Bio-based Polymers, Monomers and Intermediates: Market Analysis, Global Capacities, Production and Strategic Outlook 2026–2036

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            43

• 1.1        What are bioplastics?              44
• 1.2        Global Plastics Market and Supply  44
• 1.3        Recycling Polymers    45
• 1.4        Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers 45
• 1.5        Bio-based Content Across the Full Polymer Market             47
• 1.6        Regional Distribution                47
• 1.7        Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview             49
• 1.8        Next Generation Bio-based Polymers            51
• 1.9        Integration with Chemical Recycling              52
• 1.10     Novel Feedstock Sources      53
• 1.11     Turning Waste into Bioplastics           55
• 1.12     Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025    56
• 1.13     Global Bioplastics Capacity 57
  • 1.13.1 Production capacities 2025 57
  • 1.13.2 Production capacities forecast 2025-2036 58
  • 1.13.3 Production capacities by region 2024-2036             59
• 1.14     Global Market Forecasts        60
• 1.15     Environmental Impact and Sustainability   62
  • 1.15.1 Plastics carbon footprint       62
  • 1.15.2 Bioplastics carbon footprint 62
  • 1.15.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bioplastics            64
  • 1.15.4 Use of renewables in production      64
  • 1.15.5 Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability       65
  • 1.15.6 Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives      66
• 1.16     Bio-composites           67
  • 1.16.1 Sustainable packaging            67
  • 1.16.2 Enhanced biodegradation of bio-based polymers 68
  • 1.16.3 Bio-composite manufacturing           69
  • 1.16.4 Sustainability and Environmental Performance of Bio-based Polymers 69

2             INTRODUCTION          71

• 2.1        The Biodegradability and Bio-based Independence Principle        71
• 2.2        Types of bioplastics  71
  • 2.2.1    Introduction    72
  • 2.2.2    Polymer Types               72
    • 2.2.2.1 Transition from fossil-based to bio-based polymers            73
    • 2.2.2.2 Monosaccharides      74
    • 2.2.2.3 Vegetable Oils               74
  • 2.2.3    Bio-based monomers              75
    • 2.2.3.1 Portfolio of available monomers       76
    • 2.2.3.2 Emerging Monomer Technologies    77
  • 2.2.4    The Green Premium   77
  • 2.2.5    Market Pathway Classification: Drop-in, Smart Drop-in and Dedicated Bio-based Polymers  78
• 2.3        Feedstocks      79
  • 2.3.1    Types   79
  • 2.3.2    Prices  81
  • 2.3.3    Alternative feedstocks for bioplastics           81
  • 2.3.4    Food security, land use, and water resources          82
• 2.4        Chain of custody         82
• 2.5        Chemical tracers and markers           84
• 2.6        Bioplastics regulations            85
  • 2.6.1    Overview           85
  • 2.6.2    Extended producer responsibility (EPR)       88
  • 2.6.3    United States 88
  • 2.6.4    Europe                89
    • 2.6.4.1 EU Bioeconomy Strategy November 2025  90
  • 2.6.5    Asia-Pacific    91

3             BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES MARKET               93

• 3.1        BIOREFINERIES            93
• 3.2        BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE    94
• 3.3        PLANT-BASED                97
  • 3.3.1    STARCH             97
    • 3.3.1.1 Overview           97
    • 3.3.1.2 Sources             97
    • 3.3.1.3 Global production      98
    • 3.3.1.4 Lysine 98
      • 3.3.1.4.1           Source                99
      • 3.3.1.4.2           Applications   99
      • 3.3.1.4.3           Global production      100
    • 3.3.1.5 Glucose             101
      • 3.3.1.5.1           HMDA 102
        • 3.3.1.5.1.1      Overview           102
        • 3.3.1.5.1.2      Sources             102
        • 3.3.1.5.1.3      Applications   103
        • 3.3.1.5.1.4      Global production      103
      • 3.3.1.5.2           1,5-pentamethylenediamine (DA5) 104
        • 3.3.1.5.2.1      Overview           104
        • 3.3.1.5.2.2      Sources             104
        • 3.3.1.5.2.3      Applications   105
        • 3.3.1.5.2.4      Global production      105
      • 3.3.1.5.3           Sorbitol              106
        • 3.3.1.5.3.1      Overview           106
        • 3.3.1.5.3.2      Applications   106
        • 3.3.1.5.3.3      Global Production      107
        • 3.3.1.5.3.4      Isosorbide        107
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.1  Overview           107
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.2  Sources             108
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.3  Applications   108
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.4  Global production      108
      • 3.3.1.5.4           Lactic acid       109
        • 3.3.1.5.4.1      Overview           109
        • 3.3.1.5.4.2      D-lactic acid   110
        • 3.3.1.5.4.3      L-lactic acid    110
        • 3.3.1.5.4.4      Lactide               111
      • 3.3.1.5.5           Itaconic acid  112
        • 3.3.1.5.5.1      Overview           112
        • 3.3.1.5.5.2      Sources             113
        • 3.3.1.5.5.3      Applications   113
        • 3.3.1.5.5.4      Global production      113
      • 3.3.1.5.6           3-HP     114
        • 3.3.1.5.6.1      Overview           114
        • 3.3.1.5.6.2      Sources             114
        • 3.3.1.5.6.3      Applications   115
        • 3.3.1.5.6.4      Global production      115
        • 3.3.1.5.6.5      Acrylic acid     116
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.1  Overview           116
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.2  Applications   117
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.3  Global production      117
        • 3.3.1.5.6.6      1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)   118
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.1  Overview           118
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.2  Applications   118
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.3  Global production      119
      • 3.3.1.5.7           Succinic Acid 120
        • 3.3.1.5.7.1      Overview           120
        • 3.3.1.5.7.2      Sources             120
        • 3.3.1.5.7.3      Applications   120
        • 3.3.1.5.7.4      Global production      121
        • 3.3.1.5.7.5      1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)     122
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.1  Overview           122
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.2  Applications   122
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.3  Global production      122
        • 3.3.1.5.7.6      Tetrahydrofuran (THF)               123
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.1  Overview           123
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.2  Applications   124
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.3  Global production      124
      • 3.3.1.5.8           Adipic acid      125
        • 3.3.1.5.8.1      Overview           125
        • 3.3.1.5.8.2      Applications   126
        • 3.3.1.5.8.3      Caprolactame               126
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.1  Overview           126
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.2  Applications   126
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.3  Global production      127
      • 3.3.1.5.9           Isobutanol       127
        • 3.3.1.5.9.1      Overview           128
        • 3.3.1.5.9.2      Sources             128
        • 3.3.1.5.9.3      Applications   128
        • 3.3.1.5.9.4      Global production      129
        • 3.3.1.5.9.5      p-Xylene            130
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.1  Overview           130
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.2  Sources             130
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.3  Applications   130
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.4  Global production      131
        • 3.3.1.5.9.6      Terephthalic acid         132
          • 3.3.1.5.9.6.1  Overview           132
      • 3.3.1.5.10        1,3 Proppanediol         133
        • 3.3.1.5.10.1 Overview           133
        • 3.3.1.5.10.2   Sources             134
        • 3.3.1.5.10.3   Applications   134
        • 3.3.1.5.10.4   Global production      134
      • 3.3.1.5.11        Monoethylene glycol (MEG) 135
        • 3.3.1.5.11.1   Overview           135
        • 3.3.1.5.11.2   Sources             135
        • 3.3.1.5.11.3   Applications   136
        • 3.3.1.5.11.4   Global production      136
      • 3.3.1.5.12        Ethanol              137
        • 3.3.1.5.12.1   Overview           137
        • 3.3.1.5.12.2   Sources             138
        • 3.3.1.5.12.3   Applications   138
        • 3.3.1.5.12.4   Global production      138
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5   Ethylene            139
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview           139
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications   140
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production      140
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene         141
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride 143
        • 3.3.1.5.12.6   Methly methacrylate 145
  • 3.3.2    SUGAR CROPS             147
    • 3.3.2.1 Saccharose     147
      • 3.3.2.1.1           Aniline 147
        • 3.3.2.1.1.1      Overview           147
        • 3.3.2.1.1.2      Applications   147
        • 3.3.2.1.1.3      Global production      148
      • 3.3.2.1.2           Fructose            149
        • 3.3.2.1.2.1      Overview           149
        • 3.3.2.1.2.2      Applications   149
        • 3.3.2.1.2.3      Global production      149
        • 3.3.2.1.2.4      5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)    150
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.1  Overview           150
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.2  Applications   150
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.3  Global production      151
        • 3.3.2.1.2.5      5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)       152
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.1  Overview           152
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.2  Applications   152
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.3  Global production      153
        • 3.3.2.1.2.6      Levulinic Acid 154
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.1  Overview           154
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.2  Applications   154
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.3  Global production      154
        • 3.3.2.1.2.7      FDME  156
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.1  Overview           156
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.2  Applications   156
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.3  Global production      156
        • 3.3.2.1.2.8      2,5-FDCA          157
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.1  Overview           157
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.2  Applications   157
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.3  Global production      158
  • 3.3.3    LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS           159
    • 3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone        159
      • 3.3.3.1.1           Overview           159
      • 3.3.3.1.2           Applications   159
      • 3.3.3.1.3           Global production      159
    • 3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose               160
      • 3.3.3.2.1           Overview           160
      • 3.3.3.2.2           Biochemicals from hemicellulose   161
      • 3.3.3.2.3           Global production      162
      • 3.3.3.2.4           Furfural              163
        • 3.3.3.2.4.1      Overview           163
        • 3.3.3.2.4.2      Applications   163
        • 3.3.3.2.4.3      Global production      163
        • 3.3.3.2.4.4      Furfuyl alcohol              164
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.1  Overview           164
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.2  Applications   165
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.3  Global production      165
    • 3.3.3.3 Lignin  166
  • 3.3.4    PLANT OILS     167
    • 3.3.4.1 Overview           167
    • 3.3.4.2 Glycerol             168
      • 3.3.4.2.1           Overview           168
      • 3.3.4.2.2           Applications   168
      • 3.3.4.2.3           Global production      168
    • 3.3.4.2.4           MPG     169
      • 3.3.4.2.4.1      Overview           169
      • 3.3.4.2.4.2      Applications   170
      • 3.3.4.2.4.3      Global production      170
    • 3.3.4.2.5           ECH      171
      • 3.3.4.2.5.1      Overview           171
      • 3.3.4.2.5.2      Applications   172
      • 3.3.4.2.5.3      Global production      172
    • 3.3.4.3 Fatty acids       173
      • 3.3.4.3.1           Overview           173
      • 3.3.4.3.2           Applications   173
      • 3.3.4.3.3           Global production      174
    • 3.3.4.4 Castor oil          175
      • 3.3.4.4.1           Overview           175
      • 3.3.4.4.2           Sebacic acid  175
        • 3.3.4.4.2.1      Overview           175
        • 3.3.4.4.2.2      Applications   175
        • 3.3.4.4.2.3      Global production      176
      • 3.3.4.4.3           11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)  177
        • 3.3.4.4.3.1      Overview           177
        • 3.3.4.4.3.2      Applications   177
        • 3.3.4.4.3.3      Global production      177
    • 3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)                179
      • 3.3.4.5.1           Overview           179
      • 3.3.4.5.2           Applications   179
      • 3.3.4.5.3           Global production      179
    • 3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate            180
      • 3.3.4.6.1           Overview           180
      • 3.3.4.6.2           Applications   181
      • 3.3.4.6.3           Global production      181
  • 3.3.5    NON-EDIBIBLE MILK 182
    • 3.3.5.1 Casein                183
      • 3.3.5.1.1           Overview           183
      • 3.3.5.1.2           Applications   183
      • 3.3.5.1.3           Global production      183
  • 3.3.6    BIO-BASED NAPHTHA              184
    • 3.3.6.1 Overview           184
    • 3.3.6.2 Applications   185
    • 3.3.6.3 Global Production      185
• 3.4        WASTE                187
  • 3.4.1    Food waste      187
    • 3.4.1.1 Overview           187
    • 3.4.1.2 Products and applications    187
    • 3.4.1.3 Global production      188
  • 3.4.2    Agricultural waste       189
    • 3.4.2.1 Overview           189
    • 3.4.2.2 Products and applications    189
    • 3.4.2.3 Global production      189
  • 3.4.3    Forestry waste               190
    • 3.4.3.1 Overview           190
    • 3.4.3.2 Products and applications    190
    • 3.4.3.3 Global production      191
  • 3.4.4    Aquaculture/fishing waste    192
    • 3.4.4.1 Overview           192
    • 3.4.4.2 Products and applications    192
    • 3.4.4.3 Global production      192
  • 3.4.5    Municipal solid waste              193
    • 3.4.5.1 Overview           193
    • 3.4.5.2 Products and applications    193
    • 3.4.5.3 Global production      194
  • 3.4.6    Industrial waste           195
    • 3.4.6.1 Overview           195
    • 3.4.6.2 Waste oils        195
    • 3.4.6.3 Overview           195
    • 3.4.6.4 Products and applications    195
    • 3.4.6.5 Global production      196
• 3.5        MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES  197
  • 3.5.1    Microalgae      197
    • 3.5.1.1 Overview           197
    • 3.5.1.2 Products and applications    197
    • 3.5.1.3 Global production      198
  • 3.5.2    Macroalgae     199
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview           199
    • 3.5.2.2 Products and applications    199
    • 3.5.2.3 Global production      200
  • 3.5.3    Mineral sources            201
    • 3.5.3.1 Overview           201
    • 3.5.3.2 Products and applications    201
• 3.6        GASEOUS         202
  • 3.6.1    Biogas 202
    • 3.6.1.1 Overview           202
    • 3.6.1.2 Products and applications    203
    • 3.6.1.3 Global production      203
  • 3.6.2    Syngas               204
    • 3.6.2.1 Overview           204
    • 3.6.2.2 Products and applications    205
    • 3.6.2.3 Global production      206
  • 3.6.3    Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO   206
    • 3.6.3.1 Overview           206
    • 3.6.3.2 Products and applications    207

4             BIO-BASED POLYMERS           208

• 4.1        BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS       208
  • 4.1.1    Drop-in bio-based plastics   208
  • 4.1.2    Novel bio-based plastics       209
• 4.2        BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS               209
  • 4.2.1    Biodegradability          210
  • 4.2.2    Compostability            211
• 4.3        TYPES 211
• 4.4        KEY MARKET PLAYERS             213
• 4.5        SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS               214
  • 4.5.1    Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear               214
    • 4.5.1.1 Market analysis            214
    • 4.5.1.2 Production       215
    • 4.5.1.3 Applications   215
    • 4.5.1.4 Producers         216
  • 4.5.2    Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)        216
    • 4.5.2.1 What is polylactic acid?         216
    • 4.5.2.2 Market analysis            217
    • 4.5.2.3 Applications   218
    • 4.5.2.4 Production       219
    • 4.5.2.5 Biomanufacturing of lactic acid (C3H6O3) 219
    • 4.5.2.6 Bacterial fermentation             220
      • 4.5.2.6.1           Lactic acid       220
      • 4.5.2.6.2           Selection of optimal bacterial strains           221
      • 4.5.2.6.3           Downstream processing of fermentation broth into PLA-grade lactic acid           222
    • 4.5.2.7 PLA hydrolysis               223
    • 4.5.2.8 Ocean degradation    224
    • 4.5.2.9 PLA end-of-life              225
    • 4.5.2.10            Producers and production capacities, current and planned          225
      • 4.5.2.10.1        Lactic acid producers and production capacities 225
      • 4.5.2.10.2        PLA producers and production capacities 226
      • 4.5.2.10.3        Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 227
  • 4.5.3    Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)            228
    • 4.5.3.1 Market analysis            228
    • 4.5.3.2 Bio-based MEG and PET         229
      • 4.5.3.2.1           Monomer production               230
      • 4.5.3.2.2           Applications   230
    • 4.5.3.3 Producers and production capacities           231
    • 4.5.3.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)     231
  • 4.5.4    Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)   232
    • 4.5.4.1 Market analysis            232
    • 4.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities           233
    • 4.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      233
  • 4.5.5    Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)     234
    • 4.5.5.1 Market analysis            234
    • 4.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET          235
    • 4.5.5.3 Commercial status    236
    • 4.5.5.4 Producers and production capacities           236
      • 4.5.5.4.1           FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities         236
      • 4.5.5.4.2           Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).            237
  • 4.5.6    Polyamides (Bio-PA)  238
    • 4.5.6.1 Market analysis            238
    • 4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities           239
    • 4.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)           240
  • 4.5.7    Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)           241
    • 4.5.7.1 Market analysis            241
    • 4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities           241
    • 4.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)    242
  • 4.5.8    Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers       243
    • 4.5.8.1 Market analysis            243
    • 4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities           244
    • 4.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      244
  • 4.5.9    Polyethylene (Bio-PE)               245
    • 4.5.9.1 Market analysis            245
    • 4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities           246
    • 4.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).      246
  • 4.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)            247
    • 4.5.10.1            Market analysis            248
    • 4.5.10.2            Producers and production capacities           248
    • 4.5.10.3            Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)     249
  • 4.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers     250
    • 4.5.11.1            Market analysis            250
    • 4.5.11.2            Production       250
    • 4.5.11.3            Applications   251
    • 4.5.11.4            Producers         252
  • 4.5.12 Polytrimethylene Furandicarboxylate (PTF)               253
    • 4.5.12.1            Market Analysis           253
    • 4.5.12.2            Production       253
    • 4.5.12.3            Applications   253
    • 4.5.12.4            Producers and Production Capacities          253
    • 4.5.12.5            PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          254
  • 4.5.13 Bio-based Polybutylene Terephthalate (Bio-PBT)   254
    • 4.5.13.1            Market Analysis           254
    • 4.5.13.2            Production       255
    • 4.5.13.3            Applications   255
    • 4.5.13.4            Producers and Production Capacities          255
    • 4.5.13.5            Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 256
  • 4.5.14 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol (PFA)      256
    • 4.5.14.1            Market Analysis           256
    • 4.5.14.2            Production       256
    • 4.5.14.3            Applications   257
    • 4.5.14.4            Producers and Production Capacities          257
    • 4.5.14.5            PFA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          257
  • 4.5.15 Bio-based Polyvinyl Chloride (Bio-PVC)       258
    • 4.5.15.1            Market Analysis           258
    • 4.5.15.2            Production       259
    • 4.5.15.3            Applications   259
    • 4.5.15.4            Producers and Production Capacities          259
    • 4.5.15.5            Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 259
  • 4.5.16 Bio-based Polymethyl Methacrylate (Bio-PMMA)  260
    • 4.5.16.1            Market Analysis           260
    • 4.5.16.2            Production       260
    • 4.5.16.3            Applications   261
    • 4.5.16.4            Producers and Production Capacities          261
    • 4.5.16.5            Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)           261
  • 4.5.17 Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)   262
    • 4.5.17.1            Market Analysis           262
    • 4.5.17.2            Production       262
    • 4.5.17.3            Applications   263
    • 4.5.17.4            Producers and Production Capacities          263
    • 4.5.17.5            Bio-SBR Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 263
• 4.6        NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS    265
  • 4.6.1    Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             265
    • 4.6.1.1 Technology description           265
    • 4.6.1.2 Types   266
      • 4.6.1.2.1           PHB      268
      • 4.6.1.2.2           PHBV   269
    • 4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes             270
    • 4.6.1.4 Market analysis            272
    • 4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs            273
    • 4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs        274
      • 4.6.1.6.1           Packaging        275
      • 4.6.1.6.2           Cosmetics       276
        • 4.6.1.6.2.1      PHA microspheres     276
      • 4.6.1.6.3           Medical              276
        • 4.6.1.6.3.1      Tissue engineering      276
        • 4.6.1.6.3.2      Drug delivery  277
      • 4.6.1.6.4           Agriculture       277
        • 4.6.1.6.4.1      Mulch film        277
        • 4.6.1.6.4.2      Grow bags        277
    • 4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities           277
    • 4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      278
  • 4.6.2    Cellulose          279
    • 4.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA)             279
      • 4.6.2.1.1           Market analysis            279
      • 4.6.2.1.2           Production       280
      • 4.6.2.1.3           Applications   281
      • 4.6.2.1.4           Producers         281
    • 4.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)        282
      • 4.6.2.2.1           Market analysis            282
      • 4.6.2.2.2           Producers and production capacities           283
    • 4.6.2.3 Nanocellulose               283
    • 4.6.2.4 Casein polymers         284
      • 4.6.2.4.1           Market analysis            284
    • 4.6.2.5 Commercial status    284
      • 4.6.2.5.1           Production       284
      • 4.6.2.5.2           Applications   286
    • 4.6.2.6 Algal, Fungal and Mycelium-based Materials: Emerging Outlook               286
• 4.7        NATURAL FIBERS        287
  • 4.7.1    Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers       290
  • 4.7.2    Advantages of natural fibers 291
  • 4.7.3    Commercially available next-gen natural fiber  products 292
  • 4.7.4    Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers    294
  • 4.7.5    Challenges      296
  • 4.7.6    Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)      296
    • 4.7.6.1 Seed fibers      296
      • 4.7.6.1.1           Cotton 296
        • 4.7.6.1.1.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       297
      • 4.7.6.1.2           Kapok 298
        • 4.7.6.1.2.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       298
      • 4.7.6.1.3           Luffa    299
    • 4.7.6.2 Bast fibers        299
      • 4.7.6.2.1           Jute       300
      • 4.7.6.2.2           Production volumes 2018-2036       301
        • 4.7.6.2.2.1      Hemp  301
        • 4.7.6.2.2.2      Production volumes 2018-2036       302
      • 4.7.6.2.3           Flax       303
        • 4.7.6.2.3.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       303
      • 4.7.6.2.4           Ramie 304
        • 4.7.6.2.4.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       304
      • 4.7.6.2.5           Kenaf   305
        • 4.7.6.2.5.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       306
    • 4.7.6.3 Leaf fibers        306
      • 4.7.6.3.1           Sisal     306
        • 4.7.6.3.1.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       307
      • 4.7.6.3.2           Abaca 307
        • 4.7.6.3.2.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       308
    • 4.7.6.4 Fruit fibers       309
      • 4.7.6.4.1           Coir      309
        • 4.7.6.4.1.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       309
      • 4.7.6.4.2           Banana              310
        • 4.7.6.4.2.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       310
      • 4.7.6.4.3           Pineapple         311
    • 4.7.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues          313
      • 4.7.6.5.1           Rice fiber          313
      • 4.7.6.5.2           Corn     313
    • 4.7.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed           314
      • 4.7.6.6.1           Switch grass   314
      • 4.7.6.6.2           Sugarcane (agricultural residues)    314
      • 4.7.6.6.3           Bamboo            315
        • 4.7.6.6.3.1      Production volumes 2018-2036       316
      • 4.7.6.6.4           Fresh grass (green biorefinery)           316
  • 4.7.7    Animal (fibrous protein)          317
    • 4.7.7.1 Wool    317
      • 4.7.7.1.1           Alternative wool materials    318
      • 4.7.7.1.2           Producers         318
    • 4.7.7.2 Silk fiber            318
      • 4.7.7.2.1           Alternative silk materials        319
        • 4.7.7.2.1.1      Producers         319
    • 4.7.7.3 Leather               319
      • 4.7.7.3.1           Alternative leather materials               320
        • 4.7.7.3.1.1      Producers         320
    • 4.7.7.4 Fur         321
      • 4.7.7.4.1           Producers         321
    • 4.7.7.5 Down  322
      • 4.7.7.5.1           Alternative down materials   322
        • 4.7.7.5.1.1      Producers         322
  • 4.7.8    Markets for natural fibers       322
    • 4.7.8.1 Composites    322
    • 4.7.8.2 Applications   323
    • 4.7.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds           324
      • 4.7.8.3.1           Properties         324
      • 4.7.8.3.2           Applications   324
    • 4.7.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites  325
      • 4.7.8.4.1           Automotive      325
      • 4.7.8.4.2           Applications   325
    • 4.7.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites            325
    • 4.7.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds            326
    • 4.7.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats  327
      • 4.7.8.7.1           Flax       327
      • 4.7.8.7.2           Kenaf   327
    • 4.7.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites          327
    • 4.7.8.9 Aerospace        328
      • 4.7.8.9.1           Market overview           328
    • 4.7.8.10            Automotive      328
      • 4.7.8.10.1        Market overview           328
      • 4.7.8.10.2        Applications of natural fibers              332
    • 4.7.8.11            Building/construction              333
      • 4.7.8.11.1        Market overview           333
      • 4.7.8.11.2        Applications of natural fibers              334
    • 4.7.8.12            Sports and leisure       334
      • 4.7.8.12.1        Market overview           334
    • 4.7.8.13            Textiles               335
      • 4.7.8.13.1        Market overview           335
      • 4.7.8.13.2        Consumer apparel     336
      • 4.7.8.13.3        Geotextiles      336
    • 4.7.8.14            Packaging        337
      • 4.7.8.14.1        Market overview           337
  • 4.7.9    Global production of natural fibers 339
• 4.8        LIGNIN                341
  • 4.8.1    Lignin as a Bio-based Polymer Feedstock   341

5             MARKETS FOR BIOPLASTICS               342

• 5.1        Packaging (Flexible and Rigid)            343
  • 5.1.1    Processes for bioplastics in packaging        343
  • 5.1.2    Applications   344
  • 5.1.3    Flexible packaging     344
    • 5.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2036       346
  • 5.1.4    Rigid packaging            347
    • 5.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2036       348
• 5.2        Consumer Goods       349
  • 5.2.1    Applications   349
  • 5.2.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       349
• 5.3        Automotive      350
  • 5.3.1    Applications   350
  • 5.3.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       351
• 5.4        Building and Construction    352
  • 5.4.1    Applications   352
  • 5.4.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       352
• 5.5        Textiles and Fibers      353
  • 5.5.1    Apparel              353
  • 5.5.2    Footwear           354
  • 5.5.3    Medical textiles            355
  • 5.5.4    Production volumes 2019-2036       355
• 5.6        Electronics      357
  • 5.6.1    Applications   357
  • 5.6.2    Production volumes 2019-2036       357
• 5.7        Agriculture and Horticulture 359
  • 5.7.1    Production volumes 2019-2036       359
• 5.8        Production of Biopolymers, by region            361
  • 5.8.1    North America              361
  • 5.8.2    Europe                362
  • 5.8.3    Asia-Pacific    363
  • 5.8.4    Latin America 364

6             COMPANY PROFILES                365 (595 company profiles)

7             APPENDIX        779

• 7.1        Research Methodology           779

8             REFERENCES 781

List of Tables

• Table 1. Global Plastics Production (1950-2025). 45
• Table 2. Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers (2025).            46
• Table 3. Regional Biopolymer Distribution and Projections (2025–2036)              48
• Table 4. Regional Production Capacity Projections (1,000 tonnes).          49
• Table 5. Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview          49
• Table 6. Global Bio-based Building Block Production Capacities 2011–2036 (million tonnes total, all building blocks)            50
• Table 7. Next Generation Bio-based Polymers.       51
• Table 8. Bio-based Polymers and Chemical Recycling (2024-2036).        52
• Table 9. Novel Feedstock Sources   54
• Table 10. Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025               56
• Table 11. Global Bio-based Polymer Production Capacities and Production 2025         57
• Table 12. Bio-based Polymer Global Installed Capacity Forecast 2025–2036 by Type (1,000 tonnes) 58
• Table 13. Bioplastics Production Capacities by Region 2024-2036 (1,000 tonnes).       60
• Table 14. Global Bio-based Polymers Market by Type 2020–2036 (Revenues $M)           61
• Table 15. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers. 64
• Table 16. Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternative   66
• Table 17. Available Bio-based Monomers. 76
• Table 18. Bioplastic feedstocks,       79
• Table 19. Bioplastics regulations around the world.             85
• Table 20. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 94
• Table 21. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.               95
• Table 22. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.            96
• Table 23. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.        97
• Table 24. Global Production of Starch for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)              98
• Table 25. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.         99
• Table 26. Applications of  lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals.             99
• Table 27. Global Production of Bio-based Lysine, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   100
• Table 28. Global Glucose Production for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)              101
• Table 29. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.              102
• Table 30. Applications of bio-based HDMA.              103
• Table 31. Global Production Volumes of Bio-HMDA, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)            103
• Table 32. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).         104
• Table 33. Applications of DA5.            105
• Table 34. Global Production of Bio-based DA5, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)        105
• Table 35. Sorbitol Applications          106
• Table 36. Global Production (sorbitol directed to polymer/chemical applications, thousand tonnes)                107
• Table 37. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide.        108
• Table 38. Applications of bio-based isosorbide.    108
• Table 39. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).        108
• Table 40. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).    110
• Table 41. Lactide applications.          111
• Table 42. Global Lactide Production, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)              111
• Table 43. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.  113
• Table 44. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.               113
• Table 45. Global Production of Bio-itaconic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   113
• Table 46. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.     115
• Table 47. Applications of 3-HP.           115
• Table 48. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).              115
• Table 49. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.  117
• Table 50. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid,  2018-2036 (metric tonnes).     117
• Table 51. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO). 118
• Table 52. Global Production of Bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)    119
• Table 53. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid. 120
• Table 54. Applications of succinic acid.       120
• Table 55. Global Production of Bio-based Succinic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)  121
• Table 56. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).           122
• Table 57. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).        122
• Table 58. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).           124
• Table 59. Global Production of Bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 124
• Table 60. Applications of bio-based adipic acid.    126
• Table 61. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.               127
• Table 62. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).   127
• Table 63. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.       128
• Table 64. Applications of bio-based isobutanol.    128
• Table 65. Global Production of Bio-based Isobutanol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)         129
• Table 66. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene.            130
• Table 67. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene.         130
• Table 68. Global Production of Bio-based p-Xylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)             131
• Table 69. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA).         132
• Table 70. Global Production of Biobased Terephthalic Acid (TPA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)               132
• Table 71. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol.        134
• Table 72. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol.     134
• Table 73. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).           135
• Table 74. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.     136
• Table 75. Applications of bio-based MEG.  136
• Table 76. Biobased MEG producers capacities.     136
• Table 77. Global Production of Biobased MEG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)        136
• Table 78. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.              138
• Table 79. Applications of bio-based ethanol.           138
• Table 80. Global Production of Biobased Ethanol, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 138
• Table 81. Applications of bio-based ethylene.         140
• Table 82. Global Production of Biobased Ethylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)               140
• Table 83. Applications of bio-based propylene.      141
• Table 84. Global Production of Biobased Propylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)            142
• Table 85. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride.               143
• Table 86. Global Production of Biobased Vinyl Chloride, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   144
• Table 87. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate.              145
• Table 88. Global Production of Bio-based Methyl Methacrylate, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   146
• Table 89. Applications of bio-based aniline.             147
• Table 90. Global Production of Biobased Aniline, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)    148
• Table 91. Applications of biobased fructose.            149
• Table 92. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). 150
• Table 93. Global Production of Biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)                151
• Table 94. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF).              152
• Table 95. Global Production of Biobased 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)                153
• Table 96. Applications of Levulinic acid.      154
• Table 97. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).   155
• Table 98. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME. 156
• Table 99.Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).      156
• Table 100. Applications of FDCA.     158
• Table 101. Global Production of Biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)              158
• Table 102. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone.    159
• Table 103. Global Production of Bio-based Levoglucosenone, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)      160
• Table 104. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose         161
• Table 105. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose             161
• Table 106. Global Production of Hemicellulose, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)     162
• Table 107. Global Production of Biobased Furfural, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)              163
• Table 108. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol.        165
• Table 109. Global Production of Biobased Furfuryl Alcohol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)            165
• Table 115. Global Production of Biobased Lignin, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   166
• Table 116. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.          168
• Table 117. Global Production of Biobased Glycerol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)             169
• Table 118. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG. 170
• Table 119. Global Production of Bio-MPG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   170
• Table 120. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH.      172
• Table 121. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).     172
• Table 122. Global Production of Biobased Fatty Acids, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)      174
• Table 123. Global Production of Biobased Sebacic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)  176
• Table 124. Global Production of Biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic Acid (11-AA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)              178
• Table 125. Global Production of Biobased Dodecanedioic Acid (DDDA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 179
• Table 126.Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).                181
• Table 127. Global Production of Biobased Casein, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 183
• Table 128. Bio-based naphtha applications.            185
• Table 129. Bio-based naphthaProduction Volume (thousand tonnes)    185
• Table 130. Global Production of Food Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)    188
• Table 131. Global Production of Agricultural Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)      189
• Table 132. Global Production of Forestry Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)             191
• Table 133. Global Production of Aquaculture/Fishing Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)              192
• Table 134. Global Production of Municipal Solid Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)                194
• Table 135. Global Production of Waste Oils for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)      196
• Table 136. Global Microalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)   198
• Table 137. Global Macroalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 200
• Table 138. Mineral source products and applications.       201
• Table 139. Global Production of Biogas, 2018–2036 (billion m³)  203
• Table 140. Global Production of Syngas, 2018–2036 (billion m³) 206
• Table 141. Type of biodegradation.  210
• Table 142. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.                211
• Table 143. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.      211
• Table 144. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.           213
• Table 145. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 215
• Table 146. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear Applications.       216
• Table 147. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) producers.      216
• Table 148. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  217
• Table 149. Optimal Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for Fermentation              221
• Table 150. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.       225
• Table 151. PLA producers and production capacities.       226
• Table 152. Planned PLA Capacity Expansions (2025 confirmed) 227
• Table 153. PLA Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       227
• Table 154. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     228
• Table 155. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities.             231
• Table 156. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).           231
• Table 157. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     232
• Table 158. PTT Production Capacities (2025)           233
• Table 159. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).            233
• Table 160. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  234
• Table 161. PEF vs. PET.            235
• Table 162. FDCA and PEF Producers (2025)             236
• Table 163. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).    237
• Table 164. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        238
• Table 165. Bio-PA Producers Production Capacities (2025)           239
• Table 166. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 240
• Table 167. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     241
• Table 168. PBAT Producers, Production Capacities and Brands (2025)  241
• Table 169. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).                242
• Table 170. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.      243
• Table 171. PBS Producers and Production Capacities (2025)       244
• Table 172. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).            244
• Table 173. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        245
• Table 174. Leading Bio-PE producers.           246
• Table 175. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).              246
• Table 176. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        248
• Table 177. Bio-PP Producers and Capacities (2025)           248
• Table 178. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).  249
• Table 179. Superabsorbent Polymers Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)     251
• Table 180. Superabsorbent polymers Applications.            252
• Table 181. Superabsorbent polymers producers.  252
• Table 182. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Applications          253
• Table 183. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Producers and Production Capacities 253
• Table 184. PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)  254
• Table 185. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Applications             255
• Table 186. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Producers and Production Capacities    255
• Table 187. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)              256
• Table 188. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Applications 257
• Table 189. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Producers and Production Capacities       257
• Table 190. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 257
• Table 191. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC)                259
• Table 192. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC) Producers and Production Capacities         259
• Table 193. Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       259
• Table 194. Bio-PMMA Applications 261
• Table 195. Bio-PMMA Producers and Production Capacities         261
• Table 196. Bio-PMMA Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)         261
• Table 197. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) Applications             263
• Table 198. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)           263
• Table 199. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)           263
• Table 200.Types of PHAs and properties.     267
• Table 201. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.         269
• Table 202. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.        271
• Table 203. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.             272
• Table 204. Commercially available PHAs.  273
• Table 205. Markets and applications for PHAs.       274
• Table 206. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.              275
• Table 207. PHA Producers (2025)    277
• Table 208. PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).            278
• Table 209. Cellulose acetate (CA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)             280
• Table 210. Cellulose acetate (CA) applications.     281
• Table 211. Cellulose acetate (CA) producers.          281
• Table 212. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        282
• Table 213. Leading MFC producers and capacities.            283
• Table 214. Casein polymers production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)          285
• Table 215. Casein polymers applications.  286
• Table 216. Types of next-gen natural fibers.               287
• Table 217. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.             290
• Table 218. Typical properties of natural fibers.        291
• Table 219. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.        292
• Table 220. Market drivers for natural fibers.               295
• Table 221. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.   296
• Table 222. Cotton production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).    297
• Table 223. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     298
• Table 224. Kapok production volume 2018-2036 (MT).      298
• Table 225. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        299
• Table 226. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          300
• Table 227. Jute production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).          301
• Table 228. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     301
• Table 229. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          302
• Table 230. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          303
• Table 231. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 303
• Table 232. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    304
• Table 233. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          305
• Table 234. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      305
• Table 235. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).           306
• Table 236. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.              306
• Table 237. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).             307
• Table 238. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    307
• Table 239. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          308
• Table 240. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          309
• Table 241. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).          309
• Table 242. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 310
• Table 243. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).       310
• Table 244. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.           311
• Table 245. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          313
• Table 246. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        313
• Table 247. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.  314
• Table 248. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.    314
• Table 249. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.               315
• Table 250. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT). 316
• Table 251. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.       317
• Table 252. Alternative wool materials producers.  318
• Table 253. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.            318
• Table 254. Alternative silk materials producers.     319
• Table 255. Alternative leather materials producers.             320
• Table 256. Next-gen fur producers. 321
• Table 257. Alternative down materials producers. 322
• Table 258. Applications of natural fiber composites.          323
• Table 259. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.               324
• Table 260. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.           325
• Table 261. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.             326
• Table 262. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.  326
• Table 263. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.        327
• Table 264. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      328
• Table 265. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.        330
• Table 266. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      331
• Table 267. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.       332
• Table 268. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.             333
• Table 269. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.     334
• Table 270. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.              335
• Table 271. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.                335
• Table 272. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      337
• Table 273. Global fiber production (million MT) 2020-2036.          340
• Table 274. Global Production Capacities by End-Use Market 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes total)               342
• Table 275. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.              343
• Table 276. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.   344
• Table 277. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.      345
• Table 278. Bio-based Polymers for Flexible Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          346
• Table 279. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.             347
• Table 280. Bio-based Polymers for Rigid Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 348
• Table 281. Global production for bio-based polymers in consumer goods 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.                349
• Table 282. Bio-based Polymers in Automotive and Transport 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)           351
• Table 283. Bio-based Polymers in Building and Construction 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          352
• Table 284. Bio-based Polymers in Textiles and Fibres 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)            355
• Table 285. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in electronics 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.              357
• Table 286. Bio-based Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)      359
• Table 287. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.       361
• Table 288. Bio-based Polymers in North America by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)   361
• Table 289. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.        362
• Table 290. Bio-based Polymers in Europe by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)    362
• Table 291. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Asia-Pacific by type 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes 363
• Table 292. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.        364
• Table 293. Lactips plastic pellets.    584
• Table 294. Oji Holdings CNF products.         651

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Schematic of biorefinery processes.         93
• Figure 2. Overview of Toray process.              125
• Figure 3. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 149
• Figure 4. Samsung 13-inch Color E-Pape    198
• Figure 5.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.   208
• Figure 6. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.       209
• Figure 7. PHA family. 267
• Figure 8. Types of natural fibers.        290
• Figure 9. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap.    292
• Figure 10. Adidas algae-ink tees.      292
• Figure 11. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle.          292
• Figure 12. Miratex watch bands.       293
• Figure 13. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22.             293
• Figure 14. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker               293
• Figure 15.  Luffa cylindrica fiber.       299
• Figure 16. Pineapple fiber.     312
• Figure 17. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial.              312
• Figure 18. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials. 320
• Figure 19. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.         327
• Figure 20. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.     329
• Figure 21. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.            330
• Figure 22. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.       336
• Figure 23. Coir mats for erosion control.     337
• Figure 24. Global fiber production in 2024, by fiber type, million MT and %.        340
• Figure 25. PHA bioplastics products.             344
• Figure 26. Biodegradable mulch films.         359
• Figure 28. Pluumo.     369
• Figure 29. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.          382
• Figure 30. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.     384
• Figure 31. MEDICELLU™.         384
• Figure 32. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.     393
• Figure 33. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.          393
• Figure 34. CNF nonwoven fabric.      394
• Figure 35. Roof frame made of natural fiber.             404
• Figure 36. Beyond Leather Materials product.          408
• Figure 37. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.           414
• Figure 38. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.          415
• Figure 39. Fiber-based screw cap.   429
• Figure 40: Celluforce production process. 446
• Figure 41: NCCTM Process.  446
• Figure 42: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:  447
• Figure 43. formicobio™ technology. 452
• Figure 44. nanoforest-S.         455
• Figure 45. nanoforest-PDP.   455
• Figure 46. nanoforest-MB.     456
• Figure 47. sunliquid® production process. 464
• Figure 48. CuanSave film.     467
• Figure 49. Celish.        468
• Figure 50. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.         469
• Figure 51. ELLEX products.   471
• Figure 52. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.               471
• Figure 53. Kirekira! toilet wipes.         472
• Figure 54. Color CNF.               473
• Figure 55. Rheocrysta spray.                478
• Figure 56. DKS CNF products.            479
• Figure 57. Domsjö process.  481
• Figure 58. Mushroom leather.              496
• Figure 59. CNF based on citrus peel.             498
• Figure 60. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.            498
• Figure 61. Filler Bank CNC products.             515
• Figure 62. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.         517
• Figure 63.  TMP-Bio Process.               520
• Figure 64. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.         521
• Figure 65. Water-repellent cellulose.             523
• Figure 66. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).             524
• Figure 67. PHA production process.               525
• Figure 68. CNF products from Furukawa Electric. 526
• Figure 69. AVAPTM process. 537
• Figure 70. GreenPower+™ process.  537
• Figure 71. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.               541
• Figure 72. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).        544
• Figure 73. CNF gel.     551
• Figure 74. Block nanocellulose material.    551
• Figure 75. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.                552
• Figure 76. Marine leather products. 555
• Figure 77. Inner Mettle Milk products.           558
• Figure 78. Kami Shoji CNF products.              571
• Figure 79. Dual Graft System.             573
• Figure 80. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.         574
• Figure 81. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).        574
• Figure 82. Kel Labs yarn.        575
• Figure 83. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).                579
• Figure 84. Lignin gel. 589
• Figure 85. BioFlex process.   593
• Figure 86. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.             595
• Figure 87. LX Process.              598
• Figure 88. Made of Air's HexChar panels.   601
• Figure 89. TransLeather.          602
• Figure 90. Chitin nanofiber product.               607
• Figure 91. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.              608
• Figure 92. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.       609
• Figure 93. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.      612
• Figure 94. IPA synthesis method.      616
• Figure 95. MOGU-Wave panels.        619
• Figure 96. CNF slurries.           620
• Figure 97. Range of CNF products.  620
• Figure 98. Reishi.         624
• Figure 99. Compostable water pod.               640
• Figure 100. Leather made from leaves.         641
• Figure 101. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.              641
• Figure 102. CNF clear sheets.             651
• Figure 103. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       652
• Figure 104. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.           667
• Figure 105.  Precision Photosynthesis™ technology.            670
• Figure 106. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.             672
• Figure 107. XCNF.       679
• Figure 108: Plantrose process.           680
• Figure 109. LOVR hemp leather.         684
• Figure 110. CNF insulation flat plates.          686
• Figure 111. Hansa lignin.       693
• Figure 112. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  697
• Figure 113. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  701
• Figure 114. 3D printed cellulose shoe.          708
• Figure 115. Lyocell process. 711
• Figure 116. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.              715
• Figure 117. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.             715
• Figure 118. Spider silk production.  716
• Figure 119. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.      720
• Figure 120. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.            721
• Figure 121. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.         722
• Figure 122. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.        722
• Figure 123. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       723
• Figure 124. Sulapac cosmetics containers.              724
• Figure 125.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.            725
• Figure 126. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins. 726
• Figure 127. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles. 734
• Figure 128. Corbion FDCA production process.     742
• Figure 129. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.    743
• Figure 130. CNF resin products.        748
• Figure 131. UPM biorefinery process.            750
• Figure 132. Vegea production process.        754
• Figure 133. The Proesa® Process.     756
• Figure 134. Goldilocks process and applications. 757
• Figure 135. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process. 760
• Figure 136. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.            762
• Figure 137. Worn Again products.    767
• Figure 138. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.    771
•  

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Bio-based Polymers, Monomers and Intermediates: Market Analysis, Global Capacities, Production and Strategic Outlook 2026–2036

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