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The Global Synthetic Biology Market 2027-2037

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  • Published: August 2026
  • Pages: 493
  • Tables: 137
  • Figures: 68

 

Synthetic biology applies engineering principles to living systems, designing and constructing biological parts, devices and organisms that do not occur in nature, or redesigning existing ones for defined purposes. It differs from conventional genetic engineering in both ambition and method. Where genetic engineering introduces limited, targeted modifications to an existing organism, synthetic biology treats biology as a programmable platform, engineered through iterative design-build-test-learn cycles that draw on molecular biology, engineering, computer science and automation. The outputs are correspondingly different: not merely enhanced organism traits, but novel organisms, metabolic pathways and biomolecules.

The field spans a broad technology base. DNA synthesis and assembly, genome engineering, metabolic engineering, protein and enzyme engineering, synthetic genomics and computational design form the core toolset, supported by automated biofoundries, biosensors, robotics and expanding capability in xenobiology and cell-free systems. These tools are deployed across an unusually wide range of end markets — pharmaceuticals and healthcare, bio-based chemicals, bioplastics and biopolymers, biofuels, agriculture, food and nutraceutical ingredients, textiles, packaging, cosmetics, surfactants, construction materials, biocatalysis and bioremediation.

Three structural shifts define the current period. The first is convergence. Synthetic biology, industrial enzymes and white biotechnology were historically analysed as separate sectors; they now share the same toolsets, the same customers and increasingly the same balance sheets, making separate segmentation artificial and treating them as one industrial biomanufacturing market more accurate.

The second is the elevation of policy from background condition to primary determinant. Regulatory frameworks and industrial strategy in the European Union, United States and Asia now materially shape where production capacity is built and which products reach market first, with demand-side measures such as bio-based content requirements and public procurement preferences potentially more consequential than approval-pathway reform.

The third, and the most important commercially, is that scale-up remains the binding constraint. Laboratory and bench results reproduce reliably. The transition to commercial fermentation volumes exposes oxygen transfer limits, heat removal constraints, contamination risk, feedstock variability and downstream recovery losses that were invisible at small scale and that routinely destroy process economics. This gap explains the recurring pattern of well-funded platform companies failing between late-stage financing and commercial launch.

The consequence is a bifurcating market. Companies with production assets, contract manufacturing relationships or access to shared pilot infrastructure are converting technical capability into revenue. Those licensing technology alone remain exposed to the biotechnology funding cycle. Consolidation is expected to continue.

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global synthetic biology and biomanufacturing market across the 2027-2037 period, with historical context from 2019. It assesses the technical, commercial and regulatory factors shaping the sector, and segments the market by technology platform, product type, application sector and geography. Coverage extends across the applications in which synthetic biology is being commercialised: biofuels, bio-based chemicals, bioplastics and biopolymers, bioremediation, biocatalysis, food and nutraceutical ingredients, sustainable agriculture, textiles, packaging, healthcare and pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, surfactants and detergents, and construction materials.

Technology analysis covers biomanufacturing processes from batch and continuous fermentation through cell-free synthesis, biofilm-based production, microfluidic systems, photobioreactors, membrane bioreactors, plant and mammalian cell culture and bioprinting. It also examines metabolic engineering, gene and DNA synthesis, gene synthesis and assembly, genome engineering, protein and enzyme engineering, synthetic genomics, strain construction and optimisation, smart bioprocessing, chassis organisms, biomimetics, sustainable materials, robotics and automation, bioinformatics and computational tools, xenobiology and expanded genetic alphabets, biosensors and bioelectronics, feedstocks, and marine biotechnology.

The report includes a detailed technology roadmap to 2037, SWOT analysis, assessment of industry challenges and constraints, analysis of the scale-up and pilot infrastructure bottleneck that continues to determine which companies reach commercial production, the regulatory and policy landscape across the European Union, United States and Asia, the industrial biotechnology value chain, the convergence of synthetic biology with industrial enzymes and white biotechnology, and a review of investment activity across the sector.

The report contains 137 tables, 68 figures and profiles of 327 companies spanning the synthetic biology value chain, from DNA synthesis and biofoundry platforms through fermentation producers, materials companies and end-market brands. Companies profiled include Aanika Biosciences, Aemetis, AEP Polymers, Afyren, AgBiome, AgriSea NZ Seaweed, Agrivida, Ainnocence, ÄIO, AI Proteins, Algal Bio, Algenol, AlgiKnit, Algiecel, Alpha Biofuels, Allonnia, Allozymes, Alt.Leather, Alto Neuroscience, Amano Enzyme, AmphiStar, Amply Discovery, AMSilk, Amyris, Andes Ag, Ansa Biotechnologies, Antheia, Apeel Sciences, Aralez Bio, Arctic Biomaterials, Ardra Bio, Arkeon, Arsenale Bioyards, Arzeda, Asimov, Atantares, Autolus, AVA Biochem, Avantium, Azolla, Axcelon Biopolymers, Basecamp Research, BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid, Benefuel, BioBetter, Bioextrax, Bio Fab NZ, Biokemik, BIOLO, Biomason, Biomemory, Bioplastech, BioSmart Nano, Biotic Circular Technologies, Biosyntia, Biotecam, Bioweg, bit.bio, Bloom Biorenewables, BluCon Biotech, Blue BioFuels, Bluepha, Bon Vivant, Bolt Threads, Bosk Bioproducts, Bowil Biotech, Braskem, Brightseed, Bucha Bio, C1 Green Chemicals, C16 Biosciences, CABIO Biotech, California Cultured, Calysta, Cambrium, Camena Bioscience, Capra Biosciences, Carbios, Cargill, Calyxt, Cascade Biocatalysts, Cass Materials, Catalyxx, Cathy Biotech, Cauldron Ferm, Cemvita Factory, ChainCraft, Checkerspot, Chitose Bio Evolution, CinderBio, Circe, CJ Biomaterials, Clean Food Group, Codagenix, Codexis, Colossal Biosciences, Colipi, Colorifix, Conagen, Constructive Bio, Cysbio, Danimer Scientific, Debut Biotechnology, Deep Branch Biotechnology, Demetrix, Dispersa, DMC Biotechnologies, DNA Script, Domsjö Fabriker, DoriNano, DuPont, Earli, Ecovative Design, Eco Fuel Technology, Eden Brew, EggPlant, Eligo Bioscience, Elo Life Systems, Emerging Fuels Technology, Enduro Genetics, EnginZyme, Eni, EnPlusOne Biosciences, Enzymaster, Enzymit, Erebagen, Esphera SynBio, Euglena, Eversyn, Evozyne, FabricNano, Fermentalg, Forage Evolution and more......

 

 

 

 

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            25

  • 1.1        Overview of the global synthetic biology market    25
  • 1.2        Difference between synthetic biology and genetic engineering    27
  • 1.3        Market size and growth projections 27
    • 1.3.1    By Technology                27
    • 1.3.2    By Product Type            29
    • 1.3.3    By Market          31
    • 1.3.4    By Region         33
  • 1.4        Major trends and drivers         35
  • 1.5        Investments in synthetic biology      36
  • 1.6        Technology roadmap 37
  • 1.7        Technology convergence: synthetic biology, industrial enzymes and white biotechnology        39
  • 1.8        Regulatory and policy landscape     40
  • 1.9        Colours of biotechnology      41
  • 1.10     Industrial biotechnology value chain             41

 

2             INTRODUCTION          43

  • 2.1        What is synthetic biology?    43
  • 2.2        Comparison with conventional processes 43
  • 2.3        Applications   44
  • 2.4        Advantages     45
  • 2.5        Sustainability 45
  • 2.6        Synthetic Biology for the Circular Economy              46

 

3             TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS       48

  • 3.1        Biomanufacturing processes              48
    • 3.1.1    Batch biomanufacturing        50
    • 3.1.2    Continuous biomanufacturing          51
    • 3.1.3    Fermentation Processes        51
    • 3.1.4    Cell-free synthesis     52
    • 3.1.5    Biofilm-based production     54
    • 3.1.6    Microfluidic systems 55
    • 3.1.7    Photobioreactors        56
    • 3.1.8    Membrane bioreactors            56
    • 3.1.9    Plant cell culture          57
    • 3.1.10 Mammalian cell culture          57
    • 3.1.11 Bioprinting       58
  • 3.2        Cell factories for biomanufacturing 60
  • 3.3        Technology Overview                62
    • 3.3.1    Metabolic engineering             63
    • 3.3.2    Gene and DNA synthesis       66
    • 3.3.3    Gene Synthesis and Assembly           67
    • 3.3.4    Genome engineering 69
      • 3.3.4.1 CRISPR              69
        • 3.3.4.1.1           CRISPR/Cas9-modified biosynthetic pathways      70
        • 3.3.4.1.2           TALENs               70
        • 3.3.4.1.3           ZFNs    71
    • 3.3.5    Protein/Enzyme Engineering                72
    • 3.3.6    Synthetic genomics   74
      • 3.3.6.1 Principles of Synthetic Genomics    74
      • 3.3.6.2 Synthetic Chromosomes and Genomes      75
    • 3.3.7    Strain construction and optimization            76
    • 3.3.8    Smart bioprocessing 77
    • 3.3.9    Chassis organisms    78
    • 3.3.10 Biomimetics   79
    • 3.3.11 Sustainable materials              80
    • 3.3.12 Robotics and automation      80
      • 3.3.12.1            Robotic cloud laboratories   81
      • 3.3.12.2            Automating organism design              81
      • 3.3.12.3            Artificial intelligence and machine learning              81
    • 3.3.13 Bioinformatics and computational tools     82
      • 3.3.13.1            Role of Bioinformatics in Synthetic Biology               82
      • 3.3.13.2            Computational Tools for Design and Analysis         82
    • 3.3.14 Xenobiology and expanded genetic alphabets        84
    • 3.3.15 Biosensors and bioelectronics           85
    • 3.3.16 Feedstocks      86
      • 3.3.16.1            C1 feedstocks               89
        • 3.3.16.1.1        Advantages     89
        • 3.3.16.1.2        Pathways          90
        • 3.3.16.1.3        Challenges      90
        • 3.3.16.1.4        Non-methane C1 feedstocks              91
        • 3.3.16.1.5        Gas fermentation        91
      • 3.3.16.2            C2 feedstocks               92
      • 3.3.16.3            Biological conversion of CO2              92
      • 3.3.16.4            Food processing wastes         96
      • 3.3.16.5            Lignocellulosic biomass        96
      • 3.3.16.6            Syngas               97
      • 3.3.16.7            Glycerol             97
      • 3.3.16.8            Methane            97
      • 3.3.16.9            Municipal solid wastes            100
      • 3.3.16.10         Plastic wastes               101
      • 3.3.16.11         Plant oils           101
      • 3.3.16.12         Starch 102
      • 3.3.16.13         Sugars 103
      • 3.3.16.14         Used cooking oils       103
      • 3.3.16.15         Green hydrogen production 104
      • 3.3.16.16         Blue hydrogen production     105
    • 3.3.17 Marine biotechnology              107
      • 3.3.17.1            Cyanobacteria              108
      • 3.3.17.2            Macroalgae     109
      • 3.3.17.3            Companies     110

 

4             MARKET ANALYSIS      112

  • 4.1        Market trends and drivers      112
  • 4.2        Industry challenges and constraints              113
  • 4.3        Synthetic biology in the bioeconomy             113
  • 4.4        SWOT analysis              114
  • 4.5        Synthetic biology markets     115
    • 4.5.1    Biofuels             116
      • 4.5.1.1 Solid Biofuels 117
      • 4.5.1.2 Liquid Biofuels              118
      • 4.5.1.3 Gaseous Biofuels       119
      • 4.5.1.4 Conventional Biofuels             119
      • 4.5.1.5 Advanced Biofuels     120
      • 4.5.1.6 Feedstocks      121
        • 4.5.1.6.1           First-generation (1-G)               122
        • 4.5.1.6.2           Second-generation (2-G)       123
          • 4.5.1.6.2.1      Lignocellulosic wastes and residues             124
          • 4.5.1.6.2.2      Biorefinery lignin         125
        • 4.5.1.6.3           Third-generation (3-G)             130
          • 4.5.1.6.3.1      Algal biofuels 130
            • 4.5.1.6.3.1.1  Properties         130
            • 4.5.1.6.3.1.2  Advantages     131
        • 4.5.1.6.4           Fourth-generation (4-G)          132
        • 4.5.1.6.5           Energy crops  132
        • 4.5.1.6.6           Agricultural residues 132
        • 4.5.1.6.7           Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste                133
        • 4.5.1.6.8           Forestry and wood waste       133
        • 4.5.1.6.9           Feedstock costs          134
      • 4.5.1.7 Synthetic biology approaches for biofuel production         134
      • 4.5.1.8 Bioethanol       135
        • 4.5.1.8.1           Ethanol to jet fuel technology             136
        • 4.5.1.8.2           Methanol from pulp & paper production      137
        • 4.5.1.8.3           Sulfite spent liquor fermentation      137
        • 4.5.1.8.4           Gasification    137
          • 4.5.1.8.4.1      Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation       138
          • 4.5.1.8.4.2      Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion    138
        • 4.5.1.8.5           CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis               138
        • 4.5.1.8.6           Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation           139
        • 4.5.1.8.7           Separate hydrolysis and fermentation           139
          • 4.5.1.8.7.1      Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)    140
          • 4.5.1.8.7.2      Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)      140
          • 4.5.1.8.7.3      Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)         140
          • 4.5.1.8.7.4      Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)      140
      • 4.5.1.9 Biodiesel           141
      • 4.5.1.10            Biogas 143
        • 4.5.1.10.1        Biomethane    144
        • 4.5.1.10.2        Feedstocks      146
        • 4.5.1.10.3        Anaerobic digestion  147
      • 4.5.1.11            Renewable diesel        148
      • 4.5.1.12            Biojet fuel         150
      • 4.5.1.13            Algal biofuels (blue biotech) 154
        • 4.5.1.13.1        Conversion pathways               154
        • 4.5.1.13.2        Market challenges      156
        • 4.5.1.13.3        Prices  156
        • 4.5.1.13.4        Producers         157
      • 4.5.1.14            Biohydrogen   158
        • 4.5.1.14.1        Biological Conversion Routes             159
          • 4.5.1.14.1.1   Bio-photochemical Reaction              159
          • 4.5.1.14.1.2   Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion        159
      • 4.5.1.15            Biobutanol      160
      • 4.5.1.16            Bio-based methanol 161
        • 4.5.1.16.1        Anaerobic digestion  163
        • 4.5.1.16.2        Biomass gasification 164
        • 4.5.1.16.3        Power to Methane       165
      • 4.5.1.17            Bioisoprene    165
      • 4.5.1.18            Fatty Acid Esters          165
    • 4.5.2    Bio-based chemicals               166
      • 4.5.2.1 Acetic acid      167
      • 4.5.2.2 Adipic acid      167
      • 4.5.2.3 Aldehydes        168
      • 4.5.2.4 Acrylic acid     169
      • 4.5.2.5 Bacterial cellulose      169
      • 4.5.2.6 1,4-Butanediol (BDO)              172
      • 4.5.2.7 Bio-DME            173
      • 4.5.2.8 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)                174
      • 4.5.2.9 Ethylene            174
      • 4.5.2.10            3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP)        175
      • 4.5.2.11            1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)   176
      • 4.5.2.12            Itaconic acid  177
      • 4.5.2.13            Lactic acid (D-LA)       177
      • 4.5.2.14            1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)   178
      • 4.5.2.15            Tetrahydrofuran (THF)               179
      • 4.5.2.16            Malonic acid   180
      • 4.5.2.17            Monoethylene glycol (MEG) 180
      • 4.5.2.18            Propylene         181
      • 4.5.2.19            Succinic acid (SA)       182
      • 4.5.2.20            Triglycerides    184
      • 4.5.2.21            Enzymes           184
      • 4.5.2.22            Vitamins           184
      • 4.5.2.23            Antibiotics       185
    • 4.5.3    Bioplastics and Biopolymers              185
      • 4.5.3.1 Polylactic acid (PLA) 186
      • 4.5.3.2 PHAs   188
        • 4.5.3.2.1           Commercial landscape          188
        • 4.5.3.2.2           Production biology     189
        • 4.5.3.2.3           Downstream processing        189
        • 4.5.3.2.4           Types   190
          • 4.5.3.2.4.1      PHB      191
          • 4.5.3.2.4.2      PHBV   192
        • 4.5.3.2.5           Synthesis and production processes             193
        • 4.5.3.2.6           Commercially available PHAs            195
      • 4.5.3.3 Bio-PET              196
      • 4.5.3.4 Starch blends 197
      • 4.5.3.5 Protein-based bioplastics     197
    • 4.5.4    Bioremediation             198
    • 4.5.5    Biocatalysis    199
      • 4.5.5.1 Biotransformations   200
      • 4.5.5.2 Cascade biocatalysis               200
      • 4.5.5.3 Co-factor recycling    200
      • 4.5.5.4 Immobilization             201
    • 4.5.6    Food and Nutraceutical Ingredients               201
      • 4.5.6.1 Alternative Proteins   201
      • 4.5.6.2 Natural Sweeteners   202
      • 4.5.6.3 Natural Flavors and Fragrances         203
      • 4.5.6.4 Texturants and Thickeners     203
      • 4.5.6.5 Nutraceuticals and Supplements    203
    • 4.5.7    Sustainable agriculture           204
      • 4.5.7.1 Crop Improvement and Trait Development 204
      • 4.5.7.2 Plant-Microbe Interactions and Symbiosis 204
      • 4.5.7.3 Biofertilizers   205
        • 4.5.7.3.1           Overview           205
        • 4.5.7.3.2           Companies     205
      • 4.5.7.4 Biopesticides 205
        • 4.5.7.4.1           Overview           205
        • 4.5.7.4.2           Companies     206
      • 4.5.7.5 Biostimulants 206
        • 4.5.7.5.1           Overview           206
        • 4.5.7.5.2           Companies     207
      • 4.5.7.6 Crop Biotechnology   207
        • 4.5.7.6.1           Genetic engineering  207
        • 4.5.7.6.2           Genome editing           208
        • 4.5.7.6.3           Companies     208
    • 4.5.8    Textiles               209
      • 4.5.8.1 Bio-Based Fibers         209
        • 4.5.8.1.1           Lyocell                209
        • 4.5.8.1.2           Bacterial cellulose      210
        • 4.5.8.1.3           Algae textiles  210
      • 4.5.8.2 Bio-based leather        211
        • 4.5.8.2.1           Properties of bio-based leathers       214
          • 4.5.8.2.1.1      Tear strength  214
          • 4.5.8.2.1.2      Tensile strength            215
          • 4.5.8.2.1.3      Bally flexing     215
        • 4.5.8.2.2           Comparison with conventional leathers      215
        • 4.5.8.2.3           Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers             218
      • 4.5.8.3 Plant-based leather   219
        • 4.5.8.3.1           Overview           219
        • 4.5.8.3.2           Production processes              219
          • 4.5.8.3.2.1      Feedstocks      220
          • 4.5.8.3.2.2      Agriculture Residues 220
          • 4.5.8.3.2.3      Food Processing Waste          220
          • 4.5.8.3.2.4      Invasive Plants              220
          • 4.5.8.3.2.5      Culture-Grown Inputs              220
          • 4.5.8.3.2.6      Textile-Based  221
          • 4.5.8.3.2.7      Bio-Composite             221
        • 4.5.8.3.3           Products           222
        • 4.5.8.3.4           Market players               222
      • 4.5.8.4 Mycelium leather         223
        • 4.5.8.4.1           Overview           224
        • 4.5.8.4.2           Production process   225
          • 4.5.8.4.2.1      Growth conditions     225
          • 4.5.8.4.2.2      Tanning Mycelium Leather     226
          • 4.5.8.4.2.3      Dyeing Mycelium Leather       226
        • 4.5.8.4.3           Products           227
        • 4.5.8.4.4           Market players               227
      • 4.5.8.5 Microbial leather          228
        • 4.5.8.5.1           Overview           228
        • 4.5.8.5.2           Production process   228
        • 4.5.8.5.3           Fermentation conditions       229
        • 4.5.8.5.4           Harvesting       229
        • 4.5.8.5.5           Products           230
        • 4.5.8.5.6           Market players               232
      • 4.5.8.6 Lab grown leather        233
        • 4.5.8.6.1           Overview           233
        • 4.5.8.6.2           Production process   233
        • 4.5.8.6.3           Products           234
        • 4.5.8.6.4           Market players               235
      • 4.5.8.7 Protein-based leather               235
        • 4.5.8.7.1           Overview           235
        • 4.5.8.7.2           Production process   236
        • 4.5.8.7.3           Commercial activity  236
      • 4.5.8.8 Recombinant Materials           237
      • 4.5.8.9 Sustainable Processing          237
    • 4.5.9    Packaging        238
      • 4.5.9.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             238
      • 4.5.9.2 Applications   238
        • 4.5.9.2.1           Vials, bottles, and containers             239
        • 4.5.9.2.2           Disposable items and household goods     240
        • 4.5.9.2.3           Food packaging           241
        • 4.5.9.2.4           Wet wipes and diapers            241
      • 4.5.9.3 Proteins             241
      • 4.5.9.4 Algae-based   243
      • 4.5.9.5 Mycelium          245
      • 4.5.9.6 Antimicrobial films and agents          245
    • 4.5.10 Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals    246
      • 4.5.10.1            Drug discovery and development     248
      • 4.5.10.2            Gene therapy and regenerative medicine    249
      • 4.5.10.3            Vaccine production   250
      • 4.5.10.4            Personalized medicine            252
      • 4.5.10.5            Diagnostic tools and biosensors      254
      • 4.5.10.6            Companies     255
    • 4.5.11 Cosmetics       255
    • 4.5.12 Surfactants and detergents  256
    • 4.5.13 Construction materials           257
    • 4.5.13.1            Bioconcrete    257
    • 4.5.13.2            Microalgae biocement             259
    • 4.5.13.3            Mycelium materials   261
  • 4.6        Global market revenues 2019-2037               262
    • 4.6.1    By Technology                262
    • 4.6.2    By Product Type            264
    • 4.6.3    By Market          266
    • 4.6.4    By Region         268
  • 4.7        Scale-up and pilot infrastructure      270
  • 4.8        Natural molecule drug discovery      271
  • 4.9        Future Market Outlook            271

 

5             COMPANY PROFILES                273 (327 company profiles)

 

6             APPENDIX        477

  • 6.1        Research Methodology           477
  • 6.2        Glossary of Terms       478

 

7             REFERENCES 479

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Comparison of synthetic biology and genetic engineering.          27
  • Table 2. Global Revenues for Synthetic Biology by Technology, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).          28
  • Table 3. Global Revenues for Synthetic Biology by Product Type, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).      30
  • Table 4. Global revenues for synthetic biology, by market, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).    32
  • Table 5. Global revenues for synthetic biology, by region, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).      34
  • Table 6. Major trends and drivers in synthetic biology.       35
  • Table 7. Investments in synthetic biology.  36
  • Table 8. Phase 1: Consolidation & Cost-Down (2027-2029).         37
  • Table 9. Phase 2: Integration & Scale (2030-2032).              37
  • Table 10. Phase 3: Transformation & Convergence (2033-2035). 38
  • Table 11. Phase 4: Maturation & Optimization (2036-2037).          38
  • Table 12. Convergence of synthetic biology, industrial enzymes and white biotechnology.       39
  • Table 13. Policy instruments shaping the 2027-2037 market.       40
  • Table 14. Differences between synthetic biology and conventional processes.                43
  • Table 15. Main application areas for synthetic biology.      44
  • Table 16. Advantages of synthetic biology. 45
  • Table 17.  Key biomanufacturing processes utilized in synthetic biology.              48
  • Table 18. Molecules produced through industrial biomanufacturing.     49
  • Table 19. Continuous vs batch biomanufacturing 50
  • Table 20. Key fermentation parameters in batch vs continuous biomanufacturing processes.              50
  • Table 21. Synthetic biology fermentation processes.          52
  • Table 22. Cell-free versus cell-based systems         53
  • Table 23. Comparison of the biomanufacturing processes in synthetic biology.              59
  • Table 24.  Major microbial cell factories used in industrial biomanufacturing.  61
  • Table 25. Core stages - Design, Build and Test.       62
  • Table 26. Key tools and techniques used in metabolic engineering for pathway optimization.               64
  • Table 27. Key applications of metabolic engineering.         65
  • Table 28. Main DNA synthesis technologies              67
  • Table 29. Main gene assembly methods.    68
  • Table 30. Key applications of genome engineering.              72
  • Table 31. Engineered proteins in industrial applications. 73
  • Table 32.Key computational tools and their applications in synthetic biology.  82
  • Table 33. Feedstocks for synthetic biology.               86
  • Table 34. Products from C1 feedstocks in white biotechnology.  91
  • Table 35. C2 Feedstock Products.   92
  • Table 36. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.                94
  • Table 37. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers. 96
  • Table 38. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.        102
  • Table 39. Biomass processes summary, process description and TRL.  105
  • Table 40. Pathways for hydrogen production from biomass.          106
  • Table 41. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.   107
  • Table 42. Blue biotechnology companies.  110
  • Table 43. Market trends and drivers in synthetic biology.  112
  • Table 44. Industry challenges and restraints in synthetic biology.              113
  • Table 45. Key markets and applications for synthetic biology.      115
  • Table 46. Comparison of biofuels.   116
  • Table 47. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.            118
  • Table 48. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.     120
  • Table 49. Classification of biomass feedstock.       121
  • Table 50. Biorefinery feedstocks.     121
  • Table 51. Feedstock conversion pathways.                122
  • Table 52. First-Generation Feedstocks.        122
  • Table 53.  Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 124
  • Table 54. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 126
  • Table 55. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes    127
  • Table 56. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.      128
  • Table 57. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.          130
  • Table 58. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.               131
  • Table 59. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type.            134
  • Table 60.  Processes in bioethanol production.     139
  • Table 61. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic.               140
  • Table 62. Biodiesel by generation.    142
  • Table 63. Biodiesel production techniques.              143
  • Table 64. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 143
  • Table 65. Biogas feedstocks.               146
  • Table 66. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel.      150
  • Table 67. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel.           151
  • Table 68. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities.    153
  • Table 69. Algae-derived biofuel producers.                157
  • Table 70. Markets and applications for biohydrogen.          158
  • Table 71. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways.                159
  • Table 72. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.         160
  • Table 73. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas.   163
  • Table 74. Biobased chemicals that can be produced using synthetic biology approaches.      166
  • Table 75. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.               168
  • Table 76. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.  169
  • Table 77. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).           172
  • Table 78. Applications of bio-based ethylene.         175
  • Table 79. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.     175
  • Table 80. Applications of 3-HP.           176
  • Table 81. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO). 176
  • Table 82. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.  177
  • Table 83. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.               177
  • Table 84. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).         178
  • Table 85. Applications of DN5.           179
  • Table 86. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).           179
  • Table 87. Markets and applications for malonic acid.         180
  • Table 88. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.     180
  • Table 89. Applications of bio-based MEG.  181
  • Table 90. Applications of bio-based propylene.      182
  • Table 91. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid. 182
  • Table 92. Applications of succinic acid.       183
  • Table 93. Bioplastics and bioplastic precursors synthesized via white biotechnology processes .      185
  • Table 94. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  186
  • Table 95. PLA producers and production capacities.          187
  • Table 96.Types of PHAs and properties.       191
  • Table 97. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.         192
  • Table 98. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.           194
  • Table 99. Commercially available PHAs.     195
  • Table 100. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.   197
  • Table 101. Applications of white biotechnology in bioremediation and environmental remediation.  199
  • Table 102. Companies developing fermentation-derived food.    202
  • Table 103. Biofertilizer companies. 205
  • Table 104. Biopesticides companies.            206
  • Table 105. Biostimulants companies.          207
  • Table 106. Crop biotechnology companies.              208
  • Table 107. Types of sustainable alternative leathers.          212
  • Table 108. Properties of bio-based leathers.             214
  • Table 109. Comparison with conventional leathers.            216
  • Table 110. Price of commercially available sustainable alternative leather products.  217
  • Table 111. Comparative analysis of sustainable alternative leathers.      218
  • Table 112. Key processing steps involved in transforming plant fibers into leather materials. 219
  • Table 113. Current and emerging plant-based leather products. 222
  • Table 114. Companies developing plant-based leather products.             223
  • Table 115. Overview of mycelium-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          224
  • Table 116. Companies developing mycelium-based leather products.  228
  • Table 117. Types of microbial-derived leather alternative.               230
  • Table 118. Companies developing microbial leather products.   233
  • Table 119. Companies developing plant-based leather products.             235
  • Table 120. Types of protein-based leather alternatives.     235
  • Table 121. Companies developing protein based leather.                237
  • Table 122. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.              238
  • Table 123. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.   242
  • Table 124. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 244
  • Table 125. Pharmaceutical applications of synthetic biology.       247
  • Table 126. Companies involved in synthetic biology for gene therapy and regenerative medicine        250
  • Table 127. Companies involved in synthetic biology for vaccine production.     251
  • Table 128. Companies involved in synthetic biology for personalized medicine.              253
  • Table 129. Synthetic biology companies in healthcare and pharmaceuticals.  255
  • Table 130. Applications of biotechnology in the cosmetics industry.       256
  • Table 131. Sustainable biomanufacturing of surfactants and detergents.            257
  • Table 132. Global Revenues for Synthetic Biology by Technology, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).    263
  • Table 133. Global Revenues for Synthetic Biology by Product Type, 2019-2037 (Billion USD). 265
  • Table 134. Global revenues for synthetic biology, by market, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).               267
  • Table 135. Global revenues for synthetic biology, by region, 2019-2037 (Billion USD). 269
  • Table 136. Scale-up transition points and typical failure modes. 271
  • Table 137. Glossary of Terms.             478

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Global Revenues for Synthetic Biology by Technology, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).        29
  • Figure 2. Global Revenues for Synthetic Biology by Product Type, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).    31
  • Figure 3. Global revenues for synthetic biology, by market, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).  33
  • Figure 4. Global revenues for synthetic biology, by region, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).    34
  • Figure 5. Industrial biotechnology value chain.       42
  • Figure 6. Cell-free and cell-based protein synthesis systems.      54
  • Figure 7. CRISPR/Cas9 & Targeted Genome Editing.           70
  • Figure 8. Genetic Circuit-Assisted Smart Microbial Engineering. 78
  • Figure 9. Microbial Chassis Development for Natural Product Biosynthesis.     79
  • Figure 10. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process.   93
  • Figure 11. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels. 94
  • Figure 12. Overview of biogas utilization.    98
  • Figure 13. Biogas and biomethane pathways.          99
  • Figure 14. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production.   100
  • Figure 15. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.               108
  • Figure 16. SWOT analysis: synthetic biology.            115
  • Figure 17.  Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.             126
  • Figure 19. Overview of biogas utilization.    144
  • Figure 20. Biogas and biomethane pathways.          145
  • Figure 21. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production.   148
  • Figure 22. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production.      155
  • Figure 23.  Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels.    157
  • Figure 24. Biobutanol production route.      161
  • Figure 25. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks.       162
  • Figure 26. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading.        164
  • Figure 27. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation.               164
  • Figure 28. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process.  165
  • Figure 29. Overview of Toray process.            167
  • Figure 30. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes 171
  • Figure 31. PHA family.              190
  • Figure 32. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.       211
  • Figure 33. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials. 212
  • Figure 34. Hermès bag made of MycoWorks' mycelium leather.  227
  • Figure 35. Ganni blazer made from bacterial cellulose.     232
  • Figure 36. Bou Bag by GANNI and Modern Synthesis.         232
  • Figure 37. Paper cups lined with home-compostable PHA.            238
  • Figure 38. Amorphous PHA Cosmetics Jar.                240
  • Figure 39. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application.  246
  • Figure 40. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete.  258
  • Figure 41. BioMason cement.             259
  • Figure 42. Microalgae based biocement masonry bloc.    260
  • Figure 43. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.      261
  • Figure 44. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.    262
  • Figure 45. Global Revenues for Synthetic Biology by Technology, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).     264
  • Figure 46. Global Revenues for Synthetic Biology by Product Type, 2019-2037 (Billion USD). 266
  • Figure 47. Global revenues for synthetic biology, by market, 2019-2037 (Billion USD). 268
  • Figure 48. Global revenues for synthetic biology, by region, 2019-2037 (Billion USD).  270
  • Figure 49. Jelly-like seaweed-based nanocellulose hydrogel.       276
  • Figure 50. Algiknit yarn.           281
  • Figure 51. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor.        282
  • Figure 52. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.           304
  • Figure 53. Domsjö process.  340
  • Figure 54. Mushroom leather.              343
  • Figure 55. PHA production process.               361
  • Figure 56. Light Bio Bioluminescent plants.              386
  • Figure 57. Lignin gel. 387
  • Figure 58. BioFlex process.   390
  • Figure 59. TransLeather.          394
  • Figure 60. Reishi.         405
  • Figure 61. Compostable water pod.               414
  • Figure 62.  Precision Photosynthesis™ technology.               433
  • Figure 63. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.              434
  • Figure 64. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.               436
  • Figure 65. Lyocell process.   447
  • Figure 66. Spider silk production.     452
  • Figure 67. Corbion FDCA production process.        463
  • Figure 68. UPM biorefinery process.               468
  • Figure 69. The Proesa® Process.        470

 

 

 

 

 

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