The Global Sustainable Biofuels & E-Fuels Market 2026-2036

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            27

• 1.1        Decarbonization          27
• 1.2        Comparison to fossil fuels    28
• 1.3        Role in the circular economy               29
• 1.4        Government policies 29
• 1.5        Market drivers                31
• 1.6        Market challenges      32
• 1.7        Liquid biofuels market             33
  • 1.7.1    Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2024 33
  • 1.7.2    Liquid biofuels market 2020-2036, by type and production.          34
• 1.8        Sustainability of biofuels       35
• 1.9        Transport decarbonization    39
• 1.10     Industry developments 2022-2025 41
• 1.11     Biofuels markets by region    45
  • 1.11.1 USA      45
  • 1.11.2 EU         46
  • 1.11.3 China  47
  • 1.11.4 India    48
  • 1.11.5 Brazil   50
• 1.12     Sustainability of biofuels       52

2             BIOFUELS        54

• 2.1        Overview           54
• 2.2        The global biofuels market    56
  • 2.2.1    Diesel substitutes and alternatives 56
  • 2.2.2    Gasoline substitutes and alternatives           57
• 2.3        SWOT analysis: Biofuels market        58
• 2.4        Comparison of biofuel costs 2024, by type                58
• 2.5        Types   59
  • 2.5.1    Solid Biofuels 59
  • 2.5.2    Liquid Biofuels              60
  • 2.5.3    Gaseous Biofuels       60
  • 2.5.4    Conventional Biofuels             61
  • 2.5.5    Advanced Biofuels     62
• 2.6        Refineries         62
• 2.7        Feedstocks      64
  • 2.7.1    First-generation (1-G)               65
  • 2.7.2    Second-generation (2-G)       66
    • 2.7.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues             67
    • 2.7.2.2 Biorefinery lignin         68
  • 2.7.3    Third-generation (3-G)             71
    • 2.7.3.1 Algal biofuels 71
      • 2.7.3.1.1           Properties         72
      • 2.7.3.1.2           Advantages     72
  • 2.7.4    Fourth-generation (4-G)          73
  • 2.7.5    Advantages and disadvantages, by generation        74
  • 2.7.6    Energy crops  75
    • 2.7.6.1 Feedstocks      75
    • 2.7.6.2 SWOT analysis              75
  • 2.7.7    Agricultural residues 76
    • 2.7.7.1 Feedstocks      76
    • 2.7.7.2 SWOT analysis              77
  • 2.7.8    Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste                78
    • 2.7.8.1 Processing pathways                78
    • 2.7.8.2 SWOT analysis              78
  • 2.7.9    Forestry and wood waste       79
    • 2.7.9.1 Feedstocks      79
    • 2.7.9.2 SWOT analysis              80
  • 2.7.10 Feedstock costs          81
• 2.8        Biofuel Government policy   82
  • 2.8.1    Transport emissions 83
  • 2.8.2    Decarbonization of transportation  84
  • 2.8.3    Sustainable fuel policy            85
  • 2.8.4    Biofuel incentives       86
• 2.9        Advanced biofuels and production technologies  88
  • 2.9.1    Introduction    88
  • 2.9.2    Pyrolysis technologies             90
    • 2.9.2.1 Introduction    90
    • 2.9.2.2 Pyrolysis products & applications    91
    • 2.9.2.3 Decomposition methods       93
    • 2.9.2.4 Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic                94
    • 2.9.2.5 Composition of bio-oil & plastic pyrolysis oil           95
    • 2.9.2.6 Companies     97
  • 2.9.3    Gasification technologies     97
    • 2.9.3.1 Introduction    97
    • 2.9.3.2 Pre-treatment methods for gasification of biomass and plastics                99
    • 2.9.3.3 Gasifier types 100
    • 2.9.3.4 Challenges      101
    • 2.9.3.5 Companies     103
  • 2.9.4    Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) technologies        104
    • 2.9.4.1 Introduction    104
    • 2.9.4.2 Hydrothermal liquefaction feedstocks - biomass 104
    • 2.9.4.3 Hydrothermal liquefaction feedstocks - plastics   105
    • 2.9.4.4 HTL reactor designs  106
    • 2.9.4.5 HTL catalysts 107
    • 2.9.4.6 Companies     108
  • 2.9.5    Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis           109
    • 2.9.5.1 Introduction    109
    • 2.9.5.2 Syngas from gasification or pyrolysis             110
    • 2.9.5.3 FT catalysts     110
    • 2.9.5.4 FT reactor designs      111
    • 2.9.5.5 Companies     113
  • 2.9.6    Biocrude oil refining & upgrading     114
    • 2.9.6.1 Introduction    114
    • 2.9.6.2 Refining & upgrading processes        115
    • 2.9.6.3 Hydrotreating processes        116
    • 2.9.6.4 Hydrocracking process           117
    • 2.9.6.5 Isomerization process             119
    • 2.9.6.6 Dewaxing process      120
    • 2.9.6.7 Fractional distillation process            121
    • 2.9.6.8 Companies     123
  • 2.9.7    Biomethanol production        124
    • 2.9.7.1 Introduction    124
    • 2.9.7.2 Traditional methanol production      125
    • 2.9.7.3 Biomethanol from biogas reforming               126
    • 2.9.7.4 Biomethanol from biomass gasification     127
    • 2.9.7.5 Biomethanol from hydrothermal gasification          129
    • 2.9.7.6 Companies     130
  • 2.9.8    Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) & alcohol-to-gasoline (ATG): methanol & ethanol     132
    • 2.9.8.1 Introduction    132
    • 2.9.8.2 Ethanol feedstocks    132
    • 2.9.8.3 Methanol feedstocks                134
    • 2.9.8.4 Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process             135
    • 2.9.8.5 Companies     137

3             HYDROCARBON BIOFUELS 138

• 3.1        Biodiesel           139
  • 3.1.1    Biodiesel by generation           142
  • 3.1.2    SWOT analysis              143
  • 3.1.3    Biodiesel production 144
    • 3.1.3.1 Pyrolysis of biomass 145
    • 3.1.3.2 Vegetable oil transesterification       147
    • 3.1.3.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)  148
      • 3.1.3.3.1           Production process   149
    • 3.1.3.4 Biodiesel from tall oil                150
    • 3.1.3.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel     150
    • 3.1.3.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass         151
    • 3.1.3.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)          152
    • 3.1.3.8 Dymethyl ether (DME)              152
  • 3.1.4    Biodiesel Projects       154
  • 3.1.5    Recent market developments 2023-2025  155
  • 3.1.6    Prices  156
  • 3.1.7    Companies     157
  • 3.1.8    Global consumption 158
• 3.2        Renewable diesel        162
  • 3.2.1    Production       164
  • 3.2.2    Biodiesel vs renewable diesel             166
  • 3.2.3    SWOT analysis              166
  • 3.2.4    Global consumption 167
  • 3.2.5    Prices  168
• 3.3        Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)           169
  • 3.3.1    Description     169
  • 3.3.2    Jet fuel composition & types                170
  • 3.3.3    SAF as a drop-in replacement for Jet A-1     171
  • 3.3.4    Recent market developments             171
  • 3.3.5    SWOT analysis              173
  • 3.3.6    Global production and consumption            174
  • 3.3.7    Production pathways                174
  • 3.3.8    Prices  176
  • 3.3.9    Sustainable aviation fuel production capacities    176
  • 3.3.10 Challenges      178
  • 3.3.11 Companies     178
  • 3.3.12 Global consumption 179
• 3.4        Bio-naphtha   180
  • 3.4.1    Overview           180
  • 3.4.2    SWOT analysis              181
  • 3.4.3    Markets and applications      182
  • 3.4.4    Prices  183
  • 3.4.5    Production capacities, by producer, current and planned               184
  • 3.4.6    Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned   185

4             ALCOHOL FUELS        186

• 4.1        Biomethanol  186
  • 4.1.1    SWOT analysis              188
  • 4.1.2    Methanol-to gasoline technology     189
    • 4.1.2.1 Production processes              189
      • 4.1.2.1.1           Biomethanol from Biogas Reforming             190
      • 4.1.2.1.2           Biomethanol from Hydrothermal Gasification         191
      • 4.1.2.1.3           Anaerobic digestion  192
      • 4.1.2.1.4           Biomass gasification 192
      • 4.1.2.1.5           Power to Methane       193
  • 4.1.3    Methanol Synthesis Companies       193
• 4.2        Bioethanol       194
  • 4.2.1    Technology description           194
  • 4.2.2    1G Bio-Ethanol             195
  • 4.2.3    SWOT analysis              196
  • 4.2.4    Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) & alcohol-to-gasoline (ATG): methanol & ethanol     197
    • 4.2.4.1 ATJ and ATG processes            197
    • 4.2.4.2 Ethanol Feedstocks   198
    • 4.2.4.3 Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) and Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ) processes          199
    • 4.2.4.4 Companies     200
  • 4.2.5    Cellulosic Ethanol Production            201
    • 4.2.5.1 Feedstocks      202
    • 4.2.5.2 Companies     206
  • 4.2.6    Sulfite spent liquor fermentation      207
  • 4.2.7    Gasification    207
    • 4.2.7.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation       207
    • 4.2.7.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion    208
  • 4.2.8    CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis               208
  • 4.2.9    Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation           208
    • 4.2.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation           208
    • 4.2.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)    209
    • 4.2.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)      209
    • 4.2.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)         209
    • 4.2.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)      209
  • 4.2.10 Global ethanol consumption              210
• 4.3        Biobutanol      211
  • 4.3.1    Production       213
  • 4.3.2    Prices  213

5             BIOMASS-BASED GAS              213

• 5.1        Feedstocks      214
  • 5.1.1    Biomethane    215
  • 5.1.2    Production pathways                216
    • 5.1.2.1 Landfill gas recovery 216
    • 5.1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion  216
    • 5.1.2.3 Thermal gasification 217
  • 5.1.3    SWOT analysis              218
  • 5.1.4    Global production      219
  • 5.1.5    Prices  220
    • 5.1.5.1 Raw Biogas     220
    • 5.1.5.2 Upgraded Biomethane            220
  • 5.1.6    Bio-LNG             221
    • 5.1.6.1 Markets              221
      • 5.1.6.1.1           Trucks 221
      • 5.1.6.1.2           Marine 221
    • 5.1.6.2 Production       221
    • 5.1.6.3 Plants 221
  • 5.1.7    bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)  222
  • 5.1.8    Carbon capture from biogas               223
• 5.2        Biosyngas        223
  • 5.2.1    Production       223
  • 5.2.2    Prices  224
• 5.3        Biohydrogen   225
  • 5.3.1    Description     225
  • 5.3.2    SWOT analysis              225
  • 5.3.3    Production of biohydrogen from biomass  226
    • 5.3.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes             227
      • 5.3.3.1.1           Bio-photochemical Reaction              227
      • 5.3.3.1.2           Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion        227
    • 5.3.3.2 Thermochemical conversion routes               227
      • 5.3.3.2.1           Biomass Gasification               227
      • 5.3.3.2.2           Biomass Pyrolysis      228
      • 5.3.3.2.3           Biomethane Reforming           228
  • 5.3.4    Applications   228
  • 5.3.5    Prices  229
• 5.4        Biochar in biogas production              229
• 5.5        Bio-DME            230

6             CHEMICAL RECYCLING FOR BIOFUELS      230

• 6.1        Plastic pyrolysis           230
• 6.2        Used tires pyrolysis   231
  • 6.2.1    Conversion to biofuel               232
• 6.3        Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes             233
• 6.4        Gasification    234
  • 6.4.1    Syngas conversion to methanol        235
  • 6.4.2    Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation       237
  • 6.4.3    Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion    238
• 6.5        Hydrothermal cracking           238
• 6.6        SWOT analysis              239

7             ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS)   240

• 7.1        Introduction    240
  • 7.1.1    E-Fuel Production Technologies        241
  • 7.1.2    E-fuel uses      242
  • 7.1.3    Comparison of e-fuels to fossil and biofuels            243
  • 7.1.4    E-fuel production efficiencies             245
  • 7.1.5    Costs  245
  • 7.1.6    Benefits of e-fuels       246
  • 7.1.7    Production pathways                247
• 7.2        Green hydrogen            249
  • 7.2.1    Electrolyzer Technologies      250
  • 7.2.2    Companies     251
• 7.3        CO2 capture   251
  • 7.3.1    Overview           251
  • 7.3.2    CO₂ Capture Systems              251
  • 7.3.3    Carbon capture technologies             255
  • 7.3.4    Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology for e-fuel production              256
• 7.4        Syngas production     256
  • 7.4.1    Overview           256
  • 7.4.2    Syngas Production Technologies      257
    • 7.4.2.1 Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS)      257
    • 7.4.2.2 Direct Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: CO₂ to Hydrocarbons  258
    • 7.4.2.3 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction              258
    • 7.4.2.4 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs)         259
  • 7.4.3    Solar power in E-Fuels             260
    • 7.4.3.1 Overview           260
    • 7.4.3.2 Key advantages            260
    • 7.4.3.3 Projects             261
  • 7.4.4    Companies     261
• 7.5        E-methane       264
  • 7.5.1    Overview           264
  • 7.5.2    Methanation   265
    • 7.5.2.1 Thermocatalytic methanation            265
    • 7.5.2.2 Biological methanation           266
    • 7.5.2.3 Companies     267
• 7.6        E-methanol     268
  • 7.6.1    Overview           269
  • 7.6.2    E-Methanol Production           269
  • 7.6.3    Direct methanol synthesis    272
  • 7.6.4    Companies     273
• 7.7        SWOT analysis              274
• 7.8        Production       274
  • 7.8.1    eFuel production facilities, current and planned   277
• 7.9        Electrolysers   278
• 7.10     Prices  279
• 7.11     Market challenges      281
• 7.12     Companies     281

8             ALGAE-DERIVED BIOFUELS 283

• 8.1        Third & Fourth Generation Biofuel Technologies     283
• 8.2        Technology description           284
• 8.3        CO₂ capture and utilization  285
• 8.4        Conversion pathways               285
  • 8.4.1    Macroalgae     286
  • 8.4.2    Microalgae / Cyanobacteria 287
    • 8.4.2.1 Microalgae cultivation for biofuel production           288
    • 8.4.2.2 Open cultivation systems      289
    • 8.4.2.3 Closed photobioreactors (PBRs)      290
  • 8.4.3    Companies     291
  • 8.4.4    Projects             292
• 8.5        SWOT analysis              294
• 8.6        Production       294
  • 8.6.1    Algal Biofuel Production         295
• 8.7        Market challenges      296
• 8.8        Prices  297
• 8.9        Producers         298

9             GREEN AMMONIA       299

• 9.1        Production       299
  • 9.1.1    Decarbonisation of ammonia production  301
  • 9.1.2    Green ammonia projects       301
• 9.2        Green ammonia synthesis methods              301
  • 9.2.1    Haber-Bosch process              301
  • 9.2.2    Biological nitrogen fixation   302
  • 9.2.3    Electrochemical production                302
  • 9.2.4    Chemical looping processes               303
• 9.3        SWOT analysis              303
• 9.4        Blue ammonia              304
  • 9.4.1    Blue ammonia projects           304
• 9.5        Markets and applications      304
  • 9.5.1    Chemical energy storage       304
    • 9.5.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells    304
  • 9.5.2    Marine fuel      305
• 9.6        Prices  307
• 9.7        Estimated market demand   308
• 9.8        Companies and projects        309

10          BIOFUELS FROM CARBON CAPTURE            310

• 10.1     Overview           311
• 10.2     CO2 capture from point sources      313
• 10.3     Production routes       313
• 10.4     SWOT analysis              314
• 10.5     Direct air capture (DAC)         315
  • 10.5.1 Description     315
  • 10.5.2 Deployment    316
  • 10.5.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture     317
  • 10.5.4 Technologies  317
    • 10.5.4.1            Solid sorbents               319
    • 10.5.4.2            Liquid sorbents            320
    • 10.5.4.3            Liquid solvents             321
    • 10.5.4.4            Airflow equipment integration            321
    • 10.5.4.5            Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)   321
    • 10.5.4.6            Direct conversion        322
    • 10.5.4.7            Co-product generation            322
    • 10.5.4.8            Low Temperature DAC             322
    • 10.5.4.9            Regeneration methods            322
  • 10.5.5 Commercialization and plants           323
  • 10.5.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC  324
  • 10.5.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned        324
  • 10.5.8 Markets for DAC           329
  • 10.5.9 Costs  330
  • 10.5.10              Challenges      334
  • 10.5.11              Players and production           335
• 10.6     Carbon utilization for biofuels            335
  • 10.6.1 Production routes       339
    • 10.6.1.1            Electrolyzers   340
    • 10.6.1.2            Low-carbon hydrogen              340
  • 10.6.2 Products & applications         341
    • 10.6.2.1            Vehicles             341
    • 10.6.2.2            Shipping            342
    • 10.6.2.3            Aviation              342
    • 10.6.2.4            Costs  343
    • 10.6.2.5            Ethanol              343
    • 10.6.2.6            Methanol          344
    • 10.6.2.7            Sustainable Aviation Fuel      347
    • 10.6.2.8            Methane            347
    • 10.6.2.9            Algae based biofuels 348
    • 10.6.2.10         CO₂-fuels from solar 349
  • 10.6.3 Challenges      351
  • 10.6.4 SWOT analysis              352
  • 10.6.5 Companies     352

11          BIO-OILS (PYROLYSIS OIL)    355

• 11.1     Description     355
  • 11.1.1 Advantages of bio-oils             355
• 11.2     Production       356
  • 11.2.1 Biomass Pyrolysis      357
  • 11.2.2 Plastic Waste Pyrolysis            358
  • 11.2.3 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic                360
  • 11.2.4 Costs of production  360
  • 11.2.5 Upgrading        360
• 11.3     Pyrolysis reactors        362
• 11.4     SWOT analysis              363
• 11.5     Applications   364
• 11.6     Bio-oil producers         364
• 11.7     Prices  365

12          REFUSE-DERIVED FUELS (RDF)        366

• 12.1     Overview           366
• 12.2     Production       366
  • 12.2.1 Production process   366
  • 12.2.2 Mechanical biological treatment      367
• 12.3     Markets              367

13          COMPANY PROFILES                369 (233 company profiles)

14          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              525

15          REFERENCES 525

List of Tables

• Table 1. Government policies on sustainable fuels.             30
• Table 2. Market drivers for biofuels. 32
• Table 3. Market challenges for biofuels.       32
• Table 4. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2036, by type and production.        34
• Table 5. Industry developments in sustainable biofuels & E-fuels 2022-2025.  41
• Table 6. Comparison of biofuels.      55
• Table 7. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2024, by type.   59
• Table 8. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.               60
• Table 9. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.       62
• Table 10. Classification of biomass feedstock.       64
• Table 11. Biorefinery feedstocks.     64
• Table 12. Feedstock conversion pathways.                65
• Table 13. First-Generation Feedstocks.        65
• Table 14.  Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 67
• Table 15. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 68
• Table 16. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes    69
• Table 17. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.      70
• Table 18. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.          72
• Table 19. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.               73
• Table 20. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation.       74
• Table 21. Sustainable fuels in transport sectors.   83
• Table 22. Biofuel incentives by country/region.       86
• Table 23. Petroleum product ranges & sustainable fuel alternatives.       89
• Table 24. Pyrolysis products & market applications.           91
• Table 25. Decomposition methods in biomass & plastic pyrolysis.           93
• Table 26. Comparison of pyrolysis technologies.   95
• Table 27. Comparison of pyrolysis and gasification processes.   98
• Table 28. Biodiesel by generation.    142
• Table 29. Comparison of Fossil Diesel, Biodiesel & Renewable Diesel.  143
• Table 30. Biodiesel production techniques.              145
• Table 31. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.            145
• Table 32. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.             146
• Table 33. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 147
• Table 34. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel.     148
• Table 35. Main producers of HVO and capacities. 149
• Table 36. Example commercial Development of BtL processes. 150
• Table 37. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes.  151
• Table 38. Comparison of Biodiesel vs Renewable Diesel: Properties & Engine Compatibility. 153
• Table 39. Biodiesel Projects by Scale, Company and Location.   154
• Table 40. Recent biodiesel market developments 2023-2025.     155
• Table 41. Recent company activity in Biodiesel.     157
• Table 42. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).        158
• Table 43. Biodiesel vs renewable diesel: properties & engine compatibility .      166
• Table 44. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).      167
• Table 45. Renewable diesel price ranges.   169
• Table 46. Advantages and disadvantages of Sustainable aviation fuel.   170
• Table 47. Jet fuel composition & types.         170
• Table 48. Recent market developments in Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF).        171
• Table 49. Production pathways for Sustainable aviation fuel.        174
• Table 50. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Projects by Scale, Company, Location, Technology Pathway, and Start Date.              176
• Table 51. Recent company activity in SAF.  178
• Table 52. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Consumption 2019-2036 (Million litres/year).           180
• Table 53. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications. 182
• Table 54. Bio-naphtha market value chain.               183
• Table 55. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products.               184
• Table 56. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer.           184
• Table 57.Methanol Production & Colors      186
• Table 58. Main Pathways to Biomethanol Production         187
• Table 59. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas.   190
• Table 60. 1st Generation Bioethanol Production Processes.          195
• Table 61.Ethanol Feedstocks.            198
• Table 62. Methanol Feedstocks.        198
• Table 63. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process Overview.              199
• Table 64. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Process Steps.            199
• Table 65. MTG vs MTJ Process Comparison.             200
• Table 66. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Companies.           200
• Table 67. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Technology Companies.      201
• Table 68. Cellulosic Ethanol Production.    202
• Table 69. Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks.     202
• Table 70. Challenges in Breaking Down Lignocellulosic Biomass.             202
• Table 71. Cellulosic ethanol companies.    206
• Table 72.  Processes in bioethanol production.     208
• Table 73. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic.               210
• Table 74. Ethanol consumption 2020-2036 (million litres).             210
• Table 75. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.         212
• Table 76. Biogas feedstocks.               214
• Table 77. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants.           221
• Table 78. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas.       223
• Table 79. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways.                226
• Table 80. Markets and applications for biohydrogen.          229
• Table 81. Summary of gasification technologies.  234
• Table 82. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.              238
• Table 83. Technology & Process Developers in E-Fuels by End-Product.                241
• Table 84. E-Fuel Production Costs Breakdown.      245
• Table 85. Applications of e-fuels, by type.   245
• Table 86. Overview of e-fuels.             246
• Table 87. Benefits of e-fuels.               246
• Table 88. E-fuel production efficiencies.     247
• Table 89. Production Pathways for E-Fuels.               247
• Table 90. Electrolyzer Performance Metrics.             249
• Table 91. Overview of Electrolyzer Technologies.   250
• Table 92. Electrolyzer Technology Companies.       251
• Table 93. Main CO₂ Capture Systems.          252
• Table 94.Technologies for Carbon Capture 252
• Table 95. Syngas Production Technologies for E-Fuels.     257
• Table 96. Comparison of RWGS & SOEC Co-Electrolysis Routes.              259
• Table 97.Companies using Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) for E-Fuels               261
• Table 98. SOEC & SOFC System Suppliers.               262
• Table 99. Companies in CO₂ reduction technologies.        263
• Table 100. Comparison of Thermocatalytic vs Biocatalytic Methanation              267
• Table 101. Methanation Companies              267
• Table 102. Power-to-Methane Projects,        268
• Table 103. Methanol Production & Colors. 269
• Table 104. E-methanol production methods.           269
• Table 105. Main process steps, key equipment, and operating conditions.         270
• Table 106.Companies in Methanol Synthesis           273
• Table 107. eFuel production facilities, current and planned.         277
• Table 108. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies.  278
• Table 109. Market challenges for e-fuels.    281
• Table 110. E-fuels companies.           281
• Table 111. 3rd Generation Biofuel Production Feedstocks              284
• Table 112. Biofuel Production Process Using Macroalgae               286
• Table 113. Biofuel Production Process Using Microalgae / Cyanobacteria.         287
• Table 114. Open vs Closed Algae Cultivation Systems.     291
• Table 115. Microalgae Cultivation System Suppliers: Photobioreactors (PBRs) & Ponds.          291
• Table 116. Algal and Microbial Biofuel Processes & Projects.        292
• Table 117. Algae-derived biofuel producers.             298
• Table 118. Green ammonia projects (current and planned).          301
• Table 119. Blue ammonia projects. 304
• Table 120. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.              305
• Table 121. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.      306
• Table 122. Summary of marine alternative fuels.   306
• Table 123. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.          307
• Table 124. Main players in green ammonia.              309
• Table 125. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.               311
• Table 126. Point source examples.  313
• Table 127. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.              316
• Table 128. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.      321
• Table 129. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.    321
• Table 130. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.            322
• Table 131. DAC companies and technologies.        323
• Table 132. DAC technology developers and production.  325
• Table 133. DAC projects in development.   328
• Table 134. Markets for DAC. 329
• Table 135. Costs summary for DAC.               330
• Table 136. Cost estimates of DAC.  332
• Table 137. Challenges for DAC technology.               334
• Table 138. DAC companies and technologies.        335
• Table 139. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.               337
• Table 140. Main production routes and processes for manufacturing fuels from captured carbon dioxide.              339
• Table 141. CO₂-derived fuels projects.         341
• Table 142. Thermochemical methods to produce methanol from CO2. 345
• Table 143. Pilot plants for CO2-to-methanol conversion. 347
• Table 144. Microalgae products and prices.              349
• Table 145. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.         350
• Table 146. Market challenges for CO2 derived fuels.           351
• Table 147. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.        352
• Table 148. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils.          355
• Table 149. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil.                356
• Table 150. Comparison of Pyrolysis Technologies.               356
• Table 151. Pyrolysis Products & Market Applications.        358
• Table 152. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels.   361
• Table 153. Pyrolysis reactor companies.     362
• Table 154. Markets and applications for bio-oil.     364
• Table 155. Bio-oil producers.              364
• Table 156. Key resource recovery technologies       366
• Table 157. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF).                367
• Table 158. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.        433

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2024.          34
• Figure 2. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2023.              34
• Figure 3. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends.      57
• Figure 4. SWOT analysis for biofuels.             58
• Figure 5.  Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.                69
• Figure 6. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels.         76
• Figure 7. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels.       78
• Figure 8. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels.      79
• Figure 9. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels.              81
• Figure 10. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type.          81
• Figure 11. Pyrolysis reactor designs .             92
• Figure 12. Gasification & Fischer-Tropsch biomass-to-liquid (BtL) pathway.        99
• Figure 13.Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) process           136
• Figure 14. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres).              140
• Figure 15. SWOT analysis for biodiesel.       144
• Figure 16. Flow chart for biodiesel production.       148
• Figure 17. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre, 2012-2024.           157
• Figure 18. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).      159
• Figure 19. SWOT analysis for renewable diesel.      167
• Figure 20. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2036 (M litres/year).    168
• Figure 21. SWOT analysis for Sustainable aviation fuel.    174
• Figure 22. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Production and Consumption 2019-2036 (Million litres/year).      180
• Figure 23. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha. 182
• Figure 24. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes).        186
• Figure 25. SWOT analysis biomethanol.      188
• Figure 26. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks.       189
• Figure 27. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading.        192
• Figure 28. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation.               193
• Figure 29. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process.  193
• Figure 30. SWOT analysis for ethanol.           197
• Figure 31. Ethanol consumption 2020-2036 (million litres).           211
• Figure 32. Biobutanol production route.      212
• Figure 33. Biogas and biomethane pathways.          214
• Figure 34. Overview of biogas utilization.    215
• Figure 35. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production.   217
• Figure 36. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production.    218
• Figure 37. SWOT analysis for biogas.             219
• Figure 38. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023.           224
• Figure 39. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen. 226
• Figure 40. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline      231
• Figure 41. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires. 232
• Figure 42. Used tires conversion process.  233
• Figure 43. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023.           235
• Figure 44. Overview of biogas utilization.    236
• Figure 45. Biogas and biomethane pathways.          237
• Figure 46. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels.        240
• Figure 47. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.             240
• Figure 48. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics.  241
• Figure 49. Production process for green hydrogen.              249
• Figure 50. SWOT analysis for E-fuels.            274
• Figure 51. E-liquids production routes.        275
• Figure 52. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products. 276
• Figure 53. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.            276
• Figure 54. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels.          280
• Figure 55.  Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels.    286
• Figure 56. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels.         294
• Figure 57. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production.      295
• Figure 58. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production.     299
• Figure 59. Green ammonia production and use.    300
• Figure 60. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction.               302
• Figure 61. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation.               302
• Figure 62. SWOT analysis for green ammonia.        303
• Figure 63. Estimated production cost of green ammonia.               308
• Figure 64. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons to 2050.              309
• Figure 65. CO2 capture and separation technology.            310
• Figure 66. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.            312
• Figure 67.  Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.        312
• Figure 68. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture.          314
• Figure 69. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.        315
• Figure 70. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.            316
• Figure 71.  DAC technologies.             318
• Figure 72. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.               319
• Figure 73. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland.                319
• Figure 74.  Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC.     320
• Figure 75. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering.           320
• Figure 76. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities. 324
• Figure 77. Global map of DAC and CCS plants.      329
• Figure 78. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies.           331
• Figure 79. DAC cost breakdown and comparison. 332
• Figure 80. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems.       334
• Figure 81. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.            338
• Figure 82.  Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.        339
• Figure 83. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.         346
• Figure 84. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2.             350
• Figure 85. SWOT analysis: CO2 utilization in fuels.               352
• Figure 86. Audi synthetic fuels.          353
• Figure 87. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques.      361
• Figure 88. SWOT analysis for bio-oils.           363
• Figure 89. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.          375
• Figure 90. ChemCyclingTM prototypes.       382
• Figure 91. ChemCycling circle by BASF.       382
• Figure 92. FBPO process        392
• Figure 93. Direct Air Capture Process.          396
• Figure 94. CRI process.           398
• Figure 95. Cassandra Oil  process.  401
• Figure 96. Colyser process.  409
• Figure 97. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic.            414
• Figure 98. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer.    415
• Figure 99. Domsjö process.  416
• Figure 100. FuelPositive system.       427
• Figure 101. INERATEC unit.   444
• Figure 102. Infinitree swing method.              445
• Figure 103. Audi/Krajete unit.              451
• Figure 104. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.           478
• Figure 105: Plantrose process.           487
• Figure 106. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production.    503
• Figure 107. Takavator.               506
• Figure 108. O12 Reactor.        510
• Figure 109. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials.               510
• Figure 110. CO2 made car part.        511
• Figure 111. The Velocys process.     514
• Figure 112. Goldilocks process and applications. 517
• Figure 113. The Proesa® Process.     518

The Global Sustainable Biofuels & E-Fuels Market 2026-2036

Instant PDF download.

The Global Sustainable Biofuels & E-Fuels Market 2026-2036

PDF download and Print Edition (including tracked delivery).

Payment methods: Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Paypal, Bank Transfer. To order by Bank Transfer (Invoice) select this option from the payment methods menu after adding to cart, or contact info@futuremarketsinc.com