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The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2026-2036

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  • Published: February 2026
  • Pages: 425
  • Tables: 174
  • Figures: 95

 

The electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) market represents one of the most significant emerging sectors in global transportation, positioned at the convergence of aerospace engineering, electric propulsion, battery technology, autonomous systems, and digital infrastructure. What began as a conceptual vision — catalysed by Uber Technologies' 2016 "Uber Elevate" announcement — has evolved into a multi-billion-dollar industry attracting investment from aerospace giants, automotive OEMs, technology companies, and sovereign wealth funds.

The market encompasses far more than the aircraft themselves. It is best understood through the "5As" ecosystem framework: Aircraft, Ancillary services (MRO), Airlines (operators), Airports (vertiport infrastructure), and Airspace (air traffic management). This integrated ecosystem generates opportunities across vehicle manufacturing, battery and propulsion supply, composite materials, charging infrastructure, pilot training, ground infrastructure, and regulatory certification.

The industry has coalesced around four principal eVTOL architectures. Multicopter designs (EHang, Volocopter) prioritise simplicity for short urban journeys. Lift+cruise configurations (BETA Technologies, Wisk Aero) separate vertical lift and forward flight for improved cruise efficiency. Vectored thrust designs — tiltrotor (Joby Aviation, Archer Aviation) and tiltwing (Lilium, Dufour Aerospace) — offer the greatest range and speed but increased complexity. The market is now scaling beyond small air taxis; Chinese start-up AutoFlight has demonstrated a five-tonne-class eVTOL carrying up to 10 passengers with 5,700 kg maximum take-off weight, validating that the technology can extend to regional travel, heavy logistics, and emergency response.

The AAM market addresses multiple journey types where eVTOL holds competitive advantage over ground transport: urban private hire (8–16 km), rural rideshare (40–80 km), sub-regional shuttle (100–160 km), cargo delivery (50–100 km), and air ambulance operations. Economic analysis demonstrates eVTOL solutions become most compelling at 40–160 km distances where ground congestion erodes speed advantages of surface transport.

The passenger UAM market is projected to grow from approximately US$1 billion around 2030 to US$90 billion annually by 2050, with 160,000 commercial passenger drones in operation worldwide. Investor confidence has been remarkable — funding in eVTOL startups grew from US$40 million in 2016 to US$907 million in the first half of 2020 alone, and in 2025 exceeded $6.5 billion. Four business model archetypes are emerging: system providers seeking vertical integration (Joby, Lilium), service providers (Droniq, Vodafone), hardware providers (Rolls-Royce, Skyports), and ticket brokers commoditising available flights.

Battery technology remains the foremost challenge: current lithium-ion cells deliver 250–300 Wh/kg, but commercially viable operations ultimately require 400–500+ Wh/kg. A roadmap from high-nickel NMC and silicon anodes through lithium-sulfur and solid-state batteries is expected to close this gap. Certification and regulation represent the single greatest determinant of market timing — EASA's SC-VTOL framework, the FAA's certification pathways, CAAC's low-altitude economy strategy, and the UK CAA's Future Flight Challenge programme are the principal regulatory frameworks. Type certification has proven more costly and time-consuming than projected, causing a series of postponed commercialisation targets across the industry.

The market is developing at different speeds globally. North America leads in OEM development and regulatory progress. Europe benefits from EASA's proactive framework. China is emerging as a potentially dominant market through national low-altitude economy policy. The Middle East is investing heavily as part of smart city strategies. New ground infrastructure — vertiports ranging from basic landing pads to full-service urban hubs — requires substantial investment ahead of fleet deployment, creating a "chicken and egg" challenge.

The eVTOL market is entering a critical phase. First commercial air taxi services are expected in 2026–2028, initially at premium price points with limited route networks. The subsequent decade will determine whether the industry achieves the scale economics, autonomous capability, and public acceptance necessary to transition from niche service to mass mobility solution.

The electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) market is poised for transformative growth over the next decade, driven by converging advances in battery technology, electric propulsion, autonomous systems, composite materials, and digital airspace infrastructure. This comprehensive market research report provides in-depth analysis of the entire eVTOL ecosystem — from aircraft architectures and total cost of ownership through to vertiport infrastructure, air traffic management, regulation, and 10-year market forecasts to 2036.

The report examines the market through the "5As" ecosystem framework providing a holistic assessment of the technologies, companies, investments, and regulatory frameworks shaping this emerging industry. With passenger UAM revenues projected to reach US$90 billion annually by 2050 and first commercial air taxi services expected from 2026–2028, the report delivers the market intelligence needed by investors, OEMs, suppliers, infrastructure developers, regulators, and strategic planners to navigate this rapidly evolving sector.

Four principal eVTOL architectures are assessed in detail — multicopter, lift+cruise, tiltwing, and tiltrotor — with specifications, performance benchmarks, and comparative analysis across range, speed, hover efficiency, noise, and certification complexity. Six journey use cases are modelled with full economic analysis comparing eVTOL against ground transport alternatives including robotaxis, covering urban private hire, rural rideshare, sub-regional shuttle, cargo delivery, and air ambulance operations.

The battery technology chapter provides extensive coverage of lithium-ion cathode and anode chemistries, silicon anodes, lithium-sulfur, solid-state batteries, and cell-to-pack architectures, with energy density roadmaps and cost trajectories to 2036. Dedicated chapters cover electric motors and propulsion systems (axial flux vs. radial flux, SiC power electronics), composite materials and lightweighting (CFRP, glass fibre, thermoplastics), charging standards (GEACS, CCS), and fuel cell and hybrid-electric powertrains.

Regulation and certification analysis spans EASA SC-VTOL, FAA Part 21/23/135, CAAC low-altitude economy policy, UK CAA Future Flight Challenge, and global certification timeline tracking. Regional market analysis covers North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa with regulatory comparison matrices and market entry timelines.

Report contents include:

  • Executive summary with key market metrics and forecast summaries
  • eVTOL architecture analysis: multicopter, lift+cruise, tiltwing, tiltrotor specifications and benchmarking
  • Six journey use case models with cost, time, and emissions comparisons
  • Total cost of ownership analysis with extensive sensitivity modelling
  • Funding, investment trends, business model archetypes, and consolidation outlook
  • Battery technology deep-dive: Li-ion, silicon anode, Li-S, solid-state, cost and energy density roadmaps
  • Electric motor and propulsion system analysis: axial flux, radial flux, power electronics
  • Composite materials: CFRP, supply chain, manufacturing challenges
  • Charging standards and energy infrastructure
  • Fuel cell and hybrid-electric propulsion systems
  • Autonomy roadmap, AI flight systems, sensor fusion, cybersecurity
  • Regulation and certification: EASA, FAA, CAAC, UK CAA, timeline tracking
  • Vertiport infrastructure: design concepts, forecasts, security requirements
  • Air traffic management and UTM/ATM integration
  • Public perception, noise impact, and social licence
  • Convergence with drones, eCTOL, robotaxis, MaaS, and China's low-altitude economy
  • Regional market analysis: six regions with regulatory comparison
  • 10-year market forecasts: unit sales, revenue, battery demand, vertiport deployment, workforce
  • Scenario analysis: conservative, base case, and optimistic
  • 174 tables, 95 figures, 120+ company profiles

 

Companies profiled (alphabetical order) include but are not limited to Acodyne, AeroMobil, Air (AIR), Airbus, AIREV, AltoVolo, Amprius, Archer Aviation, Ascendance Flight Technologies, Autoflight, Avolon, Bell Textron, BETA Technologies, BFT (Brighton Fibre Technologies), CATL, CORGAN, Cuberg (Northvolt), CycloTech, Daimler (Mercedes-Benz Group), Deutsche Flugsicherung, Deutsche Telekom, Diehl Aviation, Doosan Mobility Innovation, Doroni Aerospace, Dronamics, Droniq, Dufour Aerospace, EHang, Electric Power Systems (EPS), Elroy Air, Embention, EMRAX, Enpower Greentech, Enovix, ePropelled, ERC System, Eve Air Mobility, Factorial Energy, Geely, General Electric (GE Aerospace), GKN Aerospace, Group14 Technologies, Groupe ADP, H3X, HES Energy Systems, Hexcel, Honda, Honeywell, Hyundai Motor Group, Intelligent Energy, Ionblox, Jaunt Air Mobility, Joby Aviation, Lilium, Lyten, MAGicALL, magniX, MGM COMPRO, Molicel, Monumo, MVRDV, Natilus, Overair, OXIS Energy, Pipistrel/Textron eAviation, QuantumScape, Rolls-Royce and more.......

 

 

 

CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            26

  • 1.1        Report Scope and Objectives              26
  • 1.2        Defining eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility 27
  • 1.3        The AAM Ecosystem: The "5As" Framework — Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace       28
  • 1.4        Market Size and Growth Summary 2026–2036       30
  • 1.5        Key Market Drivers and Restraints   31
  • 1.6        Certification and Regulatory Progress Update         32
  • 1.7        eVTOL Unit Sales Forecast Summary (Units) 2026–2036 33
  • 1.8        eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast Summary (GWh) 2026–2036   34
  • 1.9        eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast Summary (US$ billion) 2026–2036       35
  • 1.10     Vertiport Infrastructure Forecast Summary               36
  • 1.11     Pilot and Workforce Requirements Forecast             37

 

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO eVTOL AND ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY           38

  • 2.1        What is an eVTOL Aircraft?    38
  • 2.2        From Urban Air Mobility (UAM) to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)    39
  • 2.3        Distributed Electric Propulsion: The Enabling Concept     40
  • 2.4        Advantages of AAM Networks             42
  • 2.5        eVTOL Applications: Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military         43
  • 2.6        Current General Aviation Aircraft: Helicopters and Fixed-Wing    44
  • 2.7        Why Helicopters Are Not Suitable for UAM at Scale             45
  • 2.8        Worldwide Helicopter Fleet and General Aviation Market Size      46
  • 2.9        What is Making eVTOL Possible Now?           47
  • 2.10     The AAM Value Chain and Emerging Ecosystem     48
  • 2.11     Key Issues, Challenges, and Constraints for eVTOL Air Taxis          49
  • 2.12     NASA: UAM Challenges and Constraints    50

 

CHAPTER 3: eVTOL ARCHITECTURES AND DESIGN          51

  • 3.1        World eVTOL Aircraft Directory and Geographical Distribution    51
  • 3.2        Main eVTOL Architectures Overview              53
  • 3.3        eVTOL Architecture Choice: Trade-Offs and Considerations         54
  • 3.4        Multicopter/Rotorcraft: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks  55
  • 3.5        Lift + Cruise: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks           56
  • 3.6        Vectored Thrust — Tiltwing: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks                57
  • 3.7        Vectored Thrust — Tiltrotor: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks                58
  • 3.8        Range and Cruise Speed Comparison Across Electric eVTOL Designs   59
  • 3.9        Hover Lift Efficiency, Disc Loading, and Cruise Efficiency by Architecture            60
  • 3.10     Complexity, Criticality, and Cruise Performance    61
  • 3.11     Comparative Assessment of eVTOL Architectures                62
  • 3.12     Manned and Unmanned eVTOL Test Flight Progress            63
  • 3.13     Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status 65

 

CHAPTER 4: JOURNEY USE CASES AND ROUTE OPTIMISATION              66

  • 4.1        Where eVTOL Has a Competitive Advantage Over Ground Transport       66
  • 4.2        Urban Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Taxi/Ride-Hailing (8–16 km)               67
  • 4.3        Rural Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Private Car (16–40 km)           68
  • 4.4        Rural Rideshare: eVTOL vs. Multiple Private Cars (40–80 km)       69
  • 4.5        Sub-Regional Shuttle: eVTOL vs. Rail (100–160 km)            70
  • 4.6        Cargo Delivery: eVTOL vs. Road Transport (Middle-Mile, 50–100 km)       71
  • 4.7        Air Ambulance: eVTOL vs. Helicopter Emergency Services (60–100 km) 72
  • 4.8        Multicopter eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km Journey Comparisons       73
  • 4.9        Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey         74
  • 4.10     Important Factors for Air Taxi Time Advantage         76
  • 4.11     Conclusions on Air Taxi Time Saving and Viable Use Cases            77
  • 4.12     eVTOL as an Urban Mass Mobility Solution: Feasibility Assessment        78

 

CHAPTER 5: TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS              79

  • 5.1        TCO Analysis Methodology   79
  • 5.2        eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison               80
  • 5.3        eVTOL Aircraft Upfront Cost Analysis (£3m–£5m Range) 81
  • 5.4        eVTOL Operational Fuel Cost Savings            82
  • 5.5        The Economic Value of Autonomous Flight               83
  • 5.6        TCO Analysis: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case)      84
  • 5.7        TCO Analysis: US$/15 km Trip — Multicopter eVTOL Design          85
  • 5.8        Sensitivity Analysis: Battery Cost and Performance            86
  • 5.9        Sensitivity Analysis: Upfront/Infrastructure Cost   87
  • 5.10     Sensitivity Analysis: Average Trip Length     88
  • 5.11     Sensitivity Analysis: Higher/Lower eVTOL Capital Costs  90
  • 5.12     Sensitivity Analysis: Reduced Flying Window and Increased Vertiport Travel Time         91
  • 5.13     Sensitivity Analysis: Earlier Autonomous Capability (2030 vs. 2035)       93
  • 5.14     Socio-Economic Impact Assessment: Direct and Indirect Benefits          94

 

CHAPTER 6: FUNDING, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS MODELS             96

  • 6.1        Air Mobility Funding Landscape: Historical and Current Trends  96
  • 6.2        eVTOL OEMs Attracting Large Funding Rounds       97
  • 6.3        Strategic Investors: Aerospace and Automotive OEMs      98
  • 6.4        eVTOL OEMs Will Have to Weather a Tougher Investor Climate    99
  • 6.5        eVTOL Commercial Interest: Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent      100
  • 6.6        Business Model Archetypes: System Providers, Service Providers, Hardware Providers, Ticket Brokers               102
  • 6.7        OEM Model vs. Vertically Integrated Model                103
  • 6.8        Consolidation and Shake-Out Outlook        104
  • 6.9        New Manufacturing Facilities and Production Plans           105
  • 6.10     Design for Manufacture (DfM) and High-Volume Production Challenges               106

 

CHAPTER 7: AEROSPACE AND AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS: eVTOL ACTIVITY     107

  • 7.1        Aerospace Companies eVTOL Involvement               107
  • 7.2        Composite Material Suppliers            109
  • 7.3        Supply Chain Structure: Insource vs. Outsource Models 111

 

CHAPTER 8: eVTOL OEM MARKET PLAYERS — COMPANY PROFILES    114

  • 8.1        Joby Aviation   114
  • 8.2        Archer Aviation (and Stellantis Partnership)              115
  • 8.3        Lilium  116
  • 8.4        Volocopter (VoloCity)               117
  • 8.5        Vertical Aerospace     118
  • 8.6        EHang 119
  • 8.7        Wisk Aero (Boeing-backed)  120
  • 8.8        Eve Air Mobility (Embraer)     121
  • 8.9        Supernal (Hyundai)   122
  • 8.10     BETA Technologies     123
  • 8.11     Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen) 124
  • 8.12     Bell Textron (Nexus and Experimental Concepts)  125
  • 8.13     SkyDrive            126
  • 8.14     Autoflight (Prosperity I)            127
  • 8.15     Jaunt Air Mobility         128
  • 8.16     Honda eVTOL 129
  • 8.17     Additional OEM Profiles          130
  • 8.18     Players' Planned Production Capacity Comparison            133
  • 8.19     Key Supplier Partnerships by OEM  134

 

CHAPTER 9: PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES SUPPORTING eVTOL DEVELOPMENT        136

  • 9.1        Uber Elevate Legacy and Joby Aviation         136
  • 9.2        US Air Force: Agility Prime     137
  • 9.3        NASA: Advanced Air Mobility Mission and National Campaign    138
  • 9.4        Groupe ADP eVTOL Test Area (Paris 2024 and Beyond)      139
  • 9.5        China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones and Low-Altitude Economy Initiative   140
  • 9.6        Favourable Policies and Regulations Supporting China's UAM     141
  • 9.7        K-UAM Grand Challenge: South Korea          142
  • 9.8        UK Future Flight Challenge (FFC) and CAA Initiatives          143
  • 9.9        NEOM and Middle Eastern AAM Investments           144
  • 9.10     Varon Vehicles: UAM in Latin America          145
  • 9.11     Global Urban Air Mobility Radar: 110+ Projects Worldwide            146

 

CHAPTER 10: BATTERIES FOR eVTOL             147

  • 10.1     Battery Specifics for eVTOLs: The Battery Trilemma            147
  • 10.2     eVTOL Battery Wish List and Requirements              149
  • 10.3     Importance of Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh/kg) for Aviation   151
  • 10.4     Li-ion Cathode and Anode Benchmarking for eVTOL           153
  • 10.5     Li-ion Timeline: Technology and Performance Evolution   155
  • 10.6     The Promise of Silicon Anodes for eVTOL Applications      157
  • 10.7     Aerospace Battery Pack Sizing and Energy Density Considerations          159
  • 10.8     Battery Specifications of Leading eVTOL OEMs      161
  • 10.9     eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rates        163
  • 10.10  Cell-to-Pack and Module Elimination Approaches               164
  • 10.11  Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Aviation             166
  • 10.12  Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Metal and Solid-State Batteries (SSB)      168
  • 10.13  Solid-State Battery Developers          169
  • 10.14  CATL Condensed Battery and Other Advanced Concepts               170
  • 10.15  Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: 2026–2036 (Wh/kg Roadmap)  172
  • 10.16  Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: NMC, NCA, LFP, SSB, Li-S     173
  • 10.17  Battery Fast Charging, Battery Swapping, and Distributed Modules         174
  • 10.18  eVTOL Battery Cost Analysis and Trajectory              175
  • 10.19  eVTOL Battery Supply Chain 176
  • 10.20  Key Battery Suppliers: Molicel, EPS, Amprius, Cuberg (Northvolt), Ionblox          177
  • 10.21  eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2036 (GWh)           178
  • 10.22  eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2036 (US$ million)           179

 

CHAPTER 11: CHARGING STANDARDS AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR eVTOL 181

  • 11.1     Competing Charging Standards in the AAM Market              181
  • 11.2     Global Electric Aviation Charging System (GEACS)              182
  • 11.3     BETA Technologies Charging (CCS-Based) 183
  • 11.4     EPS Charging Solutions          184
  • 11.5     Grid Power Requirements for Vertiport Charging   185
  • 11.6     Off-Grid and Renewable Energy Solutions for Remote Vertiports               187

 

CHAPTER 12: FUEL CELL AND HYBRID eVTOL        188

  • 12.1     Options for Hydrogen Use in Aviation            188
  • 12.2     Key Systems Needed for Hydrogen Aircraft                189
  • 12.3     Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for eVTOL 190
  • 12.4     Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape    191
  • 12.5     Fuel Cell eVTOL: Players and Specifications             192
  • 12.6     Challenges Hindering Hydrogen Aviation    194
  • 12.7     Conclusions for Hydrogen Fuel Cell eVTOL               195
  • 12.8     Hybrid Propulsion Systems: Series and Parallel Architectures      196
  • 12.9     Hybrid Systems Optimisation             197
  • 12.10  All-Electric Range vs. Fuel Cell and Hybrid Powertrains    198
  • 12.11  Hybrid Propulsion: Turbines and Piston Engines    199
  • 12.12  Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System 200
  • 12.13  Conclusions for Hybrid eVTOL            201
  •  

CHAPTER 13: ELECTRIC MOTORS AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS 202

  • 13.1     eVTOL Motor/Powertrain Requirements       202
  • 13.2     eVTOL Aircraft Motor Power Sizing and kW Estimates         203
  • 13.3     Electric Motors and Distributed Electric Propulsion            204
  • 13.4     Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL Design            205
  • 13.5     Electric Motor Designs: Summary of Traction Motor Types              207
  • 13.6     Motor Efficiency Comparison: PMSM vs. BLDC      208
  • 13.7     Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motors       209
  • 13.8     Why Axial Flux Motors for eVTOL?     210
  • 13.9     List of Axial Flux Motor Players and Benchmark      211
  • 13.10  Key Motor Suppliers: YASA, Rolls-Royce/Siemens, EMRAX, magniX, H3X, MAGicALL, SAFRAN                212
  • 13.11  Power Density and Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation       213
  • 13.12  Power Electronics: SiC MOSFETs and High-Voltage Platforms for eVTOL               214

 

CHAPTER 14: COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND LIGHTWEIGHTING  216

  • 14.1     The Importance of Lightweighting in eVTOL Design              216
  • 14.2     Comparison of Lightweight Materials            217
  • 14.3     Introduction to Composite Materials: Fibres, Resins, and Reinforcements         218
  • 14.4     Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) for eVTOL            220
  • 14.5     Glass Fibres and Thermoplastic Composites          222
  • 14.6     eVTOL Composite Material Requirements  223
  • 14.7     Supply Chain for Composite Manufacturers            225
  • 14.8     Key eVTOL-Composite Partnerships              226
  • 14.9     Key Challenges for Composites in High-Volume eVTOL Production          227

 

CHAPTER 15: AUTONOMY, AVIONICS, AND SOFTWARE   228

  • 15.1     The Roadmap from Piloted to Autonomous eVTOL Flight 228
  • 15.2     Pilot Demand and Skill Level Evolution: 2026–2036            230
  • 15.3     Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems      232
  • 15.4     Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Capabilities  233
  • 15.5     AI-Powered Autonomous Flight Systems     234
  • 15.6     Software-Defined Approaches for eVTOL: Lessons from the Automotive SDV Transition           235
  • 15.7     Sensor Fusion and Perception Systems for eVTOL                236
  • 15.8     Cybersecurity and Counter-AAM Considerations  237

 

CHAPTER 16: REGULATION AND CERTIFICATION 238

  • 16.1     Overview of the eVTOL Certification Landscape    238
  • 16.2     European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)      240
  • 16.3     EASA Special Condition: SC-VTOL and Certification Categories 241
  • 16.4     EASA EUROCAE Working Groups     242
  • 16.5     US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certification Pathways               243
  • 16.6     Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and Low-Altitude Economy Policy            244
  • 16.7     UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and FFC Alignment with EASA/FAA        245
  • 16.8     National Aviation Authority (NAA) Network: UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, USA              246
  • 16.9     Design Organisation Authorisation (DOA) and Production Organisation Authorisation (POA)  247
  • 16.10  Air Operator Certificates (AOC) and Airline Regulatory Requirements     248
  • 16.11  Companies Pursuing eVTOL Development and Regulatory Approval: Status Tracker     249
  • 16.12  Pilot Licensing and Training Requirements Evolution          250
  • 16.13  Noise, Environmental, and Safety Regulations        251
  • 16.14  When Will the First eVTOL Air Taxis Launch? Slipping Timelines Assessment    252

 

CHAPTER 17: VERTIPORT AND GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE        253

  • 17.1     eVTOL Infrastructure Requirements: Overview       253
  • 17.2     Vertiport Concepts: From Basic Pads to Full-Service Hubs            255
  • 17.3     Vertiport Nodal Network Design        257
  • 17.4     Companies Developing Vertiports   258
  • 17.5     Vertiport Design Concepts: CORGAN Skyport, MVRDV, Hyundai Future Mobility Vision             259
  • 17.6     Lilium Scalable Vertiports     261
  • 17.7     BETA Technologies Recharge Pads  262
  • 17.8     EHang E-Port  263
  • 17.9     Vertiport Technical Challenges: Real Estate, Planning Permission, Multi-Type Accommodation                264
  • 17.10  Vertiport Security: Biometric Processing, Baggage Handling, Counter-Drone    265
  • 17.11  Vertiport Forecast: Units Required 2026–2036       266
  • 17.12  The "Chicken and Egg" Problem: Vertiports Before Certified Aircraft        267

 

CHAPTER 18: AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND AIRSPACE INTEGRATION           268

  • 18.1     eVTOL Urban Air Traffic Management (UATM) Requirements         268
  • 18.2     UTM/ATM Integration: Combining Manned and Unmanned Traffic             270
  • 18.3     NASA/FAA UAM Concept of Operations (ConOps)               271
  • 18.4     European UTM Frameworks and Standardisation 272
  • 18.5     Communication Infrastructure: 5G, Low-Latency Networks, and Redundancy 273
  • 18.6     Digital Infrastructure and Drone Operation Centres             274
  • 18.7     Global Fragmentation of UTM Standards    275

 

CHAPTER 19: PUBLIC PERCEPTION, SAFETY, AND SOCIAL LICENCE     276

  • 19.1     Public Acceptance of AAM: Survey Data and Trends           276
  • 19.2     EASA Perception Studies       277
  • 19.3     UK Public Perception of Drones and AAM   278
  • 19.4     Safety and Security Considerations               279
  • 19.5     Noise Impact and Community Concerns    280
  • 19.6     Building Social Licence: Engagement Strategies and Government Initiatives     281
  • 19.7     The Role of Commercial Drone Operations in Normalising Future Aviation          282

 

CHAPTER 20: CONVERGENCE WITH ADJACENT MARKETS            284

  • 20.1     eVTOL and the Broader Drone Market: Convergence of Platforms              284
  • 20.2     Cargo Drones and Large Autonomous Aircraft         285
  • 20.3     Electric Conventional Take-Off and Landing (eCTOL) Aircraft        286
  • 20.4     Software-Defined Vehicles and Cross-Over Technologies               287
  • 20.5     Autonomous Ground Vehicle (Robotaxi) Competition and Complementarity    288
  • 20.6     Multimodal Transport Integration and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS)        289
  • 20.7     The Low-Altitude Economy: China's Strategic Framework               290

 

CHAPTER 21: REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS            291

  • 21.1     North America: United States and Canada               291
  • 21.2     Europe: EU, UK, and EFTA      294
  • 21.3     Asia-Pacific: China, South Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia         295
  • 21.4     Middle East: UAE, Saudi Arabia (NEOM), and Gulf States 296
  • 21.5     Latin America 297
  • 21.6     Africa   298
  • 21.7     Regional Regulatory Comparison and Market Entry Timelines      299

 

CHAPTER 22: MARKET FORECASTS 2026–2036    300

  • 22.1     Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2036 (Units) 300
  • 22.2     eVTOL Sales Forecast by Region/Economy Size (Units)     301
  • 22.3     eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type               302
  • 22.4     eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application (Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military) 304
  • 22.5     Replacement Demand vs. New Demand: Fleet Lifecycle Analysis            305
  • 22.6     eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2036 (GWh)          306
  • 22.7     Average eVTOL Battery Size Forecast 2026–2036  307
  • 22.8     eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2036 (US$ million)           308
  • 22.9     eVTOL Air Taxi Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2036 (US$ billion)             309
  • 22.10  Average eVTOL Price Forecast 2026–2036 310
  • 22.11  Vertiport Infrastructure Forecast 2026–2036 (Units and Investment)       311
  • 22.12  Pilot and Workforce Demand Forecast 2026–2036              312
  • 22.13  AAM Ancillary Services Market Forecast (MRO, Operations, Digital Infrastructure)        314
  • 22.14  Scenario Analysis: Conservative, Base Case, and Optimistic       316

 

CHAPTER 23: COMPANY PROFILES                317

  • 23.1     eVTOL OEM Profiles   317 (35 company profiles)
  • 23.2     Aerospace Tier 1 Suppliers with eVTOL Activity       348 (6 company profiles)
  • 23.3     Battery and Energy Storage Suppliers            355 (20 company profiles)
  • 23.4     Electric Motor and Propulsion System Suppliers   375 (9 company profiles)
  • 23.5     Composite Material and Lightweighting Suppliers                384 (5 company profiles)
  • 23.6     Vertiport and Infrastructure Developers       390 (7 company profiles)
  • 23.7     Air Traffic Management and Digital Infrastructure Providers           397 (6 company profiles)
  • 23.8     Automotive OEMs with eVTOL Investments               403 (6 company profiles)
  • 23.9     Aircraft Leasing and Fleet Operators              409
  • 23.10  Cargo Drone and Convergent AAM Companies      410 (6 company profiles)
  • 23.11  Charging Infrastructure Providers     416 (2 company profiles)
  • 23.12  Hydrogen and Fuel Cell System Suppliers  418 (3 company profiles)

 

CHAPTER 24:          APPENDICES  423

  • 24.1     Appendix A — Assumptions and Modelling Parameters    423
  • 24.2     Appendix B — Glossary of Terms and Acronyms    423
  • 24.3     Appendix C — eVTOL Aircraft Directory: Full Specifications Database   423
  • 24.4     Appendix D — Regulatory Framework Comparison Table 423

 

25          REFERENCES 423

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Key Definitions: eVTOL, UAM, AAM, and Related Terminology    27
  • Table 2. Global eVTOL and AAM Market Summary: Key Metrics 2026–2036        30
  • Table 3. Key Market Drivers and Restraints Summary         31
  • Table 4. eVTOL Certification Status Tracker: Leading OEMs (as of 2026) 33
  • Table 5. Pilot Skill Level Evolution: 2026–2030, 2030–2034, 2035–2036 37
  • Table 6. Advantages of AAM Networks vs. Traditional Aviation and Ground Transport   42
  • Table 7. eVTOL Application Categories: Capacity, Range, and Distance Profiles              43
  • Table 8. GAMA General Aviation Helicopter Sales and Market Size            44
  • Table 9. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region       44
  • Table 10. GAMA General Aviation Airplane Sales by Type  44
  • Table 11. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Comparison: Noise, Cost, Emissions, Complexity         45
  • Table 12. AAM Ecosystem Participant Map: Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace             48
  • Table 13. Key Challenges for eVTOL Air Taxis: Technical, Regulatory, Economic, Social               49
  • Table 14. World eVTOL Aircraft Directory: Number of Concepts by Region           52
  • Table 15. eVTOL Architecture Selection Criteria: Range, Speed, Complexity, Noise, Efficiency              54
  • Table 16. Multicopter/Rotorcraft Key Player Specifications (Range, Speed, Payload, Passengers)       55
  • Table 17. Benefits and Drawbacks of Multicopter Architecture     55
  • Table 18. Lift + Cruise Key Player Specifications     57
  • Table 19. Benefits and Drawbacks of Lift + Cruise Architecture    57
  • Table 20. Tiltwing Key Player Specifications               58
  • Table 21. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltwing Architecture             58
  • Table 22. Tiltrotor Key Player Specifications              58
  • Table 23. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltrotor Architecture             58
  • Table 24. Comprehensive Comparison of eVTOL Architectures: Multicopter, Lift+Cruise, Tiltwing, Tiltrotor              62
  • Table 25. Manned Air Taxi eVTOL Test Flights: Dates, OEMs, Outcomes 64
  • Table 26. Unmanned Air Taxi eVTOL Model Test Flights      64
  • Table 27. Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status by OEM         65
  • Table 28. Urban Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison 67
  • Table 29. Rural Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison   68
  • Table 30. Rural Rideshare Cost, Time, and Emissions Comparison          69
  • Table 31. Sub-Regional Shuttle Cost, Time, and Distance Comparison (12-seat eVTOL)            70
  • Table 32. Cargo Delivery Cost and Emissions Comparison (350 kg payload)      71
  • Table 33. Air Ambulance Cost, Response Time, and CO₂ Comparison   72
  • Table 34. eVTOL Multicopter vs. Robotaxi: Journey Time and Cost at 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km          73
  • Table 35. Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey Breakdown        74
  • Table 36. Summary of Use Case Viability by Journey Type and Distance                77
  • Table 37. eVTOL Mass Mobility Feasibility Scorecard          78
  • Table 38. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison (US$/flight hour)   80
  • Table 39. eVTOL Aircraft Price Estimates by OEM and Architecture            81
  • Table 40. eVTOL Fuel Cost Savings vs. Conventional Aviation       82
  • Table 41. Piloted vs. Autonomous eVTOL Cost Impact (US$/trip)                83
  • Table 42. TCO Breakdown: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case)          84
  • Table 43. TCO Breakdown: US$/15 km Trip (Multicopter)  85
  • Table 44. TCO Impact: £3m vs. £5m vs. £182k eVTOL Capital Cost Scenarios   90
  • Table 45. Sensitivity Analysis: Decreased eVTOL Lifetime (10 Years vs. 5 Years)               91
  • Table 46. TCO Impact of 10-Year vs. 5-Year eVTOL Lifetime             91
  • Table 47. Economic Impact of Autonomous Capability in 2030 vs. 2035               93
  • Table 48. Annual and Aggregate Socio-Economic Impact by Use Case  94
  • Table 49. Largest eVTOL Funding Rounds to Date: Company, Round, Amount, Lead Investors               97
  • Table 50. Strategic Automotive and Aerospace Investors in eVTOL            98
  • Table 51. eVTOL Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent by OEM (Units and Value)       100
  • Table 52. Business Model Archetype Characteristics and Value Propositions   102
  • Table 53. Comparison of OEM vs. Vertically Integrated Business Models              103
  • Table 54. Planned eVTOL Manufacturing Facilities: Location, Capacity, OEM, Timeline              105
  • Table 55. Production Volume Targets by OEM and Year     106
  • Table 56. Key Single-Source Component Risks in eVTOL Supply Chains               112
  • Table 57. Agility Prime Participating Companies and Aircraft         137
  • Table 58. China Low-Altitude Economy: Key Policy Milestones and Designated Test Zones      141
  • Table 59. China UAM Policy and Regulatory Support Framework 141
  • Table 60. UK FFC Funded AAM Projects        143
  • Table 61. Middle Eastern AAM Investment Summary (NEOM, UAE, Saudi Arabia)           144
  • Table 62. eVTOL Battery Wish List: Target Specifications  149
  • Table 63. Airbus Minimum Battery Requirements for eVTOL           149
  • Table 64. Uber Air Proposed Battery Requirements              149
  • Table 65. Li-ion Cathode Chemistry Benchmark: NMC, NCA, LFP              153
  • Table 66. Li-ion Anode Chemistry Benchmark: Graphite, Silicon, Lithium Metal              153
  • Table 67. Silicon Anode Technology Status and Commercialisation Timeline    157
  • Table 68. Battery Pack Size and Weight by eVTOL OEM      159
  • Table 69. Battery Specifications by eVTOL OEM: Chemistry, Capacity (kWh), Energy Density (Wh/kg), Supplier             161
  • Table 70. Gravimetric Energy Density Improvement from Module Elimination   164
  • Table 71. Li-S Battery Value Proposition for eVTOL Aviation            166
  • Table 72. Li-S Battery Performance Characteristics vs. Li-ion for Aviation Applications               166
  • Table 73. Solid-State Battery Technology Approaches: Ceramic, Sulfide, Polymer, Hybrid        168
  • Table 74. Thin Film vs. Bulk Solid-State Battery Comparison         168
  • Table 75. Solid-State Battery Developer Comparison: Technology, Electrolyte Type, Manufacturing Status, Energy Density, Key Partnerships, Target Markets 169
  • Table 76. CATL Condensed Battery Specifications and Aviation Applicability    171
  • Table 77. Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: Energy Density by Chemistry 2024–2036    172
  • Table 78. Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: Energy Density, Cycle Life, Cost, Safety, Readiness                173
  • Table 79. Charging Strategy Comparison: Fast Charging vs. Battery Swapping vs. Distributed Modules                174
  • Table 80. eVTOL Battery Cost Projections by Chemistry    175
  • Table 81. Key Battery Supplier Profiles: Product, Technology, eVTOL Customers             177
  • Table 82. eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast Data Table (GWh)       178
  • Table 83. eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast Data Table      179
  • Table 84. Competing eVTOL Charging Standards Comparison: GEACS, CCS, Proprietary         181
  • Table 85. Estimated Grid Power Requirements by Vertiport Size (kW/MW)           185
  • Table 86. Key Systems Required for Hydrogen eVTOL Aircraft        189
  • Table 87. PEM Fuel Cell Specifications for eVTOL Applications    190
  • Table 88. Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape: Fuel Cell and Combustion 191
  • Table 89. Fuel Cell eVTOL Players: Aircraft, FC System, Range, Payload 193
  • Table 90. Major Challenges for Hydrogen eVTOL: Infrastructure, Storage, Cost, Safety                194
  • Table 91. Comparison of Technology Options: Battery, Fuel Cell, Hybrid               195
  • Table 92. All-Electric Range Comparison: BEV, Fuel Cell, Series Hybrid, Parallel Hybrid             198
  • Table 93. Turbine vs. Piston Engine Hybrid Options for eVTOL       199
  • Table 94. Hybrid eVTOL SWOT Analysis       201
  • Table 95. eVTOL Motor and Powertrain Key Requirements               202
  • Table 96. eVTOL Power Requirement Estimates by Architecture and MTOW (kW)           203
  • Table 97. Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL OEM and Architecture     206
  • Table 98. Summary of Traction Motor Types: PMSM, BLDC, Induction, SRM       207
  • Table 99. Comparison of Traction Motor Construction and Merits              207
  • Table 100. Motor Efficiency Comparison Across Operating Range             208
  • Table 101. Differences Between PMSM and BLDC Motors               208
  • Table 102. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Comparison: Power Density, Torque, Weight, Cost               209
  • Table 103. Axial Flux Motor Advantages for eVTOL Applications  210
  • Table 104. Axial Flux Motor Player List and Key Product Specifications   211
  • Table 105. Key Motor Supplier Profiles for eVTOL Applications     212
  • Table 106. Power Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (kW/kg)         213
  • Table 107. Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (Nm/kg)       213
  • Table 108. SiC vs. Si IGBT Inverter Comparison for eVTOL                214
  • Table 109. Comparison of Lightweight Materials: Aluminium, Titanium, CFRP, GFRP   217
  • Table 110. Comparison of Relative Fibre Properties             218
  • Table 111. Resins Overview and Property Comparison: Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics            218
  • Table 112. Glass Fibre and Thermoplastic Composite Applications in eVTOL    222
  • Table 113. eVTOL Composite Material Requirements: Structural, Aerodynamic, Fire Resistance         223
  • Table 114. eVTOL-Composite Supplier Partnership Matrix               226
  • Table 115. Key Challenges for Composite Manufacturing at eVTOL Scale             227
  • Table 116. Autonomy Level Definitions for eVTOL Aircraft                228
  • Table 117. Pilot Skill Level Requirements by Time Period  230
  • Table 118. DAA Technology Options for eVTOL: Radar, Lidar, Optical, ADS-B      232
  • Table 119. BVLOS Enablement Status by Region   233
  • Table 120. SDV Technology Transfer from Automotive to eVTOL   235
  • Table 121. Cybersecurity Threat Categories for eVTOL and UTM Systems             237
  • Table 122. EASA eVTOL Certification Framework Summary           240
  • Table 123. EASA SC-VTOL Certification Categories: Basic, Standard, Enhanced             241
  • Table 124. FAA Certification Pathway for eVTOL: Part 21, Part 23, Part 135          244
  • Table 125. CAAC Drone/eVTOL Classification System by Weight Category           245
  • Table 126. China Low-Altitude Economy Key Policy Milestones   245
  • Table 127. UK CAA eVTOL Regulatory Activity Summary   245
  • Table 128. DOA and POA Status by eVTOL OEM     247
  • Table 129. eVTOL Regulatory Approval Status Tracker: OEM, Authority, Status, Expected Date              249
  • Table 130. Pilot Licensing Framework for eVTOL by Jurisdiction   250
  • Table 131. Noise Level Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter (dBA)                251
  • Table 132. OEM Launch Timeline Slippage Analysis            252
  • Table 133. Vertiport Tier Classification: Basic Landing Pad, Standard Terminal, Full-Service Hub        256
  • Table 134. Vertiport Developer Profiles: Company, Projects, Status, Key Partnerships 258
  • Table 135. Key Vertiport Technical and Logistical Challenges       264
  • Table 136. Vertiport Security Technology Requirements   265
  • Table 137. Estimated Vertiport Requirements by Region 2030, 2035, 2036         266
  • Table 138. Key UTM/ATM System Requirements for AAM  270
  • Table 139. UTM Standardisation Organisations Worldwide            272
  • Table 140. Communication Technology Requirements for AAM: 4G/5G, Satellite, Dedicated Aviation                273
  • Table 141. Global UTM Framework Comparison: USA, EU, China, UK, Japan, South Korea       275
  • Table 142. EASA UAM Perception Study Key Findings         277
  • Table 143. UK Public Support Levels by Use Case: Flying Taxis, Air Ambulance, Cargo Delivery             278
  • Table 144. Safety and Security Considerations for eVTOL Operations     279
  • Table 145. Noise Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter vs. Ground Vehicles (dBA at Distance)   280
  • Table 146. Social Licence Building Strategies and UK FFC Initiatives       281
  • Table 147. Drone-UAM Convergence: Traditional Drones, Cargo Drones, Small UAM Comparison     284
  • Table 148. Large Cargo Drone Development Programs: Dronamics, Elroy Air, Windracers, Natilus, Pipistrel, Sabrewing  286
  • Table 149. eCTOL vs. eVTOL: Range, Payload, Infrastructure Requirements Comparison          286
  • Table 150. SDV Technology Transfer to eVTOL: OTA Updates, AI, Sensor Fusion, Digital Twins               287
  • Table 151. eVTOL vs. Robotaxi Competitive and Complementary Positioning by Distance        288
  • Table 152. China Low-Altitude Economy: Market Size Projections and Policy Framework          290
  • Table 153. North America AAM Market Overview: Regulatory Status, Key OEMs, Planned Routes, Infrastructure 291
  • Table 154. US eVTOL Planned Route Networks and Vertiport Locations 291
  • Table 155. European AAM Market Overview: EASA/CAA Status, OEMs, Initiatives           294
  • Table 156. Asia-Pacific AAM Market Overview by Country               295
  • Table 157. Middle Eastern AAM Investment and Infrastructure Plans      296
  • Table 158. Latin America AAM Market Status            297
  • Table 159. African AAM Potential: Key Markets and Challenges   298
  • Table 160. Regional Regulatory Comparison Matrix: FAA, EASA, CAAC, CAA, JCAB, KOCA        299
  • Table 161. Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2036 (Units)         300
  • Table 162. eVTOL Sales Forecast by World Bank Country Wealth Definition (Units)       301
  • Table 163. eVTOL Sales by Architecture: Multicopter, Lift+Cruise, Vectored Thrust        302
  • Table 164. eVTOL Sales by Application Segment 2026–2036        304
  • Table 165. Cumulative eVTOL Fleet Size and Replacement Cycle (10-Year Lifetime)     305
  • Table 166. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2036 (GWh)  306
  • Table 167. Average eVTOL Battery Size by Architecture Type          307
  • Table 168. eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2036 (US$ million)  308
  • Table 169. eVTOL Air Taxi Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2036 (US$ billion)     309
  • Table 170. Vertiport Infrastructure Forecast: Cumulative Units and Capital Investment by Region      311
  • Table 171. Cumulative eVTOL and Pilot Forecast 2026–2036        312
  • Table 172. Workforce Requirements Beyond Pilots: Engineers, Ground Crew, MRO Technicians          312
  • Table 173. AAM Ancillary Services Market Forecast 2026–2036 (US$ million)   314
  • Table 174. Scenario Comparison: Conservative (2.5% S-curve), Base Case (5% S-curve), Optimistic (7.5% S-curve)              316

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. The AAM "5As" Ecosystem Framework     28
  • Figure 2. The Advanced Air Mobility Ecosystem Value Chain         28
  • Figure 3. Global AAM Market Revenue 2026–2036 (US$ billion)   30
  • Figure 4. Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2036 (Units)             34
  • Figure 5. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2036 (GWh)     34
  • Figure 6. eVTOL Air Taxi Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2036 (US$ billion)         35
  • Figure 7. Cumulative Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2036 (Units)              36
  • Figure 8. Cumulative eVTOL and Pilot Forecast 2026–2036           37
  • Figure 9. Anatomy of a Typical eVTOL Aircraft           38
  • Figure 10. Evolution from UAM to AAM: Expanding Scope and Applications        39
  • Figure 11. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration Examples          41
  • Figure 12. The Advanced Air Mobility Value Chain 48
  • Figure 13. Multicopter Flight Modes: Hover, Transition, Cruise     55
  • Figure 14. Lift + Cruise Flight Modes               57
  • Figure 15. Tiltwing Flight Modes         58
  • Figure 16. Tiltrotor Flight Modes        58
  • Figure 17. Hover Lift Efficiency and Disc Loading by eVTOL Architecture               60
  • Figure 18. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison by Architecture Type             60
  • Figure 19. Rural Private Hire Journey Schematic     68
  • Figure 20. Rural Rideshare Journey Schematic        69
  • Figure 21. Sub-Regional Shuttle Journey Schematic: eVTOL vs. Rail         70
  • Figure 22. Cargo Delivery Journey Schematic: eVTOL vs. Van        71
  • Figure 23. Air Ambulance Journey Schematic: eVTOL vs. EC135 Helicopter        72
  • Figure 24. TCO Waterfall Chart: US$/50 km Trip      84
  • Figure 25. TCO Sensitivity to Battery Cost (US$/kWh) and Energy Density (Wh/kg)         86
  • Figure 26. Expected Industry Consolidation Timeline         104
  • Figure 27. Insource (Joby) vs. Outsource (Vertical Aerospace) Supply Chain Models    111
  • Figure 28. Agility Prime: Advanced Air Mobility Ecosystem              137
  • Figure 29. China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones Map   141
  • Figure 30. Li-ion Battery Timeline: Technology and Performance 2010–2036     155
  • Figure 31. Energy Density Roadmap: Graphite → Silicon Composite → Pure Silicon Anodes      157
  • Figure 32. Conventional Pack vs. Cell-to-Pack Design for eVTOL 164
  • Figure 33. Li-S Battery SWOT Analysis          166
  • Figure 34. Li-S Battery Market Value Chain 166
  • Figure 35. Lithium-Metal Battery SWOT Analysis   168
  • Figure 36. Battery Energy Density Roadmap 2024–2036 (Wh/kg): LiPo, Silicon Anode, Solid-State, Li-S, Li-Air    172
  • Figure 37. Battery Chemistry Radar Chart Comparison for eVTOL              173
  • Figure 38. eVTOL Battery Cost Trajectory 2024–2036 (US$/kWh) 175
  • Figure 39. eVTOL Battery Supply Chain: Raw Materials → Cell Manufacturing → Pack Assembly → OEM Integration       176
  • Figure 40. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2036 (GWh)   178
  • Figure 41. eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2036 (US$ million)   179
  • Figure 42. GEACS Architecture and Connector Specification        183
  • Figure 43. BETA Technologies Charging Network Concept               184
  • Figure 44. Hydrogen Use Options in Aviation: Combustion, Fuel Cell, Hybrid     188
  • Figure 45. Series vs. Parallel Hybrid Propulsion Architectures       196
  • Figure 46. Hybrid System Power/Energy Optimisation Curve         197
  • Figure 47. Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System Schematic                200
  • Figure 48. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration and Motor Placement                204
  • Figure 49. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Construction   209
  • Figure 50. Yoked vs. Yokeless Axial Flux Motor Configurations      210
  • Figure 51. Inverter Power Density Improvement Timeline 214
  • Figure 52. CFRP Supply Chain for eVTOL Manufacturing  221
  • Figure 53. Composite Material Supply Chain: Fibre → Prepreg → Layup → Curing → Assembly   225
  • Figure 54. Autonomy Roadmap: Piloted → Supervised → Remote Pilot → Fully Autonomous      228
  • Figure 55. AI Autonomous Flight System Architecture        234
  • Figure 56. Typical Sensor Suite for eVTOL: Cameras, Radar, LiDAR, Ultrasonic, ADS-B                236
  • Figure 57. FAA eVTOL Certification Process Flow   244
  • Figure 58. eVTOL Certification Timeline: Expected Type Certificate Dates by OEM         249
  • Figure 59. eVTOL Commercial Launch Timeline: Original Targets vs. Current Expectations      252
  • Figure 60. Vertiport Infrastructure Ecosystem: Physical, Digital, Energy 254
  • Figure 61. Vertiport Tier Concepts: Rural Pad, Suburban Terminal, Urban Hub  256
  • Figure 62. Vertiport Nodal Network Configuration 257
  • Figure 63. CORGAN Stacked Skyport Concept        261
  • Figure 64. CORGAN Mega Skyport Concept              261
  • Figure 65. CORGAN Uber Skyport Mobility Hub 2018 and 2019 Concepts            261
  • Figure 66. Hyundai Future Mobility Urban Vision   261
  • Figure 67. Lilium Scalable Vertiport Design               262
  • Figure 68. BETA Technologies Recharge Pad Network         262
  • Figure 69. EHang E-Port Infrastructure Concept     263
  • Figure 70. Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2036       266
  • Figure 71. UATM System Architecture: Ground Systems, Airborne Systems, Communications             269
  • Figure 72. UTM/ATM Integration Layers         270
  • Figure 73. NASA/FAA UAM ConOps 1.0 Framework              271
  • Figure 74. Digital Infrastructure for AAM: Drone Operations Centre Architecture             275
  • Figure 75. Drone-to-UAM Convergence Trajectory 284
  • Figure 76. MaaS Integration Model: Ground Transport → Vertiport → eVTOL → Vertiport → Ground Transport          289
  • Figure 77. Asia-Pacific UAM Project Distribution    295
  • Figure 78. Expected eVTOL Commercial Service Launch Timeline by Region     299
  • Figure 79. Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast Chart 2026–2036            300
  • Figure 80. eVTOL Sales by Region: North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, RoW     301
  • Figure 81. Architecture Market Share Evolution 2026–2036           303
  • Figure 82. eVTOL Sales by Application: Stacked Area Chart           304
  • Figure 83. Total Annual eVTOL Demand: Replacement of Legacy eVTOLs vs. New Demand     305
  • Figure 84. eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2036 (GWh)   306
  • Figure 85. Average eVTOL Battery Size Trend 2026–2036 (kWh)   307
  • Figure 86. eVTOL Battery Revenue Forecast Chart 308
  • Figure 87. eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast Chart 309
  • Figure 88. Average eVTOL Unit Price Trajectory 2026–2036 (US$ million)              310
  • Figure 89. Vertiport Cumulative Deployment and Investment 2026–2036            311
  • Figure 90. Cumulative eVTOLs and Pilots Forecast 2026–2036   312
  • Figure 91. AAM Ecosystem Revenue Breakdown: Aircraft, Batteries, Infrastructure, Services  315
  • Figure 92. eVTOL Market Revenue Scenarios: Conservative, Base, Optimistic (2026–2036)    316
  • Figure 93. Acodyne rendering              318
  • Figure 94. ERC System's Romeo eVTOL prototype during flight testing near Munich, Germany              332
  • Figure 95. M1B cargo-carrying eVTOL aircraft.         342

 

 

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The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2026-2036
The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2026-2036
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The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2026-2036
The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2026-2036
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