The Global Industrial Robots Market 2026-2046

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            31

• 1.1        Market Overview and Size      31
• 1.2        Robot Categorization                32
• 1.3        Industrial Robotics Landscape          33
• 1.4        Global Market Forecast           36
  • 1.4.1    Units    36
  • 1.4.2    Revenues          38
• 1.5        Key Drivers and Restraints    40
• 1.6        Technology Trends      41
  • 1.6.1    Automation for improved efficiency                41
    • 1.6.1.1 Robot Density in Manufacturing 2020-2024             41
    • 1.6.1.2 Growth of Robot Users 2020-2024 42
  • 1.6.2    Humanoid Robots      43
  • 1.6.3    Collaborative Robots (Cobots)          46
  • 1.6.4    Physical, Analytic and Generative AI              50
  • 1.6.5    Robotics Evolution Timeline 51
  • 1.6.6    Sustainability and Energy Consumption     51
  • 1.6.7    Addressing Labor Shortages                52
  • 1.6.8    Key Emerging Transitions in Sensing Technologies                52
• 1.7        Industry Convergence              55
  • 1.7.1    Mobile Robots vs. Fixed Automation              55
  • 1.7.2    Robot-as-a-Service (RaaS) Business Models           56
  • 1.7.3    Industry 5.0 - Transformative Vision               56
  • 1.7.4    Collaborative Robots Driving Industry 5.0  57
  • 1.7.5    Parameter Comparison - Payload vs. Speed             57
• 1.8        Competitive Landscape         58
  • 1.8.1    Global Competitive Landscape         58
  • 1.8.2    Leading Companies by Robot Type 59
  • 1.8.3    Major Industrial Robot Manufacturers          60
  • 1.8.4    Service Robot Specialists      60
  • 1.8.5    Cobot Manufacturers               61
  • 1.8.6    AI Robotics Companies          61
  • 1.8.7    Sensor and Component Developers               62
  • 1.8.8    End-Effector Suppliers            62
  • 1.8.9    Humanoid Robot Developers              63
• 1.9        Investment Trends      63
  • 1.9.1    Historic Funding Trends          63
  • 1.9.2    Recent investment     65
  • 1.9.3    Venture Capital Funding of Robotics Startups         66

2             INTRODUCTION          67

• 2.1        Defining Advanced Robotics               67
  • 2.1.1    Definitions of Key Terms         67
  • 2.1.2    Classification of Robot Types              68
  • 2.1.3    What are Robots?       70
    • 2.1.3.1 Industrial Robots        70
    • 2.1.3.2 Service Robots             70
    • 2.1.3.3 Collaborative Robots                71
    • 2.1.3.4 Mobile Robots               72
    • 2.1.3.5 Humanoid Robots      72
  • 2.1.4    Why Robots?  73
    • 2.1.4.1 Productivity Enhancement   73
    • 2.1.4.2 Labor Shortage Solutions      73
    • 2.1.4.3 Safety Improvements               74
    • 2.1.4.4 Quality and Precision Requirements              74
• 2.2        Industrial Robots        75
• 2.3        Evolution from Traditional to Advanced Robotics  76
  • 2.3.1    Historical Overview and Evolution   76
  • 2.3.2    Current State of Robotics in 2025    76
  • 2.3.3    Three Phases of Robot Adoption       77
  • 2.3.4    Evolution from Industrial to Service Robots              78
• 2.4        Key Enabling Technologies    79
  • 2.4.1    Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning             79
    • 2.4.1.1 What is Artificial Intelligence?             80
      • 2.4.1.1.1           Key AI Methods for Robotics 80
    • 2.4.1.2 Deep Learning Approaches  82
    • 2.4.1.3 Convolutional Neural Networks in Robotics             83
  • 2.4.2    Computer Vision         84
    • 2.4.2.1 Image Recognition Technologies      85
    • 2.4.2.2 Object Detection and Tracking          85
    • 2.4.2.3 Scene Understanding              86
  • 2.4.3    Sensor Fusion               87
    • 2.4.3.1 Multi-sensor Integration         87
    • 2.4.3.2 Data Processing for Sensor Fusion  88
  • 2.4.4    Advanced Materials   89
    • 2.4.4.1 Metals 91
    • 2.4.4.2 Plastics and Polymers              92
    • 2.4.4.3 Composites    93
    • 2.4.4.4 Elastomers      94
    • 2.4.4.5 Smart Materials            96
    • 2.4.4.6 Textiles               97
    • 2.4.4.7 Ceramics          99
    • 2.4.4.8 Biomaterials   100
    • 2.4.4.9 Nanomaterials              103
    • 2.4.4.10            Coatings            105
    • 2.4.4.10.1        Self-healing coatings                107
    • 2.4.4.10.2        Conductive coatings 107
    • 2.4.4.11            Flexible and Soft Materials    108
  • 2.4.5    Edge Computing          109
    • 2.4.5.1 Local Processing vs. Cloud Computing        110
    • 2.4.5.2 Real-time Decision Making  111
  • 2.4.6    SLAM - Simultaneous Localization and Mapping   111
    • 2.4.6.1 LiDAR SLAM    112
    • 2.4.6.2 Visual SLAM (vSLAM)                113
    • 2.4.6.3 Hybrid SLAM Approaches     113
  • 2.4.7    Typical Sensors for Object Detection             114
    • 2.4.7.1 Camera-based Detection      115
    • 2.4.7.2 LiDAR-based Detection           117
    • 2.4.7.3 Radar Systems              118
    • 2.4.7.4 Ultrasonic Sensors     120
    • 2.4.7.5 Infrared and Thermal Sensors             122
• 2.5        Technology Readiness Assessment               124
  • 2.5.1    Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) 124
  • 2.5.2    Roadmap and Maturity Analysis by Industry             127
  • 2.5.3    Readiness Level of Technologies by Application Sector     130
• 2.6        Standards and Regulations  134
  • 2.6.1    Safety Requirements - Five Main Types         134
    • 2.6.1.1 Power and Force Limiting      134
    • 2.6.1.2 Speed and Separation Monitoring   134
    • 2.6.1.3 Hand Guiding 134
    • 2.6.1.4 Safety Monitored Stop             135
    • 2.6.1.5 Soft Impact Design    135
  • 2.6.2    Regional Safety Standards   136
    • 2.6.2.1 European Standards 136
    • 2.6.2.2 Asian Standards          137
  • 2.6.3    Global Regulatory Landscape            137
    • 2.6.3.1 Authorities Regulating Autonomous Driving              137
    • 2.6.3.2 Regulations for Delivery Robots and Drones             138
    • 2.6.3.3 Industrial Robot Regulations               139
    • 2.6.3.4 Data Privacy and Security Regulations         140
    • 2.6.3.5 Regional Differences in Regulations               141
    • 2.6.3.6 Data Security Requirements                142

3             GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS  144

• 3.1        Market Segmentation               144
  • 3.1.1    By Robot Type                144
    • 3.1.1.1 Industrial Robots        144
      • 3.1.1.1.1           Units    144
      • 3.1.1.1.2           Revenues          144
    • 3.1.1.2 Collaborative Robots (Cobots)          145
      • 3.1.1.2.1           By revenues     145
      • 3.1.1.2.2           By Payload Capacity 145
      • 3.1.1.2.3           By Degrees of Freedom           146
      • 3.1.1.2.4           By End-Effector Type 146
    • 3.1.1.3 Humanoid Robots      147
      • 3.1.1.3.1           By Type (Full-Size, Medium, Small)  147
      • 3.1.1.3.2           By Application               148
    • 3.1.1.4 Mobile Robots               148
      • 3.1.1.4.1           Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs)              149
      • 3.1.1.4.2           Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs)               149
      • 3.1.1.4.3           Grid-Based Automated Guided Carts (AGCs)          150
      • 3.1.1.4.4           Mobile Picking Robots             150
      • 3.1.1.4.5           Mobile Manipulators 151
      • 3.1.1.4.6           Last-Mile Delivery Robots     151
      • 3.1.1.4.7           Heavy-Duty L4 Autonomous Trucks                152
  • 3.1.2    By Technology                152
    • 3.1.2.1 Navigation and Mapping        152
    • 3.1.2.2 Object Recognition and Tracking      153
    • 3.1.2.3 End-Effector and Manipulation         153
    • 3.1.2.4 Human-Robot Interaction     154
    • 3.1.2.5 Artificial Intelligence 154
  • 3.1.3    By Component              155
    • 3.1.3.1 Hardware          155
      • 3.1.3.1.1           Sensors             155
      • 3.1.3.1.2           Actuators          156
      • 3.1.3.1.3           Power Systems             156
      • 3.1.3.1.4           Control Systems          157
      • 3.1.3.1.5           End-Effectors 158
    • 3.1.3.2 Software            159
      • 3.1.3.2.1           Control Software         159
      • 3.1.3.2.2           Perception Software  159
      • 3.1.3.2.3           Human-Machine Interface    160
    • 3.1.3.3 Services             161
      • 3.1.3.3.1           Installation and Integration   161
      • 3.1.3.3.2           Maintenance and Support     161
  • 3.1.4    By End-use Industry  162
    • 3.1.4.1 Manufacturing              162
    • 3.1.4.2 Logistics and Warehousing  163
• 3.2        Regional Market Analysis      164
  • 3.2.1    North America              164
  • 3.2.2    Europe                164
  • 3.2.3    Japan  165
  • 3.2.4    China  165
  • 3.2.5    India    167
• 3.3        Pricing Analysis and Cost Structure                167
  • 3.3.1    Cost Analysis by Robot Type                167
    • 3.3.1.1 Industrial Robot Costs             167
    • 3.3.1.2 Collaborative Robot Costs    168
    • 3.3.1.3 Service Robot Costs 168
    • 3.3.1.4 Humanoid Robot Costs          168
    • 3.3.1.5 Mobile Robot Costs   169
  • 3.3.2    Cost Analysis by Component              169
    • 3.3.2.1 Sensor Costs 169
    • 3.3.2.2 Actuator and Power System Costs  170
    • 3.3.2.3 Computing and Control System Costs         170
    • 3.3.2.4 End-Effector Costs    171
  • 3.3.3    Payback Time/ROI by Application    171
    • 3.3.3.1 Manufacturing ROI     171
    • 3.3.3.2 Logistics ROI  172
  • 3.3.4    Parameter Comparison - Payload vs. Max Traveling Speed              172
    • 3.3.4.1 Industrial Robots Performance Metrics        173
    • 3.3.4.2 Mobile Robots Performance Metrics              174
    • 3.3.4.3 Collaborative Robots Performance Metrics               174

4             TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE 176

• 4.1        Collaborative Robots (Cobots)          176
  • 4.1.1    Six Stages of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)           176
    • 4.1.1.1 Stage One: Non-Collaborative Robots          176
    • 4.1.1.2 Stage Two: Non-Collaborative with Virtual Guarding           177
    • 4.1.1.3 Stage Three: Laser Scanner Separation        177
    • 4.1.1.4 Stage Four: Shared Workspace          178
    • 4.1.1.5 Stage Five: Operators and Robots Working Together            178
    • 4.1.1.6 Stage Six: Autonomous Mobile Collaborative Robots         179
  • 4.1.2    Traditional Industrial Robots vs. Collaborative Robots      179
  • 4.1.3    Benefits and Drawbacks of Cobots 180
  • 4.1.4    Safety Requirements for Cobots       181
    • 4.1.4.1 Power and Force Limiting      182
    • 4.1.4.2 Speed and Separation Monitoring   182
    • 4.1.4.3 Hand Guiding 183
    • 4.1.4.4 Safety-Rated Monitored Stop              183
    • 4.1.4.5 Biomechanical Limit Criteria               184
  • 4.1.5    Cobot Cost Analysis 184
  • 4.1.6    Payload Summary of Cobots               185
  • 4.1.7    Overview of Commercialized Cobots            185
    • 4.1.7.1 Benchmarking Based on DoF, Payload, Weight       187
    • 4.1.7.2 6-DoF Cobots                188
    • 4.1.7.3 7-DoF Cobots                188
    • 4.1.7.4 Price Categories of Cobots   189
  • 4.1.8    Market Players               190
• 4.2        Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs)              190
  • 4.2.1    Transition from AGVs to AMRs            190
  • 4.2.2    Technology Evolution Towards Fully Autonomous Mobile Robots              191
  • 4.2.3    AMR Navigation Technologies             192
• 4.3        Humanoid Industrial Robots               193
  • 4.3.1    Applications in Manufacturing           193
  • 4.3.2    Design Considerations            194
  • 4.3.3    Market Players               196
• 4.4        Mobile Robots               196
  • 4.4.1    Rolling Robots               197
  • 4.4.2    Market Players               197
• 4.5        Robotic Arms 198
  • 4.5.1    Types and Applications           198
  • 4.5.2    SCARA Robots              199
  • 4.5.3    Delta Robots  200
  • 4.5.4    Cartesian (Gantry) Robots    201
  • 4.5.5    Market Players               202
• 4.6        Robotic Grippers         202
  • 4.6.1    Market Players               203
• 4.7        Software & Control    203
• 4.8        Supporting Systems  204
  • 4.8.1    Linear Motion Systems            205
    • 4.8.1.1 Rails    205
    • 4.8.1.2 Actuators for Cartesian robots or auxiliary axes     206
    • 4.8.1.3 Market Players               207
  • 4.8.2    Vision Systems             207
    • 4.8.2.1 Cameras           208
    • 4.8.2.2 LiDAR  209
    • 4.8.2.3 Sensors for guidance/QC      210
    • 4.8.2.4 Market Players               212

5             TECHNOLOGY COMPONENTS AND SUBSYSTEMS              213

• 5.1        AI and Control Systems          213
  • 5.1.1    Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning             213
    • 5.1.1.1 AI Applications in Robotics   213
    • 5.1.1.2 Machine Learning Techniques for Robotics               214
  • 5.1.2    End-to-end AI 214
    • 5.1.2.1 Perception to Action Systems             214
    • 5.1.2.2 Implementation Challenges 215
  • 5.1.3    Multi-modal AI Algorithms    215
    • 5.1.3.1 Vision-Language Models        216
    • 5.1.3.2 Sensor-Fusion AI         216
  • 5.1.4    Intelligent Control Systems and Optimization         217
    • 5.1.4.1 Control Architectures               217
    • 5.1.4.2 Motion Planning           217
• 5.2        Sensors and Perception          218
  • 5.2.1    Sensory Systems in Robots  218
    • 5.2.1.1 Importance of Sensing in Robots     218
    • 5.2.1.2 Typical Sensors Used for Robots      218
  • 5.2.2    Sensors by Functions and Tasks       219
    • 5.2.2.1 Navigation and Mapping        220
    • 5.2.2.2 Object Detection and Recognition  221
    • 5.2.2.3 Safety and Collision Avoidance         221
    • 5.2.2.4 Environmental Sensing           221
  • 5.2.3    Sensors by Robot Type             222
    • 5.2.3.1 Industrial Robotic Arms          222
    • 5.2.3.2 AGVs and AMRs           223
    • 5.2.3.3 Collaborative Robots                224
    • 5.2.3.4 Drones               226
    • 5.2.3.5 Service Robots             228
    • 5.2.3.6 Underwater Robots   230
    • 5.2.3.7 Agricultural Robots    232
    • 5.2.3.8 Cleaning Robots          233
    • 5.2.3.9 Social Robots 235
  • 5.2.4    Vision Systems             237
    • 5.2.4.1 Cameras (RGB, Depth, Thermal, Event-based)       237
      • 5.2.4.1.1           RGB/Visible Light Cameras  238
      • 5.2.4.1.2           Depth Cameras           238
      • 5.2.4.1.3           Thermal Cameras       239
      • 5.2.4.1.4           Event-based Cameras             240
    • 5.2.4.2 CMOS Image Sensors vs. CCD Cameras    241
      • 5.2.4.2.1           Comparative Analysis              241
    • 5.2.4.3 Stereo Vision and 3D Perception       242
      • 5.2.4.3.1           Depth Calculation Methods 242
      • 5.2.4.3.2           3D Reconstruction     243
    • 5.2.4.4 In-Camera Computer Vision                243
      • 5.2.4.4.1           Edge Processing          243
      • 5.2.4.4.2           Applications in Autonomous Vehicles           244
    • 5.2.4.5 Hyperspectral Imaging Sensors        245

6             END-USE INDUSTRY ANALYSIS          247

• 6.1        Automotive      247
  • 6.1.1    Opportunities and Challenges           247
  • 6.1.2    Applications   248
• 6.2        Electronics      249
  • 6.2.1    3C Manufacturing Challenges            249
  • 6.2.2    Production Volume Requirements   251
  • 6.2.3    Quality Control             252
  • 6.2.4    Applications   253
  • 6.2.5    Testing and Inspection             254
  • 6.2.6    Packaging        256
• 6.3        Food and Beverage    258
  • 6.3.1    Industry Challenges and Requirements       258
  • 6.3.2    Product Variety             259
  • 6.3.3    Applications   260
    • 6.3.3.1 Palletizing        260
    • 6.3.3.2 Packaging        261
    • 6.3.3.3 Food Processing          262
• 6.4        Pharmaceutical           263
  • 6.4.1    Industry Requirements            264
  • 6.4.2    Applications   265
• 6.5        Emerging Industrial Applications      266
  • 6.5.1    Additive manufacturing integration 266
  • 6.5.2    Flexible manufacturing systems       267
  • 6.5.3    Lights-out manufacturing     269
  • 6.5.4    Mass customization robotics              270

7             MARKET DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS              273

• 7.1        Market Drivers               273
  • 7.1.1    Labor Shortages and Wage Inflation               273
    • 7.1.1.1 Global Labor Market Trends 273
    • 7.1.1.2 Industry-Specific Impacts     273
  • 7.1.2    Productivity and Efficiency Demands            273
    • 7.1.2.1 Manufacturing Efficiency       273
    • 7.1.2.2 Logistics Optimization             274
    • 7.1.2.3 Healthcare Productivity          274
  • 7.1.3    Quality and Precision Requirements              274
    • 7.1.3.1 Manufacturing Quality Control           274
    • 7.1.3.2 Healthcare Precision                274
  • 7.1.4    Workplace Safety Concerns 274
    • 7.1.4.1 Hazardous Environment Applications           274
    • 7.1.4.2 Ergonomic Considerations   275
  • 7.1.5    Aging Population         275
    • 7.1.5.1 Healthcare Applications        275
    • 7.1.5.2 Workforce Replacement         275
  • 7.1.6    Advancements in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning    275
    • 7.1.6.1 Improved Perception Systems            275
    • 7.1.6.2 Enhanced Decision Making 276
    • 7.1.6.3 Autonomous Capabilities     276
  • 7.1.7    Need for Personal Assistance and Companionship            276
    • 7.1.7.1 Eldercare Applications            276
    • 7.1.7.2 Household Assistance            276
  • 7.1.8    Exploration of Hazardous and Extreme Environments       276
    • 7.1.8.1 Nuclear Applications                277
    • 7.1.8.2 Deep Sea Exploration               277
    • 7.1.8.3 Space Applications   277
  • 7.1.9    E-commerce Growth 277
    • 7.1.9.1 Last-Mile Delivery Challenges            277
    • 7.1.9.2 Warehouse Automation Needs          278
• 7.2        Market Restraints       278
  • 7.2.1    High Initial Investment Costs              278
    • 7.2.1.1 Robot Hardware Costs            278
    • 7.2.1.2 Integration and Implementation Costs         278
  • 7.2.2    Technical Limitations               279
    • 7.2.2.1 AI and Perception Challenges             279
    • 7.2.2.2 Manipulation Challenges       279
    • 7.2.2.3 Energy and Power Limitations            279
  • 7.2.3    Implementation Challenges 280
    • 7.2.3.1 Integration with Existing Systems     280
    • 7.2.3.2 User Training and Adoption  280
  • 7.2.4    Safety and Regulatory Concerns       281
    • 7.2.4.1 Human-Robot Collaboration Safety               281
    • 7.2.4.2 Autonomous System Regulations    281
  • 7.2.5    Workforce Resistance and Social Acceptance        282
    • 7.2.5.1 Employment Concerns           282
    • 7.2.5.2 Human-Robot Interaction Challenges          282

8             EMERGING TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS              284

• 8.1        Swarm Robotics          284
  • 8.1.1    Technologies and Approaches           285
  • 8.1.2    Application Potential 286
  • 8.1.3    Market Outlook            287
• 8.2        Human-Robot Collaboration               287
  • 8.2.1    Advances in Safe Interaction               288
  • 8.2.2    Intuitive Programming Interfaces     288
  • 8.2.3    Market Implementation Examples   289
• 8.3        Self-Learning and Adaptive Robots 291
  • 8.3.1    Reinforcement Learning Applications           292
  • 8.3.2    Transfer Learning        293
  • 8.3.3    Continual Learning Systems                294
• 8.4        Cloud Robotics            295
  • 8.4.1    Distributed Computing for Robotics               295
  • 8.4.2    Remote Operation Capabilities         296
• 8.5        Digital Twin Integration            297
  • 8.5.1    Simulation and Planning        298
  • 8.5.2    Predictive Maintenance          298
  • 8.5.3    Performance Optimization   299
• 8.6        Robot-as-a-Service (RaaS) Business Models           299
  • 8.6.1    Subscription-Based Services              300
  • 8.6.2    Pay-Per-Use Models  301
  • 8.6.3    Market Adoption Trends          303
• 8.7        Soft Robotics 305
  • 8.7.1    Materials and Actuators          306
• 8.8        Neuromorphic Computing for Robotics       311
  • 8.8.1    Brain-Inspired Computing Architectures     312
  • 8.8.2    Applications in Perception    316
  • 8.8.3    Energy Efficiency Benefits     320
• 8.9        Micro-nano Robots    323
  • 8.9.1    Technologies and Designs    323
  • 8.9.2    Medical Applications                325
  • 8.9.3    Industrial Applications            330
• 8.10     Brain Computer Interfaces    331
  • 8.10.1 Non-Invasive BCIs      332
  • 8.10.2 Invasive BCIs 332
  • 8.10.3 Applications in Robot Control             332
• 8.11     Mobile Cobots              333
  • 8.11.1 Technologies and Designs    333
  • 8.11.2 Applications   334
  • 8.11.3 Market Outlook            335
• 8.12     Industry 5.0 and Collaborative Robots         335
  • 8.12.1 Human-Machine Collaboration         335
  • 8.12.2 Sustainable Manufacturing  336
  • 8.12.3 Implementation Examples   337
• 8.13     Low-carbon Robotics Manufacturing            338
  • 8.13.1 Sustainable Design Approaches       339
  • 8.13.2 Energy-Efficient Operation    339
  • 8.13.3 End-of-Life Considerations  340
• 8.14     Autonomous Navigation and Localization  340
  • 8.14.1 SLAM Advancements               341
  • 8.14.2 Multi-Sensor Fusion  342
  • 8.14.3 GPS-Denied Navigation          342
• 8.15     Navigation Sensors Driven by Autonomous Mobility           342
  • 8.15.1 LiDAR Innovations      343
  • 8.15.2 Computer Vision Advancements      344
  • 8.15.3 Sensor Fusion Approaches  345

9             CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES             346

• 9.1        Technical Challenges               346
  • 9.1.1    Perception and Sensing          346
  • 9.1.2    Manipulation and Dexterity   346
  • 9.1.3    Power and Energy Management        347
  • 9.1.4    Human-Robot Interaction     348
• 9.2        Market Challenges     348
  • 9.2.1    Cost Barriers  348
  • 9.2.2    Skills and Training Gaps          349
  • 9.2.3    Integration Complexity            350
  • 9.2.4    Supply Chain Issues 351
• 9.3        Regulatory Challenges            352
  • 9.3.1    Regulations for Autonomous Vehicles          352
    • 9.3.1.1 SAE Level 4-5 Regulations     352
    • 9.3.1.2 Testing and Certification Requirements       353
  • 9.3.2    Regulations for Delivery Drones        354
    • 9.3.2.1 Airspace Regulations               355
    • 9.3.2.2 Payload and Distance Limitations   355
  • 9.3.3    Recent Regulatory Updates  356

10          FUTURE OUTLOOK    358

• 10.1     Technology Roadmap (2025-2046) 358
  • 10.1.1 Short-term Developments (2025-2030)       358
  • 10.1.2 Medium-term Developments (2030-2035) 359
  • 10.1.3 Long-term Developments (2035-2046)        361
• 10.2     Industry Convergence Opportunities             363
  • 10.2.1 Robotics and AI            363
  • 10.2.2 Robotics and IoT          363
  • 10.2.3 Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing       364
• 10.3     Robotics and the Future of Work      365
  • 10.3.1 Job Transformation    365
  • 10.3.2 New Skill Requirements         365
  • 10.3.3 Human-Robot Collaboration Models             366

11          COMPANY PROFILES                368 (120 company profiles)

12          REFERENCES 548

List of Tables

• Table 1. Robot Categorization.           32
• Table 2. Global Unit Sales Forecast 2023-2046 (Million Units), Total.      36
• Table 3. Global Unit Sales Forecast 2023-2046 (Million USD).     38
• Table 4. Key Market Drivers and Restraints for Advanced Robotics.          40
• Table 5. Robot Density in Manufacturing 2020-2024.         42
• Table 6. Growth of Robot Users 2020-2024               42
• Table 7. Growth of Robot Stock by Sector 2020-2024.       43
• Table 8. Performance Parameters of Humanoid Robots.  45
• Table 9. Three Phases of Cobot Adoption    46
• Table 10. Six Stages of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)     47
• Table 11. Traditional Industrial Robots vs. Collaborative Robots 48
• Table 12. Benefits and Drawbacks of Cobots           48
• Table 13. Safety Requirements for Cobots 49
• Table 14. Comparison of Sensing Technologies      53
• Table 15. Navigation Sensors for Autonomous Mobility     54
• Table 16. Parameter Comparison - Payload vs. Speed.      57
• Table 17. Leading Companies by Robot Type.          59
• Table 18. Major Industrial Robot Manufacturers.   60
• Table 19. Service Robot Companies.             61
• Table 20. Collaborative Robot (Cobot) Manufacturer          61
• Table 21. AI Robotics Companies    61
• Table 22. Sensor and Component Developers         62
• Table 23. End Effector Suppliers.      62
• Table 24. Humanoid Robot Developers.       63
• Table 25. Global Robotics Investment by Funding Category 2015-2024 (Billions USD).              64
• Table 26. Industrial Robotics Funding by Technology Type 2014-2024    64
• Table 27. Recent investments in advanced robotics companies.               65
• Table 28. Venture Capital Funding of Robotics Startups.  66
• Table 29. Classification of Robot Types.       68
• Table 30. Three Phases of Robot Adoption.                78
• Table 31. Evolution from Industrial to Service Robots         79
• Table 32. Key AI Methods for Robotics          81
• Table 33. Deep Learning Approaches.           82
• Table 34. Convolutional Neural Networks in Robotics.      83
• Table 35. Image Recognition Technologies.               85
• Table 36. Multi-sensor Integration in Advanced Robotics 88
• Table 37. Advanced Materials in Advanced Robotics.        89
• Table 38. Types of metals commonly used in advanced robots.  91
• Table 39. Types of plastics and polymers commonly used in advanced robots.               92
• Table 40. Types of composites commonly used in advanced robots.       94
• Table 41. Types of elastomers commonly used in advanced robots.        95
• Table 42. Types of smart materials in advanced robotics.                96
• Table 43. Types of textiles commonly used in advanced robots. 98
• Table 44. Types of ceramics commonly used in advanced robots.             99
• Table 45. Biomaterials commonly used in advanced robotics.     101
• Table 46. Types of nanomaterials used in advanced robotics.      103
• Table 47. Types of coatings used in advanced robotics.    105
• Table 48. Flexible and soft materials .           108
• Table 49. Edge Computing in Advanced Robotics. 109
• Table 50. Local Processing vs. Cloud Computing. 110
• Table 51. Typical Sensors for Object Detection.      114
• Table 52. Camera-based Detection Technologies for Advanced Robotics.          116
• Table 53. LiDAR-based Detection Technologies for Advanced Robotics.               117
• Table 54. Radar Systems for Advanced Robotics Object Detection.         119
• Table 55. Ultrasonic Sensor Technologies for Advanced Robotics             121
• Table 56. Infrared and Thermal Sensor Technologies for Advanced Robotics.    122
• Table 57. Technology Maturity Status Definitions. 124
• Table 58. Readiness Level of Technologies by Application Sector.              130
• Table 59. Regional Safety Standards in North America.     136
• Table 60. Regional Safety Standards in Europe.      136
• Table 61. Regional Safety Standards in Europe.      137
• Table 62. Authorities Regulating Autonomous Driving.      137
• Table 63. Regulations for Delivery Robots and Drones.     138
• Table 64. Industrial Robot Regulations.        139
• Table 65. Data Privacy and Security Regulations.  140
• Table 66. Regional Differences in Regulations.       141
• Table 67. Data Security Requirements.        142
• Table 68. Global Market for Industrial Robots 2020-2046 (Million Units).              144
• Table 69. Global market for industrial robots 2020-2046 (Millions USD).              145
• Table 70. Global market for Cobots by revenues 2025-2046 (US$ Millions).       145
• Table 71. Global market for Cobots by payload capacity 2025-2046 (US$ Millions).     146
• Table 72. Global market for Cobots By Degrees of Freedom 2025-2046 (US$ Millions).              146
• Table 73. Global market for Cobots By End-Effector Type 2025-2046(US$ Millions).    147
• Table 74. Global market for Humanoid Robots by type 2025-2046 (Million Units).         147
• Table 75. Global market for Humanoid Robots by Application 2025-2046 (Million Units).         148
• Table 76. Global Market for Mobile Robots 2020-2046 (Millions USD).   149
• Table 77. Global Market for Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) 2025-2046 (Million Units).    149
• Table 78. Global Market for Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) 2025-2046 (Million Units)      150
• Table 79. Global Market for Grid-Based Automated Guided Carts (AGCs) 2025-2046 (Million Units) 150
• Table 80.  Global Market for Mobile Picking Robots 2025-2046 (Million Units)   151
• Table 81. Global Market for Mobile Manipulators 2025-2046 (Million Units)       151
• Table 82. Global Market for Last-Mile Delivery Robots 2025-2046 (Million Units)            152
• Table 83. Global Market for Heavy-Duty L4 Autonomous Trucks 2025-2046 (Million Units)      152
• Table 84. Global Market for Robotics Navigation and Mapping 2025-2046 (Billions USD).        152
• Table 85. Global Market for Robotics Object Recognition and Tracking 2025-2046 (Billions USD).      153
• Table 86. Global Market for Robotics Manipulation Technologies 2025-2046 (Billions USD)    154
• Table 87. Global Market for Human-Robot Interaction Technologies 2025-2046.            154
• Table 88. Global Market for Robotics Artificial Intelligence 2025-2046 (Billions USD)  155
• Table 89. Global Market for Robotics Sensors 2025-2046 (Billions USD)               155
• Table 90. Global Market for Robotics Actuators 2025-2046 (Billions USD).         156
• Table 91. Global Market for Robotics Power Systems 2025-2046 (Billions USD).             157
• Table 92. Global Market for Robotics Control Systems 2025-2046 (Billions USD).          158
• Table 93. Global Market for Robotics End-Effectors 2025-2046 (Billions USD)  158
• Table 94. Global Market for Robotics Control Software 2025-2046 (Billions USD)          159
• Table 95. Global Market for Robotics Perception Software 2025-2046 (Billions USD). 160
• Table 96. Global Market for Robotics Human-Machine Interfaces 2025-2046 (Billions USD)  161
• Table 97. Global Market for Robotics Installation and Integration Services 2025-2046 (Billions USD)                161
• Table 98. Global Market for Robotics Maintenance and Support Services 2025-2046 (Billions USD) 162
• Table 99. Global Market for Advanced Robotics in Manufacturing 2025-2046 (Thousands of Units). 162
• Table 100. Global Market for Advanced Robotics in Logistics and Warehousing 2025-2046 (Thousands of Units).           163
• Table 101. Market for Advanced Robotics in North America 2020-2046 (1000 units, by Robot Type). 164
• Table 102. Market for Advanced Robotics in Europe 2020-2046 (1000 units, by Robot Type).  164
• Table 103. Market for Advanced Robotics in Japan 2020-2046 (1000 units, by Robot Type).     165
• Table 104. Market for Advanced Robotics in China 2020-2046 (1000 units, by Robot Type).     166
• Table 105. Market for Advanced Robotics in China 2020-2046 (1000 units, by End-Use Industry).      166
• Table 106. Market for Advanced Robotics in India 2020-2046 (1000 units, by Robot Type)         167
• Table 107.  Average Cost per Unit for Industrial Robots 2025-2046 (Thousands USD). 167
• Table 108. Average Cost per Unit for Collaborative Robots 2025-2046 (Thousands USD).         168
• Table 109. Average Cost per Unit for Service Robots 2025-2046 (Thousands USD).      168
• Table 110. Average Cost per Unit for Humanoid Robots 2025-2046 (Thousands USD) 169
• Table 111. Average Cost per Unit for Mobile Robots 2025-2046 (Thousands USD)         169
• Table 112. Average Cost for Robot Sensor Packages 2025-2046 (Thousands USD)        170
• Table 113. Average Cost for Robot Actuator and Power Systems 2025-2046 (Thousands USD).            170
• Table 114. Average Cost for Robot Computing and Control Systems 2025-2046 (Thousands USD).   170
• Table 115. Average Cost for Robot End-Effectors 2025-2046 (Thousands USD).              171
• Table 116. Payback Time for Advanced Robotics in Manufacturing 2025-2046 (Months).          172
• Table 117. Payback Time for Advanced Robotics in Logistics 2025-2046 (Months).       172
• Table 118. Payload and Speed Capabilities by Robot Type 2025-2046.  173
• Table 119. Key Performance Metrics for Industrial Robots 2025-2046.  173
• Table 120. Mobile Robots Performance Metrics.    174
• Table 121. Key Performance Metrics for Collaborative Robots 2025-2046.          175
• Table 122. Six Stages of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). 176
• Table 123. Benefits and Drawbacks of Cobots.       180
• Table 124. Safety Requirements for Cobots.             181
• Table 125. Cobot Cost Analysis.       184
• Table 126. Payload Summary of Cobots.     185
• Table 127. Commercialized Cobots.              185
• Table 128. Benchmarking Based on DoF, Payload, Weight.             187
• Table 129. Price Categories of Cobots.         189
• Table 130. Market Players in Collaborative Robots (Cobots).        190
• Table 131. AMR Navigation Technologies    192
• Table 132. Applications in Manufacturing for Humanoid Industrial Robots.        193
• Table 133. Design Considerations for Humanoid Industrial Robots.         195
• Table 134. Market Players in Humanoid Robots.    196
• Table 135. Market Players in Mobile Robots.             197
• Table 136. Articulated Robots Types and Applications.     198
• Table 137. SCARA Robots Market Overview.             199
• Table 138. Delta Robots Market Overview. 200
• Table 139. Cartesian (Gantry) Robots Market Overview.   201
• Table 140. Market Players in Robotic Arms (Delta, Cartesian/Gantry, SCARA)   202
• Table 141. Market Players in Robotic Grippers.       203
• Table 142. Robot Software and Control Systems Market Overview.          204
• Table 143. Rails Market Overview.    206
• Table 144. Actuators for Cartesian Robots Market Overview.        207
• Table 145. Market Players in Linear Motion Systems.          207
• Table 146. Vision Systems Market Overview.            208
• Table 147. Industrial Cameras Market Overview.   209
• Table 148. LiDAR Market Overview. 210
• Table 149. Sensors for Guidance/QC Market Overview.    211
• Table 150. Vision Systems Market Players. 212
• Table 151. AI Applications in Robotics.        213
• Table 152. Machine Learning Techniques for Robotics.     214
• Table 153. Typical Sensors Used for Robots.            218
• Table 154. Sensors by Functions and Tasks.             219
• Table 155. Sensors for Industrial Robotic Arms      222
• Table 156. Sensors for AGVs and AMRs.      223
• Table 157. Sensors for Collaborative Robots.          225
• Table 158. Sensors for Drones            226
• Table 159. Sensors for Service Robots          228
• Table 160. Sensors for Underwater Robots.              230
• Table 161. Sensors for Agricultural Robots 232
• Table 162. Sensors for Cleaning Robots      233
• Table 163. Sensors for Social Robots            235
• Table 164. Cameras (RGB, Depth, Thermal, Event-based).             237
• Table 165. RGB/Visible Light Cameras.        238
• Table 166. Depth cameras.  239
• Table 167. Thermal cameras.              240
• Table 168. Event-based cameras.    241
• Table 169. CMOS Image Sensors vs. CCD Cameras            241
• Table 170. Edge Processing Technologies for Robotic Vision.        244
• Table 171. In-camera Computer Vision in Autonomous Vehicles                244
• Table 172. Automotive Industry Robotics Opportunities and Challenges              247
• Table 173. Advanced Robotics Applications in Automotive Manufacturing         248
• Table 174. Miniaturization Challenges and Robotic Solutions in Electronics Manufacturing   249
• Table 175. Production Volume Challenges in Electronics Manufacturing             251
• Table 176. Quality Control Challenges in Electronics Manufacturing      252
• Table 177. Advanced Robotics in Electronics Component Assembly      253
• Table 178. Advanced Robotics in Electronics Testing and Inspection      254
• Table 179. Advanced Robotics in Electronics Packaging  256
• Table 180. Hygiene and Safety Requirements for Food Robotics 258
• Table 181. Product Variety Challenges in Food Robotics  259
• Table 182. Applications of Advanced Robots in Palletizing              260
• Table 183. Industry Requirements for Pharmaceutical Robotics 264
• Table 184. Applications of Advanced Robotics in Pharmaceuticals          265
• Table 185. Key Technologies for Additive Manufacturing Integration.       266
• Table 186. Companies Implementing Additive Manufacturing Integration            267
• Table 187. Key Technologies for Flexible Manufacturing Systems.             268
• Table 188. Companies Implementing Flexible Manufacturing Systems. 268
• Table 189. Key Technologies Enabling Lights-Out Manufacturing.             269
• Table 190. Companies Implementing Lights-Out Manufacturing.              270
• Table 191. Key Technologies for Mass Customization Robotics.  270
• Table 192. Companies Implementing Mass Customization Robotics.     271
• Table 193. Swarm Robotics: Technologies and Approaches          285
• Table 194. Market Implementation Examples for Human-Robot Collaboration.               289
• Table 195. Reinforcement Learning Applications for Self-Learning and Adaptive Robots           292
• Table 196. Robot-as-a-Service (RaaS)  Subscription-based services.      300
• Table 197. Pay-per-use models .       302
• Table 198. Market adoption of Robot-as-a-Service.             304
• Table 199. Materials and actuators.                307
• Table 200. Control systems for soft robots.               310
• Table 201. Brain-inspired computing architectures.            313
• Table 202. Applications in Perception.          317
• Table 203. Neuromorphic computing Energy Efficiency Benefits.               321
• Table 204. Micro-nano robots medical applications.          326
• Table 205. Industrial Applications of Micro-Nano Robots .              331
• Table 206. BCIs in Robot Control Applications        332
• Table 207. Technologies and Designs in Mobile Cobots.  333
• Table 208. Mobile Cobots in Industry.           334
• Table 209. Sustainable Manufacturing.       336
• Table 210. Implementation Examples.         337
• Table 211. Sustainable Design Approaches in Low-Carbon Robotics Manufacturing. 339
• Table 212. SLAM Advancements in Autonomous Navigation and Localization. 341
• Table 213. LiDAR Innovations in Advanced Robotics.         343
• Table 214. Computer Vision Advancements in Advanced Robotics.         344
• Table 215. Sensor Fusion Approaches in Advanced Robotics.     345
• Table 216.  SAE Level 4-5 Regulations.          353
• Table 217.  Testing and Certification Requirements              354
• Table 218. Recent Regulatory Updates.       356

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Industrial Robotics Landscape.    35
• Figure 2. Global Market Size by Robot Type 2023-2046 (Million Units).   37
• Figure 3. Global Market Size by Robot Type 2023-2046 (Million USD).     39
• Figure 4. Historical progression of humanoid robots.         44
• Figure 5. Robotics Evolution Timeline.          51
• Figure 6. Service Robot in Japan.      71
• Figure 7. Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) for Advanced Robotics.     126
• Figure 8. Roadmap and Maturity Analysis by Industry.       130
• Figure 9. Robot swarms.        284
• Figure 10. System architecture of cloud robotics. 295
• Figure 11. Micro-bot. 324
• Figure 12. Robotics Technology Roadmap: Short-term Developments (2025-2030)      359
• Figure 13. Robotics Technology Roadmap: Medium-term Developments (2030-2035).              361
• Figure 14. Robotics Technology Roadmap: Long-term Developments (2035-2046)       362
• Figure 15. EVE/NEO.  368
• Figure 16. RAISE-A1.  374
• Figure 17. Agibot product line-up.    374
• Figure 18. Digit humanoid robot.      376
• Figure 19. ANYbotics robot.  380
• Figure 20. Apptronick Apollo.              381
• Figure 21. Aubo Robotics - i series. 382
• Figure 22. Alex.              384
• Figure 23. BR002.       385
• Figure 24. Atlas.           386
• Figure 25. XR-4.            398
• Figure 26. Dreame Technology's second-generation bionic robot dog and general-purpose humanoid robot.  410
• Figure 27. Mercury X1.             413
• Figure 28. Prototype Ex-Robots humanoid robots.               418
• Figure 29. F&P Personal Robotics - P-Rob. 420
• Figure 30. Figure.ai humanoid robot.             427
• Figure 31. Figure 02 humanoid robot.            427
• Figure 32. GR-1.            430
• Figure 33. Sophia.       438
• Figure 34. Honda ASIMO.       442
• Figure 35. Kaleido.      450
• Figure 36. Forerunner.              451
• Figure 37. Keyper.        454
• Figure 38. KUKA - LBR iiwa series.    458
• Figure 39. Kuafu.         459
• Figure 40. CL-1.            463
• Figure 41. MagicHand S01    470
• Figure 42. Monumental construction robot.              473
• Figure 43. Neura Robotics - Cognitive Cobots.        479
• Figure 44. Omron - TM5-700 and TM5X-700.             485
• Figure 45.  Tora-One. 488
• Figure 46. HUBO2.     491
• Figure 47. XBot-L.        500
• Figure 48. Sanctuary AI Phoenix.      508
• Figure 49. Pepper Humanoid Robot.              515
• Figure 50. Astribot S1.              516
• Figure 51. Stäubli - TX2touch series.              518
• Figure 52. Tesla Optimus Gen 2.       526
• Figure 53. Toyota T-HR3           532
• Figure 54. UBTECH Walker.   533
• Figure 55. G1 foldable robot.               534
• Figure 56. WANDA.     536
• Figure 57. Unitree H1.              540
• Figure 58. CyberOne.                544
• Figure 59. PX5.              546

The Global Industrial Robots Market 2026-2036

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