The Global Market for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), PFAS Alternatives and PFAS Treatment 2025-2035

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            20

• 1.1        Introduction to PFAS 20
• 1.2        Definition and Overview of PFAS       21
  • 1.2.1    Chemical Structure and Properties 22
  • 1.2.2    Historical Development and Use      23
• 1.3        Types of PFAS 24
  • 1.3.1    Non-polymeric PFAS 24
    • 1.3.1.1 Long-Chain PFAS        24
    • 1.3.1.2 Short-Chain PFAS       25
    • 1.3.1.3 Other non-polymeric PFAS   27
  • 1.3.2    Polymeric PFAS            28
    • 1.3.2.1 Fluoropolymers (FPs)               28
    • 1.3.2.2 Side-chain fluorinated polymers:     29
    • 1.3.2.3 Perfluoropolyethers   29
• 1.4        Properties and Applications of PFAS              30
  • 1.4.1    Water and Oil Repellency       30
  • 1.4.2    Thermal and Chemical Stability        31
  • 1.4.3    Surfactant Properties               31
  • 1.4.4    Low Friction    32
  • 1.4.5    Electrical Insulation  32
  • 1.4.6    Film-Forming Abilities              32
  • 1.4.7    Atmospheric Stability               33
• 1.5        Environmental and Health Concerns             33
  • 1.5.1    Persistence in the Environment         34
  • 1.5.2    Bioaccumulation        35
  • 1.5.3    Toxicity and Health Effects    36
  • 1.5.4    Environmental Contamination           36
• 1.6        PFAS Alternatives        37
• 1.7        Analytical techniques              39
• 1.8        Manufacturing/handling/import/export       41
• 1.9        Storage/disposal/treatment/purification     42
• 1.10     Water quality management  44
• 1.11     Alternative technologies and supply chains              46

2             GLOBAL REGULATORY LANDSCAPE               48

• 2.1        Impact of growing PFAS regulation  48
• 2.2        International Agreements      51
• 2.3        European Union Regulations               51
• 2.4        United States Regulations     52
  • 2.4.1    Federal regulations    52
  • 2.4.2    State-Level Regulations          54
• 2.5        Asian Regulations       55
  • 2.5.1    Japan  55
    • 2.5.1.1 Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL)               56
    • 2.5.1.2 Water Quality Standards        56
  • 2.5.2    China  57
    • 2.5.2.1 List of New Contaminants Under Priority Control  57
    • 2.5.2.2 Catalog of Toxic Chemicals Under Severe Restrictions     57
    • 2.5.2.3 New Pollutants Control Action Plan                57
  • 2.5.3    Taiwan 58
    • 2.5.3.1 Toxic and Chemical Substances of Concern Act    58
  • 2.5.4    Australia and New Zealand   58
  • 2.5.5    Canada             58
  • 2.5.6    South Korea    59
• 2.6        Global Regulatory Trends and Outlook         60

3             INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC PFAS USAGE  61

• 3.1        Semiconductors          61
  • 3.1.1    Importance of PFAS   61
  • 3.1.2    Front-end processes 63
    • 3.1.2.1 Lithography     63
    • 3.1.2.2 Wet etching solutions              64
    • 3.1.2.3 Chiller coolants for dry etchers          65
    • 3.1.2.4 Piping and valves         65
  • 3.1.3    Back-end processes 65
    • 3.1.3.1 Interconnects and Packaging Materials       65
    • 3.1.3.2 Molding materials       66
    • 3.1.3.3 Die attach materials  66
    • 3.1.3.4 Interlayer film for package substrates           66
    • 3.1.3.5 Thermal management             67
  • 3.1.4    Product life cycle and impact of PFAS           67
    • 3.1.4.1 Manufacturing Stage (Raw Materials)            67
    • 3.1.4.2 Usage Stage (Semiconductor Factory)         68
    • 3.1.4.3 Disposal Stage              68
  • 3.1.5    Environmental and Human Health Impacts              68
  • 3.1.6    Regulatory Trends Related to Semiconductors       69
  • 3.1.7    Exemptions     69
  • 3.1.8    Future Regulatory Trends       69
  • 3.1.9    Alternatives to PFAS  70
    • 3.1.9.1 Alkyl Polyglucoside and Polyoxyethylene Surfactants        71
    • 3.1.9.2 Non-PFAS Etching Solutions               71
    • 3.1.9.3 PTFE-Free Sliding Materials  71
    • 3.1.9.4 Metal oxide-based materials               71
    • 3.1.9.5 Fluoropolymer Alternatives   71
    • 3.1.9.6 Silicone-based Materials       71
    • 3.1.9.7 Hydrocarbon-based Surfactants      72
    • 3.1.9.8 Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene   72
    • 3.1.9.9 Engineered Polymers                73
    • 3.1.9.10            Supercritical CO2 Technology            73
    • 3.1.9.11            Plasma Technologies                74
    • 3.1.9.12            Sol-Gel Materials        74
    • 3.1.9.13            Biodegradable Polymers        75
• 3.2        Textiles and Clothing 76
  • 3.2.1    Overview           76
  • 3.2.2    PFAS in Water-Repellent Materials  76
  • 3.2.3    Stain-Resistant Treatments  77
  • 3.2.4    Regulatory Impact on Water-Repellent Clothing    78
  • 3.2.5    Industry Initiatives and Commitments         79
  • 3.2.6    Alternatives to PFAS  80
    • 3.2.6.1 Enhanced surface treatments            80
    • 3.2.6.2 Non-fluorinated treatments 81
    • 3.2.6.3 Biomimetic approaches         81
    • 3.2.6.4 Nano-structured surfaces    82
    • 3.2.6.5 Wax-based additives 83
    • 3.2.6.6 Plasma treatments     83
    • 3.2.6.7 Sol-gel coatings            84
    • 3.2.6.8 Superhydrophobic coatings 84
    • 3.2.6.9 Biodegradable Polymer Coatings     85
    • 3.2.6.10            Graphene-based Coatings    86
    • 3.2.6.11            Enzyme-based Treatments   86
    • 3.2.6.12            Companies     87
• 3.3        Food Packaging           89
  • 3.3.1    Sustainable packaging            89
    • 3.3.1.1 PFAS in Grease-Resistant Packaging             89
    • 3.3.1.2 Other applications     89
    • 3.3.1.3 Regulatory Trends in Food Contact Materials           90
  • 3.3.2    Alternatives to PFAS  91
    • 3.3.2.1 Biobased materials    91
      • 3.3.2.1.1           Polylactic Acid (PLA) 91
      • 3.3.2.1.2           Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)          92
      • 3.3.2.1.3           Cellulose-based materials   93
        • 3.3.2.1.3.1      Nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC)       94
        • 3.3.2.1.3.2      Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)          95
      • 3.3.2.1.4           Silicon-based Alternatives     96
      • 3.3.2.1.5           Natural Waxes and Resins    97
      • 3.3.2.1.6           Engineered Paper and Board               97
      • 3.3.2.1.7           Nanocomposites        98
      • 3.3.2.1.8           Plasma Treatments    99
      • 3.3.2.1.9           Biodegradable Polymer Blends          100
      • 3.3.2.1.10        Chemically Modified Natural Polymers        101
      • 3.3.2.1.11        Molded Fiber  102
    • 3.3.2.2 PFAS-free coatings for food packaging         103
      • 3.3.2.2.1           Silicone-based Coatings:       103
      • 3.3.2.2.2           Bio-based Barrier Coatings   104
      • 3.3.2.2.3           Nanocellulose Coatings         105
      • 3.3.2.2.4           Superhydrophobic and Omniphobic Coatings         106
      • 3.3.2.2.5           Clay-based Nanocomposite Coatings          106
      • 3.3.2.2.6           Coated Papers              107
    • 3.3.2.3 Companies     108
• 3.4        Paints and Coatings  110
  • 3.4.1    Overview           110
  • 3.4.2    Applications   111
  • 3.4.3    Alternatives to PFAS  112
    • 3.4.3.1 Silicon-Based Alternatives:   112
    • 3.4.3.2 Hydrocarbon-Based Alternatives:    112
    • 3.4.3.3 Nanomaterials              113
    • 3.4.3.4 Plasma-Based Surface Treatments 114
    • 3.4.3.5 Inorganic Alternatives               114
    • 3.4.3.6 Bio-based Polymers: 115
    • 3.4.3.7 Dendritic Polymers    115
    • 3.4.3.8 Zwitterionic Polymers               116
    • 3.4.3.9 Graphene-based Coatings    116
    • 3.4.3.10            Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Coatings 117
    • 3.4.3.11            Companies     117
• 3.5        Ion Exchange membranes     120
  • 3.5.1    Overview           120
    • 3.5.1.1 PFAS in Ion Exchange Membranes   121
  • 3.5.2    Proton Exchange Membranes             122
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview           122
    • 3.5.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers (PEMELs)          124
    • 3.5.2.3 Membrane Degradation          125
    • 3.5.2.4 Nafion 126
    • 3.5.2.5 Membrane electrode assembly (MEA)          129
  • 3.5.3    Manufacturing PFSA Membranes     130
  • 3.5.4    Enhancing PFSA Membranes              132
  • 3.5.5    Commercial PFSA membranes         133
  • 3.5.6    Catalyst Coated Membranes              134
    • 3.5.6.1 Alternatives to PFAS  135
  • 3.5.7    Membranes in Redox Flow Batteries               136
    • 3.5.7.1 Alternative Materials for RFB Membranes   138
  • 3.5.8    Alternatives to PFAS  140
    • 3.5.8.1 Alternative Polymer Materials             140
    • 3.5.8.2 Anion Exchange Membrane Technology (AEM) fuel cells   141
    • 3.5.8.3 Nanocellulose               141
    • 3.5.8.4 Boron-containing membranes           142
    • 3.5.8.5 Hydrocarbon-based membranes     143
    • 3.5.8.6 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 144
      • 3.5.8.6.1           MOF Composite Membranes              144
    • 3.5.8.7 Graphene         145
    • 3.5.8.8 Companies     146
• 3.6        Energy (excluding fuel cells) 146
  • 3.6.1    Overview           146
  • 3.6.2    Solar Panels   147
  • 3.6.3    Wind Turbines               148
    • 3.6.3.1 Blade Coatings             148
    • 3.6.3.2 Lubricants and Greases         148
    • 3.6.3.3 Electrical and Electronic Components         149
    • 3.6.3.4 Seals and Gaskets      149
  • 3.6.4    Lithium-Ion Batteries                149
    • 3.6.4.1 Electrode Binders       149
    • 3.6.4.2 Electrolyte Additives 150
    • 3.6.4.3 Separator Coatings    150
    • 3.6.4.4 Current Collector Coatings   150
    • 3.6.4.5 Gaskets and Seals      151
    • 3.6.4.6 Fluorinated Solvents in Electrode Manufacturing 151
    • 3.6.4.7 Surface Treatments   151
  • 3.6.5    Alternatives to PFAS  151
    • 3.6.5.1 Solar    153
      • 3.6.5.1.1           Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Encapsulants               153
      • 3.6.5.1.2           Polyolefin Encapsulants        153
      • 3.6.5.1.3           Glass-Glass Module Design 154
      • 3.6.5.1.4           Bio-based Backsheets            154
    • 3.6.5.2 Wind Turbines               154
      • 3.6.5.2.1           Silicone-Based Coatings        154
      • 3.6.5.2.2           Nanocoatings 155
      • 3.6.5.2.3           Thermal De-icing Systems    155
      • 3.6.5.2.4           Polyurethane-Based Coatings            156
    • 3.6.5.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries                157
      • 3.6.5.3.1           Water-Soluble Binders             157
      • 3.6.5.3.2           Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) Based Binders            158
      • 3.6.5.3.3           Alginate-Based Binders          158
      • 3.6.5.3.4           Ionic Liquid Electrolytes          159
    • 3.6.5.4 Companies     160
• 3.7        Low-loss materials for 5G      161
  • 3.7.1    Overview           161
    • 3.7.1.1 Organic PCB materials for 5G             163
  • 3.7.2    PTFE in 5G        163
    • 3.7.2.1 Properties         163
    • 3.7.2.2 PTFE-Based Laminates           164
    • 3.7.2.3 Regulations     165
    • 3.7.2.4 Commercial low-loss               166
  • 3.7.3    Alternatives to PFAS  167
    • 3.7.3.1 Liquid crystal polymers (LCP)             167
    • 3.7.3.2 Poly(p-phenylene ether) (PPE)            168
    • 3.7.3.3 Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)           168
    • 3.7.3.4 Hydrocarbon-based laminates          169
    • 3.7.3.5 Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC)             170
    • 3.7.3.6 Glass Substrates         172
• 3.8        Cosmetics       174
  • 3.8.1    Overview           174
  • 3.8.2    Use in cosmetics         175
  • 3.8.3    Alternatives to PFAS  175
    • 3.8.3.1 Silicone-based Polymers       176
    • 3.8.3.2 Plant-based Waxes and Oils 176
    • 3.8.3.3 Naturally Derived Polymers  176
    • 3.8.3.4 Silica-based Materials             177
    • 3.8.3.5 Companies Developing PFAS Alternatives in Cosmetics  177
• 3.9        Firefighting Foam        178
  • 3.9.1    Overview           178
  • 3.9.2    Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)              179
  • 3.9.3    Environmental Contamination from AFFF Use        179
  • 3.9.4    Regulatory Pressures and Phase-Out Initiatives     180
  • 3.9.5    Alternatives to PFAS  181
    • 3.9.5.1 Fluorine-Free Foams (F3)      181
    • 3.9.5.2 Siloxane-Based Foams           181
    • 3.9.5.3 Protein-Based Foams              181
    • 3.9.5.4 Synthetic Detergent Foams (Syndet)              182
    • 3.9.5.5 Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)        182
• 3.10     Automotive      182
  • 3.10.1 Overview           182
  • 3.10.2 PFAS in Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids     184
  • 3.10.3 Use in Fuel Systems and Engine Components        184
  • 3.10.4 Electric Vehicle             185
    • 3.10.4.1            PFAS in Electric Vehicles        185
    • 3.10.4.2            High-Voltage Cables 186
    • 3.10.4.3            Refrigerants    188
      • 3.10.4.3.1        Coolant Fluids in EVs               188
      • 3.10.4.3.2        Refrigerants for EVs   189
      • 3.10.4.3.3        Regulations     189
      • 3.10.4.3.4        PFAS-free Refrigerants            189
    • 3.10.4.4            Immersion Cooling for Li-ion Batteries          191
      • 3.10.4.4.1        Overview           191
      • 3.10.4.4.2        Single-phase Cooling               192
      • 3.10.4.4.3        Two-phase Cooling    193
      • 3.10.4.4.4        Companies     195
      • 3.10.4.4.5        PFAS-based Coolants in Immersion Cooling for EVs           195
  • 3.10.5 Alternatives to PFAS  197
    • 3.10.5.1            Lubricants and Greases         198
    • 3.10.5.2            Fuel System Components     199
    • 3.10.5.3            Surface Treatments and Coatings    199
    • 3.10.5.4            Gaskets and Seals      200
    • 3.10.5.5            Hydraulic Fluids           201
    • 3.10.5.6            Electrical and Electronic Components         202
    • 3.10.5.7            Paint and Coatings     203
    • 3.10.5.8            Windshield and Glass Treatments   203
• 3.11     Electronics      204
  • 3.11.1 Overview           204
  • 3.11.2 PFAS in Printed Circuit Boards           205
  • 3.11.3 Cable and Wire Insulation     206
  • 3.11.4 Regulatory Challenges for Electronics Manufacturers       206
  • 3.11.5 Alternatives to PFAS  206
    • 3.11.5.1            Wires and Cables        206
    • 3.11.5.2            Coating              207
    • 3.11.5.3            Electronic Components         208
    • 3.11.5.4            Sealing and Lubricants           209
    • 3.11.5.5            Cleaning           209
    • 3.11.5.6            Companies     210
• 3.12     Medical Devices           213
  • 3.12.1 Overview           213
  • 3.12.2 PFAS in Implantable Devices               214
  • 3.12.3 Diagnostic Equipment Applications               215
  • 3.12.4 Balancing Safety and Performance in Regulations               216
  • 3.12.5 Alternatives to PFAS  217
• 3.13     Green hydrogen            218
  • 3.13.1 Electrolyzers   218
  • 3.13.2 Alternatives to PFAS  219
  • 3.13.3 Economic implications           219

4             PFAS ALTERNATIVES 221

• 4.1        PFAS-Free Release Agents    221
  • 4.1.1    Silicone-Based Alternatives  221
  • 4.1.2    Hydrocarbon-Based Solutions           222
  • 4.1.3    Performance Comparisons  223
• 4.2        Non-Fluorinated Surfactants and Dispersants       224
  • 4.2.1    Bio-Based Surfactants            225
  • 4.2.2    Silicon-Based Surfactants    226
  • 4.2.3    Hydrocarbon-Based Surfactants      226
• 4.3        PFAS-Free Water and Oil-Repellent Materials          227
  • 4.3.1    Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers                227
  • 4.3.2    PFA-Free Durable Water Repellent (DWR) Coatings             228
  • 4.3.3    Silicone-Based Repellents    229
  • 4.3.4    Nano-Structured Surfaces    230
• 4.4        Fluorine-Free Liquid-Repellent Surfaces     231
  • 4.4.1    Superhydrophobic Coatings 231
  • 4.4.2    Omniphobic Surfaces              232
  • 4.4.3    Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS)   233
• 4.5        PFAS-Free Colorless Transparent Polyimide             234
  • 4.5.1    Novel Polymer Structures      235
  • 4.5.2    Applications in Flexible Electronics 235

5             PFAS DEGRADATION AND ELIMINATION     237

• 5.1        Current methods for PFAS degradation and elimination   237
• 5.2        Bio-friendly methods                238
  • 5.2.1    Phytoremediation       238
  • 5.2.2    Microbial Degradation             239
  • 5.2.3    Enzyme-Based Degradation 239
  • 5.2.4    Mycoremediation        240
  • 5.2.5    Biochar Adsorption    240
  • 5.2.6    Green Oxidation Methods     241
  • 5.2.7    Bio-based Adsorbents             243
  • 5.2.8    Algae-Based Systems              243
• 5.3        Companies     244

6             PFAS TREATMENT       247

• 6.1        Introduction    247
• 6.2        Pathways for PFAS environmental contamination 249
• 6.3        Regulations     250
  • 6.3.1    USA      250
  • 6.3.2    EU         251
  • 6.3.3    Rest of the World         252
• 6.4        PFAS water treatment               253
  • 6.4.1    Introduction    253
  • 6.4.2    Market Forecast 2025-2035 254
  • 6.4.3    Applications   255
    • 6.4.3.1 Drinking water                255
    • 6.4.3.2 Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)   255
    • 6.4.3.3 Landfill leachate          256
    • 6.4.3.4 Municipal wastewater treatment      256
    • 6.4.3.5 Industrial process and wastewater  256
    • 6.4.3.6 Sites with heavy PFAS contamination           256
    • 6.4.3.7 Point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) filters and systems                256
  • 6.4.4    PFAS treatment approaches                257
  • 6.4.5    Traditional removal technologies     259
    • 6.4.5.1 Adsorption: granular activated carbon (GAC)           260
      • 6.4.5.1.1           Sources             260
      • 6.4.5.1.2           Short-chain PFAS compounds           260
      • 6.4.5.1.3           Reactivation   261
      • 6.4.5.1.4           PAC systems  261
    • 6.4.5.2 Adsorption: ion exchange resins (IER)           262
      • 6.4.5.2.1           Pre-treatment                 262
      • 6.4.5.2.2           Resins 263
    • 6.4.5.3 Membrane filtration-reverse osmosis and nanofiltration 265
  • 6.4.6    Emerging removal technologies        266
    • 6.4.6.1 Foam fractionation and ozofractionation    267
      • 6.4.6.1.1           Polymeric sorbents    267
      • 6.4.6.1.2           Mineral-based sorbents          268
      • 6.4.6.1.3           Flocculation/coagulation       268
      • 6.4.6.1.4           Electrostatic coagulation/concentration     269
    • 6.4.6.2 Companies     269
  • 6.4.7    Destruction technologies      270
    • 6.4.7.1 PFAS waste management     272
    • 6.4.7.2 Landfilling of PFAS-containing waste             272
    • 6.4.7.3 Thermal treatment      272
    • 6.4.7.4 Liquid-phase PFAS destruction         273
    • 6.4.7.5 Electrochemical oxidation    275
    • 6.4.7.6 Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO)           275
    • 6.4.7.7 Hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT)     275
    • 6.4.7.8 Plasma treatment       276
    • 6.4.7.9 Photocatalysis              276
    • 6.4.7.10            Sonochemical oxidation        277
    • 6.4.7.11            Challenges      278
    • 6.4.7.12            Companies     278
• 6.5        PFAS Solids Treatment             279
  • 6.5.1    Market Forecast 2025-2035 279
  • 6.5.2    PFAS migration             280
  • 6.5.3    Soil washing (or soil scrubbing)         281
  • 6.5.4    Soil flushing    281
  • 6.5.5    Thermal desorption   282
  • 6.5.6    Phytoremediation       282
  • 6.5.7    In-situ immobilization              282
  • 6.5.8    Pyrolysis and gasification      283
  • 6.5.9    Plasma              283
  • 6.5.10 Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO)           283
• 6.6        Companies     284

7             GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK             287

• 7.1        Current Market Size and Segmentation        287
  • 7.1.1    Global PFAS Market Overview            287
  • 7.1.2    Regional Market Analysis      288
    • 7.1.2.1 North America              288
    • 7.1.2.2 Europe                288
    • 7.1.2.3 Asia-Pacific    288
    • 7.1.2.4 Latin America 288
    • 7.1.2.5 Middle East and Africa             289
  • 7.1.3    Market Segmentation by Industry    289
    • 7.1.3.1 Textiles and Apparel  289
    • 7.1.3.2 Food Packaging           290
    • 7.1.3.3 Firefighting Foams      290
    • 7.1.3.4 Electronics & semiconductors           290
    • 7.1.3.5 Automotive      290
    • 7.1.3.6 Aerospace        291
    • 7.1.3.7 Construction  291
    • 7.1.3.8 Others 291
  • 7.1.4    Global PFAS Treatment Market Overview    292
    • 7.1.4.1 Regional PFAS Treatment Market Analysis 293
      • 7.1.4.1.1           North America              293
      • 7.1.4.1.2           Europe                294
      • 7.1.4.1.3           Asia-Pacific    295
      • 7.1.4.1.4           Latin America 295
      • 7.1.4.1.5           Middle East and Africa             296
• 7.2        Impact of Regulations on Market Dynamics             297
  • 7.2.1    Shift from Long-Chain to Short-Chain PFAS              297
  • 7.2.2    Growth in PFAS-Free Alternatives Market    298
  • 7.2.3    Regional Market Shifts Due to Regulatory Differences       299
• 7.3        Emerging Trends and Opportunities               301
  • 7.3.1    Green Chemistry Innovations             301
  • 7.3.2    Circular Economy Approaches          302
  • 7.3.3    Digital Technologies for PFAS Management              303
• 7.4        Challenges and Barriers to PFAS Substitution         304
  • 7.4.1    Technical Performance Gaps              305
  • 7.4.2    Cost Considerations 306
  • 7.4.3    Regulatory Uncertainty            308
• 7.5        Future Market Projections     309
  • 7.5.1    Short-Term Outlook (1-3 Years)          309
  • 7.5.2    Medium-Term Projections (3-5 Years)            310
  • 7.5.3    Long-Term Scenarios (5-10 Years)    312

8             COMPANY PROFILES                316 (49 company profiles)

9             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              346

10          REFERENCES 347

List of Tables

• Table 1. Established applications of PFAS. 20
• Table 2. PFAS chemicals segmented by non-polymers vs polymers.        20
• Table 3. Non-polymeric PFAS.            21
• Table 4. Chemical structure and physiochemical properties of various perfluorinated surfactants.  22
• Table 5. Examples of long-chain PFAS-Applications, Regulatory Status and Environmental and Health Effects.              24
• Table 6. Examples of short-chain PFAS.       25
• Table 7. Other non-polymeric PFAS.               27
• Table 8. Examples of fluoropolymers.           28
• Table 9. Examples of side-chain fluorinated polymers.     29
• Table 10. Applications of PFAs.          30
• Table 11. PFAS surfactant properties.            32
• Table 12. List of PFAS alternatives.  37
• Table 13. Common PFAS and their regulation.         48
• Table 14. International PFAS regulations.    51
• Table 15. European Union Regulations.       52
• Table 16. United States Regulations.             54
• Table 17. PFAS Regulations in Asia-Pacific Countries.       59
• Table 18. Identified uses of PFAS in semiconductors.        61
• Table 19. Alternatives to PFAS in Semiconductors.               70
• Table 20. Key properties of PFAS in water-repellent materials.     77
• Table 21. Initiatives by outdoor clothing companies to phase out PFCs.                79
• Table 22. Comparative analysis of Alternatives to PFAS for textiles.          80
• Table 23. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for textiles.  87
• Table 24. Applications of PFAS in Food Packaging.              89
• Table 25. Regulation related to PFAS in food contact materials.  90
• Table 26. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).        94
• Table 27. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for food packaging.               108
• Table 28. Applications and purpose of PFAS in paints and coatings.        111
• Table 29. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for paints and coatings.      117
• Table 30. Applications of Ion Exchange Membranes.          121
• Table 31. Key aspects of PEMELs.    124
• Table 32. Membrane Degradation Processes Overview.    125
• Table 33. PFSA Membranes & Key Players. 126
• Table 34. Competing Membrane Materials.               127
• Table 35. Comparative analysis of membrane properties.               127
• Table 36. Processes for manufacturing of  perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes.               130
• Table 37. PFSA Resin Suppliers.        133
• Table 38. CCM Production Technologies.    134
• Table 39. Comparison of Coating Processes.           135
• Table 40. Alternatives to PFAS in catalyst coated membranes.    135
• Table 41. Key Properties and Considerations for RFB Membranes.           137
• Table 42. PFSA Membrane Manufacturers for RFBs.            137
• Table 43. Alternative Materials for RFB Membranes             138
• Table 44. Alternative Polymer Materials for Ion Exchange Membranes.  140
• Table 45. Hydrocarbon Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells.    143
• Table 46. Companies developing PFA alternatives for fuel cell membranes.      146
• Table 47. Identified uses of PFASs in the energy sector.    147
• Table 48. Alternatives to PFAS in Energy by Market (Excluding Fuel Cells).           151
• Table 49: Anti-icing and de-icing nanocoatings product and application developers.   156
• Table 50. Companies developing alternatives to PFAS in energy (excluding fuel cells).                160
• Table 51. Commercial low-loss organic laminates-key properties at 10 GHz.    162
• Table 52. Key Properties of PTFE to Consider for 5G Applications.             163
• Table 53. Applications of PTFE in 5G in a table         163
• Table 54. Challenges in PTFE-based laminates in 5G.        164
• Table 55. Key regulations affecting PFAS use in low-loss materials.          165
• Table 56. Commercial low-loss materials suitable for 5G applications. 166
• Table 57. Key low-loss materials suppliers.               166
• Table 58. Alternatives to PFAS for low-loss applications in 5G      167
• Table 59. Benchmarking LTCC materials suitable for 5G applications.   171
• Table 60. Benchmarking of various glass substrates suitable for 5G applications.         172
• Table 61. Applications of PFAS in cosmetics.           175
• Table 62. Alternatives to PFAS for various functions in cosmetics.            175
• Table 63. Companies developing PFAS alternatives in cosmetics.             177
• Table 64. Applications of PFAS in Automotive Industry.     183
• Table 65. Application of PFAS in Electric Vehicles.                186
• Table 66.Suppliers of PFAS-free Coolants and Refrigerants for EVs.         190
• Table 67.Immersion Fluids for EVs   191
• Table 68. Immersion Cooling Fluids Requirements.             192
• Table 69. Single-phase vs two-phase cooling.         194
• Table 70. Companies producing Immersion Fluids for EVs.            195
• Table 71. Alternatives to PFAS in the automotive sector.   197
• Table 72. Use of PFAS in the electronics sector.     204
• Table 73. Companies developing alternatives to PFAS in electronics & semiconductors.          210
• Table 74. Applications of PFAS in Medical Devices.              214
• Table 75. Alternatives to PFAS in medical devices.               217
• Table 76. Readiness level of PFAS alternatives.       221
• Table 77. Comparing PFAS-free alternatives to traditional PFAS-containing release agents.   223
• Table 78. Novel PFAS-free CTPI structures.                235
• Table 79. Applications of PFAS-free CTPIs in flexible electronics.               236
• Table 80. Current methods for PFAS elimination . 237
• Table 81. Companies developing processes for PFA degradation and elimination.         244
• Table 82. Total PFAS Treatment Market Forecast by Segment (2025-2035).         248
• Table 83. PFAS Treatment Market Share Evolution.              248
• Table 84. Pathways for PFAS environmental contamination.         249
• Table 85.  Global PFAS Drinking Water Limits           250
• Table 86. USA PFAS Regulations.      251
• Table 87. EU PFAS Regulations          252
• Table 88. Global PFAS Regulations. 252
• Table 89. PFAS drinking water treatment market forecast 2025-2035     254
• Table 90. Applications requiring PFAS water treatment.    255
• Table 91. Point-of-Use (POU) and Point-of-Entry (POE) Systems.               257
• Table 92. PFAS treatment approaches.        257
• Table 93. Typical Flow Rates for Different Facilities.            258
• Table 94. In-Situ vs Ex-Situ Treatment Comparison              259
• Table 95. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for PFAS Removal.  259
• Table 96. Removal technologies for PFAS in water.               259
• Table 97. Suppliers of GAC media for PFAS removal applications.             262
• Table 98. Commercially Available PFAS-Selective Resins.              264
• Table 99. Estimated Treatment Costs by Method. 265
• Table 100. Comparison of technologies for PFAS removal.             266
• Table 101. Emerging removal technologies for PFAS in water.        266
• Table 102. Companies in emerging PFAS removal technologies. 269
• Table 103. PFAS Destruction Technologies.               270
• Table 104. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for PFAS Destruction Technologies.          271
• Table 105. Thermal Treatment Types.             273
• Table 106. Liquid-Phase Technology Segmentation.            273
• Table 107. PFAS Destruction Technologies Challenges.    278
• Table 108. Companies developing PFAS Destruction Technologies.         278
• Table 109. PFAS Solids Treatment Market Forecast 2025-2035.  279
• Table 110. Treatment Methods for PFAS-Contaminated Solids.   280
• Table 111. Companies developing processes for PFAS water and solid treatment.         284
• Table 112. Global PFAS Market Projection (2023-2035), Billions USD.    287
• Table 113. Regional PFAS Market Projection (2023-2035), Billions USD. 289
• Table 114. PFAS Market Segmentation by Industry (2023-2035), Billions USD. 291
• Table 115. PFAS treatment market by region, North America.       293
• Table 116. PFAS treatment market by region, Europe.        294
• Table 117. PFAS treatment market by region, Asia-Pacific.             295
• Table 118. PFAS treatment market by region, Latin America          295
• Table 119. PFAS treatment market by region Middle East and Africa         296
• Table 120. Long-Chain PFAS andShort-Chain PFAS Market Share              298
• Table 121.PFAS-Free Alternatives Market Size from 2020 to 2035, (Billions USD).          299
• Table 122. Regional Market Data (2023) for PFAS and trends.       300
• Table 123. Market Opportunities for PFAS alternatives.     301
• Table 124. Circular Economy Initiatives and Potential Impact.     302
• Table 125. Digital Technology Applications and Market Potential.              304
• Table 126. Performance Comparison Table.              305
• Table 127. Cost Comparison Table-PFAS and PFAS alternatives.                306
• Table 128. Global market Size 2023-2026 (USD Billions). 310
• Table 129. Market size 2026-2030 (USD Billions). 311
• Table 130. Long-Term Market Projections (2035).  313

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Types of PFAS.          24
• Figure 2. Structure of PFAS-based polymer finishes.          27
• Figure 3. Water and Oil Repellent Textile Coating. 31
• Figure 4. Main PFAS exposure route.              33
• Figure 5. Main sources of perfluorinated compounds (PFC) and general pathways that these compounds may take toward human exposure.    35
• Figure 6.  Photolithography process in semiconductor manufacturing. 62
• Figure 7. PFAS containing Chemicals by Technology Node.            63
• Figure 8. The photoresist application process in photolithography.          64
• Figure 9: Contact angle on superhydrophobic coated surface.    85
• Figure 10. PEMFC Working Principle.             122
• Figure 11. Schematic representation of a Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA).          130
• Figure 12. Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS).          234
• Figure 13. Aclarity’s Octa system.    242
• Figure 14. Process for treatment of PFAS in water. 254
• Figure 15. Octa™ system.       317
• Figure 16. Gradiant Forever Gone.   331
• Figure 17. PFAS Annihilator® unit.    343

The Global Market for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), PFAS Alternatives and PFAS Treatment 2025-2035

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The Global Market for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), PFAS Alternatives and PFAS Treatment 2025-2035

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