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- Published: May 2025
- Pages: 338
- Tables: 84
- Figures: 37
The global Small Modular Reactor (SMR) market represents one of the most promising segments within the nuclear energy industry, characterized by innovative reactor designs with electrical outputs typically below 300 MWe. This emerging market is driven by the search for low-carbon energy solutions that offer greater flexibility, reduced financial risk, and enhanced safety features compared to conventional large-scale nuclear plants. As countries worldwide strengthen climate commitments while facing increasing energy security concerns, SMRs are positioned as a potential solution that combines reliable baseload generation with deployment versatility. Market growth projections vary significantly based on deployment scenarios, with conservative estimates valuing the global market at approximately $10-15 billion by 2030, while more optimistic projections suggest potential growth to $40-50 billion by 2035 as the technology matures. The North American market currently leads development efforts, with the United States government providing substantial funding through programs like the Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. Asia-Pacific represents the fastest-growing regional market, driven primarily by China's operational HTR-PM and Russia's floating nuclear plants, with significant investment also occurring in South Korea, Japan, and India.
The competitive landscape features both established nuclear industry players and innovative startups. Traditional nuclear vendors like GE Hitachi, Westinghouse, and Rosatom have developed SMR designs leveraging their existing technological expertise, while newcomers such as NuScale Power, TerraPower, and X-energy have attracted significant investment with novel approaches. The UK's Rolls-Royce SMR program exemplifies the strategic national importance many countries place on developing domestic SMR capabilities, with similar initiatives underway in Canada, France, and South Korea.
Technology segmentation within the market spans multiple reactor types with varying development timelines. Light water reactor designs dominate near-term deployments due to regulatory familiarity and technological readiness, with NuScale's VOYGR and GE Hitachi's BWRX-300 among the most advanced in regulatory processes. High-temperature gas-cooled reactors offer process heat capabilities for industrial applications, while more advanced designs utilizing liquid metal or molten salt technologies target longer-term market opportunities with enhanced performance characteristics.
Key market drivers include decarbonization policies, energy security concerns, coal plant replacement opportunities, and industrial sector applications. The integration of SMRs within broader energy systems, particularly as enablers for clean hydrogen production and providers of grid stability services in systems with high renewable penetration, represents a significant value proposition. Military and remote community applications create specialized market segments with unique requirements and potentially higher price tolerance.
The market faces several significant challenges, including first-of-a-kind regulatory hurdles, financing complexities for capital-intensive projects, supply chain development needs, and public acceptance considerations. The necessity of establishing manufacturing capacity for standardized components represents both a challenge and an opportunity for industrial development in countries pursuing SMR deployment.
International collaboration has emerged as a defining characteristic of the market, with initiatives like the IAEA's SMR Platform and various bilateral agreements facilitating knowledge sharing and harmonized approaches to regulation. Export market development remains a strategic priority for vendor countries, particularly the United States, Russia, China, and the United Kingdom, with competition for international deployments expected to intensify as designs reach commercial readiness. Over the next decade, the transition from demonstration projects to commercial fleet deployment represents the central market challenge, with successful first-of-a-kind projects likely to significantly influence subsequent market trajectories, investment flows, and technology selection patterns across the global energy landscape.
The Global Nuclear Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) Market 2025-2045 provides in-depth analysis and strategic intelligence on the rapidly evolving Global Nuclear Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) market from 2025-2045. As countries worldwide intensify efforts to achieve net-zero emissions while ensuring energy security, SMRs have emerged as a transformative solution offering reduced capital costs, enhanced safety features, and versatile applications beyond traditional electricity generation. The report meticulously examines market drivers, technological innovations, deployment scenarios, regulatory frameworks, and competitive landscapes to deliver actionable insights for investors, energy companies, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. With detailed data on market segmentation by reactor type, application, and geographical region, this comprehensive analysis presents three growth scenarios with quantitative projections spanning two decades.
Report Contents include:
- Market Overview and Forecast (2025-2045) – Detailed market size projections, growth trajectories, and regional breakdowns with CAGR analysis and value forecasts.
- Technological Analysis – Comprehensive evaluation of diverse SMR technologies including Light Water Reactors (LWRs), High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGRs), Fast Neutron Reactors (FNRs), Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs), and emerging microreactor designs
- Competitive Landscape – Strategic positioning, innovation pipelines, competitive advantages, and market share analysis of 33 leading and emerging SMR developers with detailed company profiles
- Regulatory Framework Analysis – International and regional licensing approaches, harmonization efforts, policy incentives, and export control considerations affecting market development
- Economic Impact Assessment – Job creation potential, ROI projections, cost-benefit analyses, and comparative economics against traditional nuclear and renewable energy alternatives
- Deployment Scenarios – Detailed timelines and milestones for First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) and Nth-of-a-Kind (NOAK) deployments with capacity addition forecasts through 2045
- Applications Analysis – Market potential across diverse applications including electricity generation, industrial process heat, district heating, hydrogen production, desalination, remote power, and marine propulsion
- Investment Analysis – Financing models, risk assessment methodologies, public-private partnership structures, and ROI comparisons with alternative energy investments
- Environmental and Social Impact – Carbon emissions reduction potential, land use comparisons, water usage analysis, waste management strategies, and public acceptance considerations
- Case Studies – In-depth analysis of pioneering SMR projects including NuScale Power VOYGR™, Rolls-Royce UK SMR, China's HTR-PM, Russia's Akademik Lomonosov, and the Canadian SMR Action Plan
- Future Outlook – Long-term market projections beyond 2045, technology roadmaps, potential disruptive technologies, and global energy mix scenarios with SMR integration
- Regional Market Analysis – Detailed assessments of market opportunities and regulatory environments across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and Latin America
The report provides comprehensive profiles of 33 leading and emerging companies including Aalo Atomics, ARC Clean Technology, Blue Capsule, Blykalla, BWX Technologies, China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), Deep Fission, EDF, GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy, General Atomics, Hexana, Holtec International, Kairos Power, Kärnfull Next, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Last Energy, Moltex Energy, Naarea, Nano Nuclear Energy, Newcleo, NuScale Power, Oklo, Rolls-Royce SMR, Rosatom, Saltfoss Energy and more.....
This authoritative market intelligence report is essential for anyone involved in the nuclear energy sector, clean energy transition, infrastructure investment, or climate technology. It delivers:
- Strategic market entry and positioning insights for technology developers and suppliers
- Investment guidance for venture capital, private equity, and institutional investors
- Technology roadmapping for research organizations and innovation centers
- Policy formulation support for government agencies and regulatory bodies
- Energy planning insights for utilities and industrial energy consumers
- Competitive intelligence for established nuclear industry players
As global energy systems undergo transformative decarbonization, Small Modular Reactors represent one of the most promising technologies for providing reliable, dispatchable clean energy. This report equips stakeholders with the comprehensive market intelligence needed to navigate this emerging landscape successfully, identify strategic opportunities, mitigate risks, and position for long-term success in the evolving global energy ecosystem.
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 14
- 1.1 Market Overview 16
- 1.1.1 The nuclear industry 16
- 1.1.2 Nuclear as a source of low-carbon power 16
- 1.1.3 Challenges for nuclear power 17
- 1.1.4 Construction and costs of commercial nuclear power plants 18
- 1.1.5 Renewed interest in nuclear energy 23
- 1.1.6 Projections for nuclear installation rates 24
- 1.1.7 Nuclear energy costs 25
- 1.1.8 SMR benefits 26
- 1.1.9 Decarbonization 27
- 1.2 Market Forecast 28
- 1.3 Technological Trends 29
- 1.4 Regulatory Landscape 31
2 INTRODUCTION 35
- 2.1 Definition and Characteristics of SMRs 35
- 2.2 Established nuclear technologies 38
- 2.3 History and Evolution of SMR Technology 45
- 2.3.1 Nuclear fission 45
- 2.3.2 Controlling nuclear chain reactions 48
- 2.3.3 Fuels 49
- 2.3.4 Safety parameters 50
- 2.3.4.1 Void coefficient of reactivity 50
- 2.3.4.2 Temperature coefficient 51
- 2.3.5 Light Water Reactors (LWRs) 51
- 2.3.6 Ultimate heat sinks (UHS) 52
- 2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of SMRs 53
- 2.5 Comparison with Traditional Nuclear Reactors 55
- 2.6 Current SMR reactor designs and projects 57
- 2.7 Types of SMRs 60
- 2.7.1 Designs 60
- 2.7.2 Coolant temperature 60
- 2.7.3 The Small Modular Reactor landscape 63
- 2.7.4 Light Water Reactors (LWRs) 68
- 2.7.4.1 Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) 68
- 2.7.4.1.1 Overview 68
- 2.7.4.1.2 Key features 72
- 2.7.4.1.3 Examples 73
- 2.7.4.2 Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) 75
- 2.7.4.2.1 Overview 75
- 2.7.4.2.2 Key features 81
- 2.7.4.2.3 Examples 83
- 2.7.4.3 Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) 84
- 2.7.4.3.1 Overview 84
- 2.7.4.3.2 Key features 85
- 2.7.4.3.3 Examples 88
- 2.7.4.1 Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) 68
- 2.7.5 High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGRs) 89
- 2.7.5.1 Overview 89
- 2.7.5.2 Key features 93
- 2.7.5.3 Examples 95
- 2.7.6 Fast Neutron Reactors (FNRs) 97
- 2.7.6.1 Overview 97
- 2.7.6.2 Key features 98
- 2.7.6.3 Examples 98
- 2.7.7 Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) 99
- 2.7.7.1 Overview 99
- 2.7.7.2 Key features 100
- 2.7.7.3 Examples 100
- 2.7.8 Microreactors 102
- 2.7.8.1 Overview 102
- 2.7.8.2 Key features 103
- 2.7.8.3 Examples 103
- 2.7.9 Heat Pipe Reactors 104
- 2.7.9.1 Overview 104
- 2.7.9.2 Key features 105
- 2.7.9.3 Examples 105
- 2.7.10 Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors 106
- 2.7.10.1 Overview 106
- 2.7.10.2 Key features 108
- 2.7.10.3 Examples 108
- 2.7.11 Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors (SCWRs) 110
- 2.7.11.1 Overview 110
- 2.7.11.2 Key features 111
- 2.7.12 Pebble Bed Reactors 112
- 2.7.12.1 Overview 112
- 2.7.12.2 Key features 113
- 2.8 Applications of SMRs 113
- 2.8.1 Electricity Generation 118
- 2.8.1.1 Overview 118
- 2.8.1.2 Cogeneration 119
- 2.8.2 Process Heat for Industrial Applications 119
- 2.8.2.1 Overview 119
- 2.8.2.2 Strategic co-location of SMRs 120
- 2.8.2.3 High-temperature reactors 120
- 2.8.2.4 Coal-fired power plant conversion 121
- 2.8.3 Nuclear District Heating 121
- 2.8.4 Desalination 122
- 2.8.5 Remote and Off-Grid Power 122
- 2.8.6 Hydrogen and industrial gas production 123
- 2.8.7 Space Applications 124
- 2.8.8 Marine SMRs 125
- 2.8.1 Electricity Generation 118
- 2.9 Market challenges 129
- 2.10 Safety of SMRs 132
3 GLOBAL ENERGY LANDSCAPE AND THE ROLE OF SMRs 134
- 3.1 Current Global Energy Mix 134
- 3.2 Projected Energy Demand (2025-2045) 136
- 3.3 Climate Change Mitigation and the Paris Agreement 138
- 3.4 Nuclear Energy in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals 138
- 3.5 SMRs as a Solution for Clean Energy Transition 139
4 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 140
- 4.1 Design Principles of SMRs 140
- 4.2 Key Components and Systems 140
- 4.3 Safety Features and Passive Safety Systems 142
- 4.4 Cycle and Waste Management 145
- 4.5 Advanced Manufacturing Techniques 146
- 4.6 Modularization and Factory Fabrication 149
- 4.7 Transportation and Site Assembly 149
- 4.8 Grid Integration and Load Following Capabilities 150
- 4.9 Emerging Technologies and Future Developments 151
5 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND LICENSING 155
- 5.1 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Guidelines 155
- 5.2 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Approach to SMRs 155
- 5.3 European Nuclear Safety Regulators Group (ENSREG) Perspective 155
- 5.4 Regulatory Challenges and Harmonization Efforts 156
- 5.5 Licensing Processes for SMRs 157
- 5.6 Environmental Impact Assessment 159
- 5.7 Public Acceptance and Stakeholder Engagement 160
6 MARKET ANAYSIS 161
- 6.1 Global Market Size and Growth Projections (2025-2045) 161
- 6.2 Market Segmentation 161
- 6.2.1 By Reactor Type 161
- 6.2.2 By Application 161
- 6.2.3 By Region 162
- 6.3 SWOT Analysis 163
- 6.4 Value Chain Analysis 163
- 6.5 Cost Analysis and Economic Viability 166
- 6.6 Financing Models and Investment Strategies 167
- 6.7 Regional Market Analysis 170
- 6.7.1 North America 171
- 6.7.1.1 United States 171
- 6.7.1.2 Canada 171
- 6.7.2 Europe 171
- 6.7.2.1 United Kingdom 171
- 6.7.2.2 France 172
- 6.7.2.3 Russia 172
- 6.7.3 Other European Countries 172
- 6.7.4 Asia-Pacific 172
- 6.7.4.1 China 172
- 6.7.4.2 Japan 173
- 6.7.4.3 South Korea 173
- 6.7.4.4 India 173
- 6.7.4.5 Other Asia-Pacific Countries 173
- 6.7.5 Middle East and Africa 174
- 6.7.6 Latin America 174
- 6.7.1 North America 171
7 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 175
- 7.1 Competitive Strategies 175
- 7.2 Recent market news 177
- 7.3 New Product Developments and Innovations 179
- 7.4 SMR private investment 181
8 SMR DEPOLYMENT SCENARIOS 184
- 8.1 First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) Projects 190
- 8.2 Nth-of-a-Kind (NOAK) Projections 191
- 8.3 Deployment Timelines and Milestones 191
- 8.4 Capacity Additions Forecast (2025-2045) 194
- 8.5 Market Penetration Analysis 196
- 8.6 Replacement of Aging Nuclear Fleet 198
- 8.7 Integration with Renewable Energy Systems 198
9 ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS 199
- 9.1 Job Creation and Skill Development 199
- 9.2 Local and National Economic Benefits 201
- 9.3 Impact on Energy Prices 201
- 9.4 Comparison with Other Clean Energy Technologies 203
10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT 208
- 10.1 Carbon Emissions Reduction Potential 208
- 10.2 Land Use and Siting Considerations 212
- 10.3 Water Usage and Thermal Pollution 213
- 10.4 Radioactive Waste Management 213
- 10.5 Public Health and Safety 214
- 10.6 Social Acceptance and Community Engagement 214
11 POLICY AND GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES 216
- 11.1 National Nuclear Energy Policies 217
- 11.2 SMR-Specific Support Programs 218
- 11.3 Research and Development Funding 218
- 11.4 International Cooperation and Technology Transfer 219
- 11.5 Export Control and Non-Proliferation Measures 220
12 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 221
- 12.1 Technical Challenges 221
- 12.1.1 Design Certification and Licensing 222
- 12.1.2 Fuel Development and Supply 222
- 12.1.3 Component Manufacturing and Quality Assurance 223
- 12.1.4 Grid Integration and Load Following 224
- 12.2 Economic Challenges 225
- 12.2.1 Capital Costs and Financing 226
- 12.2.2 Economies of Scale 226
- 12.2.3 Market Competition from Other Energy Sources 227
- 12.3 Regulatory Challenges 229
- 12.3.1 Harmonization of International Standards 229
- 12.3.2 Site Licensing and Environmental Approvals 230
- 12.3.3 Liability and Insurance Issues 231
- 12.4 Social and Political Challenges 233
- 12.4.1 Public Perception and Acceptance 234
- 12.4.2 Nuclear Proliferation Concerns 234
- 12.4.3 Waste Management and Long-Term Storage 236
- 12.5 Opportunities 237
- 12.5.1 Decarbonization of Energy Systems 237
- 12.5.2 Energy Security and Independence 238
- 12.5.3 Industrial Applications and Process Heat 238
- 12.5.4 Remote and Off-Grid Power Solutions 239
- 12.5.5 Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems 240
13 FUTURE OUTLOOK AND SCENARIOS 242
- 13.1 Technology Roadmap (2025-2045) 245
- 13.2 Market Evolution Scenarios 248
- 13.3 Long-Term Market Projections (Beyond 2045) 249
- 13.4 Potential Disruptive Technologies 252
- 13.5 Global Energy Mix Scenarios with SMR Integration 256
14 CASE STUDIES 259
- 14.1 NuScale Power VOYGR™ SMR Power Plant 259
- 14.2 Rolls-Royce UK SMR Program 260
- 14.3 China's HTR-PM Demonstration Project 261
- 14.4 Russia's Floating Nuclear Power Plant (Akademik Lomonosov) 262
- 14.5 Canadian SMR Action Plan 263
15 INVESTMENT ANALYSIS 264
- 15.1 Return on Investment (ROI) Projections 264
- 15.2 Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies 266
- 15.3 Comparative Analysis with Other Energy Investments 269
- 15.4 Public-Private Partnership Models 271
16 COMPANY PROFILES 274 (33 company profiles)
17 APPENDICES 333
- 17.1 Research Methodology 333
18 REFERENCES 334
List of Tables
- Table 1. Motivation for Adopting SMRs. 14
- Table 2. Generations of nuclear technologies. 17
- Table 3. SMR Construction Economics. 19
- Table 4. Cost of Capital for SMRs vs. Traditional NPP Projects. 21
- Table 5. Comparative Costs of SMRs with Other Types. 26
- Table 6. SMR Benefits. 26
- Table 7. SMR Market Growth Trajectory, 2025-2045. 28
- Table 8. Technological trends in Nuclear Small Modular Reactors (SMR). 30
- Table 9. Regulatory landscape for Nuclear Small Modular Reactors (SMR). 31
- Table 10. Designs by generation. 36
- Table 11. Established nuclear technologies. 38
- Table 12. Advantages and Disadvantages of SMRs. 53
- Table 13. Comparison with Traditional Nuclear Reactors. 55
- Table 14. SMR Projects 58
- Table 15. Project Types by Reactor Class. 61
- Table 16. SMR Technology Benchmarking. 64
- Table 17. Comparison of SMR Types: LWRs, HTGRs, FNRs, and MSRs. 67
- Table 18. Types of PWR. 69
- Table 19. Key Features of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). 72
- Table 20. Comparison of Leading Gen III/III+ Designs 76
- Table 21. Gen-IV Reactor Designs 79
- Table 22. Key Features of Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors 81
- Table 23. Key Features of Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs). 85
- Table 24. HTGRs- Rankine vs. Brayton vs. Combined Cycle Generation. 90
- Table 25. Key Features of High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGRs) 93
- Table 26. Comparing LMFRs to Other Gen IV Types. 107
- Table 27. Markets and Applications for SMRs 114
- Table 28. SMR Applications and Their Market Share, 2025-2045. 116
- Table 29. Development Status. 126
- Table 30. Market Challenges for SMRs 129
- Table 31. Global Energy Mix Projections, 2025-2045. 134
- Table 32. Projected Energy Demand (2025-2045). 136
- Table 33. Key Components and Systems. 140
- Table 34. Key Safety Features of SMRs. 143
- Table 35. Advanced Manufacturing Techniques. 146
- Table 36. Emerging Technologies and Future Developments in SMRs. 152
- Table 37.SMR Licensing Process Timeline. 157
- Table 38. SMR Market Size by Reactor Type, 2025-2045. 161
- Table 39. SMR Market Size by Application, 2025-2045. 162
- Table 40. SMR Market Size by Region, 2025-2045. 162
- Table 41. Cost Breakdown of SMR Construction and Operation. 166
- Table 42. Financing Models for SMR Projects. 168
- Table 43. Projected SMR Capacity Additions by Region, 2025-2045. 170
- Table 44. Competitive Strategies in SMR 175
- Table 45. Nuclear Small Modular Reactor (SMR) Market News 2022-2024. 177
- Table 46. New Product Developments and Innovations 179
- Table 47. SMR private investment. 181
- Table 48. Major SMR Projects and Their Status, 2025. 185
- Table 49. SMR Deployment Scenarios: FOAK vs. NOAK. 189
- Table 50. SMR Deployment Timeline, 2025-2045. 191
- Table 51. Job Creation in SMR Industry by Sector. 199
- Table 52. Comparison with Other Clean Energy Technologies. 203
- Table 53. Comparison of Carbon Emissions: SMRs vs. Other Energy Sources. 208
- Table 54. Carbon Emissions Reduction Potential of SMRs, 2025-2045. 210
- Table 55. Land Use Comparison: SMRs vs. Traditional Nuclear Plants. 212
- Table 56. Water Usage Comparison: SMRs vs. Traditional Nuclear Plants. 213
- Table 57. Government Funding for SMR Research and Development by Country. 216
- Table 58. Government Initiatives Supporting SMR Development by Country. 216
- Table 59. National Nuclear Energy Policies. 217
- Table 60. SMR-Specific Support Programs. 218
- Table 61. R&D Funding Allocation for SMR Technologies. 219
- Table 62. International Cooperation Networks in SMR Development. 219
- Table 63. Export Control and Non-Proliferation Measures. 220
- Table 64. Technical Challenges in SMR Development and Deployment. 221
- Table 65. Economic Challenges in SMR Commercialization. 225
- Table 66. Economies of Scale in SMR Production. 226
- Table 67. Market Competition: SMRs vs. Other Clean Energy Technologies 228
- Table 68. Regulatory Challenges for SMR Adoption. 229
- Table 69. Regulatory Harmonization Efforts for SMRs Globally. 230
- Table 70. Liability and Insurance Models for SMR Operations. 231
- Table 71. Social and Political Challenges for SMR Implementation. 233
- Table 72. Non-Proliferation Measures for SMR Technology. 234
- Table 73. Waste Management Strategies for SMRs. 236
- Table 74. Decarbonization Potential of SMRs in Energy Systems. 237
- Table 75. SMR Applications in Industrial Process Heat. 238
- Table 76. Off-Grid and Remote Power Solutions Using SMRs. 239
- Table 77. SMR Market Evolution Scenarios, 2025-2045. 248
- Table 78. Long-Term Market Projections for SMRs (Beyond 2045). 249
- Table 79. Potential Disruptive Technologies in Nuclear Energy. 253
- Table 80. Global Energy Mix Scenarios with SMR Integration, 2045. 256
- Table 81. ROI Projections for SMR Investments, 2025-2045. 264
- Table 82. Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies. 266
- Table 83. Comparative Analysis with Other Energy Investments. 269
- Table 84. Public-Private Partnership Models for SMR Projects 271
List of Figures
- Figure 1. Schematic of Small Modular Reactor (SMR) operation. 35
- Figure 2. Linglong One. 58
- Figure 3. Pressurized Water Reactors. 69
- Figure 4. CAREM reactor. 74
- Figure 5. Westinghouse Nuclear AP300™ Small Modular Reactor. 75
- Figure 6. Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR-300) schematic. 84
- Figure 7. GE Hitachi's BWRX-300. 89
- Figure 8. The nuclear island of HTR-PM Demo. 96
- Figure 9. U-Battery schematic. 97
- Figure 10. TerraPower's Natrium. 98
- Figure 11. Russian BREST-OD-300. 99
- Figure 12. Terrestrial Energy's IMSR. 101
- Figure 13. Moltex Energy's SSR. 102
- Figure 14. Westinghouse's eVinci . 104
- Figure 15. GE Hitachi PRISM. 109
- Figure 16. Leadcold SEALER. 110
- Figure 17. SCWR schematic. 112
- Figure 18. SWOT Analysis of the SMR Market. 163
- Figure 19. Nuclear SMR Value Chain. 165
- Figure 20. Global SMR Capacity Forecast, 2025-2045. 194
- Figure 21. SMR Market Penetration in Different Energy Sectors. 196
- Figure 22. SMR Fuel Cycle Diagram. 223
- Figure 23. Power plant with small modular reactors. 224
- Figure 24. Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy System Configurations. 241
- Figure 25. Technical Readiness Levels of Different SMR Technologies. 245
- Figure 26. Technology Roadmap (2025-2045). 247
- Figure 27. NuScale Power VOYGR™ SMR Power Plant Design. 260
- Figure 28. China's HTR-PM Demonstration Project Layout. 262
- Figure 29. Russia's Floating Nuclear Power Plant Schematic. 263
- Figure 30. ARC-100 sodium-cooled fast reactor. 277
- Figure 31. ACP100 SMR. 283
- Figure 32. Deep Fission pressurised water reactor schematic. 285
- Figure 33. NUWARD SMR design. 287
- Figure 34. A rendering image of NuScale Power's SMR plant. 310
- Figure 35. Oklo Aurora Powerhouse reactor. 312
- Figure 36. Multiple LDR-50 unit plant. 318
- Figure 37. AP300™ Small Modular Reactor. 329
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