The Global Market for Biofuels, Electrofuels and Green Ammonia 2022-2027

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Biofuels, bio-jet fuels, biodiesel, renewable diesel, biogas, electrofuels, direct air capture and green and blue ammonia.

April 2022 | 185 pages, 41 tables, 38 figures | Download table of contents

The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertainty around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also been flagged from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources is crucial. Sustainable, Alternative and Renewable Fuels covered in this report include bio-fuels, bio-diesel, renewable diesel,  sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), biogas, electrofuels (e-fuels), green ammonia based on utilization of:

  • First-Generation Feedstocks (food-based) e.g. Waste oils including used cooking oil, animal fats, and other fatty acids.
  • Second-Generation Feedstocks (non-food based) e.g. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues, Energy crops, Agricultural residues, Forestry residues, Biogenic fraction of municipal and industrial waste.
  • Third-Generation Feedstocks e.g. algal biomass
  • Fourth-Generation Feedstocks e.g. genetically modified (GM) algae and cyanobacteria.

 

Report contents include:

  • Market trends and drivers.
  • Market challenges
  • Market analysis including key players, end use markets, production processes, costs, production capacities, market demand for biofuels, bio-jet fuels, biodiesel, renewable diesel, biogas, electrofuels, green ammonia and other relevant technologies. 
  • Industry developments 2020-2022.
  • Market consumption, historical and forecast to 2027. 
  • 122 company profiles including BTG Bioliquids, Byogy Renewables, Caphenia, Enerkem, Infinium Electrofuels, Eni S.p.A., Ensyn, FORGE Hydrocarbons Corporation, Genecis Bioindustries, Gevo, Haldor Topsoe, Infinium, Jupiter Ionics, OCOchem, Phycobloom, Prometheus Fuels, Solitaire Power, Steeper Energy,  SunFire GmbH, Vertus Energy and many more. 

 

 

1              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         12

 

2              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   13

  • 2.1          Market drivers  13
  • 2.2          Market challenges           14

 

3              INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-2022    15

 

4              BIOFUELS            18

  • 4.1          The biofuels market        18
  • 4.2          Types    19
    • 4.2.1      Solid Biofuels     19
    • 4.2.2      Liquid Biofuels  19
    • 4.2.3      Gaseous Biofuels             20
    • 4.2.4      Conventional Biofuels    20
    • 4.2.5      Advanced Biofuels           20
  • 4.3          Feedstocks         21
    • 4.3.1      First-Generation Feedstocks       22
    • 4.3.2      Second-Generation Feedstocks 23
      • 4.3.2.1   Lignocellulosic wastes and residues         23
      • 4.3.2.2   Biorefinery lignin              24
    • 4.3.3      Third-Generation Feedstocks     29
      • 4.3.3.1   Algal biofuels     29
    • 4.3.4      Fourth-Generation Feedstocks  30
    • 4.3.5      Advantages and disadvantages, by generation    31
    • 4.3.6      Market demand               33
  • 4.4          Bioethanol          34
  • 4.5          Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels            36
    • 4.5.1      Description         36
    • 4.5.2      Global market   36
    • 4.5.3      Production pathways     37
    • 4.5.4      Costs     40
    • 4.5.5      Biojet fuel production capacities                40
    • 4.5.6      Challenges          41
  • 4.6          Biomass-based diesel     41
    • 4.6.1      Biodiesel              41
      • 4.6.1.1   Production          41
      • 4.6.1.2   Global market   43
    • 4.6.2      Renewable diesel            44
      • 4.6.2.1   Production          45
      • 4.6.2.2   Global market   45
  • 4.7          Syngas  46
  • 4.8          Biogas and biomethane 47
    • 4.8.1      Feedstocks         49
  • 4.9          Biobutanol          50
    • 4.9.1      Production          51

 

5              ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS)             52

  • 5.1          Introduction       52
    • 5.1.1      Benefits of e-fuels           54
  • 5.2          Feedstocks         55
    • 5.2.1      Hydrogen electrolysis     55
    • 5.2.2      CO2 capture       56
  • 5.3          Production          56
  • 5.4          Electrolysers      58
    • 5.4.1      Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)       60
    • 5.4.2      PEM electrolysers (PEMEC)         60
    • 5.4.3      High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)  60
  • 5.5          Direct Air Capture (DAC)               60
    • 5.5.1      Technologies     61
    • 5.5.2      Markets for DAC               63
    • 5.5.3      Costs     63
    • 5.5.4      Challenges          64
    • 5.5.5      Companies and production          65
    • 5.5.6      CO2 capture from point sources 66
  • 5.6          Costs     67
  • 5.7          Market challenges           70
  • 5.8          Companies         70

 

6              GREEN AMMONIA           72

  • 6.1          Production          72
    • 6.1.1      Decarbonisation of ammonia production               74
    • 6.1.2      Green ammonia projects              75
  • 6.2          Green ammonia synthesis methods         75
    • 6.2.1      Haber-Bosch process      75
    • 6.2.2      Biological nitrogen fixation          76
    • 6.2.3      Electrochemical production         77
    • 6.2.4      Chemical looping processes        77
  • 6.3          Blue ammonia   77
    • 6.3.1      Blue ammonia projects  77
  • 6.4          Markets and applications              78
    • 6.4.1      Chemical energy storage              78
      • 6.4.1.1   Ammonia fuel cells          78
    • 6.4.2      Marine fuel         79
  • 6.5          Costs     81
  • 6.6          Estimated market demand           82
  • 6.7          Companies and projects 83

 

7              COMPANY PROFILES       85 (122 company profiles)

 

8              REFERENCES       180

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Market drivers for advanced biobased and renewable fuels.        13
  • Table 2. Market challenges for advanced biobased and renewable fuels. 14
  • Table 3. Industry developments in advanced biobased and renewable fuels 2020-2022.    15
  • Table 4. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.             19
  • Table 5. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.           21
  • Table 6. Biorefinery feedstocks. 22
  • Table 7. Feedstock conversion pathways.              22
  • Table 8. First-Generation Feedstocks.     22
  • Table 9.  Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities.     23
  • Table 10. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 25
  • Table 11. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes 26
  • Table 12. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.  27
  • Table 13. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.         29
  • Table 14. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.             30
  • Table 15. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation.         31
  • Table 16. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel    36
  • Table 17. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel.   38
  • Table 18. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities.        40
  • Table 19, Biodiesel production techniques.          42
  • Table 20. Biodiesel by generation.            42
  • Table 21. Biogas feedstocks.       49
  • Table 22. Applications of e-fuels, by type.             53
  • Table 23. Overview of e-fuels.    54
  • Table 24. Benefits of e-fuels.      54
  • Table 25. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies.        59
  • Table 26. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.               61
  • Table 27. DAC companies and technologies.         62
  • Table 28. Markets for DAC.          63
  • Table 29. Cost estimates of DAC.               63
  • Table 30. Challenges for DAC technology.              64
  • Table 31. DAC technology developers and production.    65
  • Table 32. Market challenges for e-fuels. 70
  • Table 33. E-fuels companies.       70
  • Table 34. Green ammonia projects (current and planned).             75
  • Table 35. Blue ammonia projects.             77
  • Table 36. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.            78
  • Table 37. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.       79
  • Table 38. Summary of marine alternative fuels.  80
  • Table 39. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.             81
  • Table 40. Main players in green ammonia.            83
  • Table 41. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.         124

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1.  Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.      25
  • Figure 2. Hydrolytic lignin powder.           29
  • Figure 3. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021.     33
  • Figure 4. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2021. 34
  • Figure 5. Ethanol consumption 2010-2027 (million litres).              35
  • Figure 6. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2010-2027 (M litres/year).        37
  • Figure 7. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2027 (M litres/year).           44
  • Figure 8. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2027 (M litres/year).           46
  • Figure 9. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021.  47
  • Figure 10. Biogas and biomethane pathways.      49
  • Figure 11. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.   50
  • Figure 12. Biobutanol production route. 51
  • Figure 13. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.             52
  • Figure 14. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics.           53
  • Figure 15. Production process for green hydrogen.           56
  • Figure 16. E-liquids production routes.   57
  • Figure 17. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.              57
  • Figure 18. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.            58
  • Figure 19. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.               62
  • Figure 20. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels.             68
  • Figure 21. Cost breakdown for e-fuels.   69
  • Figure 22. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production.    72
  • Figure 23. Green ammonia production and use. 74
  • Figure 24. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction.     76
  • Figure 25. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation.    76
  • Figure 26. Estimated production cost of green ammonia.               82
  • Figure 27. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons.   83
  • Figure 28. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.       89
  • Figure 29. FBPO process 100
  • Figure 30. Direct Air Capture Process.     103
  • Figure 31. CRI process.   104
  • Figure 32. Domsjö process.          111
  • Figure 33. FuelPositive system.  120
  • Figure 34. Infinitree swing method.         131
  • Figure 35. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.               152
  • Figure 36: Plantrose process.      157
  • Figure 37. The Velocys process. 172
  • Figure 38. Goldilocks process and applications.   175

 

The Global Market for Biofuels, Electrofuels and Green Ammonia 2022-2027
The Global Market for Biofuels, Electrofuels and Green Ammonia 2022-2027
PDF download/by email.

The Global Market for Biofuels, Electrofuels and Green Ammonia 2022-2027
The Global Market for Biofuels, Electrofuels and Green Ammonia 2022-2027
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