The Global Wearable Technology Market 2026-2036

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            75

• 1.1        The evolution of electronics 77
• 1.2        The wearables revolution       79
• 1.3        The wearable technology market      82
• 1.4        Wearable market leaders       84
• 1.5        Continuous monitoring           84
• 1.6        Key trends in wearable technology  85
  • 1.6.1    The Rise of Biointegrated Computing            85
  • 1.6.2    Neural Interface Evolution and Brain-Computer Symbiosis           85
  • 1.6.3    Ambient and Invisible Computing Integration          85
  • 1.6.4    Precision Health and Predictive Analytics  86
  • 1.6.5    Extended Reality and Spatial Computing    86
  • 1.6.6    Emotional and Mental State Monitoring      86
  • 1.6.7    Sustainable and Biodegradable Wearables               87
  • 1.6.8    Collective Intelligence and Swarm Computing       87
  • 1.6.9    Advanced Materials and Flexible Electronics           87
  • 1.6.10 Privacy-Preserving and Edge Computing    87
  • 1.6.11 Integration with Smart Environments            88
• 1.7        Market map for wearable electronics and sensors               89
• 1.8        From rigid to flexible and stretchable             90
• 1.9        Flexible and stretchable electronics in wearables 91
• 1.10     Stretchable artificial skin       93
• 1.11     Role in the metaverse               94
• 1.12     Wearable electronics in the textiles industry            94
• 1.13     New conductive materials    96
• 1.14     Entertainment               99
• 1.15     Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market       99
  • 1.15.1 Recent growth in Printed, flexible and stretchable products          99
  • 1.15.2 Future growth 99
  • 1.15.3 Advanced materials as a market driver         100
  • 1.15.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics         100
• 1.16     Innovations at CES 2021-2025          102
• 1.17     Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2025          107
• 1.18     Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)      113
• 1.19     Sustainability in wearable technology           116

2             INTRODUCTION          118

• 2.1        Introduction    118
  • 2.1.1    What is wearable technology?           118
    • 2.1.1.1 Wearable sensing       119
      • 2.1.1.1.1           Types   120
      • 2.1.1.1.2           Market trends in wearable sensors 120
      • 2.1.1.1.3           Markets              121
• 2.2        Form factors   122
  • 2.2.1    Smart Watches             124
  • 2.2.2    Smart Bands  125
  • 2.2.3    Smart Glasses              126
  • 2.2.4    Smart Clothing             126
  • 2.2.5    Smart Patches               127
  • 2.2.6    Smart Rings    128
  • 2.2.7    Hearables        129
  • 2.2.8    Head-Mounted             129
  • 2.2.9    Smart Insoles 131
• 2.3        Wearable sensors       131
  • 2.3.1    Motion Sensors            131
    • 2.3.1.1 Overview           131
    • 2.3.1.2 Technology and Components             131
      • 2.3.1.2.1           Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) 131
        • 2.3.1.2.1.1      MEMs accelerometers             132
        • 2.3.1.2.1.2      MEMS Gyroscopes     132
        • 2.3.1.2.1.3      IMUs in smart-watches           132
      • 2.3.1.2.2           Tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR)          133
    • 2.3.1.3 Applications   134
  • 2.3.2    Optical Sensors           135
    • 2.3.2.1 Overview           135
    • 2.3.2.2 Technology and Components             135
      • 2.3.2.2.1           Photoplethysmography (PPG)             135
      • 2.3.2.2.2           Spectroscopy 136
      • 2.3.2.2.3           Photodetectors             137
    • 2.3.2.3 Applications   138
      • 2.3.2.3.1           Heart Rate Optical Sensors  138
      • 2.3.2.3.2           Pulse Oximetry Optical Sensors        140
        • 2.3.2.3.2.1      Blood oxygen measurement 140
        • 2.3.2.3.2.2      Wellness and Medical Applications                140
        • 2.3.2.3.2.3      Consumer Pulse Oximetry    140
        • 2.3.2.3.2.4      Pediatric Applications              141
        • 2.3.2.3.2.5      Skin Patches   141
      • 2.3.2.3.3           Blood Pressure Optical Sensors        141
        • 2.3.2.3.3.1      Commercialization    141
        • 2.3.2.3.3.2      Oscillometric blood pressure measurement            142
        • 2.3.2.3.3.3      Combination of PPG and ECG            142
        • 2.3.2.3.3.4      Non-invasive Blood Pressure Sensing           142
        • 2.3.2.3.3.5      Blood Pressure Hearables     143
      • 2.3.2.3.4           Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring Optical Sensors              144
        • 2.3.2.3.4.1      Overview           144
        • 2.3.2.3.4.2      Other Optical Approaches    144
      • 2.3.2.3.5           fNIRS Optical Sensors             145
        • 2.3.2.3.5.1      Overview           145
        • 2.3.2.3.5.2      Brain-Computer Interfaces   146
  • 2.3.3    Force Sensors               147
    • 2.3.3.1 Overview           147
      • 2.3.3.1.1           Piezoresistive force sensing 147
      • 2.3.3.1.2           Thin film pressure sensors    147
    • 2.3.3.2 Technology and Components             148
      • 2.3.3.2.1           Materials           149
      • 2.3.3.2.2           Piezoelectric polymers            149
      • 2.3.3.2.3           Temperature sensing and Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) integration 149
      • 2.3.3.2.4           Wearable force and pressure sensors           150
  • 2.3.4    Strain Sensors               150
    • 2.3.4.1 Overview           150
    • 2.3.4.2 Technology and Components             150
    • 2.3.4.3 Applications   150
      • 2.3.4.3.1           Healthcare       151
      • 2.3.4.3.2           Wearable Strain Sensors        151
      • 2.3.4.3.3           Temperature Sensors               151
  • 2.3.5    Chemical Sensors      153
    • 2.3.5.1 Overview           153
    • 2.3.5.2 Optical Chemical Sensors    155
    • 2.3.5.3 Technology and Components             155
      • 2.3.5.3.1           Continuous Glucose Monitoring       155
      • 2.3.5.3.2           Commercial CGM systems  156
    • 2.3.5.4 Applications   157
      • 2.3.5.4.1           Sweat-based glucose monitoring    158
      • 2.3.5.4.2           Tear glucose measurement  158
      • 2.3.5.4.3           Salivary glucose monitoring 158
      • 2.3.5.4.4           Breath analysis for glucose monitoring        159
      • 2.3.5.4.5           Urine glucose monitoring      159
  • 2.3.6    Biosensors      159
    • 2.3.6.1 Overview           159
    • 2.3.6.2 Applications   160
      • 2.3.6.2.1           Wearable Alcohol Sensors    160
      • 2.3.6.2.2           Wearable Lactate Sensors    160
      • 2.3.6.2.3           Wearable Hydration Sensors               160
      • 2.3.6.2.4           Smart diaper technology        161
      • 2.3.6.2.5           Ultrasound technology            161
      • 2.3.6.2.6           Microneedle technology for continuous fluid sampling    161
  • 2.3.7    Quantum Sensors      162
    • 2.3.7.1 Magnetometry              162
    • 2.3.7.2 Tunneling magnetoresistance sensors         164
    • 2.3.7.3 Chip-scale atomic clocks      165
  • 2.3.8    Wearable Electrodes 166
    • 2.3.8.1 Overview           166
    • 2.3.8.2 Applications   167
      • 2.3.8.2.1           Skin Patches and E-textiles   168
    • 2.3.8.3 Technology and Components             168
      • 2.3.8.3.1           Electrode Selection   169
      • 2.3.8.3.2           E-textiles           169
      • 2.3.8.3.3           Microneedle electrodes          169
      • 2.3.8.3.4           Electronic Skins           171
    • 2.3.8.4 Applications   172
      • 2.3.8.4.1           Electrocardiogram (ECG) wearable electrodes        173
      • 2.3.8.4.2           Electroencephalography (EEG) wearable electrodes represent   174
      • 2.3.8.4.3           Electromyography (EMG) wearable electrodes        174
      • 2.3.8.4.4           Bioimpedance wearable electrodes               175

3             MANUFACTURING METHODS            177

• 3.1        Comparative analysis              177
• 3.2        Printed electronics     178
  • 3.2.1    Technology description           178
  • 3.2.2    SWOT analysis              179
• 3.3        3D electronics               180
  • 3.3.1    Technology description           180
  • 3.3.2    SWOT analysis              182
• 3.4        Analogue printing        183
  • 3.4.1    Technology description           183
  • 3.4.2    SWOT analysis              185
• 3.5        Digital printing               186
  • 3.5.1    Technology description           186
  • 3.5.2    SWOT analysis              188
• 3.6        In-mold electronics (IME)      189
  • 3.6.1    Technology description           189
  • 3.6.2    SWOT analysis              192
• 3.7        Roll-to-roll (R2R)         192
  • 3.7.1    Technology description           192
  • 3.7.2    SWOT analysis              195

4             MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS       196

• 4.1        Component attachment materials  197
  • 4.1.1    Conductive adhesives             198
  • 4.1.2    Biodegradable adhesives      198
  • 4.1.3    Magnets            199
  • 4.1.4    Bio-based solders      199
  • 4.1.5    Bio-derived solders   199
  • 4.1.6    Recycled plastics       199
  • 4.1.7    Nano adhesives           200
  • 4.1.8    Shape memory polymers       200
  • 4.1.9    Photo-reversible polymers    201
  • 4.1.10 Conductive biopolymers        202
  • 4.1.11 Traditional thermal processing methods     202
  • 4.1.12 Low temperature solder          203
  • 4.1.13 Reflow soldering          205
  • 4.1.14 Induction soldering    206
  • 4.1.15 UV curing          207
  • 4.1.16 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing 207
  • 4.1.17 Photonic sintering/curing       207
  • 4.1.18 Hybrid integration       208
• 4.2        Conductive inks           208
  • 4.2.1    Metal-based conductive inks              211
  • 4.2.2    Nanoparticle inks       212
  • 4.2.3    Silver inks         212
  • 4.2.4    Particle-Free conductive ink 213
  • 4.2.5    Copper inks    213
  • 4.2.6    Gold (Au) ink   215
  • 4.2.7    Conductive polymer inks       215
  • 4.2.8    Liquid metals 216
  • 4.2.9    Companies     216
• 4.3        Printable semiconductors     220
  • 4.3.1    Technology overview 220
  • 4.3.2    Advantages and disadvantages        221
  • 4.3.3    SWOT analysis              222
• 4.4        Printable sensing materials  223
  • 4.4.1    Overview           223
  • 4.4.2    Types   223
  • 4.4.3    SWOT analysis              225
• 4.5        Flexible Substrates     226
  • 4.5.1    Flexible plastic substrates    228
    • 4.5.1.1 Types of materials      229
    • 4.5.1.2 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs             229
  • 4.5.2    Paper substrates         230
    • 4.5.2.1 Overview           230
  • 4.5.3    Glass substrates         231
    • 4.5.3.1 Overview           231
  • 4.5.4    Textile substrates        232
• 4.6        Flexible ICs      232
  • 4.6.1    Description     232
  • 4.6.2    Flexible metal oxide ICs          233
  • 4.6.3    Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies      234
  • 4.6.4    SWOT analysis              234
• 4.7        Printed PCBs  235
  • 4.7.1    Description     235
  • 4.7.2    High-Speed PCBs       238
  • 4.7.3    Flexible PCBs 238
  • 4.7.4    3D Printed PCBs          239
  • 4.7.5    Sustainable PCBs       240
• 4.8        Thin film batteries       241
  • 4.8.1    Technology description           241
  • 4.8.2    SWOT analysis              242
• 4.9        Energy harvesting       242
  • 4.9.1    Approaches    242
  • 4.9.2    Perovskite photovoltaics        243
  • 4.9.3    Applications   244
  • 4.9.4    SWOT analysis              244

5             CONSUMER ELECTRONICS WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY   246

• 5.1        Market drivers and trends      246
• 5.2        Wearable sensors       249
  • 5.2.1    Types   249
  • 5.2.2    Wearable sensor technologies           249
  • 5.2.3    Opportunities 251
  • 5.2.4    Consumer acceptance            251
  • 5.2.5    Healthcare       251
  • 5.2.6    Trends 255
• 5.3        Wearable actuators   257
  • 5.3.1    Applications   257
  • 5.3.2    Types   258
  • 5.3.3    Electrical stimulation technologies 259
  • 5.3.4    Regulations     260
  • 5.3.5    Batteries            261
  • 5.3.6    Wireless communication technologies        262
• 5.4        Recent market developments             263
• 5.5        Wrist-worn wearables              264
  • 5.5.1    Overview           264
  • 5.5.2    Recent developments and future outlook  264
  • 5.5.3    Wrist-worn sensing technologies     265
  • 5.5.4    Activity tracking           266
  • 5.5.5    Advanced biometric sensing               267
    • 5.5.5.1 Blood oxygen and respiration rate    267
    • 5.5.5.2 Established sensor hardware              268
    • 5.5.5.3 Blood Pressure             268
    • 5.5.5.4 Spectroscopic technologies                269
    • 5.5.5.5 Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring    270
    • 5.5.5.6 Minimally invasive glucose monitoring         271
  • 5.5.6    Wrist-worn communication technologies  272
  • 5.5.7    Luxury and traditional watch industry           273
  • 5.5.8    Smart-strap technologies      274
  • 5.5.9    Driver monitoring technologies          275
  • 5.5.10 Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers         276
    • 5.5.10.1            Sensing              276
    • 5.5.10.2            Actuating          278
    • 5.5.10.3            SWOT analysis              282
  • 5.5.11 Health monitoring      283
  • 5.5.12 Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches        284
  • 5.5.13 Main producers and products            285
• 5.6        Sports and fitness      286
  • 5.6.1    Overview           286
  • 5.6.2    Wearable devices and apparel           287
  • 5.6.3    Skin patches   287
  • 5.6.4    Products           288
• 5.7        Hearables        290
  • 5.7.1    Hearing assistance technologies     293
    • 5.7.1.1 Products           295
  • 5.7.2    Technology advancements   296
  • 5.7.3    Assistive Hearables   297
    • 5.7.3.1 Biometric Monitoring 297
  • 5.7.4    SWOT analysis              299
  • 5.7.5    Health & Fitness Hearables  300
  • 5.7.6    Multimedia Hearables             300
  • 5.7.7    Artificial Intelligence (AI)        300
  • 5.7.8    Biometric Monitoring 301
    • 5.7.8.1 Sensors             301
    • 5.7.8.2 Heart Rate Monitoring in Sports Headphones          303
    • 5.7.8.3 Integration into hearing assistance 303
    • 5.7.8.4 Advanced Sensing Technologies       304
    • 5.7.8.5 Blood pressure hearables     304
    • 5.7.8.6 Sleep monitoring market        305
  • 5.7.9    Companies and products      307
• 5.8        Sleep trackers and wearable monitors         309
  • 5.8.1    Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers      309
  • 5.8.2    Smart rings      310
  • 5.8.3    Headbands     311
  • 5.8.4    Sleep monitoring devices       313
    • 5.8.4.1 Companies and products      315
• 5.9        Pet and animal wearables     316
• 5.10     Military wearables      320
• 5.11     Industrial and workplace monitoring             320
  • 5.11.1 Products           321
• 5.12     Global market forecasts         323
  • 5.12.1 Volume              323
  • 5.12.2 Revenues          326
• 5.13     Market challenges      328
• 5.14     Company profiles       329 (131 company profiles)

6             MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY 412

• 6.1        Market drivers                412
• 6.2        Current state of the art            414
  • 6.2.1    Wearables for Digital Health                414
  • 6.2.2    Wearable medical device products 415
  • 6.2.3    Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring           417
• 6.3        Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation             418
  • 6.3.1    Market overview           418
  • 6.3.2    Companies and products      419
• 6.4        Electronic skin patches           424
  • 6.4.1    Electrochemical biosensors                425
  • 6.4.2    Printed pH sensors    426
  • 6.4.3    Printed batteries          427
  • 6.4.4    Materials           428
    • 6.4.4.1 Summary of advanced materials      428
  • 6.4.5    Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring           429
    • 6.4.5.1 Market overview           429
    • 6.4.5.2 Companies and products      430
  • 6.4.6    Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)        432
    • 6.4.6.1 Market overview           432
  • 6.4.7    Minimally-invasive CGM sensors     432
    • 6.4.7.1 Technologies  433
  • 6.4.8    Non-invasive CGM sensors  435
    • 6.4.8.1 Commercial devices 435
    • 6.4.8.2 Companies and products      437
  • 6.4.9    Cardiovascular monitoring   439
    • 6.4.9.1 Market overview           439
    • 6.4.9.2 ECG sensors  440
      • 6.4.9.2.1           Companies and products      440
    • 6.4.9.3 PPG sensors   443
      • 6.4.9.3.1           Companies and products      443
  • 6.4.10 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring              444
    • 6.4.10.1            Market overview           444
    • 6.4.10.2            Companies and products      444
  • 6.4.11 Hydration sensors      446
    • 6.4.11.1            Market overview           446
    • 6.4.11.2            Companies and products      447
  • 6.4.12 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports)        448
    • 6.4.12.1            Market overview           448
    • 6.4.12.2            Companies and products      450
• 6.5        Wearable drug delivery            451
  • 6.5.1    Companies and products      452
• 6.6        Cosmetics patches    454
  • 6.6.1    Companies and products      455
• 6.7        Femtech devices         456
  • 6.7.1    Companies and products      458
• 6.8        Smart footwear for health monitoring           460
  • 6.8.1    Companies and products      461
• 6.9        Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired     462
  • 6.9.1    Companies and products      462
• 6.10     Smart woundcare       462
  • 6.10.1 Companies and products      464
• 6.11     Smart diapers                465
  • 6.11.1 Companies and products      466
• 6.12     Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots 467
  • 6.12.1 Companies and products      467
• 6.13     Global market forecasts         485
  • 6.13.1 Volume              485
  • 6.13.2 Revenues          487
• 6.14     Market challenges      489
• 6.15     Company profiles       490 (341 company profiles)

7             GAMING AND ENTERTAINMENT WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY (VR/AR/MR)              714

• 7.1        Introduction    714
• 7.2        Classification of VR, AR, MR, and XR             715
  • 7.2.1    XR controllers and sensing systems               717
  • 7.2.2    XR positional and motion tracking systems               717
  • 7.2.3    Wearable technology for XR 719
  • 7.2.4    Wearable Gesture Sensors for XR    720
  • 7.2.5    Edge Sensing and AI  720
  • 7.2.6    VR Technology               720
    • 7.2.6.1 Overview           720
    • 7.2.6.2 VR Headset Types       721
    • 7.2.6.3 Future outlook for VR technology     721
    • 7.2.6.4 VR Lens Technology   722
    • 7.2.6.5 VR challenges                722
    • 7.2.6.6 Market growth               723
  • 7.2.7    AR Technology               723
    • 7.2.7.1 Overview           723
    • 7.2.7.2 AR and MR distinction             723
    • 7.2.7.3 AR for Assistive Technology  724
    • 7.2.7.4 Consumer AR market               724
    • 7.2.7.5 Optics Technology for AR and VR      728
      • 7.2.7.5.1           Optical Combiners    730
    • 7.2.7.6 AR display technology              730
    • 7.2.7.7 Challenges      731
  • 7.2.8    Metaverse         731
  • 7.2.9    Mixed Reality (MR) smart glasses     732
  • 7.2.10 OLED microdisplays 733
    • 7.2.10.1            MiniLED             733
      • 7.2.10.1.1        High dynamic range miniLED displays          735
      • 7.2.10.1.2        Quantum dot films for miniLED displays     736
    • 7.2.10.2            MicroLED          737
      • 7.2.10.2.1        Integration       739
      • 7.2.10.2.2        Transfer technologies               740
      • 7.2.10.2.3        MicroLED display specifications       744
      • 7.2.10.2.4        Advantages     744
      • 7.2.10.2.5        Transparency 746
      • 7.2.10.2.6        Costs  747
      • 7.2.10.2.7        MicroLED contact lenses       747
      • 7.2.10.2.8        Products           748
      • 7.2.10.2.9        VR and AR MicroLEDs              748
• 7.3        Global market forecasts         749
  • 7.3.1    Volume              749
  • 7.3.2    Revenues          751
• 7.4        Company profiles       753 (96 company profiles)

8             ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL           819

• 8.1        Macro-trends 819
• 8.2        Market drivers                820
• 8.3        SWOT analysis              822
• 8.4        Performance requirements for E-textiles     823
• 8.5        Growth prospects for electronic textiles      824
• 8.6        Textiles in the Internet of Things        827
• 8.7        Types of E-Textile products   829
  • 8.7.1    Embedded e-textiles 830
  • 8.7.2    Laminated e-textiles  831
• 8.8        Materials and components  831
  • 8.8.1    Integrating electronics for E-Textiles               831
    • 8.8.1.1 Textile-adapted             833
    • 8.8.1.2 Textile-integrated         833
    • 8.8.1.3 Textile-based  833
  • 8.8.2    Manufacturing of E-textiles   833
    • 8.8.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks            834
    • 8.8.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers   835
    • 8.8.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets       836
  • 8.8.3    Flexible and stretchable electronics               836
  • 8.8.4    E-textiles materials and components            839
    • 8.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns           840
      • 8.8.4.1.1           Production       843
      • 8.8.4.1.2           Metals 843
      • 8.8.4.1.3           Carbon materials and nanofibers    844
        • 8.8.4.1.3.1      Graphene         846
        • 8.8.4.1.3.2      Carbon nanotubes     847
      • 8.8.4.1.3.3      Nanofibers      849
    • 8.8.4.2 Mxenes              850
    • 8.8.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)     851
    • 8.8.4.4 Conductive polymers               853
      • 8.8.4.4.1           PDMS  856
      • 8.8.4.4.2           PEDOT: PSS     856
      • 8.8.4.4.3           Polypyrrole (PPy)          856
      • 8.8.4.4.4           Conductive polymer composites     857
      • 8.8.4.4.5           Ionic conductive polymers    857
    • 8.8.4.5 Conductive inks           857
      • 8.8.4.5.1           Aqueous-Based Ink   859
      • 8.8.4.5.2           Solvent-Based Ink      860
      • 8.8.4.5.3           Oil-Based Ink 860
      • 8.8.4.5.4           Hot-Melt Ink    861
      • 8.8.4.5.5           UV-Curable Ink             861
      • 8.8.4.5.6           Metal-based conductive inks              862
        • 8.8.4.5.6.1      Nanoparticle ink          863
        • 8.8.4.5.6.2      Silver inks         863
          • 8.8.4.5.6.2.1  Silver flake       864
          • 8.8.4.5.6.2.2  Silver nanoparticle ink             864
          • 8.8.4.5.6.2.3  Formulation    865
          • 8.8.4.5.6.2.4  Conductivity   866
          • 8.8.4.5.6.2.5  Particle-Free silver conductive ink   866
        • 8.8.4.5.6.3      Copper inks    867
          • 8.8.4.5.6.3.1  Properties         867
          • 8.8.4.5.6.3.2  Silver-coated copper 868
        • 8.8.4.5.6.4      Gold (Au) ink   869
          • 8.8.4.5.6.4.1  Properties         869
      • 8.8.4.5.7           Carbon-based conductive inks         869
        • 8.8.4.5.7.1      Carbon nanotubes     869
        • 8.8.4.5.7.2      Single-walled carbon nanotubes      871
        • 8.8.4.5.7.3      Graphene         872
      • 8.8.4.5.8           Liquid metals 876
        • 8.8.4.5.8.1      Properties         876
    • 8.8.4.6 Electronic filaments  877
    • 8.8.4.7 Phase change materials         877
      • 8.8.4.7.1           Temperature controlled fabrics         877
    • 8.8.4.8 Shape memory materials      878
    • 8.8.4.9 Metal halide perovskites        880
    • 8.8.4.10            Nanocoatings in smart textiles           880
    • 8.8.4.11            3D printing       883
      • 8.8.4.11.1        Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)  883
      • 8.8.4.11.2        Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)           883
      • 8.8.4.11.3        Products           884
  • 8.8.5    E-textiles components            885
    • 8.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators            885
      • 8.8.5.1.1           Physiological sensors              886
      • 8.8.5.1.2           Environmental sensors           887
      • 8.8.5.1.3           Pressure sensors         887
        • 8.8.5.1.3.1      Flexible capacitive sensors  887
        • 8.8.5.1.3.2      Flexible piezoresistive sensors           887
        • 8.8.5.1.3.3      Flexible piezoelectric sensors            888
      • 8.8.5.1.4           Activity sensors            888
      • 8.8.5.1.5           Strain sensors               889
        • 8.8.5.1.5.1      Resistive sensors        889
        • 8.8.5.1.5.2      Capacitive strain sensors      890
      • 8.8.5.1.6           Temperature sensors                890
      • 8.8.5.1.7           Inertial measurement units (IMUs)  890
    • 8.8.5.2 Electrodes        890
    • 8.8.5.3 Connectors     891
• 8.9        Applications, markets and products              891
  • 8.9.1    Current E-textiles and smart clothing products      892
  • 8.9.2    Temperature monitoring and regulation       893
    • 8.9.2.1 Heated clothing           893
    • 8.9.2.2 Heated gloves               895
    • 8.9.2.3 Heated insoles             896
    • 8.9.2.4 Heated jacket and clothing products             897
    • 8.9.2.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications             898
  • 8.9.3    Stretchable E-fabrics                899
  • 8.9.4    Therapeutic products               899
  • 8.9.5    Sport & fitness              900
    • 8.9.5.1 Products           903
  • 8.9.6    Smart footwear             905
    • 8.9.6.1 Companies and products      906
  • 8.9.7    Wearable displays      907
  • 8.9.8    Military               909
  • 8.9.9    Textile-based lighting                910
    • 8.9.9.1 OLEDs 910
  • 8.9.10 Smart gloves  910
  • 8.9.11 Powering E-textiles     911
    • 8.9.11.1            Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles          913
    • 8.9.11.2            Bio-batteries   914
    • 8.9.11.3            Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles               914
    • 8.9.11.4            Textile supercapacitors           915
    • 8.9.11.5            Energy harvesting       916
      • 8.9.11.5.1        Photovoltaic solar textiles     917
      • 8.9.11.5.2        Energy harvesting nanogenerators  919
        • 8.9.11.5.2.1   TENGs 919
        • 8.9.11.5.2.2   PENGs                920
      • 8.9.11.5.3        Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting       920
  • 8.9.12 Motion capture for AR/VR      920
• 8.10     Global market forecasts         922
  • 8.10.1 Volume              922
  • 8.10.2 Revenues          924
• 8.11     Market challenges      925
• 8.12     Company profiles       927 (152 company profiles)

9             ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING FOR WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY 1030

• 9.1        Macro-trends 1030
• 9.2        Market drivers                1031
• 9.3        SWOT analysis              1031
• 9.4        Battery Development                1032
  • 9.4.1    Enhanced Energy Density and Performance             1034
  • 9.4.2    Stretchable Batteries                1034
  • 9.4.3    Textile-Based Batteries            1035
  • 9.4.4    Printable Batteries      1035
  • 9.4.5    Sustainable and Biodegradable Batteries   1036
  • 9.4.6    Self-Healing Batteries              1036
  • 9.4.7    Solid-State Flexible Batteries              1037
  • 9.4.8    Integration with Energy Harvesting  1037
  • 9.4.9    Nanostructured Materials     1037
  • 9.4.10 Thin-Film Battery Technologies          1038
• 9.5        Applications of printed and flexible electronics      1039
• 9.6        Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics  1039
• 9.7        Approaches to flexibility         1041
• 9.8        Flexible Battery Technologies              1045
  • 9.8.1    Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries           1045
    • 9.8.1.1 Types of Flexible/stretchable LIBs    1048
      • 9.8.1.1.1           Flexible planar LiBs   1048
      • 9.8.1.1.2           Flexible Fiber LiBs       1049
      • 9.8.1.1.3           Flexible micro-LiBs    1049
      • 9.8.1.1.4           Stretchable lithium-ion batteries      1051
      • 9.8.1.1.5           Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries  1052
    • 9.8.1.2 Flexible Li/S batteries                1053
    • 9.8.1.3 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 1054
  • 9.8.2    Printed Batteries          1055
    • 9.8.2.1 Technical specifications         1055
    • 9.8.2.2 Components  1056
    • 9.8.2.3 Design 1057
    • 9.8.2.4 Key features    1058
      • 9.8.2.4.1           Printable current collectors  1059
      • 9.8.2.4.2           Printable electrodes  1059
      • 9.8.2.4.3           Materials           1060
      • 9.8.2.4.4           Applications   1061
      • 9.8.2.4.5           Printing techniques    1062
      • 9.8.2.4.6           Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries    1064
      • 9.8.2.4.7           Zinc-based printed batteries                1066
      • 9.8.2.4.8           3D Printed batteries   1069
    • 9.8.2.5 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing 1071
      • 9.8.2.5.1.1      Materials for 3D printed batteries     1072
  • 9.8.3    Thin-Film Solid-state Batteries           1073
    • 9.8.3.1 Solid-state electrolytes            1074
    • 9.8.3.2 Features and advantages      1076
    • 9.8.3.3 Technical specifications         1077
    • 9.8.3.4 Microbatteries               1081
      • 9.8.3.4.1           Introduction    1081
      • 9.8.3.4.2           3D designs      1082
  • 9.8.4    Stretchable Batteries                1083
  • 9.8.5    Other Emerging Technologies             1083
    • 9.8.5.1 Metal-sulfur batteries               1083
    • 9.8.5.2 Flexible zinc-based batteries               1085
    • 9.8.5.3 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries              1085
    • 9.8.5.4 Flexible Zn–Air batteries          1086
    • 9.8.5.5 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries      1087
    • 9.8.5.6 Fiber-shaped batteries             1087
      • 9.8.5.6.1           Carbon nanotubes     1087
      • 9.8.5.6.2           Applications   1089
      • 9.8.5.6.3           Challenges      1090
    • 9.8.5.7 Transparent batteries                1090
      • 9.8.5.7.1           Components  1091
    • 9.8.5.8 Degradable batteries                1092
      • 9.8.5.8.1           Components  1092
    • 9.8.5.9 Fiber-shaped batteries             1093
      • 9.8.5.9.1           Carbon nanotubes     1094
      • 9.8.5.9.2           Types   1094
      • 9.8.5.9.3           Applications   1095
      • 9.8.5.9.4           Challenges      1096
• 9.9        Key Components of Flexible Batteries           1096
  • 9.9.1    Electrodes        1096
    • 9.9.1.1 Cable-type batteries 1098
    • 9.9.1.2 Batteries-on-wire        1098
  • 9.9.2    Electrolytes     1099
  • 9.9.3    Separators       1105
  • 9.9.4    Current Collectors      1105
    • 9.9.4.1 Carbon Materials for Current Collectors in Flexible Batteries        1106
  • 9.9.5    Packaging        1107
    • 9.9.5.1 Lithium-Polymer Pouch Cells              1108
    • 9.9.5.2 Flexible Pouch Cells  1109
    • 9.9.5.3 Encapsulation Materials         1111
  • 9.9.6    Other Manufacturing Techniques     1111
• 9.10     Performance Metrics and Characteristics  1112
  • 9.10.1 Energy Density              1112
  • 9.10.2 Power Density               1113
  • 9.10.3 Cycle Life          1113
  • 9.10.4 Flexibility and Bendability     1114
• 9.11     Printed supercapacitors         1114
  • 9.11.1 Electrode materials   1116
  • 9.11.2 Electrolytes     1117
• 9.12     Photovoltaics 1120
  • 9.12.1 Conductive pastes     1120
  • 9.12.2 Organic photovoltaics (OPV)               1121
  • 9.12.3 Perovskite PV 1121
  • 9.12.4 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics        1122
    • 9.12.4.1            Companies     1122
  • 9.12.5 Photovoltaic solar textiles     1123
  • 9.12.6 Solar tape         1124
  • 9.12.7 Origami-like solar cells            1124
  • 9.12.8 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics    1125
  • 9.12.9 Photovoltaic solar textiles     1125
• 9.13     Transparent and flexible heaters       1127
  • 9.13.1 Technology overview 1127
  • 9.13.2 Applications   1127
    • 9.13.2.1            Automotive Industry  1127
      • 9.13.2.1.1        Defrosting and Defogging Systems  1128
      • 9.13.2.1.2        Heated Windshields and Mirrors      1129
      • 9.13.2.1.3        Touch Panels and Displays   1130
    • 9.13.2.2            Aerospace and Aviation          1131
      • 9.13.2.2.1        Aircraft Windows and Canopies        1131
      • 9.13.2.2.2        Sensor and Camera Housings            1131
    • 9.13.2.3            Consumer Electronics             1131
      • 9.13.2.3.1        Smartphones and Tablets      1131
      • 9.13.2.3.2        Wearable Devices       1131
      • 9.13.2.3.3        Smart Home Appliances        1131
    • 9.13.2.4            Building and Architecture      1132
      • 9.13.2.4.1        Smart Windows            1132
      • 9.13.2.4.2        Heated Glass Facades            1133
      • 9.13.2.4.3        Greenhouse and Skylight Applications         1133
    • 9.13.2.5            Medical and Healthcare         1134
      • 9.13.2.5.1        Incubators and Warming Beds           1134
      • 9.13.2.5.2        Surgical Microscopes and Endoscopes       1135
      • 9.13.2.5.3        Medical Imaging Equipment 1135
    • 9.13.2.6            Display Technologies                1136
      • 9.13.2.6.1        LCD Displays 1136
      • 9.13.2.6.2        OLED Displays              1136
      • 9.13.2.6.3        Flexible and Transparent Displays   1137
    • 9.13.2.7            Energy Systems            1138
      • 9.13.2.7.1        Solar Panels (De-icing and Efficiency Enhancement)         1138
      • 9.13.2.7.2        Fuel Cells         1138
      • 9.13.2.7.3        Battery Systems           1139
• 9.14     Thermoelectric energy harvesting   1140
• 9.15     Market challenges      1141
• 9.16     Global market forecasts         1141
  • 9.16.1 Volume              1141
  • 9.16.2 Revenues          1143
• 9.17     Companies     1145 (45 company profiles)

10          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              1190

11          REFERENCES 1191

List of Tables

• Table 1. Types of wearable devices and applications.        80
• Table 2. Types of wearable devices and the data collected.            82
• Table 3. Main Wearable Device Companies by Shipment Volume, Market Share, and Year-Over-Year Growth, (million units).           83
• Table 4. New wearable tech products 2022-2025. 83
• Table 5. Wearable technology market leaders by market segment.           84
• Table 6. Applications in wearable technology, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.         92
• Table 7. Advanced materials for wearable technology-Advantages and disadvantages.            97
• Table 8. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).          98
• Table 9. Wearable electronics at CES 2021-2025. 102
• Table 10. Wearable technology Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2025. 107
• Table 11. Comparative analysis of conventional and flexible hybrid electronics.             113
• Table 12. Materials, components, and manufacturing methods for FHE                114
• Table 13. Research and commercial activity in FHE.           115
• Table 14. Value proposition of wearable sensors versus non wearable alternatives.      119
• Table 15. Overview of Wearable Sensor Types.        120
• Table 16. Market Drivers in the Wearable Sensor Market. 121
• Table 17. Markets for Wearable Sensors.    121
• Table 18. Wearable Electronic Form Factors.           123
• Table 19. Trends in Wearable Sensor Innovations by Form-Factor:            124
• Table 20. Applications and Opportunities for TMRs in Wearables.             134
• Table 21. Wearable Motion Sensors Applications. 134
• Table 22. Applications of Photoplethysmography (PPG).  136
• Table 23. Wearable Brands in Cardiovascular Clinical Research.               141
• Table 24. Technologies for Cuff-less Blood Pressure.          143
• Table 25. Market outlook for Wearable Blood Pressure Devices. 143
• Table 26. Non-invasive glucose monitoring.             145
• Table 27. fNIRS Companies. 145
• Table 28. Comparing fNIRS to Other Non-invasive Brain Imaging Methods.        146
• Table 29. Thin Film Pressure Sensor Architectures.              148
• Table 30. Applications of Printed Force Sensors.   148
• Table 31. Companies in Printed Strain Sensors.     151
• Table 32. Types of Temperature Sensor.       152
• Table 33. Technology Readiness Level for strain sensors. 153
• Table 34. Commercial CGM Devices.            157
• Table 35. Applications of Wearable Chemical Sensors.    159
• Table 36. Market Outlook of Wearable Sensors for Novel Biometrics.     162
• Table 37. Applications of Wearable OPMs – MEG. 163
• Table 38. Applications and Market Opportunities for TMRs.           164
• Table 39. Wearable Electrode Types.              167
• Table 40. Applications of wearable electrodes.       167
• Table 41. Printed Electrodes for Skin Patches and E-textiles.         168
• Table 42. Companies in Wearable Electrodes.        169
• Table 43. Materials and Manufacturing Approaches for Electronic Skins.             171
• Table 44. Wearable electrodes Applications.           172
• Table 45. Manufacturing Methods for Wearable Electronics.         177
• Table 46. Manufacturing methods for wearable technology.          178
• Table 47.  Common printing methods used in printed electronics manufacturing in terms of resolution vs throughput.               178
• Table 48. Manufacturing methods for 3D electronics.        180
• Table 49.  Readiness level of various additive manufacturing technologies for electronics applications.                181
• Table 50. Fully 3D printed electronics process steps          182
• Table 51. Manufacturing methods for Analogue manufacturing. 183
• Table 52. Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods.           185
• Table 53. Manufacturing methods for Digital printing         186
• Table 54. Innovations in high resolution printing.   187
• Table 55. Key manufacturing methods for creating smart surfaces with integrated electronics.            190
• Table 56. IME manufacturing techniques.  191
• Table 57. Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing.              193
• Table 58. Technology readiness level for R2R manufacturing.      194
• Table 59. Materials for wearable technology.            196
• Table 60. Comparison of component attachment materials.        197
• Table 61. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards              198
• Table 62. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.         200
• Table 63. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.       202
• Table 64. Low temperature solder alloys.    203
• Table 65. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.               204
• Table 66. Typical conductive ink formulation.          209
• Table 67. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       211
• Table 68. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks.   216
• Table 69. Conductive ink producers.              216
• Table 70. Technology readiness level of printed semiconductors.              221
• Table 71. Organic semiconductors: Advantages and disadvantages.      221
• Table 72. Market Drivers for printed/flexible sensors.         223
• Table 73. Overview of specific printed/flexible sensor types.         223
• Table 74. Properties of typical flexible substrates. 226
• Table 75. Comparison of stretchable substrates.  227
• Table 76.  Main types of materials used as flexible plastic substrates in flexible electronics.  229
• Table 77. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs.    230
• Table 78. Paper substrates: Advantages and disadvantages.        231
• Table 79. Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies.              234
• Table 80. PCB manufacturing process.        237
• Table 81. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.           237
• Table 82. 3D PCB manufacturing.    240
• Table 83. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics.         246
• Table 84. Types of wearable sensors.            249
• Table 85. Opportunities and challenges for the wearable technology industry. 251
• Table 86. Drivers for Wearable Adoption and Innovation. 252
• Table 87. Future Trends in Wearable Technology.   255
• Table 88. Applications of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS).     260
• Table 89. Wearable batteries, displays and communication systems.    261
• Table 90. Different sensing modalities that can be incorporated into wrist-worn wearable device.      277
• Table 91. Overview of actuating at the wrist              278
• Table 92. Key players in Wrist-Worn Technology.    280
• Table 93. Wearable health monitors.             283
• Table 94. Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers producers and products.         285
• Table 95. Wearable sensors for sports performance.          288
• Table 96. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.               288
• Table 97.  Product types in the hearing assistance technology market.  290
• Table 98. Audio and Hearing Assistance for Hearables.    293
• Table 99. Hearing Assistance Technologies.             293
• Table 100. Hearing Assistance Technology Products.         295
• Table 101. Sensing options in the ear.           298
• Table 102. Sensing Options in the Ear.          301
• Table 103. Advantages and Limitations for Blood Pressure Hearables.   304
• Table 104. Companies and products in hearables.              307
• Table 105. Example wearable sleep tracker products and prices.              309
• Table 106. Smart ring products.         311
• Table 107. Sleep headband products.           311
• Table 108. Sleep Headband Wearables.      313
• Table 109. Wearable electronics sleep monitoring products.        315
• Table 110. Pet and animal wearable electronics & sensors companies and products. 317
• Table 111. Wearable electronics applications in the military.       320
• Table 112.  Industrial Wearable Electronics Product Table              321
• Table 113. Global market for wearable consumer electronics 2020-2036 by type (Millions Units).      324
• Table 114. Global market revenues for wearable consumer electronics, 2020-2036, (millions USD). 326
• Table 115. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics.              328
• Table 116. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.       412
• Table 117. Examples of wearable medical device products.          415
• Table 118. Medical wearable companies applying products to COVID-19 monitoring and analysis.  418
• Table 119. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.           428
• Table 120. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis.           431
• Table 121. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages.            433
• Table 122. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market.              435
• Table 123. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products. 437
• Table 124. ECG Patch Monitor and Clothing Products.      442
• Table 125. PPG Wearable Electronics Companies and Products.               443
• Table 126. Pregnancy and Newborn Monitoring Wearables.          445
• Table 127. Companies developing wearable swear sensors.         450
• Table 128. Wearable electronics drug delivery companies and products.            452
• Table 129. Companies and products, cosmetics and drug delivery patches.     455
• Table 130. Femtech Wearable Electronics.                456
• Table 131. Companies developing femtech wearable technology.             458
• Table 132. Companies and products in smart foowtear and insolves.    461
• Table 133. Companies and products in smart contact lenses.     462
• Table 134. Companies and products in smart wound care.            464
• Table 135. Companies developing smart diaper products.             466
• Table 136. Companies developing wearable robotics.       467
• Table 137. Global Market for Wearable Medical & Healthcare Electronics 2020-2036 (Million Units).                485
• Table 138. Global market for Wearable medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2036, millions of US dollars.              487
• Table 139. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.          489
• Table 140. VR and AR Headset Classification.         715
• Table 141. Applications of VR and AR Technology. 716
• Table 142. XR Headset OEM Comparison. 718
• Table 143. Timeline of Modern VR.   721
• Table 144. VR Headset Types.             721
• Table 145. AR Outlook by Device Type           724
• Table 146. AR Outlook by Computing Type.               725
• Table 147. Augmented reality (AR) smart glass products. 725
• Table 148. Mixed Reality (MR) smart glass products.           732
• Table 149. Comparison between miniLED displays and other display types.      733
• Table 150. Comparison of AR Display Light Engines.          737
• Table 151. Comparison to conventional LEDs.        738
• Table 152. Types of microLED.            738
• Table 153. Summary of monolithic integration, monolithic hybrid integration (flip-chip/wafer bonding), and mass transfer technologies.      739
• Table 154. Summary of different mass transfer technologies.      741
• Table 155. Comparison to LCD and OLED. 743
• Table 156. Schematic comparison to LCD and OLED.        744
• Table 157. Commercially available microLED products and specifications.       744
• Table 158. microLED-based display advantages and disadvantages.     745
• Table 159. MicroLED based smart glass products.               748
• Table 160. VR and AR MicroLED products. 748
• Table 161. Global Market for VR/AR/MR Gaming and Entertainment Wearable Technology, 2018-2036 (Million Units).              749
• Table 162. Global Market for VR/AR/MR Gaming and Entertainment Wearable Technology, 2018-2036 (Millions USD)               751
• Table 163. Macro-trends for electronic textiles.      819
• Table 164. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles.       820
• Table 165. Examples of smart textile products.      822
• Table 166. Performance requirements for E-textiles.           823
• Table 167. Commercially available smart clothing products.        829
• Table 168. Types of smart textiles.   832
• Table 169. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods. 833
• Table 170. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles.        834
• Table 171. Methods for integrating conductive compounds.         834
• Table 172. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber.       836
• Table 173. 1D electronic fibers including the conductive materials, fabrication strategies, electrical conductivity, stretchability, and applications.         839
• Table 174. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold.        843
• Table 175. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms.     844
• Table 176. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles.           845
• Table 177. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel.            846
• Table 178. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              847
• Table 179. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).  853
• Table 180. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.               854
• Table 181. Typical conductive ink formulation.       858
• Table 182. Comparative properties of conductive inks.     858
• Table 183.  Comparison of pros and cons of various types of conductive ink compositions.   861
• Table 184: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              870
• Table 185. Properties of graphene.  873
• Table 186. Electrical conductivity of different types of graphene.               875
• Table 187. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks. 876
• Table 188. Nanocoatings applied in the smart textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.    881
• Table 189. 3D printed shoes.               884
• Table 190. Sensors used in electronic textiles.        885
• Table 191. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures. 889
• Table 192. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors.    890
• Table 193. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles.             891
• Table 194. Commercially available E-textiles and smart clothing products.        892
• Table 195. Example heated jacket products.            894
• Table 196. Heated Gloves Products 895
• Table 197. Heated Insoles Products               896
• Table 198. Heated jacket and clothing products.   897
• Table 199. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.      898
• Table 200. Wearable Electronic Therapeutics Products.   900
• Table 201.  Smart Textiles/E-Textiles for Healthcare and Fitness. 902
• Table 202. Example wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.        904
• Table 203.Companies and products in smart footwear.    906
• Table 204. Commercial Applications of Wearable Displays            907
• Table 205. Applications of Wearable Displays.        908
• Table 206. Wearable Electronics Applications in Military. 910
• Table 207. Smart Gloves Companies and Products.            911
• Table 208. Types of Power Supplies for Electronic Textiles.             912
• Table 209. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles.      913
• Table 210. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance. 915
• Table 211. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles.  916
• Table 212. Teslasuit. 922
• Table 213. Global Market for E-Textiles and Smart Apparel Electronics, 2018-2036 (Million Units).    922
• Table 214. Global Market for E-Textiles and Smart Apparel Electronics, 2018-2036 (Millions USD).    924
• Table 215. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing.  926
• Table 216. Macro-trends in energy vstorage and harvesting for wearables.          1030
• Table 217. Market drivers for Printed and flexible electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting.                1031
• Table 218. Energy applications for printed/flexible electronics.   1039
• Table 219. Comparison of Flexible and Traditional Lithium-Ion Batteries               1042
• Table 220. Material Choices for Flexible Battery Components.    1042
• Table 221. Flexible Li-ion battery products 1046
• Table 222. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries.   1047
• Table 223. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.            1050
• Table 224. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.               1057
• Table 225, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used.    1059
• Table 226. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.  1061
• Table 227. 2D and 3D printing techniques. 1062
• Table 228. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.           1064
• Table 229. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.          1064
• Table 230. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.       1066
• Table 231. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.         1071
• Table 232. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.   1072
• Table 233. Main Fabrication Techniques for Thin-Film Batteries. 1073
• Table 234. Types of solid-state electrolytes.              1074
• Table 235. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.      1075
• Table 236.  Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.          1076
• Table 237. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries.              1081
• Table 238. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.                1088
• Table 239. Components of transparent batteries. 1091
• Table 240. Components of degradable batteries.  1093
• Table 241. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.                1094
• Table 242. Organic vs. Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes.                1100
• Table 243. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.       1101
• Table 244. Packaging Procedures for Pouch Cells.                1108
• Table 245. Performance Metrics and Characteristics for Printed and Flexible Batteries.             1112
• Table 246. Methods for printing supercapacitors. 1115
• Table 247. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors.          1116
• Table 248. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors.           1117
• Table 249. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors.            1117
• Table 250. Conductive pastes for photovoltaics.   1120
• Table 251. Companies commercializing thin film flexible photovoltaics.              1122
• Table 252. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.      1127
• Table 253. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows.              1127
• Table 254. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.  1128
• Table 255. Smart Window Applications of Transparent Heaters. 1132
• Table 256. Applications of Printed and Flexible Fuel Cells.             1139
• Table 257. Market challenges in printed and flexible electronics for energy.        1141
• Table 258. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2036 by type (Volume).              1141
• Table 259. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2036, millions of US dollars.  1143
• Table 260. 3DOM separator. 1146
• Table 261. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.  1169

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Examples of flexible electronics devices.               76
• Figure 2. Evolution of electronics.    77
• Figure 3. Wearable technology inventions. 79
• Figure 4. Market map for wearable technology.       89
• Figure 5. Wove Band. 90
• Figure 6. Wearable graphene medical sensor.         91
• Figure 7. Stretchable transistor.        92
• Figure 8. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition. 94
• Figure 9. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts.             95
• Figure 10. Systemization of wearable electronic systems.              96
• Figure 11. Baby Monitor.         101
• Figure 12. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors.   101
• Figure 13. LG 77” transparent 4K OLED TV. 103
• Figure 14. 137-inch N1 foldable TV. 103
• Figure 15. Flex Note Extendable™.    104
• Figure 16. Flex In & Out Flip. 104
• Figure 17. Garmin Instinct 3.               105
• Figure 18. Amazfit Active 2.  105
• Figure 19. Circular Ring 2.     106
• Figure 20. Frenz Brainband. 106
• Figure 21. Lingo wellness CGM.         106
• Figure 22.  Bebird EarSight Flow.       107
• Figure 23. Traxcon printed lighting circuitry.              114
• Figure 24. Global Sensor Market Roadmap.              122
• Figure 25. Market Roadmap for Wrist-worn Wearables.    125
• Figure 26. Market Roadmap for Smart Bands.         126
• Figure 27. Market Roadmap for Smart Glasses.     126
• Figure 28. Market Roadmap for Smart Clothing and Accessories.              127
• Figure 29. Market Roadmap of Market Trends for Skin-Patches.  128
• Figure 30. Market Roadmap for Smart Rings.           129
• Figure 31.Market Roadmap for Hearables. 129
• Figure 32. Market Roadmap for Head Mounted Wearables.           131
• Figure 33. Roadmap for Wearable Optical Heart-rate Sensors.    140
• Figure 34. SWOT analysis for printed electronics.  180
• Figure 35. SWOT analysis for 3D electronics.            183
• Figure 36. SWOT analysis for analogue printing.    186
• Figure 37. SWOT analysis for digital printing.            188
• Figure 38. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products. 189
• Figure 39. SWOT analysis for In-Mold Electronics. 192
• Figure 40. SWOT analysis for R2R manufacturing. 195
• Figure 41. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli.     201
• Figure 42. Supercooled Soldering™ Technology.     205
• Figure 43. Reflow soldering schematic.        206
• Figure 44. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow.             207
• Figure 45. Types of conductive inks and applications.       209
• Figure 46. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.             214
• Figure 47. SWOT analysis for Printable semiconductors. 223
• Figure 48.  SWOT analysis for Printable sensor materials.               226
• Figure 49. RFID Tag with Nano Copper Antenna on Paper.               228
• Figure 50. SWOT analysis for flexible integrated circuits.  235
• Figure 51. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films.                236
• Figure 52. Flexible PCB.          239
• Figure 53. SWOT analysis for Flexible batteries.      242
• Figure 54.  SWOT analysis for Flexible PV for energy harvesting. 245
• Figure 55. Roadmap of wearable sensor technology segmented by key biometrics.      250
• Figure 56. Wearable Technology Roadmap, by function.  257
• Figure 57. Actuator types.      258
• Figure 58. EmeTerm nausea relief wearable.             279
• Figure 59. Embr Wave for cooling and warming.     279
• Figure 60. dpl Wrist Wrap Light THerapy pain relief.              280
• Figure 61. Roadmap for Wrist-Worn Wearables.    282
• Figure 62. SWOT analysis for Wrist-worn wearables.          283
• Figure 63. FitBit Sense Watch.            283
• Figure 64. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration.   287
• Figure 65. Evolution of Ear-Worn Wearables.            291
• Figure 66. Nuheara IQbuds² Max.     292
• Figure 67. HP Hearing PRO OTC Hearing Aid.           297
• Figure 68. SWOT analysis for Ear worn wearables (hearables).    300
• Figure 69. Commercialization Timeline for Hearable Sensing Technologies.       303
• Figure 70. Roadmap of Market Trends for Hearables.         307
• Figure 71. Beddr SleepTuner.               313
• Figure 72. Global market for wearable consumer electronics 2020-2036 by type (Volume).    325
• Figure 73. Global market revenues for wearable consumer electronics, 2018-2036, (millions USD). 327
• Figure 74. The Apollo wearable device.         332
• Figure 75. Cyclops HMD.        335
• Figure 76. C2Sense sensors.               341
• Figure 77. Coachwhisperer device. 343
• Figure 78. Cogwear headgear.            344
• Figure 79. CardioWatch 287.               345
• Figure 80. FRENZ™ Brainband.           349
• Figure 81. NightOwl Home Sleep Apnea Test Device.          350
• Figure 82. GX Sweat Patch.   352
• Figure 83. eQ02+LIfeMontor.               353
• Figure 84. Cove wearable device.     356
• Figure 85. German bionic exoskeleton.        358
• Figure 86. UnlimitedHand.    359
• Figure 87. Apex Exosuit.          360
• Figure 88. Humanox Shin Guard.      364
• Figure 89. Airvida E1. 365
• Figure 90. Footrax.      366
• Figure 91. eMacula®. 367
• Figure 92. G2 Pro.        368
• Figure 93. REFLEX.     369
• Figure 94. Ring ZERO.               372
• Figure 95. Mawi Heart Patch.               374
• Figure 96. Ayo wearable light therapy.           381
• Figure 97. Nowatch.   382
• Figure 98. ORII smart ring.     384
• Figure 99. Proxxi Voltage.       388
• Figure 100. RealWear HMT-1.              390
• Figure 101. Moonwalkers from Shift Robotics Inc. 393
• Figure 102. SnowCookie device.       394
• Figure 103. Soter device.        395
• Figure 104. Feelzing Energy Patch.   400
• Figure 105. Wiliot tags.            407
• Figure 106. Connected human body and product examples.        415
• Figure 107. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.          419
• Figure 108. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs.               424
• Figure 109. Graphene medical patch.            427
• Figure 110. Graphene-based E-skin patch.                427
• Figure 111. Enfucell wearable temperature tag.     430
• Figure 112. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer.    431
• Figure 113. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection. 432
• Figure 114. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor.          436
• Figure 115. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor.            436
• Figure 116. VitalPatch.             440
• Figure 117. Wearable ECG-textile.   440
• Figure 118. Wearable ECG recorder.               441
• Figure 119. Nexkin™.  442
• Figure 120. Bloomlife.              445
• Figure 121. Nanowire skin hydration patch.               446
• Figure 122. NIX sensors.         447
• Figure 123. Wearable sweat sensor.               448
• Figure 124. Wearable  graphene sweat sensor.       449
• Figure 125. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch.      449
• Figure 126. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask.    450
• Figure 127. D-mine Pump.     452
• Figure 128. Lab-on-Skin™.     452
• Figure 129. My UV Patch.       454
• Figure 130. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch. 455
• Figure 131. Brilliantly Warm.               458
• Figure 132. Ava Fertility tracker.         459
• Figure 133. S9 Pro breast pump.       459
• Figure 134. Tempdrop.             459
• Figure 135. Digitsole Smartshoe.     460
• Figure 136. Schematic of smart wound dressing.  463
• Figure 137. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.         464
• Figure 138. ABENA Nova smart diaper.         466
• Figure 139. Honda Walking Assist.  467
• Figure 140. ABLE Exoskeleton.           467
• Figure 141. ANGEL-LEGS-M10.          468
• Figure 142. AGADEXO Shoulder.       468
• Figure 143. Enyware. 468
• Figure 144. AWN-12 occupational powered hip exoskeleton.        468
• Figure 145. CarrySuit passive upper-body exoskeleton.    469
• Figure 146. Axosuit lower body medical exoskeleton.         469
• Figure 147. FreeGait. 469
• Figure 148. InMotion Arm.     469
• Figure 149. Biomotum SPARK.            470
• Figure 150. PowerWalk energy.           470
• Figure 151. Keeogo™. 470
• Figure 152. MATE-XT. 471
• Figure 153. CDYS passive shoulder support exoskeleton.                471
• Figure 154. ALDAK.     471
• Figure 155. HAL® Lower Limb.             471
• Figure 156. DARWING PA.     472
• Figure 157. Dephy ExoBoot. 472
• Figure 158. EksoNR.  472
• Figure 159. Emovo Assist.     472
• Figure 160. HAPO.       473
• Figure 161. Atlas passive modular exoskeleton.     473
• Figure 162. ExoAtlet II.             473
• Figure 163. ExoHeaver.            474
• Figure 164. Exy ONE. 474
• Figure 165. ExoArm.  474
• Figure 166. ExoMotus.             474
• Figure 167. Gloreha Sinfonia.             475
• Figure 168. BELK Knee Exoskeleton.               475
• Figure 169. Apex exosuit.       475
• Figure 170. Honda Walking Assist.  476
• Figure 171. BionicBack.          476
• Figure 172. Muscle Suit.         476
• Figure 173.Japet.W powered exoskeleton. 477
• Figure 174.Ski~Mojo. 477
• Figure 175. AIRFRAME passive shoulder.    477
• Figure 176.FORTIS passive tool holding exoskeleton.         478
• Figure 177. Integrated Soldier Exoskeleton (UPRISE®).       478
• Figure 178.UNILEXA passive exoskeleton.  478
• Figure 179.HandTutor.             479
• Figure 180.MyoPro®. 479
• Figure 181.Myosuit.  479
• Figure 182. archelis wearable chair.               479
• Figure 183.Chairless Chair.  480
• Figure 184.Indego.     480
• Figure 185. Polyspine.              480
• Figure 186. Hercule powered lower body exoskeleton.      481
• Figure 187. ReStore Soft Exo-Suit.   481
• Figure 188. Hand of Hope.    481
• Figure 189. REX powered exoskeleton.         481
• Figure 190. Elevate Ski Exoskeleton.              482
• Figure 191. UGO210 exoskeleton.    482
• Figure 192. EsoGLOVE Pro.   482
• Figure 193. Roki.          482
• Figure 194. Powered Clothing.           483
• Figure 195. Againer shock absorbing exoskeleton.               483
• Figure 196. EasyWalk Assistive Soft Exoskeleton Walker. 483
• Figure 197. Skel-Ex.    483
• Figure 198. EXO-H3 lower limbs robotic exoskeleton.        484
• Figure 199. Ikan Tilta Max Armor-Man 2        484
• Figure 200. AMADEO hand and finger robotic rehabilitation device.          484
• Figure 201.Atalante autonomous lower-body exoskeleton.            485
• Figure 202. Global Market for Wearable Medical & Healthcare Electronics 2020-2036 (Million Units).                486
• Figure 203. Global market for Wearable medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2036, millions of US dollars.              488
• Figure 204. Libre 3.     491
• Figure 205. Libre Sense Glucose Sport Biowearable.          491
• Figure 206. AcuPebble SA100.           492
• Figure 207. Vitalgram®.            495
• Figure 208. Alertgy NICGM wristband.          498
• Figure 209. ALLEVX.   499
• Figure 210. Gastric Alimetry.                500
• Figure 211. Alva Health stroke monitor.       501
• Figure 212. amofit S. 502
• Figure 213. MIT and Amorepacific's chip-free skin sensor.              503
• Figure 214. Sigi™ Insulin Management System.       505
• Figure 215. The Apollo wearable device.      507
• Figure 216. Apos3.     508
• Figure 217. Artemis is  smart clothing system.        510
• Figure 218. KneeStim.              511
• Figure 219. PaciBreath.           513
• Figure 220. Structure of Azalea Vision’s smart contact lens.         515
• Figure 221. Belun® Ring.         516
• Figure 222. Neuronaute wearable.   524
• Figure 223. biped.ai device.  526
• Figure 224. circul+ smart ring.            529
• Figure 225. Cala Trio. 533
• Figure 226. BioSleeve®.            540
• Figure 227. Cognito's gamma stimulation device. 541
• Figure 228. Cogwear Headband.      542
• Figure 229. First Relief.            549
• Figure 230. Jewel Patch Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator.         553
• Figure 231. enFuse.   555
• Figure 232. EOPatch. 557
• Figure 233. Epilog.      559
• Figure 234. FloPatch. 566
• Figure 2. The Happy Ring.      577
• Figure 235. Hinge Health wearable therapy devices.           579
• Figure 236. MYSA - 'Relax Shirt'.         580
• Figure 237. Atusa system.     589
• Figure 238. Kenzen ECHO Smart Patch.       593
• Figure 239. The Kernel Flow headset.            594
• Figure 240. KnowU™. 596
• Figure 241. LifeSpan patch.  605
• Figure 242. Mawi Heart Patch.            609
• Figure 243. WalkAid. 615
• Figure 244. Monarch™ Wireless Wearable Biosensor          616
• Figure 245. Modoo device.    620
• Figure 246. Munevo Drive.     624
• Figure 247. Electroskin integration schematic.        627
• Figure 248. Modius Sleep wearable device.               632
• Figure 249. Neuphony Headband.   633
• Figure 250. Nix Biosensors patch.    637
• Figure 1. Slanj device.               638
• Figure 251. Otolith wearable device.              642
• Figure 252. Peerbridge Cor.  646
• Figure 253. Point Fit Technology skin patch.              651
• Figure 254. Sylvee 1.0.             658
• Figure 255. RootiRx.  662
• Figure 256. Sylvee 1.0.             664
• Figure 257. Sibel's ADAM™ sensor.   676
• Figure 258. Silvertree Reach.               677
• Figure 259. Smardii smart diaper.    681
• Figure 260. Subcuject.             688
• Figure 261. Nerivio.    692
• Figure 262. Feelzing Energy Patch.   693
• Figure 263. Ultrahuman wearable glucose monitor.            696
• Figure 264. Vaxxas patch.      698
• Figure 265. S-Patch Ex.            709
• Figure 266. Zeit Medical Wearable Headband.        712
• Figure 267. Evolution of Smart Eyewear.      714
• Figure 268. Engo Eyewear.     725
• Figure 269. Lenovo ThinkReality A3.               726
• Figure 270. Magic Leap 1.      726
• Figure 271. Microsoft HoloLens 2.   727
• Figure 272. OPPO Air Glass AR.         727
• Figure 273. Snap Spectacles AR (4th gen). 728
• Figure 274. Vuzix Blade Upgraded.  728
• Figure 275. NReal Light MR smart glasses. 732
• Figure 276. Schematic for configuration of full colour microLED display               734
• Figure 277. BOE glass-based backplane process. 735
• Figure 278. MSI curved quantum dot miniLED display.      736
• Figure 279. Nanolumi Chameleon® G Film in LED/LCD Monitor. 737
• Figure 280. Vuzix microLED microdisplay Smart Glasses.               738
• Figure 281. Pixels per inch roadmap of µ-LED displays from 2007 to 2019.         739
• Figure 282. Mass transfer for µLED chips.  740
• Figure 283. Schematic diagram of mass transfer technologies.   742
• Figure 284. Comparison of microLED with other display technologies.  745
• Figure 285. Lextar 10.6 inch transparent microLED display.           746
• Figure 286. Transition to borderless design.              746
• Figure 287. Mojo Vision smart contact lens with an embedded MicroLED display.         748
• Figure 288. Global Market for VR/AR/MR Gaming and Entertainment Wearable Technology, 2018-2036 (Million Units).              750
• Figure 289. Global Market for VR/AR/MR Gaming and Entertainment Wearable Technology, 2018-2036 (Millions USD).              752
• Figure 290. Skinetic vest.       753
• Figure 291. IntelliPix™ design for 0.26″ 1080p microLED display. 761
• Figure 292. Dapeng DPVR P1 Pro 4k VR all-in-one VR glasses.     762
• Figure 293. Vive Focus 3 VR headset Wrist Tracker.              772
• Figure 294. Huawei smart glasses. 773
• Figure 295. Jade Bird Display micro displays.           778
• Figure 296. JBD's 0.13-inch panel.   778
• Figure 297. 0.22” Monolithic full colour microLED panel and inset shows a conceptual monolithic polychrome projector with a waveguide.     779
• Figure 298. Kura Technologies' AR Glasses.              782
• Figure 299. Smart contact lenses schematic.          792
• Figure 300. OQmented technology for AR smart glasses. 795
• Figure 301. VISIRIUM® Technology smart glasses prototype.         800
• Figure 302. SenseGlove Nova.            801
• Figure 303. MeganeX.               802
• Figure 304.  A micro-display with a stacked-RGB pixel array, where each pixel is an RGB-emitting stacked microLED device (left). The micro-display showing a video of fireworks at night, demonstrating the full-colour capability (right). N.B. Areas around the display   805
• Figure 305. JioGlass mixed reality glasses type headset.  806
• Figure 306. Vuzix uLED display engine.         815
• Figure 307. Xiaomi Smart Glasses. 816
• Figure 308. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles.      823
• Figure 309. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles.  825
• Figure 310. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles.   825
• Figure 311. Conductive yarns.            829
• Figure 312. Electronics integration in textiles: (a) textile-adapted, (b) textile-integrated (c) textile-basd.                831
• Figure 313. Stretchable polymer encapsulation microelectronics on textiles.   837
• Figure 314. Wove Band.          838
• Figure 315. Wearable graphene medical sensor.   839
• Figure 316. Conductive yarns.            841
• Figure 317. Classification of conductive materials and process technology.      842
• Figure 318. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.  851
• Figure 319. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.  852
• Figure 320. BN nanosheet textiles application.       853
• Figure 321. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating.              855
• Figure 322. Schematic of inkjet-printed processes.             860
• Figure 323: Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components. 865
• Figure 324. Schematic summary of the formulation of silver conductive inks.  866
• Figure 325. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.          868
• Figure 326: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube.             871
• Figure 327. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.     872
• Figure 328. Graphene layer structure schematic.  874
• Figure 329. BGT Materials graphene ink product.   875
• Figure 330. PCM cooling vest.             878
• Figure 331. SMPU-treated cotton fabrics.   878
• Figure 332. Schematics of DIAPLEX membrane.    879
• Figure 333. SMP energy storage textiles.      880
• Figure 334. Nike x Acronym Blazer Sneakers.           884
• Figure 335. Adidas 3D Runner Pump.            884
• Figure 336. Under Armour Archi-TechFuturist.         884
• Figure 337. Reebok Reebok Liquid Speed.  884
• Figure 338. Radiate sports vest.        885
• Figure 339. Adidas smart insole.       888
• Figure 340. Applications of E-textiles.           892
• Figure 341. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket.    894
• Figure 342. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper.         896
• Figure 343. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles.     897
• Figure 344. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat.             899
• Figure 345. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products.             900
• Figure 346. iStimUweaR .       901
• Figure 347. Digitsole Smartshoe.     906
• Figure 348. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display.            909
• Figure 349. A mechanical glove, Robo-Glove, with pressure sensors and other sensors jointly developed by General Motors and NASA.             911
• Figure 350. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables.   913
• Figure 351. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques.   916
• Figure 352. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 918
• Figure 353. 3D printed piezoelectric material.         919
• Figure 354. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR.      921
• Figure 355. Global Market for E-Textiles and Smart Apparel Electronics, 2018-2036 (Million Units).  923
• Figure 356. Global Market for E-Textiles and Smart Apparel Electronics, 2018-2036 (Millions USD).  925
• Figure 357. BioMan+.               929
• Figure 358. EXO Glove.            929
• Figure 359. LED hooded jacket.         933
• Figure 360. Heated element module.            934
• Figure 361. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest.            942
• Figure 362. Cionic Neural Sleeve.     944
• Figure 363. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.   947
• Figure 364. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket.         948
• Figure 365. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.            949
• Figure 366. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor.  958
• Figure 367. KiTT motion tracking knee sleeve.          960
• Figure 368. Healables app-controlled electrotherapy device.       966
• Figure 369. LumeoLoop device.         979
• Figure 370. Electroskin integration schematic.        985
• Figure 371. Nextiles’ compression garments.          987
• Figure 372. Nextiles e-fabric.               987
• Figure 373 .Nuada.    990
• Figure 374. Palarum PUP smart socks.         995
• Figure 375. Smardii smart diaper.    1006
• Figure 376. Softmatter compression garment.        1008
• Figure 377. Softmatter sports bra with a woven ECG sensor.         1008
• Figure 378. MoCap Pro Glove.             1010
• Figure 379. Teslasuit.                1014
• Figure 380. ZOZOFIT wearable at-home 3D body scanner.              1027
• Figure 381. YouCare smart shirt.       1028
• Figure 382. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in energy.             1032
• Figure 383. Examples of Flexible batteries on the market.               1033
• Figure 384. Stretchable lithium-ion battery for flexible electronics            1035
• Figure 385. Loomia E-textile.               1035
• Figure 386. BrightVolt battery.             1036
• Figure 387. ProLogium solid-state technology.        1037
• Figure 388. Amprius Li-ion batteries.              1038
• Figure 389. MOLEX thin-film battery.              1039
• Figure 390. Flexible batteries on the market.            1040
• Figure 391. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.            1043
• Figure 392. Types of flexible batteries.           1045
• Figure 393. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.      1046
• Figure 394. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures.    1048
• Figure 395. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs.     1051
• Figure 396. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f)                1052
• Figure 397. Origami disposable battery.       1053
• Figure 398. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt.    1055
• Figure 399. Various applications of printed paper batteries.          1056
• Figure 400.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.      1056
• Figure 401. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together.            1058
• Figure 402. Sakuú's Swift Print 3D-printed solid-state battery cells.         1069
• Figure 403. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III).                1070
• Figure 404. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.            1077
• Figure 405. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials.               1078
• Figure 406. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).          1080
• Figure 407. Stretchable lithium-air battery for wearable electronics.       1083
• Figure 408. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy. 1086
• Figure 409. Transparent batteries.    1090
• Figure 410. Degradable batteries.    1092
• Figure 411 . Fraunhofer IFAM printed electrodes.   1097
• Figure 412. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.          1097
• Figure 413. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.           1102
• Figure 414. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs. 1103
• Figure 415. Main printing methods for supercapacitors.  1115
• Figure 416. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 1124
• Figure 417. Origami-like silicon solar cells.                1125
• Figure 418. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper. 1126
• Figure 419. Concept of microwave-transparent heaters for automotive radars.               1129
• Figure 420. Defrosting and defogging transparent heater applications.  1130
• Figure 421. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2036 by type (Volume).              1142
• Figure 422. Global market for printed and flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2020-2036, millions of US dollars.  1144
• Figure 423. 3DOM battery.     1145
• Figure 424. AC biode prototype.        1147
• Figure 425. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).         1149
• Figure 426. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.             1150
• Figure 427. 3D printed lithium-ion battery. 1153
• Figure 428. TempTraq wearable patch.          1154
• Figure 429. SoftBattery®.        1156
• Figure 430. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.            1157
• Figure 431. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.               1159
• Figure 432. Exeger Powerfoyle.           1160
• Figure 433. 2D paper batteries.          1163
• Figure 434. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.     1164
• Figure 435. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery.          1165
• Figure 436. Ilika solid-state batteries.            1166
• Figure 437. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.               1167
• Figure 438. LiBEST flexible battery.  1170
• Figure 439. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology.    1172
• Figure 440. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 1174
• Figure 441. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.       1175
• Figure 442. Printed Energy flexible battery. 1178
• Figure 443. Printed battery.   1179
• Figure 444. ProLogium solid-state battery. 1180
• Figure 445. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery.   1182
• Figure 446. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries.                1183
• Figure 447. Grepow flexible battery.                1186

The Global Wearable Technology Market 2026-2036

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The Global Wearable Technology Market 2026-2036

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