The Global Quantum Technology Industry 2025: Technologies, Markets, Investments and Opportunities

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            23

• 1.1        Quantum Technologies Market in 2025: Surge in Investment         23
• 1.2        First and second quantum revolutions         24
• 1.3        Current quantum technology market landscape   24
  • 1.3.1    Key developments      25
• 1.4        Quantum Technologies Investment Landscape     26
  • 1.4.1    Total market investments 2012-2025            26
  • 1.4.2    By technology                36
  • 1.4.3    By company    37
  • 1.4.4    By region           37
    • 1.4.4.1 The Quantum Market in North America        38
    • 1.4.4.2 The Quantum Market in Asia               38
    • 1.4.4.3 The Quantum Market in Europe         38
• 1.5        Global government initiatives and funding 39
• 1.6        Market developments 2020-2025    41
• 1.7        Challenges for quantum technologies adoption    50

2             QUANTUM COMPUTING        52

• 2.1        What is quantum computing?            52
  • 2.1.1    Operating principle    53
  • 2.1.2    Classical vs quantum computing    54
  • 2.1.3    Quantum computing technology      56
    • 2.1.3.1 Quantum emulators  58
    • 2.1.3.2 Quantum inspired computing            59
    • 2.1.3.3 Quantum annealing computers        59
    • 2.1.3.4 Quantum simulators 59
    • 2.1.3.5 Digital quantum computers 59
    • 2.1.3.6 Continuous variables quantum computers               60
    • 2.1.3.7 Measurement Based Quantum Computing (MBQC)           60
    • 2.1.3.8 Topological quantum computing      60
    • 2.1.3.9 Quantum Accelerator               60
  • 2.1.4    Competition from other technologies           60
  • 2.1.5    Quantum algorithms 63
    • 2.1.5.1 Quantum Software Stack      63
    • 2.1.5.2 Quantum Machine Learning 64
    • 2.1.5.3 Quantum Simulation 65
    • 2.1.5.4 Quantum Optimization           65
    • 2.1.5.5 Quantum Cryptography          65
      • 2.1.5.5.1           Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)      66
      • 2.1.5.5.2           Post-Quantum Cryptography             66
  • 2.1.6    Hardware          67
    • 2.1.6.1 Qubit Technologies    68
      • 2.1.6.1.1           Superconducting Qubits        69
        • 2.1.6.1.1.1      Technology description           69
        • 2.1.6.1.1.2      Materials           71
        • 2.1.6.1.1.3      Market players               72
        • 2.1.6.1.1.4      Swot analysis 73
      • 2.1.6.1.2           Trapped Ion Qubits    74
        • 2.1.6.1.2.1      Technology description           74
        • 2.1.6.1.2.2      Materials           76
          • 2.1.6.1.2.2.1  Integrating optical components        76
          • 2.1.6.1.2.2.2  Incorporating high-quality mirrors and optical cavities      77
          • 2.1.6.1.2.2.3  Engineering the vacuum packaging and encapsulation     77
          • 2.1.6.1.2.2.4  Removal of waste heat            77
        • 2.1.6.1.2.3      Market players               78
        • 2.1.6.1.2.4      Swot analysis 79
      • 2.1.6.1.3           Silicon Spin Qubits    79
        • 2.1.6.1.3.1      Technology description           79
        • 2.1.6.1.3.2      Quantum dots               80
        • 2.1.6.1.3.3      Market players               82
        • 2.1.6.1.3.4      SWOT analysis              83
      • 2.1.6.1.4           Topological Qubits     84
        • 2.1.6.1.4.1      Technology description           84
          • 2.1.6.1.4.1.1  Cryogenic cooling       85
        • 2.1.6.1.4.2      Market players               85
        • 2.1.6.1.4.3      SWOT analysis              86
      • 2.1.6.1.5           Photonic Qubits           86
        • 2.1.6.1.5.1      Technology description           86
        • 2.1.6.1.5.2      Market players               89
        • 2.1.6.1.5.3      Swot analysis 90
      • 2.1.6.1.6           Neutral atom (cold atom) qubits       91
        • 2.1.6.1.6.1      Technology description           91
        • 2.1.6.1.6.2      Market players               93
        • 2.1.6.1.6.3      Swot analysis 94
      • 2.1.6.1.7           Diamond-defect qubits          94
        • 2.1.6.1.7.1      Technology description           94
        • 2.1.6.1.7.2      SWOT analysis              97
        • 2.1.6.1.7.3      Market players               98
      • 2.1.6.1.8           Quantum annealers  98
        • 2.1.6.1.8.1      Technology description           98
        • 2.1.6.1.8.2      SWOT analysis              100
        • 2.1.6.1.8.3      Market players               101
    • 2.1.6.2 Architectural Approaches     101
  • 2.1.7    Software            102
    • 2.1.7.1 Technology description           103
    • 2.1.7.2 Cloud-based services- QCaaS (Quantum Computing as a Service).        103
    • 2.1.7.3 Market players               104
• 2.2        Market challenges      107
• 2.3        SWOT analysis              108
• 2.4        Quantum computing value chain     109
• 2.5        Markets and applications for quantum computing               110
  • 2.5.1    Pharmaceuticals         110
    • 2.5.1.1 Market overview           110
      • 2.5.1.1.1           Drug discovery              110
      • 2.5.1.1.2           Diagnostics    111
      • 2.5.1.1.3           Molecular simulations            111
      • 2.5.1.1.4           Genomics        112
      • 2.5.1.1.5           Proteins and RNA folding       112
    • 2.5.1.2 Market players               112
  • 2.5.2    Chemicals       113
    • 2.5.2.1 Market overview           113
    • 2.5.2.2 Market players               114
  • 2.5.3    Transportation              114
    • 2.5.3.1 Market overview           114
    • 2.5.3.2 Market players               116
  • 2.5.4    Financial services       117
    • 2.5.4.1 Market overview           117
    • 2.5.4.2 Market players               117
• 2.6        Opportunity analysis 118
• 2.7        Technology roadmap 120

3             QUANTUM CHEMISTRY AND ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)          123

• 3.1        Technology description           123
• 3.2        Applications   123
• 3.3        SWOT analysis              124
• 3.4        Market challenges      125
• 3.5        Market players               125
• 3.6        Opportunity analysis 126
• 3.7        Technology roadmap 127

4             QUANTUM COMMUNICATIONS        130

• 4.1        Technology description           130
• 4.2        Types   130
• 4.3        Applications   131
• 4.4        Quantum Random Numbers Generators (QRNG) 131
  • 4.4.1    Overview           131
  • 4.4.2    Applications   133
    • 4.4.2.1 Encryption for Data Centers 133
    • 4.4.2.2 Consumer Electronics             134
    • 4.4.2.3 Automotive/Connected Vehicle         135
    • 4.4.2.4 Gambling and Gaming            136
    • 4.4.2.5 Monte Carlo Simulations       136
  • 4.4.3    Advantages     137
  • 4.4.4    Principle of Operation of Optical QRNG Technology            139
  • 4.4.5    Non-optical approaches to QRNG technology        140
  • 4.4.6    SWOT Analysis             141
• 4.5        Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)      142
  • 4.5.1    Overview           142
  • 4.5.2    Asymmetric and Symmetric Keys     142
  • 4.5.3    Principle behind QKD               144
  • 4.5.4    Why is QKD More Secure Than Other Key Exchange Mechanisms?           145
  • 4.5.5    Discrete Variable vs. Continuous Variable QKD Protocols               146
  • 4.5.6    Key Players      147
  • 4.5.7    Challenges      148
  • 4.5.8    SWOT Analysis             150
• 4.6        Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) 150
  • 4.6.1    Overview           150
  • 4.6.2    Security systems integration               151
  • 4.6.3    PQC standardization 151
  • 4.6.4    Transitioning cryptographic systems to PQC            151
  • 4.6.5    Market players               153
  • 4.6.6    SWOT Analysis             155
• 4.7        Quantum homomorphic cryptography         155
• 4.8        Quantum Teleportation           156
• 4.9        Quantum Networks   156
  • 4.9.1    Overview           156
  • 4.9.2    Advantages     157
  • 4.9.3    Role of Trusted Nodes and Trusted Relays  157
  • 4.9.4    Entanglement Swapping and Optical Switches      157
  • 4.9.5    Multiplexing quantum signals with classical channels in the O-band      158
    • 4.9.5.1 Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and time-division multiplexing (TDM)              159
  • 4.9.6    Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution (TF-QKD)      159
  • 4.9.7    Enabling global-scale quantum communication   160
  • 4.9.8    Advanced optical fibers and interconnects               160
  • 4.9.9    Photodetectors in quantum networks           161
    • 4.9.9.1 Avalanche photodetectors (APDs)   161
    • 4.9.9.2 Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs)   162
    • 4.9.9.3 Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs)      162
  • 4.9.10 Cryostats          163
    • 4.9.10.1            Cryostat architectures             164
  • 4.9.11 Infrastructure requirements 167
  • 4.9.12 Global activity               168
    • 4.9.12.1            China  169
    • 4.9.12.2            Europe                169
    • 4.9.12.3            The Netherlands          170
    • 4.9.12.4            The United Kingdom  170
    • 4.9.12.5            US         171
    • 4.9.12.6            Japan  171
  • 4.9.13 SWOT analysis              172
• 4.10     Quantum Memory      173
• 4.11     Quantum Internet       173
• 4.12     Market challenges      174
• 4.13     Market players               174
• 4.14     Opportunity analysis 177
• 4.15     Technology roadmap 178

5             QUANTUM SENSORS               181

• 5.1        Technology description           181
  • 5.1.1    Quantum Sensing Principles               182
  • 5.1.2    SWOT analysis              185
  • 5.1.3    Atomic Clocks               186
    • 5.1.3.1 High frequency oscillators    187
      • 5.1.3.1.1           Emerging oscillators  187
    • 5.1.3.2 Caesium atoms            187
    • 5.1.3.3 Self-calibration             187
    • 5.1.3.4 Optical atomic clocks              188
      • 5.1.3.4.1           Chip-scale optical clocks      188
    • 5.1.3.5 Companies     189
    • 5.1.3.6 SWOT analysis              190
  • 5.1.4    Quantum Magnetic Field Sensors    191
    • 5.1.4.1 Introduction    191
    • 5.1.4.2 Motivation for use       192
    • 5.1.4.3 Market opportunity    193
    • 5.1.4.4 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (Squids)             194
      • 5.1.4.4.1           Applications   194
      • 5.1.4.4.2           Key players      196
      • 5.1.4.4.3           SWOT analysis              197
    • 5.1.4.5 Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs)               197
      • 5.1.4.5.1           Applications   198
      • 5.1.4.5.2           Key players      198
      • 5.1.4.5.3           SWOT analysis              199
    • 5.1.4.6 Tunneling Magneto Resistance Sensors (TMRs)     200
      • 5.1.4.6.1           Applications   200
      • 5.1.4.6.2           Key players      201
      • 5.1.4.6.3           SWOT analysis              201
    • 5.1.4.7 Nitrogen Vacancy Centers (N-V Centers)     202
      • 5.1.4.7.1           Applications   202
      • 5.1.4.7.2           Key players      203
      • 5.1.4.7.3           SWOT analysis              204
  • 5.1.5    Quantum Gravimeters             204
    • 5.1.5.1 Technology description           204
    • 5.1.5.2 Applications   205
    • 5.1.5.3 Key players      208
    • 5.1.5.4 SWOT analysis              209
  • 5.1.6    Quantum Gyroscopes              210
    • 5.1.6.1 Technology description           210
      • 5.1.6.1.1           Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) 211
      • 5.1.6.1.2           Atomic quantum gyroscopes              211
    • 5.1.6.2 Applications   212
    • 5.1.6.3 Key players      213
    • 5.1.6.4 SWOT analysis              213
  • 5.1.7    Quantum Image Sensors       214
    • 5.1.7.1 Technology description           214
    • 5.1.7.2 Applications   215
    • 5.1.7.3 SWOT analysis              216
    • 5.1.7.4 Key players      217
  • 5.1.8    Quantum Radar           221
    • 5.1.8.1 Technology description           221
    • 5.1.8.2 Applications   222
  • 5.1.9    Quantum Chemical Sensors               223
    • 5.1.9.1 Technology overview 223
    • 5.1.9.2 Commercial activities              223
  • 5.1.10 Quantum Radio Frequency Field Sensors  224
    • 5.1.10.1            Overview           224
    • 5.1.10.2            Rydberg Atom Based Electric Field Sensors and Radio Receivers              228
      • 5.1.10.2.1        Principles         228
      • 5.1.10.2.2        Commercialization    229
    • 5.1.10.3            Nitrogen-Vacancy Centre Diamond Electric Field Sensors and Radio Receivers              230
      • 5.1.10.3.1        Principles         230
      • 5.1.10.3.2        Applications   231
    • 5.1.10.4            Market 233
  • 5.1.11 Quantum NEM and MEMs     238
  • 5.1.11.1            Technology description           238
• 5.2        Market and technology challenges  238
• 5.3        Opportunity analysis 239
• 5.4        Technology roadmap 241

6             QUANTUM BATTERIES             244

• 6.1        Technology description           244
• 6.2        Types   245
• 6.3        Applications   245
• 6.4        SWOT analysis              246
• 6.5        Market challenges      247
• 6.6        Market players               247
• 6.7        Opportunity analysis 248
• 6.8        Technology roadmap 249

7             MATERIALS FOR QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES          252

• 7.1        Superconductors        253
  • 7.1.1    Overview           253
  • 7.1.2    Types and Properties 253
  • 7.1.3    Opportunities 253
• 7.2        Photonics, Silicon Photonics and Optical Components   254
  • 7.2.1    Overview           254
  • 7.2.2    Types and Properties 254
  • 7.2.3    Opportunities 255
• 7.3        Nanomaterials              256
  • 7.3.1    Overview           256
  • 7.3.2    Types and Properties 256
  • 7.3.3    Opportunities 256

8             GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS  258

• 8.1        Market map    258
• 8.2        Key industry players   259
  • 8.2.1    Start-ups           260
  • 8.2.2    Tech Giants     260
  • 8.2.3    National Initiatives     261
• 8.3        Global market revenues 2018-2046               261
  • 8.3.1    Quantum computing 261
  • 8.3.2    Quantum Sensors      262
  • 8.3.3    QKD systems 263

9             COMPANY PROFILES                265 (306 company profiles)

10          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              456

11          TERMS AND DEFINITIONS     457

12          REFERENCES 460

List of Tables

• Table 1. First and second quantum revolutions.     24
• Table 2. Quantum Technology investments 2012-2025 (millions USD), total.    26
• Table 3. Major Quantum Technologies Investments 2024-2025. 28
• Table 4. Quantum Technology investments 2012-2025 (millions USD), by technology.                36
• Table 5. Quantum Technology Funding 2022-2025, by company.               37
• Table 6. Quantum Technology investments 2012-2025 (millions USD), by region.          37
• Table 7. Global government initiatives in quantum technologies.               40
• Table 8. Quantum technologies market developments 2020-2025.         41
• Table 9. Challenges for quantum technologies adoption. 50
• Table 10.  Applications for quantum computing     54
• Table 11. Comparison of classical versus quantum computing. 55
• Table 12. Key quantum mechanical phenomena utilized in quantum computing.          56
• Table 13. Types of quantum computers.      56
• Table 14. Comparative analysis of quantum computing with classical computing, quantum-inspired computing, and neuromorphic computing.              61
• Table 15. Different computing paradigms beyond conventional CMOS. 62
• Table 16. Applications of quantum algorithms.      63
• Table 17. QML approaches. 64
• Table 18. Coherence times for different qubit implementations. 69
• Table 19. Superconducting qubit market players.  72
• Table 20. Initialization, manipulation and readout for trapped ion quantum computers.            75
• Table 21. Ion trap market players.     78
• Table 22.  Initialization, manipulation, and readout methods for silicon-spin qubits.   82
• Table 23. Silicon spin qubits market players.            82
• Table 24. Initialization, manipulation and readout of topological qubits.              85
• Table 25. Topological qubits market players.            85
• Table 26. Pros and cons of photon qubits. 87
• Table 27. Comparison of photon polarization and squeezed states.         87
• Table 28. Initialization, manipulation and readout of photonic platform quantum computers.               88
• Table 29. Photonic qubit market players.     89
• Table 30. Initialization, manipulation and readout for neutral-atom quantum computers.        92
• Table 31. Pros and cons of cold atoms quantum computers and simulators      93
• Table 32. Neural atom qubit market players.             93
• Table 33. Initialization, manipulation and readout of Diamond-Defect Spin-Based Computing.           95
• Table 34.  Key materials for developing diamond-defect spin-based quantum computers.      96
• Table 35. Diamond-defect qubits market players. 98
• Table 36. Pros and cons of quantum annealers.    99
• Table 37. Quantum annealers market players.        101
• Table 38. Quantum computing software market players. 104
• Table 39. Market challenges in quantum computing.         107
• Table 40. Quantum computing value chain.             109
• Table 41. Markets and applications for quantum computing.       110
• Table 42. Market players in quantum technologies for pharmaceuticals.             112
• Table 43. Market players in quantum computing for chemicals.  114
• Table 44. Automotive applications of quantum computing,           114
• Table 45. Market players in quantum computing for transportation.         116
• Table 46. Market players in quantum computing for financial services   117
• Table 47. Market opportunities in quantum computing.   118
• Table 48. Applications in quantum chemistry and artificial intelligence (AI).      123
• Table 49. Market challenges in quantum chemistry and Artificial Intelligence (AI).         125
• Table 50. Market players in quantum chemistry and AI.    125
• Table 51. Market opportunities in quantum chemistry and AI.      126
• Table 52. Main types of quantum communications.            130
• Table 53. Applications in quantum communications.        131
• Table 54. QRNG applications.            133
• Table 55. Key Players Developing QRNG Products.               138
• Table 56. Optical QRNG by company.           140
• Table 57. Market players in post-quantum cryptography. 153
• Table 58. Market challenges in quantum communications.           174
• Table 59. Market players in quantum communications.   174
• Table 60. Market opportunities in quantum communications.     177
• Table 61.  Comparison between classical and quantum sensors.             181
• Table 62. Applications in quantum sensors.             182
• Table 63. Technology approaches for enabling quantum sensing               183
• Table 64. Value proposition for quantum sensors. 184
• Table 65. Key challenges and limitations of quartz crystal clocks vs. atomic clocks.    186
• Table 66.  New modalities being researched to improve the fractional uncertainty of atomic clocks. 188
• Table 67. Companies developing high-precision quantum time measurement 189
• Table 68. Key players in atomic clocks.        191
• Table 69. Comparative analysis of key performance parameters and metrics of magnetic field sensors.                192
• Table 70. Types of magnetic field sensors. 193
• Table 71. Market opportunity for different types of quantum magnetic field sensors.   194
• Table 72. Applications of SQUIDs.   194
• Table 73. Market opportunities for SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices).           196
• Table 74. Key players in SQUIDs.      196
• Table 75. Applications of optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs).     198
• Table 76. Key players in Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs).        198
• Table 77. Applications for TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.               200
• Table 78. Market players in TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.            201
• Table 79. Applications of N-V center magnetic field centers           203
• Table 80. Key players in N-V center magnetic field sensors.           203
• Table 81. Applications of quantum gravimeters      205
• Table 82. Comparative table between quantum gravity sensing and some other technologies commonly used for underground mapping.       206
• Table 83. Key players in quantum gravimeters.        208
• Table 84. Comparison of quantum gyroscopes with MEMs gyroscopes and optical gyroscopes.         210
• Table 85. Markets and applications for quantum gyroscopes.      212
• Table 86. Key players in quantum gyroscopes.        213
• Table 87. Types of quantum image sensors and their key features/.          215
• Table 88. Applications of quantum image sensors.              216
• Table 89. Key players in quantum image sensors. 217
• Table 90. Comparison of quantum radar versus conventional radar and lidar technologies.   222
• Table 91. Applications of quantum radar.   223
• Table 92. Value Proposition of Quantum RF Sensors           224
• Table 93. Types of Quantum RF Sensors      226
• Table 94. Markets for Quantum RF Sensors               233
• Table 95. Technology Transition Milestones.             237
• Table 96. Market and technology challenges in quantum sensing.            239
• Table 97. Market opportunities in quantum sensors.          239
• Table 98. Comparison between quantum batteries and other conventional battery types.       244
• Table 99. Types of quantum batteries.           245
• Table 100. Applications of quantum batteries.        245
• Table 101. Market challenges in quantum batteries.            247
• Table 102. Market players in quantum batteries.    247
• Table 103. Market opportunities in quantum batteries.      248
• Table 104. Materials in Quantum Technology.          252
• Table 105. Superconductors in quantum technology.         253
• Table 106. Photonics, silicon photonics and optics in quantum technology.      254
• Table 107. Nanomaterials in quantum technology.              256
• Table 108. Global Market for Quantum Computing - Hardware, Software & Services (2025-2046) (billions USD).               261
• Table 109. Markets for quantum sensors, by types, 2025-2046 (Millions USD)  262
• Table 110. Markets for QKD systems, 2025-2046 (Millions USD).               263
•  

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Quantum computing development timeline.       25
• Figure 2. Quantum Technology investments 2012-2025 (millions USD), total.  27
• Figure 3.  National quantum initiatives and funding.           39
• Figure 4. Quantum computing architectures.           52
• Figure 5. An early design of an IBM 7-qubit chip based on superconducting technology.           53
• Figure 6. Various 2D to 3D chips integration techniques into chiplets.    55
• Figure 7. IBM Q System One quantum computer.  58
• Figure 8. Unconventional computing approaches.               62
• Figure 9. 53-qubit Sycamore processor.      65
• Figure 10. Interior of IBM quantum computing system. The quantum chip is located in the small dark square at center bottom.       68
• Figure 11. Superconducting quantum computer.  70
• Figure 12. Superconducting quantum computer schematic.         71
• Figure 13.  Components and materials used in a superconducting qubit.            72
• Figure 14. SWOT analysis for superconducting quantum computers:.    74
• Figure 15. Ion-trap quantum computer.       74
• Figure 16. Various ways to trap ions.              75
• Figure 17.  Universal Quantum’s shuttling ion architecture in their Penning traps.          76
• Figure 18. SWOT analysis for trapped-ion quantum computing. 79
• Figure 19. CMOS silicon spin qubit.                80
• Figure 20. Silicon quantum dot qubits.         81
• Figure 21. SWOT analysis for silicon spin quantum computers.  84
• Figure 22. SWOT analysis for topological qubits     86
• Figure 23 . SWOT analysis for photonic quantum computers.       91
• Figure 24. Neutral atoms (green dots) arranged in various configurations            91
• Figure 25. SWOT analysis for neutral-atom quantum computers.              94
• Figure 26. NV center components.  95
• Figure 27. SWOT analysis for diamond-defect quantum computers.       97
• Figure 28. D-Wave quantum annealer.          100
• Figure 29. SWOT analysis for quantum annealers.               101
• Figure 30. Quantum software development platforms.     102
• Figure 31. SWOT analysis for quantum computing.             109
• Figure 32. Technology roadmap for quantum computing 2025-2046.     122
• Figure 33. SWOT analysis for quantum chemistry and AI. 125
• Figure 34. Technology roadmap for quantum chemistry and AI 2025-2046.        129
• Figure 35. IDQ quantum number generators.           132
• Figure 36. SWOT Analysis of Quantum Random Number Generator Technology.             141
• Figure 37. SWOT Analysis of Quantum Key Distribution Technology.        150
• Figure 38. SWOT Analysis: Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC).  155
• Figure 39. SWOT analysis for networks.       173
• Figure 40. Technology roadmap for quantum communications 2025-2046.       180
• Figure 41. Q.ANT quantum particle sensor.               185
• Figure 42. SWOT analysis for quantum sensors market.   186
• Figure 43. NIST's compact optical clock.    189
• Figure 44. SWOT analysis for atomic clocks.            191
• Figure 45.Principle of SQUID magnetometer.           195
• Figure 46. SWOT analysis for SQUIDS.          197
• Figure 47. SWOT analysis for OPMs 199
• Figure 48. Tunneling magnetoresistance mechanism and TMR ratio formats.   200
• Figure 49. SWOT analysis for TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.        202
• Figure 50. SWOT analysis for N-V Center Magnetic Field Sensors.             204
• Figure 51. Quantum Gravimeter.       205
• Figure 52. SWOT analysis for Quantum Gravimeters.          209
• Figure 53. SWOT analysis for Quantum Gyroscopes.          214
• Figure 54. SWOT analysis for Quantum image sensing.    217
• Figure 55. Principle of quantum radar.          221
• Figure 56. Illustration of a quantum radar prototype.          222
• Figure 57. Quantum RF Sensors Market Roadmap (2023-2046). 237
• Figure 58. Technology roadmap for quantum sensors 2025-2046.            243
• Figure 59. Schematic of the flow of energy (blue) from a source to a battery made up of multiple cells. (left)     244
• Figure 60. SWOT analysis for quantum batteries.  246
• Figure 61. Technology roadmap for quantum batteries 2025-2046.          251
• Figure 62. Market map for quantum technologies industry.            259
• Figure 63. Tech Giants quantum technologies activities. 260
• Figure 64. Global market for quantum computing-Hardware, Software & Services, 2025-2046 (billions USD).  262
• Figure 65. Markets for quantum sensors, by types, 2025-2046 (Millions USD). 263
• Figure 66. Markets for QKD systems, 2025-2046 (Millions USD). 264
• Figure 67. Archer-EPFL spin-resonance circuit.      275
• Figure 68.  IBM Q System One quantum computer.              312
• Figure 69. ColdQuanta Quantum Core (left), Physics Station (middle) and the atoms control chip (right).                316
• Figure 70.  Intel Tunnel Falls 12-qubit chip.                317
• Figure 71. IonQ's ion trap       318
• Figure 72. 20-qubit quantum computer.      320
• Figure 73. Maybell Big Fridge.              332
• Figure 74. PsiQuantum’s modularized quantum computing system networks. 362
• Figure 75. The Ez-Q Engine 2.0 superconducting quantum measurement and control system.             394
• Figure 76. Quobly's processor.           411
• Figure 77. SemiQ first chip prototype.           430
• Figure 78. SpinMagIC quantum sensor.       436
• Figure 79. Toshiba QKD Development Timeline.     443
• Figure 80. Toshiba Quantum Key Distribution technology.               444

The Global Quantum Technology Industry 2025: Technologies, Markets, Investments and Opportunities

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