7             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING  334

  • 7.1        Macro-trends 334
  • 7.2        Market drivers                335
  • 7.3        SWOT analysis              335
  • 7.4        Applications of printed and flexible electronics      336
  • 7.5        Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics  337
  • 7.6        Approaches to flexibility         338
  • 7.7        Flexible Battery Technologies              341
    • 7.7.1    Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries           341
      • 7.7.1.1           Flexible planar LiBs   342
      • 7.7.1.2           Flexible Fiber LiBs       343
      • 7.7.1.3           Flexible micro-LiBs    343
      • 7.7.1.4           Stretchable lithium-ion batteries      344
      • 7.7.1.5           Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries  345
      • 7.7.1.6 Flexible Li/S batteries                345
      • 7.7.1.7 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 347
    • 7.7.2    Printed Batteries          347
      • 7.7.2.1 Components  348
      • 7.7.2.2 Design 349
      • 7.7.2.3 Key features    350
        • 7.7.2.3.1           Printable current collectors  350
        • 7.7.2.3.2           Printable electrodes  351
        • 7.7.2.3.3           Materials           352
        • 7.7.2.3.4           Applications   352
        • 7.7.2.3.5           Printing techniques    354
        • 7.7.2.3.6           Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries    356
        • 7.7.2.3.7           Zinc-based printed batteries                357
        • 7.7.2.3.8           3D Printed batteries   359
          • 7.7.2.3.8.1      Materials for 3D printed batteries     361
    • 7.7.3    Thin-Film Solid-state Batteries           362
      • 7.7.3.1 Solid-state electrolytes            363
      • 7.7.3.2 Features and advantages      364
      • 7.7.3.3 Microbatteries               365
        • 7.7.3.3.1           Introduction    365
        • 7.7.3.3.2           3D designs      367
    • 7.7.4    Stretchable Batteries                367
    • 7.7.5    Other Emerging Technologies             368
      • 7.7.5.1 Metal-sulfur batteries               368
      • 7.7.5.2 Flexible zinc-based batteries               368
      • 7.7.5.3 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries              369
      • 7.7.5.4 Flexible Zn–Air batteries          369
      • 7.7.5.5 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries      370
      • 7.7.5.6 Fiber-shaped batteries             370
      • 7.7.5.7 Transparent batteries                371
        • 7.7.5.7.1           Components  371
      • 7.7.5.8 Degradable batteries                372
        • 7.7.5.8.1           Components  373
  • 7.8        Key Components of Flexible Batteries           374
    • 7.8.1    Electrodes        374
      • 7.8.1.1 Cable-type batteries 374
      • 7.8.1.2 Batteries-on-wire        375
    • 7.8.2    Electrolytes     375
    • 7.8.3    Separators       379
    • 7.8.4    Current Collectors      380
    • 7.8.5    Packaging of printed and flexible batteries 381
      • 7.8.5.1 Flexible Pouch Cells  381
      • 7.8.5.2 Encapsulation Materials         383
    • 7.8.6    Manufacturing of flexible batteries  383
  • 7.9        Performance Metrics and Characteristics  384
    • 7.9.1    Energy Density              385
    • 7.9.2    Power Density               385
    • 7.9.3    Cycle Life          386
    • 7.9.4    Flexibility and Bendability     386
  • 7.10     Printed supercapacitors         387
    • 7.10.1 Electrode materials   388
    • 7.10.2 Electrolytes     389
  • 7.11     Photovoltaics 392
    • 7.11.1 Conductive pastes     392
    • 7.11.2 Organic photovoltaics (OPV)               393
    • 7.11.3 Perovskite PV 394
    • 7.11.4 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics        395
    • 7.11.5 Companies     395
    • 7.11.6 Photovoltaic solar textiles     396
    • 7.11.7 Solar tape         396
    • 7.11.8 Origami-like solar cells            397
    • 7.11.9 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics    397
  • 7.12     Transparent and flexible heaters       398
    • 7.12.1 Technology overview 398
    • 7.12.2 Applications   399
      • 7.12.2.1            Automotive Industry  399
        • 7.12.2.1.1        Defrosting and Defogging Systems  400
        • 7.12.2.1.2        Heated Windshields and Mirrors      400
        • 7.12.2.1.3        Touch Panels and Displays   400
      • 7.12.2.2            Aerospace and Aviation          400
        • 7.12.2.2.1        Aircraft Windows and Canopies        401
        • 7.12.2.2.2        Sensor and Camera Housings            401
      • 7.12.2.3            Consumer Electronics             401
        • 7.12.2.3.1        Smartphones and Tablets      402
        • 7.12.2.3.2        Wearable Devices       402
        • 7.12.2.3.3        Smart Home Appliances        402
      • 7.12.2.4            Building and Architecture      402
        • 7.12.2.4.1        Smart Windows            403
        • 7.12.2.4.2        Heated Glass Facades            404
        • 7.12.2.4.3        Greenhouse and Skylight Applications         404
      • 7.12.2.5            Medical and Healthcare         405
        • 7.12.2.5.1        Incubators and Warming Beds           406
        • 7.12.2.5.2        Surgical Microscopes and Endoscopes       406
        • 7.12.2.5.3        Medical Imaging Equipment 407
      • 7.12.2.6            Display Technologies                407
        • 7.12.2.6.1        LCD Displays 408
        • 7.12.2.6.2        OLED Displays              408
        • 7.12.2.6.3        Flexible and Transparent Displays   409
    • 7.12.2.7            Energy Systems            410
      • 7.12.2.7.1        Solar Panels (De-icing and Efficiency Enhancement)         410
      • 7.12.2.7.2        Fuel Cells         411
      • 7.12.2.7.3        Battery Systems           412
  • 7.13     Thermoelectric energy harvesting   412
  • 7.14     Market challenges      413
  • 7.15     Global market forecasts         414
    • 7.15.1 Volume              414
    • 7.15.2 Revenues          415
  • 7.16     Companies     416

 

8             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS  418

  • 8.1        Macro-trends 418
  • 8.2        Market drivers                418
  • 8.3        SWOT analysis              419
  • 8.4        Printed and flexible display prototypes and products         419
  • 8.5        Display types 421
    • 8.5.1    Organic LCDs (OLCDs)           423
    • 8.5.2    Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)         423
    • 8.5.3    Inorganic LEDs              424
    • 8.5.4    Flexible AMOLEDs      424
    • 8.5.5    Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED)      425
    • 8.5.6    Printed OLEDs              425
    • 8.5.7    Flexible and foldable mini-LED and microLED         426
      • 8.5.7.1 Product developers    427
    • 8.5.8    Flexible QD displays  428
    • 8.5.9    Flexible electrophoretic displays      429
    • 8.5.10 Electrowetting displays           429
    • 8.5.11 Electrochromic displays         430
    • 8.5.12 Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs)  431
    • 8.5.13 Metamaterials               431
      • 8.5.13.1            Metasurfaces 431
        • 8.5.13.1.1        Flexible metasurfaces             432
        • 8.5.13.1.2        Meta-Lens        432
        • 8.5.13.1.3        Metasurface holograms         433
    • 8.5.14 Transparent displays 433
      • 8.5.14.1            Products           433
      • 8.5.14.2            Stretchable displays 434
  • 8.6        Foldable smartphones            434
    • 8.6.1    Market Overview          434
  • 8.7        Foldable laptops, tablets and other displays            436
    • 8.7.1    Market Overview          436
  • 8.8        Flexible lighting            437
    • 8.8.1    Overview           437
    • 8.8.2    Applications and markets      440
      • 8.8.2.1 Flexible lighting in automotive            440
    • 8.8.3    FHE for large area lighting     441
    • 8.8.4    Directly printed LED lighting 442
    • 8.8.5    Companies     442
  • 8.9        Global market forecasts         443
    • 8.9.1    Volume              443
    • 8.9.2    Revenues          444
  • 8.10     Market challenges      445
  • 8.11     Companies     446

 

9             PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS      448

  • 9.1        Macro-trends 448
  • 9.2        Market drivers                449
  • 9.3        SWOT analysis              450
  • 9.4        Applications   450
    • 9.4.1    Electric vehicles           451
      • 9.4.1.1 Applications   451
      • 9.4.1.2 Battery monitoring and heating          452
      • 9.4.1.3 Printed temperature sensors and heaters   452
    • 9.4.2    HMI       452
    • 9.4.3    Automotive displays and lighting      453
      • 9.4.3.1 Interiors             454
        • 9.4.3.1.1           OLED and flexible displays   455
        • 9.4.3.1.2           Passive-matrix OLEDs             456
        • 9.4.3.1.3           Active matrix OLED    456
        • 9.4.3.1.4           Transparent OLED for heads-up displays    457
        • 9.4.3.1.5           LCD displays  457
        • 9.4.3.1.6           Curved displays           458
          • 9.4.3.1.6.1      Overview           458
          • 9.4.3.1.6.2      Automotive applications        458
          • 9.4.3.1.6.3      Companies     459
        • 9.4.3.1.7           Micro-LEDs in automotive displays 461
          • 9.4.3.1.7.1      Head-up display (HUD)           464
          • 9.4.3.1.7.2      Headlamps     466
          • 9.4.3.1.7.3      Product developers    466
      • 9.4.3.2 Exteriors            467
    • 9.4.4    In-Mold Electronics    468
    • 9.4.5    Printed and flexible sensors 468
      • 9.4.5.1 Capacitive sensors    468
      • 9.4.5.2 Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors 469
      • 9.4.5.3 Piezoresistive sensors             470
      • 9.4.5.4 Piezoelectric sensors               471
      • 9.4.5.5 Image sensors              473
        • 9.4.5.5.1           Materials and technologies  474
    • 9.4.6    Printed heaters             475
      • 9.4.6.1 Printed car seat heaters          476
      • 9.4.6.2 Printed/flexible interior heaters          476
      • 9.4.6.3 Printed on-glass heater           477
      • 9.4.6.4 Carbon nanotube transparent conductors 477
      • 9.4.6.5 Metal mesh transparent conductors              477
      • 9.4.6.6 3D shaped transparent heaters         478
      • 9.4.6.7 Direct heating                478
      • 9.4.6.8 Transparent heaters   479
    • 9.4.7    Transparent antennas              480
  • 9.5        Global market forecasts         483
    • 9.5.1    Volume              483
    • 9.5.2    Revenues          484
  • 9.6        Market challenges      485
  • 9.7        Companies     486

 

10          PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SENSORS 488

  • 10.1     Market overview           488
  • 10.2     Printed piezoresistive sensors            490
    • 10.2.1 Technology overview 490
    • 10.2.2 Applications   493
      • 10.2.2.1            Automotive      493
      • 10.2.2.2            Consumer electronics             494
      • 10.2.2.3            Medical              495
      • 10.2.2.4            Inventory management           497
      • 10.2.2.5            Industrial applications            497
  • 10.3     Printed piezoelectric sensors             498
    • 10.3.1 Technology overview 498
    • 10.3.2 Applications   500
  • 10.4     Printed photodetectors           502
    • 10.4.1 Technology overview 502
    • 10.4.2 Applications   506
      • 10.4.2.1            Image Sensors              506
      • 10.4.2.2            Biometrics       507
      • 10.4.2.3 Flexible X-ray detectors           509
      • 10.4.2.4            Healthcare and Wearables   509
      • 10.4.2.5            Inventory Management           510
  • 10.5     Printed temperature sensors               510
    • 10.5.1 Technology overview 510
    • 10.5.2 Applications   513
      • 10.5.2.1            Automotive      513
      • 10.5.2.2            Monitoring Systems   514
      • 10.5.2.3            Consumer Electronics             514
  • 10.6     Printed strain sensors              515
    • 10.6.1 Technology overview 515
    • 10.6.2 Applications   516
      • 10.6.2.1            Industrial health monitoring 517
      • 10.6.2.2            Motion Capture for AR/VR     517
      • 10.6.2.3            Healthcare and Medical         517
  • 10.7     Printed Gas Sensors 518
    • 10.7.1 Technology overview 518
    • 10.7.2 Applications   520
      • 10.7.2.1            Outdoor Pollution Monitoring             521
      • 10.7.2.2            Indoor Air Quality        521
      • 10.7.2.3            Automotive      522
      • 10.7.2.4            Breath Diagnostics    522
  • 10.8     Printed capacitive sensors   523
    • 10.8.1 Technology overview 523
    • 10.8.2 Applications   525
      • 10.8.2.1            3D electronics               525
      • 10.8.2.2            In-mold Electronics   526
      • 10.8.2.3            Hybrid Sensors             526
      • 10.8.2.4            Flexible Displays          527
      • 10.8.2.5            Automotive HMI           527
      • 10.8.2.6            Wearables and AR/VR              527
      • 10.8.2.7            Other Applications     528
  • 10.9     Printed wearable electrodes                528
    • 10.9.1 Technology overview 528
    • 10.9.2 Applications   530
      • 10.9.2.1            Wearable EMG              530
      • 10.9.2.2            Skin Patches and E-Textiles  530
  • 10.10  Printed humidity sensors       531
  • 10.11  Printed electrochemical (bio)sensors           531
  • 10.12  Printed magnetic/Hall sensors          531
  • 10.13  Printed ultrasonic/acoustic sensors               532
  • 10.14  Global market forecasts         532
    • 10.14.1              Volume              532
    • 10.14.2              Revenues          533
  • 10.15  Companies     534

 

11          PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SMART BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION ELECTRONICS      536

  • 11.1     Macro-trends 536
  • 11.2     Market drivers                537
  • 11.3     SWOT analysis              538
  • 11.4     Applications   539
    • 11.4.1 Industrial asset tracking/monitoring with hybrid electronics          541
    • 11.4.2 Customizable interiors            541
    • 11.4.3 Sensors             542
      • 11.4.3.1            Capacitive sensors    544
      • 11.4.3.2            Temperature and humidity sensors 545
      • 11.4.3.3            Sensors for air quality              547
      • 11.4.3.4            Magnetostrictive sensors      547
      • 11.4.3.5            Magneto- and electrorheological fluids       547
      • 11.4.3.6            CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings 547
    • 11.4.4 Building integrated transparent antennas  549
    • 11.4.5 Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS)    550
    • 11.4.6 Industrial monitoring 550
  • 11.5     Global market forecasts         551
    • 11.5.1 Revenues          551
  • 11.6     Companies     553

 

12          SMART PACKAGING ELECTRONICS               554

  • 12.1     What is Smart Packaging?    555
  • 12.2     Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)      556
  • 12.3     Printed batteries and antennas         558
  • 12.4     Flexible silicon integrated circuits    560
  • 12.5     Natural materials in packaging          561
  • 12.6     Extruded conductive pastes and inkjet printing      561
  • 12.7     Displays and light-emitting electronics for smart and interactive packaging      563
    • 12.7.1 Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)         563
    • 12.7.2 Electroluminescent (EL) displays and lighting         563
    • 12.7.3 Electrophoretic displays (E-paper / EPD)    563
    • 12.7.4 Electrochromic displays         564
    • 12.7.5 Printed and flexible LEDs       564
  • 12.8     Active packaging         564
  • 12.9     Intelligent packaging 566
    • 12.9.1 Smart Cards   567
    • 12.9.2 Temperature Indicators           567
    • 12.9.3 Freshness Indicators 568
    • 12.9.4 Gas Indicators               569
  • 12.10  SWOT analysis              569
  • 12.11  Supply chain management  570
    • 12.11.1              Improving product freshness and extending shelf life         571
    • 12.11.2              Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting    572
  • 12.12  Printed and flexible electronics in packaging           573
    • 12.12.1              FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging     574
    • 12.12.2              Printed codes and markings 576
    • 12.12.3              Barcodes (D)  577
    • 12.12.4              D data matrix codes  578
    • 12.12.5              Quick response (QR) codes  579
    • 12.12.6              Augmented reality (AR) codes             580
    • 12.12.7              Sensors and indicators           581
      • 12.12.7.1         Freshness Indicators 581
      • 12.12.7.2         Time-temperature indicator labels (TTIs)    582
      • 12.12.7.3         Natural colour formulation indicator              583
      • 12.12.7.4         Thermochromic inks 584
      • 12.12.7.5         Gas indicators               584
      • 12.12.7.6         Chemical Sensors      585
      • 12.12.7.7         Electrochemical-Based Sensors      585
      • 12.12.7.8         Optical-Based Sensors           586
      • 12.12.7.9         Biosensors      586
        • 12.12.7.9.1     Electrochemical-Based Biosensors               586
        • 12.12.7.9.2     Optical-Based Biosensors    587
      • 12.12.7.10      Edible Sensors              587
    • 12.12.8              Antennas          588
      • 12.12.8.1         Radio frequency identification (RFID)            588
        • 12.12.8.1.1     RFID technologies      588
        • 12.12.8.1.2     Market overview           589
        • 12.12.8.1.3     RFID market size          590
        • 12.12.8.1.4     RFID tags: applications, products, TRL         590
        • 12.12.8.1.5     RFID power classes   591
        • 12.12.8.1.6     Passive RFID   591
        • 12.12.8.1.7     Active RFID      592
          • 12.12.8.1.7.1 Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS) 592
          • 12.12.8.1.7.2 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)         593
        • 12.12.8.1.8     Chipless RFID or Flexible/Printed IC Passive tags  593
        • 12.12.8.1.9     RAIN (UHF RFID) Smart Packaging  594
    • 12.12.8.2         Semi-passive (battery-assisted passive, BAP) tags               594
    • 12.12.8.3         Near-field communications (NFC)   594
    • 12.12.8.4         Smart blister packs   595
  • 12.13             Global market forecasts         597
    • 12.13.1      Volume              597
    • 12.13.2         Revenues          598
  • 12.14           Companies     599

 

13         COMPANY PROFILES-CONSUMER ELECTRONICs               601 (144 company profiles)

14          COMPANY PROFILES-MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE            697 (312 company profiles)

15          COMPANY PROFILES-GAMING AND ENTERTAINMENT      898 (78 company profiles)

16          COMPANY PROFILES- ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL        951 (116 company profiles)

17          COMPANY PROFILES-ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING        1027 (43 company profiles)

18          REFERENCES 1068

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1.Stretchable Electronics Applications           77
  • Table 2. Applications of stretchable electronics in wearables.     78
  • Table 3. Applications of stretchable electronics in sensors.          79
  • Table 4.  Applications of stretchable artificial skin electronics      80
  • Table 5. Macro-trends driving printed & flexible electronics.          80
  • Table 6. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in healthcare & wellness and TRL.     81
  • Table 7. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in automotive and TRL.             82
  • Table 8. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in buildings and construction.              82
  • Table 9. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in energy storage and harvesting.      83
  • Table 10. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in E-textiles and TRL.               83
  • Table 11. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in consumer electronics.      84
  • Table 12. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in smart packaging and logistics.    84
  • Table 13. Applications of printed and flexible electronics Extended reality (XR) and TRL.          85
  • Table 14. Types of wearable devices and applications.     86
  • Table 15. Types of wearable devices and the data collected.         87
  • Table 16. New wearable tech products, 2024–2026            89
  • Table 17. Global wearable electronics market leaders by shipment volume, 2025         91
  • Table 18. Wearable market leaders by market segment.   92
  • Table 19. Applications for printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the metaverse.           92
  • Table 20. Advanced materials for Printed and Flexible and sensors and electronics-Advantages and disadvantages.            94
  • Table 21. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).          95
  • Table 22. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in the entertainment industry.           97
  • Table 23. Recent growth in printed, flexible and hybrid products, 2023–2026   97
  • Table 24. Future growth drivers for printed and flexible electronics           98
  • Table 25. Wearable, printed and flexible electronics at CES 2023–2026 100
  • Table 26. Wearables Investment funding and buy-outs 2024-2026.         101
  • Table 27. Comparative analysis of conventional and flexible hybrid electronics.             102
  • Table 28. Materials, components, and manufacturing methods for FHE                103
  • Table 29. Research and commercial activity in FHE.           104
  • Table 30. Printed & flexible consumer electronics revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD).             106
  • Table 31. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2025-2037, (millions USD).  107
  • Table 32. Printed & flexible consumer E-textiles and smart apparel revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD).                108
  • Table 33. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)       110
  • Table 34. Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)     111
  • Table 35. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions).                112
  • Table 36. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)                114
  • Table 37. Global XR market by technology, 2025–2037 (US$ billions)      115
  • Table 38. Neural interfaces & AI-ambient wearables, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)             116
  • Table 39. Manufacturing methods for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics.  118
  • Table 40.  Common printing methods used in printed electronics manufacturing in terms of resolution vs throughput.               120
  • Table 41. Manufacturing methods for 3D electronics.        121
  • Table 42.  Readiness level of various additive manufacturing technologies for electronics applications.                122
  • Table 43. Fully 3D printed electronics process steps          123
  • Table 44. Manufacturing methods for Analogue manufacturing. 124
  • Table 45. Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods.           126
  • Table 46. Manufacturing methods for Digital printing         127
  • Table 47. Innovations in high resolution printing.   128
  • Table 48. Key manufacturing methods for creating smart surfaces with integrated electronics.            131
  • Table 49. IME manufacturing techniques.  132
  • Table 50. Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing.              134
  • Table 51. Technology readiness level for R2R manufacturing.      135
  • Table 52. Emerging and specialised manufacturing methods       140
  • Table 53. Technology readiness of printing/deposition technologies, 2026          140
  • Table 54. Materials for printed and flexible electronics.     141
  • Table 55. Comparison of component attachment materials.        141
  • Table 56. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards              142
  • Table 57. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.         145
  • Table 58. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.       146
  • Table 59. Low temperature solder alloys.    147
  • Table 60. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.               148
  • Table 61. Typical conductive ink formulation.          151
  • Table 62. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       153
  • Table 63. Technology readiness of conductive-ink types, 2024 vs 2026 153
  • Table 64. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks.   159
  • Table 65. Conductive ink producers.              159
  • Table 66. Functional and specialty inks — supplier and readiness summary     168
  • Table 67. Technology readiness level of printed semiconductors.              169
  • Table 68. Organic semiconductors: Advantages and disadvantages.      169
  • Table 69. Market Drivers for printed/flexible sensors.         172
  • Table 70. Printed/flexible sensor types (with TRL)  172
  • Table 71. Flexible substrate materials, TRL, Properties and Applications              175
  • Table 72. Properties of typical flexible substrates. 175
  • Table 73. Comparison of stretchable substrates.  176
  • Table 74.  Main types of materials used as flexible plastic substrates in flexible electronics.  178
  • Table 75. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs.    179
  • Table 76. Paper substrates: Advantages and disadvantages.        180
  • Table 77. Flexible integrated-circuit approaches, TRL, Performance and Applications 182
  • Table 78. Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies.              183
  • Table 79. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.           185
  • Table 80. Printed and flexible PCB technologies, TRL, Feature size, Status          and Applications         186
  • Table 81. Thin-film and printed battery technologies, TRL 2026, Energy density, Status and Applications                188
  • Table 82. Printed and flexible energy-harvesting technologies, Source, Status and Applications          190
  • Table 83. Macro-trends in consumer electronics. 194
  • Table 84. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics.         195
  • Table 85. Types of wearable sensors.            197
  • Table 86. Trends in wearable technology.    198
  • Table 87. Consumer electronics — materials & component suppliers    199
  • Table 88. Wearable device producers and 2024–2026 products (new/upgraded)            202
  • Table 89. Consumer devices — smart rings, XR, AI-ambient & neural      202
  • Table 90. Different sensing modalities that can be incorporated into wrist-worn wearable device.      203
  • Table 91. Overview of actuating at the wrist              204
  • Table 92. Wearable health monitors.             208
  • Table 93. Sports-watches, smartwatches & fitness trackers-companies and products               209
  • Table 94. Wearable sensors for sports performance with TRL       211
  • Table 95.  Product types in the hearing assistance technology market.  213
  • Table 96. Sensing options in the ear.              214
  • Table 97. Health & Fitness Hearables            216
  • Table 98. AI hearing products              218
  • Table 99. Companies and products in hearables. 218
  • Table 100. Wearable sleep tracker products and prices.  219
  • Table 101. Smart ring products.         220
  • Table 102. Sleep headband products.           221
  • Table 103. Sleep monitoring products.         222
  • Table 104. Pet & animal wearables companies and products.      223
  • Table 105. Wearable electronics applications in the military.       224
  • Table 106. Industrial and workplace monitoring — technologies and TRL (new)               225
  • Table 107. Wearable workplace products. 225
  • Table 108. Global market for printed and flexible Consumer electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)   225
  • Table 109. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)            227
  • Table 110. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics.              228
  • Table 111. Macro trends in medical & healthcare/ wellness electronics.               229
  • Table 112. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.       230
  • Table 113. Examples of wearable medical device products            232
  • Table 114. Healthcare/wellness applications for printed/flexible electronics.   233
  • Table 115. Examples of wearable medical device products.          235
  • Table 116. Medical wearable companies applying products to remote monitoring and analysis.         237
  • Table 117. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.          242
  • Table 118. Electronic skin patch manufacturing value chain.       243
  • Table 119. Benefits of electronic skin patches as a form factor.  244
  • Table 120. Current and emerging applications for electronic skin patches, TRL.              245
  • Table 121. Electronic skin patches — nanomaterials-based devices       246
  • Table 122. Printed and flexible battery products     247
  • Table 123. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.           248
  • Table 124. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis.           251
  • Table 125. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages.            253
  • Table 126. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market.              253
  • Table 127. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products. 254
  • Table 128. Companies and products in ECG patch monitors and clothing for cardiovascular monitoring                255
  • Table 129. Companies and products in PPG sensors (photoplethysmography) 256
  • Table 130. Pregnancy & newborn monitoring — applications and TRL     257
  • Table 131. Companies and products in pregnancy and newborn monitoring     257
  • Table 132. Companies and products in hydration sensors              258
  • Table 133. Companies in wearable sweat sensors — products and commercial status              260
  • Table 134. Wearable drug delivery — applications and TRL            260
  • Table 135. Wearable drug delivery companies and products.       261
  • Table 136. Companies and products in cosmetics patches.          262
  • Table 137. Companies developing femtech wearable technology.             262
  • Table 138. Companies and products in smart footwear.   263
  • Table 139. Companies and products — smart contact lenses and vision-assistance glasses 264
  • Table 140. Companies and products in smart wound care.            265
  • Table 141. Companies developing smart diaper products.             266
  • Table 142. Wearable robotics — applications and TRL      266
  • Table 143. Medical and rehabilitation exoskeletons             267
  • Table 144. Industrial exosuits             267
  • Table 145. Bionic prostheses              268
  • Table 146. Companies developing wearable robotics.       269
  • Table 147. Global Market for Printed and Flexible Medical & Healthcare Electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)    270
  • Table 148. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)   271
  • Table 149. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.          272
  • Table 150. Macro-trends for electronic textiles.      275
  • Table 151. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles.       276
  • Table 152. Performance requirements for E-textiles.           277
  • Table 153. Commercially available smart clothing products.        282
  • Table 154. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods. 284
  • Table 155. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles.        285
  • Table 156. Methods for integrating conductive compounds.         286
  • Table 157. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber.       287
  • Table 158. 1D electronic fibres — materials, fabrication, conductivity, stretchability and applications                289
  • Table 159. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold.        290
  • Table 160. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms.     291
  • Table 161. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles.           292
  • Table 162. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel.            293
  • Table 163. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              293
  • Table 164. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).  298
  • Table 165. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.               299
  • Table 166. Types of conductive inks in e-textiles     302
  • Table 167. 3D printed shoes.               305
  • Table 168. Sensors used in electronic textiles.        306
  • Table 169. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures. 310
  • Table 170. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors.    311
  • Table 171. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles.             312
  • Table 172. Heated jacket and clothing products.   314
  • Table 173. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.      314
  • Table 174. Applications of stretchable e-fabrics (products and TRL)        315
  • Table 175. Flexible therapeutic products (applications, products, TRL) 315
  • Table 176. Commercialized smart textiles/or e-textiles for healthcare and fitness applications.          317
  • Table 177. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.            317
  • Table 178. Companies and products in smart footwear.   318
  • Table 179. Wearable Displays Applications.             319
  • Table 180. Types of Wearable Displays.       319
  • Table 181. Commercial Examples of Wearable Displays. 320
  • Table 182. Military e-textile applications and TRL  320
  • Table 183. Textile-based lighting technologies and TRL     321
  • Table 184. Smart glove products.     322
  • Table 185. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables.     322
  • Table 186. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles.      323
  • Table 187. Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles      323
  • Table 188. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance. 324
  • Table 189. Energy-harvesting systems for e-textiles (with TRL)     325
  • Table 190. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles.  325
  • Table 191. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR (products and TRL)            329
  • Table 192. Teslasuit. 329
  • Table 193. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2025-2037  (Million Units).              329
  • Table 194. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 330
  • Table 195. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing.  332
  • Table 196. Market players in E-textiles.         333
  • Table 197. Macro-trends in printed and flexible electronics in energy.    334
  • Table 198. Market drivers for Printed and flexible electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting.                335
  • Table 199. Energy applications for printed/flexible electronics.   336
  • Table 200. Flexible batteries on the market                338
  • Table 201. Types of flexible batteries              339
  • Table 202. Approaches to flexibility in batteries      339
  • Table 203. Comparison of Flexible and Traditional Lithium-Ion Batteries               340
  • Table 204. Material Choices for Flexible Battery Components.    340
  • Table 205. Various intrinsically deformable materials for flexible batteries          341
  • Table 206. Products and TRL-Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries         342
  • Table 207. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries.   342
  • Table 208. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.            344
  • Table 209. Products and TRL- Printed batteries       347
  • Table 210. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.               349
  • Table 211, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used.    350
  • Table 212. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.  352
  • Table 213. 2D and 3D printing techniques. 354
  • Table 214. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.           355
  • Table 215. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.          356
  • Table 216. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.       358
  • Table 217. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.         360
  • Table 218. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.   361
  • Table 219. Products and TRL- Thin-film solid-state batteries         362
  • Table 220. Main Fabrication Techniques for Thin-Film Batteries. 363
  • Table 221. Types of solid-state electrolytes.              363
  • Table 222. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.      363
  • Table 223.  Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.          365
  • Table 224. Products and TRL- Stretchable batteries             367
  • Table 225. Products and TRL- Metal-sulfur batteries           368
  • Table 226. Products and TRL- Flexible zinc-based batteries           368
  • Table 227. Products and TRL- Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries           369
  • Table 228. Products and TRL- Flexible zinc–air batteries   369
  • Table 229. Products and TRL- Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries   370
  • Table 230. Products and TRL- Fiber-shaped (1D) batteries              371
  • Table 231. Products and TRL- Transparent batteries            371
  • Table 232. Components of transparent batteries. 371
  • Table 233. Products and TRL- Degradable batteries             373
  • Table 234. Components of degradable batteries.  373
  • Table 235. Organic vs. Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes.                376
  • Table 236. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.       377
  • Table 237. Manufacturing methods for flexible batteries  384
  • Table 238. Performance Metrics and Characteristics for Printed and Flexible Batteries.             384
  • Table 239. Methods for printing supercapacitors. 387
  • Table 240. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors.          388
  • Table 241. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors.           389
  • Table 242. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors.            389
  • Table 243. TRL conductive pastes for photovoltaics.          392
  • Table 244. Conductive pastes for photovoltaics.   393
  • Table 245. Applications and TRL- Organic photovoltaics  394
  • Table 246. Applications and TRL- Perovskite photovoltaics            394
  • Table 247. Applications and TRL- Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics             395
  • Table 248. Companies commercializing thin film flexible photovoltaics.              395
  • Table 249. Applications and TRL- Photovoltaic solar textiles          396
  • Table 250. Applications and TRL- Solar tape             397
  • Table 251. Applications and TRL- Origami-like solar cells                397
  • Table 252. Applications and TRL- Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics        398
  • Table 253. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.      398
  • Table 254. Applications and TRL- Automotive transparent and flexible heaters 399
  • Table 255. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.  399
  • Table 256. Applications and TRL- aerospace and aviation transparent and flexible heaters      401
  • Table 257. Applications and TRL- Consumer electronics transparent and flexible heaters        402
  • Table 258. Applications and TRL- buildings transparent and flexible heaters      403
  • Table 259. Smart Window Applications of Transparent Heaters. 404
  • Table 260. Applications and TRL- medical and healthcare transparent and flexible heaters     405
  • Table 261. Applications and TRL- display transparent and flexible heaters           408
  • Table 262. Applications and TRL- energy systems transparent and flexible heaters        410
  • Table 263. Applications of Printed and Flexible Fuel Cells.             411
  • Table 264. Market challenges in printed and flexible electronics for energy.        413
  • Table 265. Printed & flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting, 2025–2037 (million units)    414
  • Table 266. Printed & flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)   415
  • Table 267. Market players in printed and flexible energy storage and harvesting.            416
  • Table 268. Macro-trends in displays.             418
  • Table 269. Market drivers for Printed and flexible displays and electronic components.            418
  • Table 270. Printed and flexible display prototypes and products 420
  • Table 271. Comparative table of display technologies       421
  • Table 272. Comparison of performance metrics between microLEDs and other commercial display technologies  427
  • Table 273. Flexible mini-LED and microLED products        428
  • Table 274. Transparent display products     433
  • Table 275. Foldable smartphones (products and TRL)       435
  • Table 276. Market for foldable smartphones, 2025–2027 (million units) 435
  • Table 277. Foldable laptops, tablets and other displays (products and TRL)      436
  • Table 278. Market for foldable laptops, tablets and other displays, 2025–2027 (thousand units)         436
  • Table 279. Foldable smartphones, laptops, tablets and other display products (on or near market)  437
  • Table 280. Comparative table of lighting technologies       438
  • Table 281. Flexible lighting types.     439
  • Table 282. Flexible lighting applications      440
  • Table 283. Flexible/OLED automotive lighting — companies and products          441
  • Table 284. Companies developing OLED lighting products             442
  • Table 285.  Flexible display shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)             443
  • Table 286. Printed and flexible display revenue, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)         444
  • Table 287. Market challenges in printed and flexible displays.      445
  • Table 288. Market players in printed and flexible displays.              446
  • Table 289.  Macro-trends in automotive.     448
  • Table 290. Market drivers for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.      449
  • Table 291. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in automotive — with TRL  450
  • Table 292. Printed/flexible electronics in automotive displays and lighting.        454
  • Table 293. Printed and flexible electronics are being integrated into vehicle interiors. 455
  • Table 294. Applications of curved displays in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).         459
  • Table 295. Companies developing curved automotive displays. 459
  • Table 296. Applications of Micro-LED in automotive.         463
  • Table 297. HUD vs other display types.        465
  • Table 298. Automotive display Mini-LED and Micro-LED products.           466
  • Table 299. Conductive materials for transparent capacitive sensors.     469
  • Table 300. Automotive applications for printed piezoresistive sensors. 470
  • Table 301.  Piezoelectric sensors for automotive applications.    471
  • Table 302. Printed piezoelectric sensors in automotive applications.     472
  • Table 303. SWIR for autonomous mobility and ADAS.         473
  • Table 304. Types of printed photodetectors and image sensors developed for automotive applications                474
  • Table 305. Comparison of SWIR image sensors technologies       475
  • Table 306. Comparison of conventional and printed seat heaters for automotive applications.            476
  • Table 307. Printed car seat heaters.                476
  • Table 308. Types of Printed/flexible interior heaters.            476
  • Table 309. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows.              479
  • Table 310. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.  479
  • Table 311. Transparent electronics for automotive radar for ADAS.           480
  • Table 312. Global market for automotive electronics, 2025–2037 (million units)             483
  • Table 313. Global market for printed & flexible automotive electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)    484
  • Table 314. Market challenges for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.            486
  • Table 315. Market players in printed and flexible electronics in automotive.      486
  • Table 316. Market opportunities in printed and flexible sensors. 488
  • Table 317.Growth Opportunities in Printed and Flexible Sensors.              489
  • Table 318. Growth Markets for Printed Sensor Technology.             490
  • Table 319. Printed piezoresistive sensors — applications and TRL            490
  • Table 320.Manufacturing Methods for Printed Piezoresistive Sensors     491
  • Table 321. Piezoresistive vs Capacitive Touch Sensors.    492
  • Table 322. Printed piezoresistive sensors applications.    493
  • Table 323. Printed piezoelectric sensors — applications and TRL              498
  • Table 324. Manufacturing Process of Piezoelectric Polymers.      499
  • Table 325. Printed Piezoelectric Materials in Sensors.       499
  • Table 326. Printed piezoelectric sensors Applications.      500
  • Table 327. Printed photodetectors — applications and TRL           502
  • Table 328. Comparison of Photodetector Technologies.   503
  • Table 329. Materials for Thin Film Photodetectors.               504
  • Table 330. Pros and Cons of Printed QD Manufacturing Methods.             505
  • Table 331. Printed photodetectors Applications.   506
  • Table 332. Printed temperature sensors — applications and TRL               510
  • Table 333. Types of Temperature Sensors. 511
  • Table 334. Printed Temperature Sensor Materials and Printing Methods.              512
  • Table 335. Printed temperature sensors Applications.       513
  • Table 336. Printed strain sensors — applications and TRL               515
  • Table 337. Printed strain sensors Applications.      516
  • Table 338. Printed gas sensors — applications and TRL    518
  • Table 339. Types and Materials for Printed Gas Sensors.  519
  • Table 340. Printed Gas Sensor Applications.            520
  • Table 341. Printed capacitive sensors — applications and TRL    523
  • Table 342. Printed Capacitive Sensor Technologies.            524
  • Table 343. Materials Used in Printed Capacitive Sensors.               524
  • Table 344. Printed capacitive sensors Applications             525
  • Table 345. Printed wearable electrodes — applications and TRL 528
  • Table 346. Applications and Product Types of Printed Wearable Electrodes.      529
  • Table 347. Wet vs. Dry Electrodes for Wearable Applications.      529
  • Table 348. Applications of printed wearable electrodes.   530
  • Table 349. Printed humidity sensors-Application and TRL.             531
  • Table 350. Printed electrochemical sensors -Application and TRL.           531
  • Table 351. Printed magnetic sensors -Application and TRL.           532
  • Table 352. Printed ultrasonic and acoustic sensors -Application and TRL.          532
  • Table 353. Global market for printed/flexible sensors by market, 2025–2037 (volume, million units) 532
  • Table 354. Global market for printed/flexible sensors by market, 2025–2037 (US$ billions)     533
  • Table 355. Market players in printed and flexible sensors.               534
  • Table 356. Macro-trends in smart buildings and construction.     536
  • Table 357. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings.               537
  • Table 358. Applications of printed & flexible smart-buildings electronics, with Technology Readiness Level (TRL)       539
  • Table 359. Printed and flexible electronics being applied for building, infrastructure, and industrial applications.  541
  • Table 360.  Printed electronics in customizable smart building interiors.              541
  • Table 361. Types of smart building sensors.              542
  • Table 362. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings.   543
  • Table 363. Capacitive sensors integrated into smart buildings.   544
  • Table 364. Types of flexible humidity sensors.         545
  • Table 365. MOF sensor applications.             548
  • Table 366. Global market for printed and flexible smart-buildings electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)                551
  • Table 367. Market players in printed and flexible smart buildings electronics.   553
  • Table 368. Active and Intelligent packaging classification.             555
  • Table 369. Printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging-Component,Type / chemistry, Role in smart packaging, Key materials, Form / performance, TRL.           558
  • Table 370. Consumer goods applications for printed/flexible electronics.           561
  • Table 371. Types of Active packaging.           565
  • Table 372. Commercially available food active packaging.            565
  • Table 373. Types of intelligent packaging.  566
  • Table 374. Smart cards: applications, products, TRL          567
  • Table 375.  Temperature indicators (TTI): packaging applications, products, TRL             567
  • Table 376. Freshness indicators: packaging applications, products, TRL              568
  • Table 377. Gas indicators: packaging applications, products, TRL            569
  • Table 378.  Supply chain management considerations for smart electronic packaging targeted at consumers.    570
  • Table 379. Printed and flexible electronics in packaging  573
  • Table 380. FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging: applications, products, TRL                575
  • Table 381. Printed codes and markings: applications, products, TRL      576
  • Table 382. Barcodes (1D): applications, products, TRL     577
  • Table 383. Types of printed/flexible electronics and materials that can be used to enhance packaging barcodes.         578
  • Table 384. Augmented reality (AR) codes: applications, products, TRL   579
  • Table 385. Sensors and indicators in smart packaging      581
  • Table 386. Commercially available freshness indicators. 582
  • Table 387. Commercial examples of time-temperature indicators            582
  • Table 388. Examples of Chemical Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs).  583
  • Table 389. Types of ripeness indicators.      584
  • Table 390. Commercially available gas indicators.               585
  • Table 391. Chemical sensors in smart packaging. 585
  • Table 392. Electrochemical-based sensors for smart food packaging.   585
  • Table 393. Optical-based sensors for smart food packaging applications.          586
  • Table 394. Electrochemical biosensors for smart food packaging:           586
  • Table 395. Optical-Based Biosensors for smart food packaging. 587
  • Table 396. Types of edible sensors for food packaging.     587
  • Table 397.  Commercially available radio frequency identification systems (RFID) technology.             589
  • Table 398. RFID tags: applications, products, TRL 590
  • Table 399. Passive RFID: Technologies by Operating Frequency. 591
  • Table 400. Examples of NFC in packaging. 595
  • Table 401. Companies in smart blister packs.         596
  • Table 402.  Global market for smart packaging electronics, 2025–2037 (millions of units)        596
  • Table 403. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)                597
  • Table 404. Market players in smart packaging electronics.             598
  • Table 405. 3DOM separator. 1028
  • Table 406. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.  1047

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Evolution of electronics.    74
  • Figure 2. Wearable technology inventions. 75
  • Figure 3. 3D printed stretchable electronics.            78
  • Figure 4.Global wearable electronics market by category, 2026 vs 2036.             89
  • Figure 5. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts.             93
  • Figure 6. Printed & flexible consumer electronics revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD).              107
  • Figure 7. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2025-2037, (millions USD).  108
  • Figure 8. Printed & flexible consumer E-textiles and smart apparel revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD).                109
  • Figure 9. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)        111
  • Figure 10.Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)    112
  • Figure 11. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions).                113
  • Figure 12. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)                115
  • Figure 13. Global XR market by technology, 2025–2037 (US$ billions)    116
  • Figure 14. Neural interfaces & AI-ambient wearables, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)           117
  • Figure 15. Printing methods positioned by resolution and throughput.   119
  • Figure 16. SWOT analysis for printed electronics.  121
  • Figure 17. SWOT analysis for 3D electronics.            124
  • Figure 18. SWOT analysis for analogue printing.    127
  • Figure 19. SWOT analysis for digital printing.            129
  • Figure 20. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products. 130
  • Figure 21. SWOT analysis for In-Mold Electronics. 133
  • Figure 22. SWOT analysis for R2R manufacturing. 136
  • Figure 23. Conductive-ink technology readiness progression, 2024–2026.         154
  • Figure 24. SWOT analysis for Printable semiconductors. 171
  • Figure 25.  SWOT analysis for Printable sensor materials.               174
  • Figure 26. SWOT analysis for flexible integrated circuits.  184
  • Figure 27. SWOT analysis for Flexible batteries.      190
  • Figure 28.  SWOT analysis for Flexible PV for energy harvesting. 193
  • Figure 29. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in consumer electronics.             196
  • Figure 30. dpl Wrist Wrap Light THerapy pain relief.              206
  • Figure 31. SWOT analysis for Wrist-worn wearables.          207
  • Figure 32. SWOT analysis for Ear worn wearables (hearables).    216
  • Figure 33. Global market for printed and flexible Consumer electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)   226
  • Figure 34. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)            227
  • Figure 35. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in medical and healthcare/wellness.                231
  • Figure 36. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible electronics in skin patches.   250
  • Figure 37. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer.       251
  • Figure 38. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch.         259
  • Figure 39. Global Market for Printed and Flexible Medical & Healthcare Electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)    271
  • Figure 40. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)   272
  • Figure 41. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles.         277
  • Figure 42. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles.      279
  • Figure 43. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles.     280
  • Figure 44. Adidas smart insole.         309
  • Figure 45. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2025-2037 (Million Units).              330
  • Figure 46. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions) 331
  • Figure 47. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in energy.                336
  • Figure 48. Various applications of printed paper batteries.             348
  • Figure 49.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.         348
  • Figure 50. Sakuú's Swift Print 3D-printed solid-state battery cells.            360
  • Figure 51. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs.    378
  • Figure 52. Printed & flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting, 2025–2037 (million units)     415
  • Figure 53. Printed & flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)    416
  • Figure 54. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible displays.            419
  • Figure 55. Flexible display shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)               444
  • Figure 56. Printed and flexible display revenue, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)          445
  • Figure 57. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in automotive.    450
  • Figure 58.  AUO Smart Cockpit with 55-inch pillar-to-pillar curved display.         459
  • Figure 59. Cadillac XT4 33-inch curved LED touchscreen display               459
  • Figure 60. Continental Curved Ultrawide Display. 460
  • Figure 61. Hyundai 2024 Sonata panoramic curved display.          460
  • Figure 62. Peugeot 3008 fastback SUV curved wide-screen display.         461
  • Figure 63. TCL CSOT single, continuous flexible curved automotive display panel.       461
  • Figure 64. AUO automotive display. 462
  • Figure 65. Micro-LED automotive display.  462
  • Figure 66. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD.             465
  • Figure 68. SWOT analysis for integrated antennas with printed electronics in automotive.       482
  • Figure 69. Global market for automotive electronics, 2025–2037 (million units)              484
  • Figure 70. Global market for printed & flexible automotive electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)     485
  • Figure 71. Global market for printed/flexible sensors by market, 2025–2037 (volume, million units) 533
  • Figure 72. Global market for printed/flexible sensors by market, 2025–2037 (US$ billions)      534
  • Figure 73. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart buildings and construction. Source: Future Markets.         539
  • Figure 74. Use of sensors in smart buildings.           543
  • Figure 75. Global market for printed and flexible smart-buildings electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)                552
  • Figure 76. RFID tags with printed silver antennas on paper substrates.  558
  • Figure 77. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart packaging.        570
  • Figure 78. Active packaging film.      572
  • Figure 79. Anti-counterfeiting smart label. 573
  • Figure 80. A standard RFID system. 588
  • Figure 81. Smart blister pack.             595
  • Figure 82. Global market for smart packaging electronics, 2025–2037 (millions of units)          597
  • Figure 83. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.              598
  • Figure 84. The Apollo wearable device.         605
  • Figure 85. Cyclops HMD.        607
  • Figure 86. C2Sense sensors.               614
  • Figure 87. Coachwhisperer device. 617
  • Figure 88. Cogwear headgear.            618
  • Figure 89. CardioWatch 287.               620
  • Figure 90. FRENZ™ Brainband.           624
  • Figure 91. NightOwl Home Sleep Apnea Test Device.          626
  • Figure 92. GX Sweat Patch.   629
  • Figure 93. eQ02+LIfeMontor.               631
  • Figure 94. Cove wearable device.     634
  • Figure 95. German bionic exoskeleton.        636
  • Figure 96. UnlimitedHand.    637
  • Figure 97. Apex Exosuit.          638
  • Figure 98. Humanox Shin Guard.      642
  • Figure 99. Airvida E1. 643
  • Figure 100. Footrax.   644
  • Figure 101. eMacula®.              645
  • Figure 102. G2 Pro.     646
  • Figure 103. REFLEX.  648
  • Figure 104. Ring ZERO.            650
  • Figure 105. Mawi Heart Patch.            653
  • Figure 106. Ayo wearable light therapy.        663
  • Figure 107. ORII smart ring.  665
  • Figure 108. Proxxi Voltage.    670
  • Figure 109. RealWear HMT-1.              672
  • Figure 110. Moonwalkers from Shift Robotics Inc. 677
  • Figure 111. SnowCookie device.       677
  • Figure 112. Soter device.        678
  • Figure 113. Feelzing Energy Patch.   684
  • Figure 114. Wiliot tags.            691
  • Figure 115. Libre Sense Glucose Sport Biowearable.          698
  • Figure 116. AcuPebble SA100.           699
  • Figure 117. Vitalgram®.            702
  • Figure 118. Alertgy NICGM wristband.          705
  • Figure 119. Gastric Alimetry.                706
  • Figure 120. Alva Health stroke monitor.       707
  • Figure 121. amofit S. 708
  • Figure 122. MIT and Amorepacific's chip-free skin sensor.              709
  • Figure 123. Apos3.     712
  • Figure 124. Artemis is  smart clothing system.        714
  • Figure 125. KneeStim.              715
  • Figure 126. PaciBreath.           717
  • Figure 127. Structure of Azalea Vision’s smart contact lens.         719
  • Figure 128. Belun® Ring.         720
  • Figure 129. Neuronaute wearable.   727
  • Figure 130. biped.ai device.  728
  • Figure 131. circul+ smart ring.            730
  • Figure 132. Cala Trio. 734
  • Figure 133. Cognito's gamma stimulation device. 741
  • Figure 134. Cogwear Headband.      742
  • Figure 135. First Relief.            747
  • Figure 136. Jewel Patch Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator.         751
  • Figure 137. enFuse.   754
  • Figure 138. EOPatch. 755
  • Figure 139. Epilog.      757
  • Figure 140. FloPatch. 761
  • Figure 141. The Happy Ring. 772
  • Figure 142. Hinge Health wearable therapy devices.           774
  • Figure 143. Atusa system.     781
  • Figure 144. Kenzen ECHO Smart Patch.       785
  • Figure 145. The Kernel Flow headset.            786
  • Figure 146. KnowU™. 788
  • Figure 147. LifeSpan patch.  797
  • Figure 148. WalkAid. 805
  • Figure 149. Monarch™ Wireless Wearable Biosensor          806
  • Figure 150. Modoo device.    810
  • Figure 151. Munevo Drive.     814
  • Figure 152. Electroskin integration schematic.        817
  • Figure 153. Modius Sleep wearable device.               822
  • Figure 154. Neuphony Headband.   823
  • Figure 155. Nix Biosensors patch.    826
  • Figure 156. Slanj device.         828
  • Figure 157. Otolith wearable device.              831
  • Figure 158. Peerbridge Cor.  835
  • Figure 159. Point Fit Technology skin patch.              839
  • Figure 160. Sylvee 1.0.             846
  • Figure 161. RootiRx.  850
  • Figure 162. Sylvee 1.0.             852
  • Figure 163. Sibel's ADAM™ sensor.   860
  • Figure 164. Silvertree Reach.               861
  • Figure 165. Smardii smart diaper.    865
  • Figure 166. Subcuject.             871
  • Figure 167. Nerivio.    875
  • Figure 168. Feelzing Energy Patch.   876
  • Figure 169. Ultrahuman wearable glucose monitor.            879
  • Figure 170. Vaxxas patch.      882
  • Figure 171. S-Patch Ex.            893
  • Figure 172. Zeit Medical Wearable Headband.        896
  • Figure 173. Skinetic vest.       898
  • Figure 174. IntelliPix™ design for 0.26″ 1080p microLED display. 905
  • Figure 175. Dapeng DPVR P1 Pro 4k VR all-in-one VR glasses.     906
  • Figure 176. Vive Focus 3 VR headset Wrist Tracker.              913
  • Figure 177. Huawei smart glasses. 913
  • Figure 178. Jade Bird Display micro displays.           918
  • Figure 179. JBD's 0.13-inch panel.   919
  • Figure 180. 0.22” Monolithic full colour microLED panel and inset shows a conceptual monolithic polychrome projector with a waveguide.     920
  • Figure 181. Kura Technologies' AR Glasses.              922
  • Figure 182. OQmented technology for AR smart glasses. 932
  • Figure 183. VISIRIUM® Technology smart glasses prototype.         935
  • Figure 184. SenseGlove Nova.            936
  • Figure 185. MeganeX.               937
  • Figure 186.  A micro-display with a stacked-RGB pixel array, where each pixel is an RGB-emitting stacked microLED device (left). The micro-display showing a video of fireworks at night, demonstrating the full-colour capability (right). N.B. Areas around the display   940
  • Figure 187. JioGlass mixed reality glasses type headset.  941
  • Figure 188. Xiaomi Smart Glasses. 948
  • Figure 189. BioMan+.               953
  • Figure 190. EXO Glove.            953
  • Figure 191. LED hooded jacket.         956
  • Figure 192. Heated element module.            957
  • Figure 193. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest.            961
  • Figure 194. Cionic Neural Sleeve.     962
  • Figure 195. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.   964
  • Figure 196. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket.         965
  • Figure 197. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.            966
  • Figure 198. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor.  973
  • Figure 199. KiTT motion tracking knee sleeve.          975
  • Figure 200. Healables app-controlled electrotherapy device.       980
  • Figure 201. LumeoLoop device.         989
  • Figure 202. Nextiles’ compression garments.          992
  • Figure 203. Nextiles e-fabric.               993
  • Figure 204 .Nuada.    995
  • Figure 205. Palarum PUP smart socks.         999
  • Figure 206. Softmatter compression garment.        1009
  • Figure 207. Softmatter sports bra with a woven ECG sensor.         1009
  • Figure 208. MoCap Pro Glove.             1011
  • Figure 209. Teslasuit.                1014
  • Figure 210. ZOZOFIT wearable at-home 3D body scanner.              1024
  • Figure 211. YouCare smart shirt.       1026
  • Figure 212. 3DOM battery.     1027
  • Figure 213. AC biode prototype.        1029
  • Figure 214. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).         1030
  • Figure 215. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.             1032
  • Figure 216. 3D printed lithium-ion battery. 1034
  • Figure 217. SoftBattery®.        1036
  • Figure 218. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.            1037
  • Figure 219. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.               1038
  • Figure 220. Exeger Powerfoyle.           1039
  • Figure 221. 2D paper batteries.          1041
  • Figure 222. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.     1042
  • Figure 223. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery.          1043
  • Figure 224. Ilika solid-state batteries.            1044
  • Figure 225. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.               1045
  • Figure 226. LiBEST flexible battery.  1048
  • Figure 227. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology.    1050
  • Figure 228. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 1052
  • Figure 229. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.       1053
  • Figure 230. Printed Energy flexible battery. 1056
  • Figure 231. Printed battery.   1057
  • Figure 232. ProLogium solid-state battery. 1058
  • Figure 233. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery.   1059
  • Figure 234. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries.                1060
  • Figure 235. Grepow flexible battery.                1064

 

 

 

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