
cover
- Published: January 2025
- Pages: 183
- Tables: 128
- Figures: 47
Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are specialized materials with remarkable liquid absorption capabilities, able to retain many times their weight in fluids. While traditionally dominated by petroleum-based acrylate polymers, particularly sodium polyacrylate, the market is experiencing a significant shift toward sustainable and biodegradable alternatives in response to environmental concerns. The global SAP market remains primarily driven by hygiene applications, with baby diapers representing the largest segment. However, this dominance is expected to gradually decrease as adult incontinence products and other applications gain market share. Unlike traditional industrial markets, SAP demand correlates more strongly with demographic trends than economic cycles, as the primary end products are considered essential healthcare items. A critical market driver is the increasing focus on environmental sustainability. Traditional acrylate-based SAPs, while offering superior absorption properties, present significant environmental challenges due to their non-biodegradable nature and petroleum-based origins. This has spurred intensive research into bio-based alternatives, including modified starches, cellulose derivatives, and other natural polymers, though these currently face performance and cost challenges compared to conventional SAPs.
Market maturity varies significantly by region. Developed markets (North America and Western Europe) show stable demand in traditional applications but face headwinds from declining birth rates. However, this is offset by growing demand for adult incontinence products due to aging populations. Asia Pacific, particularly Northeast Asia, represents the primary growth market, driven by rising disposable incomes and increasing product penetration in developing countries. Beyond traditional hygiene applications, SAPs find increasing use in:
- Agricultural water management
- Medical and wound care
- Construction materials
- Environmental remediation
- Specialty industrial applications
Research and development efforts focus on:
- Bio-based and biodegradable alternatives
- Enhanced performance characteristics
- Cost-effective production methods
- Novel application areas
Market Challenges include:
- Environmental sustainability requirements
- Raw material cost and availability
- Performance requirements vs. biodegradability
- Regional regulatory variations
- Cultural and social factors affecting adoption
Despite these challenges, the global SAP market maintains positive growth prospects, supported by:
- Increasing penetration in developing markets
- Aging populations in developed regions
- Expanding application scope
- Technological innovations in sustainable materials
The industry faces a critical transition period as it balances performance requirements with environmental sustainability, driving innovation in both materials and applications. This evolution presents both challenges and opportunities for market participants across the value chain.
Global Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) Market 2025-2035 provides an in-depth analysis of the global superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) sector, covering key developments, market trends, growth opportunities, and detailed forecasts from 2025 to 2035. The study examines the entire value chain, from raw materials to end-user applications, with particular focus on emerging sustainable solutions and technological innovations.
Key Features of the Report:
- Comprehensive analysis of various SAP types, including synthetic, natural, and bio-based materials
- Detailed examination of manufacturing processes and production technologies
- In-depth market size analysis with forecasts to 2035 (in both revenue and volume terms)
- Regional market analysis covering North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa
- Evaluation of key application sectors and emerging opportunities
- Assessment of sustainability challenges and environmental impacts
- Detailed company profiles of major market players and innovators. Companies profiled include BASF, Asahi Kasei Corporation, Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd., Daio Paper Corporation, Ecovia Biopolymers, EF Polymer, ICI, Formosa Plastics Corporation, Jiangtian Chemical, Kao Corporation, Nagase, Nippon Shokubai, Qingdao Soco New Materials Co., Ltd., Sanyo Chemical, Sumitomo Seika, Yixing Danson Technology, and ZymoChem.
The report provides detailed analysis across major SAP categories:
- Synthetic Superabsorbent Polymers:
- Sodium polyacrylate
- Polyacrylamide copolymers
- Polyvinyl alcohol copolymers
- Other synthetic variants
- Natural and Bio-based Superabsorbents:
- Modified starches
- Cellulose-based materials
- Chitosan derivatives
- Alginate compounds
- Plant-based superabsorbents
- Protein-based SAPs
- Composite Superabsorbent Materials:
- Clay-polymer composites
- Nanocellulose composites
- Graphene-based composites
Detailed market assessment is provided across key application sectors:
- Personal Hygiene Products:
- Baby diapers
- Adult incontinence products
- Feminine hygiene products
- Agricultural Applications:
- Water retention in soils
- Controlled release fertilizers
- Seed coating
- Medical and Healthcare:
- Wound dressings
- Drug delivery systems
- Medical devices
- Industrial Applications:
- Cable water blocking
- Construction materials
- Packaging
- Oil spill treatment
- Emerging Applications:
- Smart textiles
- Environmental remediation
- Energy storage
- Food packaging
Download table of contents (PDF)
1 INTRODUCTION 21
- 1.1 Characteristics of SAPs 21
- 1.2 Classification 23
- 1.3 Types of superabsorbent materials 23
- 1.3.1 Non-biodegradable, fossil-based SAPs 24
- 1.3.2 Biodegradable, fossil-based SAPs 25
- 1.4 Working principles and mechanisms 26
- 1.4.1 Cross-linking agents 28
- 1.4.2 Water absorbing mechanism of SAPs 29
- 1.5 Key performance metrics 30
- 1.6 Manufacturing processes 30
- 1.7 Value chain analysis 32
- 1.8 Regulatory landscape 33
2 TYPES OF SUPERABSORBENT POLYMERS 35
- 2.1 Synthetic Superabsorbent Polymers 36
- 2.1.1 Sodium polyacrylate 36
- 2.1.1.1 Chemical structure and properties 36
- 2.1.1.2 Synthesis methods 37
- 2.1.1.3 Absorption mechanisms 37
- 2.1.1.4 Performance characteristics 38
- 2.1.1.5 Commercial grades and specifications 39
- 2.1.1.6 Market applications 39
- 2.1.2 Polyacrylamide copolymers 40
- 2.1.2.1 Types and compositions 40
- 2.1.2.2 Cross-linking mechanisms 40
- 2.1.2.3 Synthesis routes 40
- 2.1.2.4 Performance metrics 41
- 2.1.2.5 Application-specific grades 41
- 2.1.2.6 Market positioning 41
- 2.1.3 Polyvinyl alcohol copolymers 42
- 2.1.3.1 Molecular structure 42
- 2.1.3.2 Manufacturing processes 43
- 2.1.3.3 Property modification techniques 44
- 2.1.3.4 Performance characteristics 44
- 2.1.3.5 Application areas 45
- 2.1.4 Other synthetic polymers 46
- 2.1.4.1 Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) 46
- 2.1.4.2 Polyethylene oxide derivatives 46
- 2.1.4.3 Polyurethane-based materials 46
- 2.1.4.4 Novel synthetic approaches 47
- 2.1.4.4.1 Double Network Systems 47
- 2.1.4.4.2 Nanocomposite SAPs 47
- 2.1.4.4.3 Bio-based Hybrid SAPs 48
- 2.1.4.4.4 Stimuli-Responsive SAPs 49
- 2.1.4.4.5 Microporous Networks 49
- 2.1.4.4.6 Surface Modified SAPs 49
- 2.1.4.4.7 Zero-monomer SAPs 49
- 2.1.4.4.8 Reversible Cross-linking 49
- 2.1.4.4.9 Multi-functional SAPs 50
- 2.1.4.4.10 Dendrimeric SAPs 50
- 2.1.4.5 Emerging materials 51
- 2.1.4.5.1 Zwitterionic Polymers 51
- 2.1.4.5.2 Graphene-based SAPs 51
- 2.1.4.5.3 Self-healing SAPs 52
- 2.1.4.5.4 Biodegradable Synthetics 53
- 2.1.4.5.5 Thermo-responsive SAPs 53
- 2.1.4.5.6 pH-selective SAPs 53
- 2.1.4.5.7 Magnetic Responsive SAPs 54
- 2.1.4.5.8 Shape Memory SAPs 54
- 2.1.4.5.9 Photonic SAPs 54
- 2.1.4.5.10 Conductive SAPs 54
- 2.1.1 Sodium polyacrylate 36
- 2.2 Natural and Bio-based Superabsorbents 55
- 2.2.1 Modified starches 56
- 2.2.1.1 Sources and types 56
- 2.2.1.2 Modification methods 57
- 2.2.1.3 Property enhancement 58
- 2.2.1.4 Performance characteristics 58
- 2.2.1.5 Environmental benefits 58
- 2.2.1.6 Cost analysis 59
- 2.2.2 Cellulose-based materials 59
- 2.2.2.1 Types of cellulose derivatives 61
- 2.2.2.2 Manufacturing processes 61
- 2.2.2.3 Cross-linking methods 61
- 2.2.2.4 Performance metrics 62
- 2.2.2.5 Environmental impact 62
- 2.2.2.6 Market applications 63
- 2.2.3 Chitosan derivatives 63
- 2.2.3.1 Source materials 63
- 2.2.3.2 Modification techniques 64
- 2.2.3.3 Property profiles 64
- 2.2.3.4 Application areas 65
- 2.2.4 Alginate compounds 65
- 2.2.4.1 Types and sources 65
- 2.2.4.2 Processing methods 66
- 2.2.4.3 Performance characteristics 66
- 2.2.4.4 Application development 66
- 2.2.4.5 Market opportunities 67
- 2.2.5 Plant-based superabsorbents 67
- 2.2.5.1 Natural sources 67
- 2.2.5.2 Extraction methods 67
- 2.2.5.3 Modification techniques 68
- 2.2.5.4 Sustainability aspects 68
- 2.2.5.5 Market potential 68
- 2.2.6 Protein-based SAPs 68
- 2.2.7 Homo poly(amino acid)-based SAPs 69
- 2.2.8 Other natural and bio-based materials 69
- 2.2.1 Modified starches 56
- 2.3 Composite Superabsorbent Materials 70
- 2.3.1 Clay-polymer composites 70
- 2.3.1.1 Types of clay minerals 70
- 2.3.1.2 Synthesis methods 70
- 2.3.1.3 Property enhancement 71
- 2.3.1.4 Performance characteristics 71
- 2.3.1.5 Cost-benefit analysis 71
- 2.3.1.6 Market applications 72
- 2.3.2 Nanocellulose composites 72
- 2.3.2.1 Types of nanocellulose 73
- 2.3.2.2 Fabrication methods 74
- 2.3.2.3 Performance metrics 75
- 2.3.2.4 Application areas 76
- 2.3.2.5 Future prospects 76
- 2.3.3 Graphene-based composites 76
- 2.3.3.1 Material types 76
- 2.3.3.2 Synthesis routes 77
- 2.3.3.3 Property enhancement 77
- 2.3.3.4 Performance characteristics 77
- 2.3.3.5 Market potential 78
- 2.3.3.6 Cost considerations 78
- 2.3.1 Clay-polymer composites 70
- 2.4 Novel and Emerging Materials 78
- 2.4.1 Smart superabsorbents 79
- 2.4.1.1 Response mechanisms 79
- 2.4.1.2 Types and categories 79
- 2.4.1.3 Performance characteristics 79
- 2.4.1.4 Application development 80
- 2.4.1.5 Market potential 80
- 2.4.2 Stimuli-responsive materials 80
- 2.4.2.1 Response types 80
- 2.4.2.2 Design principles 81
- 2.4.2.3 Performance metrics 81
- 2.4.2.4 Application areas 81
- 2.4.3 Biodegradable synthetics 81
- 2.4.3.1 Material types 82
- 2.4.3.2 Degradation mechanisms 82
- 2.4.3.3 Performance characteristics 82
- 2.4.3.4 Environmental impact 83
- 2.4.3.5 Market opportunities 83
- 2.4.1 Smart superabsorbents 79
3 MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION 84
- 3.1 Production Methods 84
- 3.1.1 Solution polymerization 84
- 3.1.1.1 Process parameters and controls 84
- 3.1.1.2 Equipment requirements 85
- 3.1.1.3 Batch vs continuous processing 85
- 3.1.1.4 Yield optimization 86
- 3.1.1.5 Quality control points 86
- 3.1.1.6 Energy consumption 86
- 3.1.1.7 Cost analysis 86
- 3.1.2 Suspension polymerization 87
- 3.1.2.1 Process conditions 87
- 3.1.2.2 Stabilizer systems 87
- 3.1.2.3 Particle size control 87
- 3.1.2.4 Equipment specifications 87
- 3.1.2.5 Process optimization 88
- 3.1.2.6 Production rates 88
- 3.1.2.7 Cost considerations 88
- 3.1.3 Bulk polymerization 88
- 3.1.3.1 Process variables 88
- 3.1.3.2 Heat management 89
- 3.1.3.3 Conversion rates 89
- 3.1.3.4 Equipment needs 89
- 3.1.3.5 Scale-up considerations 90
- 3.1.3.6 Production efficiency 90
- 3.1.3.7 Economic analysis 90
- 3.1.4 Grafting methods 91
- 3.1.4.1 Substrate preparation 91
- 3.1.4.2 Process controls 91
- 3.1.4.3 Equipment requirements 91
- 3.1.4.4 Yield optimization 91
- 3.1.4.5 Cost factors 92
- 3.1.1 Solution polymerization 84
- 3.2 Raw Materials 92
- 3.2.1 Monomers and crosslinkers 92
- 3.2.1.1 Types and specifications 92
- 3.2.1.2 Quality requirements 93
- 3.2.1.3 Cost trends 93
- 3.2.1.4 Environmental considerations 93
- 3.2.2 Initiators and catalysts 93
- 3.2.2.1 Types and selection criteria 93
- 3.2.2.2 Performance impact 94
- 3.2.2.3 Cost analysis 94
- 3.2.3 Natural raw materials 94
- 3.2.3.1 Sources and availability 94
- 3.2.3.2 Processing requirements 95
- 3.2.3.3 Quality variations 95
- 3.2.3.4 Cost implications 95
- 3.2.1 Monomers and crosslinkers 92
- 3.3 Production Capacities 95
- 3.4 Manufacturing Costs 96
- 3.5 Quality Control and Testing 97
4 MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS 98
- 4.1 Personal Hygiene Products 98
- 4.1.1 Baby diapers 98
- 4.1.1.1 Product requirements 98
- 4.1.1.2 Material specifications 99
- 4.1.1.3 Market size by region 99
- 4.1.1.4 Growth drivers 100
- 4.1.1.5 Technology trends 101
- 4.1.1.6 Cost analysis 102
- 4.1.2 Adult incontinence products 102
- 4.1.2.1 Regional demand 102
- 4.1.2.2 Growth factors 104
- 4.1.2.3 Manufacturing considerations 104
- 4.1.2.4 Market opportunities 104
- 4.1.3 Feminine hygiene products 104
- 4.1.3.1 Product categories 104
- 4.1.3.2 Material requirements 105
- 4.1.3.3 Market dynamics 105
- 4.1.3.4 Growth trends 105
- 4.1.3.5 Future outlook 105
- 4.1.4 Market size (2020-2035) 106
- 4.1.1 Baby diapers 98
- 4.2 Agricultural Applications 107
- 4.2.1 Water retention in soils 107
- 4.2.1.1 Application methods 107
- 4.2.1.2 Performance metrics 108
- 4.2.1.3 Cost-benefit analysis 109
- 4.2.1.4 Market adoption 109
- 4.2.2 Controlled release fertilizers 109
- 4.2.3 Seed coating 110
- 4.2.4 Market trends 111
- 4.2.5 Market size (2020-2025) 112
- 4.3 Medical and Healthcare 113
- 4.3.1 Wound dressings 114
- 4.3.2 Drug delivery systems 115
- 4.3.3 Medical devices 115
- 4.3.4 Tissue Engineering 115
- 4.3.5 Market dynamics 115
- 4.3.6 Regulatory considerations 115
- 4.3.7 Market size (2020-2025) 116
- 4.4 Industrial Applications 117
- 4.4.1 Cable water blocking 118
- 4.4.2 Construction materials 118
- 4.4.2.1 Fiber concrete 119
- 4.4.3 Packaging 120
- 4.4.4 Water treatment 121
- 4.4.5 Oil spill treatment 121
- 4.4.6 Market size (2020-2025) 122
- 4.5 Emerging Applications 124
- 4.5.1 Smart textiles 124
- 4.5.2 Environmental remediation 125
- 4.5.3 Energy storage 126
- 4.5.4 Food packaging 127
- 4.5.5 Future prospects 128
5 MARKET ANALYSIS 131
- 5.1 Global Market Size and Growth 131
- 5.1.1 Current market status 131
- 5.1.2 Market forecasts 2024-2035 132
- 5.1.2.1 Revenues 132
- 5.1.2.2 Metric tons 132
- 5.2 Regional Markets 133
- 5.2.1 North America 134
- 5.2.2 Europe 135
- 5.2.3 Asia Pacific 136
- 5.2.4 Latin America 137
- 5.2.5 Middle East and Africa 137
- 5.3 Market Drivers and Trends 138
- 5.4 Market Challenges 138
6 SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 140
- 6.1 Environmental Concerns 140
- 6.1.1 Biodegradability 140
- 6.1.2 Microplastic issues 141
- 6.1.3 Waste management 142
- 6.2 Sustainable Solutions 143
- 6.2.1 Bio-based alternatives 143
- 6.2.2 Recycling technologies 144
- 6.2.3 Circular economy approaches 145
- 6.3 Regulatory Compliance 145
- 6.3.1 Medical and Healthcare Applications 146
- 6.3.2 Food Packaging and Agricultural Use 146
- 6.3.3 Environmental and Waste Management Compliance 146
- 6.3.4 Compliance Challenges 146
- 6.3.5 Emerging Regulatory Trends 146
7 SUPPLY CHAIN AND DISTRIBUTION 148
- 7.1 Raw Material Supply 148
- 7.2 Production and Manufacturing 149
- 7.3 Distribution Channels 149
- 7.4 End-user Markets 150
- 7.5 Supply Chain Challenges 151
8 COMPANY PROFILES 153 (28 company profiles)
9 APPENDICES 179
- 9.1 Research Methodology 179
- 9.2 Glossary of Terms 179
10 REFERENCES 181
List of Tables
- Table 1. Dry (a) and hydrated (b) potassium polyacrylate hydrogel. 22
- Table 2. Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) properties. 22
- Table 3. Types of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs). 24
- Table 4. Non-Biodegradable vs. Biodegradable Fossil-Based SAPs. 25
- Table 5. Applications and Mechanism Alignment. 27
- Table 6. Key performance metrics for Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs). 30
- Table 7. Manufacturing processes for Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs). 31
- Table 8. Regulatory landscape for Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs). 33
- Table 9. Types of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). 35
- Table 10. Comparison of Key Properties of Different Synthetic Superabsorbents. 36
- Table 11. Sodium polyacrylate Synthesis methods. 37
- Table 12. Sodium polyacrylate absorption mechanisms. 38
- Table 13. Commercial Grades and Specifications. 39
- Table 14. Market Applications of Sodium polyacrylate SAPs. 39
- Table 15. Polyacrylamide copolymers Types and compositions. 40
- Table 16. Polyacrylamide copolymers Synthesis routes. 41
- Table 17. Polyacrylamide copolymers Performance metrics. 41
- Table 18. Polyacrylamide copolymers Application-specific grades. 41
- Table 19.Key Structural Features and Functional Groups. 42
- Table 20. Applications Linked to Molecular Design. 43
- Table 21. Manufacturing Processes for PVA Copolymers. 43
- Table 22. Property Modification Techniques. 44
- Table 23. Polyvinyl alcohol copolymers Performance characteristics. 44
- Table 24. Polyvinyl alcohol copolymers application areas. 45
- Table 25. Novel synthetic approaches. 47
- Table 26. Applications of Nanocomposite Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs). 48
- Table 27. Emerging materials. 51
- Table 28. Natural Superabsorbent Materials and Properties. 55
- Table 29. Modified starches-Sources and types. 56
- Table 30. Modified starches Modification methods. 57
- Table 31. Summary of composition and properties of starch-based SAPs. 58
- Table 32. Cost analysis of modified starch. 59
- Table 33. Types of cellulose derivatives. 61
- Table 34. Manufacturing Processes for cellulose-based SAPs. 61
- Table 35. Cross-linking Methods for cellulose-based materials. 62
- Table 36. Performance Metrics of Cellulose-based SAPs. 62
- Table 37. Market Applications of Cellulose-based SAPs. 63
- Table 38. Modification Techniques for Chitosan derivatives. 64
- Table 39, Property Profiles. 64
- Table 40. Chitosan Derivatives and Their SAP Applications. 65
- Table 41. Alginate compounds Types and Sources. 65
- Table 42. Processing methods for Alginate compounds. 66
- Table 43. Natural Sources for Plant-based Superabsorbents. 67
- Table 44. Modification Techniques. 68
- Table 45. Summary of composition and properties of protein-based SAPs. 69
- Table 46. Other Natural and Bio-based Materials for SAPs. 69
- Table 47. Types of Clay Minerals. 70
- Table 48. Synthesis Methods. 70
- Table 49. Performance Characteristics. 71
- Table 50. Cost-Benefit Analysis. 72
- Table 51. Applications of clay-polymer composite superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). 72
- Table 52. Types of nanocellulose. 74
- Table 53. Fabrication Methods. 74
- Table 54. Performance Metrics. 75
- Table 55. Applications of Nanocellulose Composites for SAPs. 76
- Table 56. Synthesis Routes for Graphene-based SAP composites. 77
- Table 57. Performance Characteristics. 77
- Table 58. Novel and Emerging Materials for SAPs. 78
- Table 59. Response mechanisms for Smart superabsorbents. 79
- Table 60. Types and Categories of Smart Superabsorbents. 79
- Table 61. Stimuli-responsive Materials Response Types. 80
- Table 62. Performance Metrics. 81
- Table 63. Applications Areas for Stimuli-responsive Materials. 81
- Table 64. Material Types for Biodegradable Synthetics. 82
- Table 65. Degradation Mechanisms for biodegradable synthetic SAPs. 82
- Table 66. Performance Characteristics of Biodegradable Synthetic SAPs. 82
- Table 67. Comparison of Production Methods. 84
- Table 68. Batch vs Continuous Processing. 85
- Table 69. Cost Analysis. 87
- Table 70. Production Rates. 88
- Table 71. Conversion Rates. 89
- Table 72. Equipment Needs for bulk polymerization. 89
- Table 73. Production efficiency in bulk polymerization. 90
- Table 74. Economic Analysis of bulk polymerization. 90
- Table 75. Grafting Techniques. 91
- Table 76. Raw Material Cost Analysis. 92
- Table 77. Raw materials Types and specifications. 92
- Table 78. Types and Selection Criteria. 93
- Table 79.Sources and Availability. 94
- Table 80. Processing Requirements. 95
- Table 81. Global Production Capacity by Region for Superabsorbent Polymers (2025 Forecast). 96
- Table 82. Capacity utilization rates. 96
- Table 83. Manufacturing Cost Breakdown. 96
- Table 84. Quality Control Parameters for SAPs. 97
- Table 85. Commercial Examples and Applications. 98
- Table 86. Material Specifications for Baby Diapers. 99
- Table 87. Market Size by Region (Million USD) for SAPs in Baby Diapers. 99
- Table 88. Growth Drivers for SAPs in Baby Diapers. 100
- Table 89. Adult incontinence Product Types. 102
- Table 90. Adult incontinence SAP Product Regional Demand 2020-2035 (Million USD). 103
- Table 91. Product Categories. 104
- Table 92. Material Requirements. 105
- Table 93. Market for SAPs in personal hygiene products (Millions USD), 2020-2035. 106
- Table 94. Applications of SAPs in Agriculture. 107
- Table 95. Application Methods. 108
- Table 96. Performance Metrics in Agriculture. 108
- Table 97. Cost-Benefit Analysis in Agriculture. 109
- Table 98. Manufacturing Processes for Superabsorbent polymers in controlled release fertilizers (CRF). 109
- Table 99. Application Methods in Agriculture. 110
- Table 100. Global Market for SAPs in Agriculture (Millions USD). 112
- Table 101. Global Market for SAPs in Agriculture (Metric Tons, Dry Weight). 112
- Table 102. Applications of SAPs in Medical and Healthcare. 113
- Table 103. Global Market for SAPs in Medical and Healthcare (Millions USD). 116
- Table 104. Global Market for SAPs in Medical and Healthcare (Metric Tons, Dry Weight). 116
- Table 105. SAPs in Industrial Applications. 117
- Table 106. Global Market for SAPs in Industrial Applications (Millions USD). 122
- Table 107. Global Market for SAPs in Industrial Applications (Metric Tons, Dry Weight). 123
- Table 108. Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) in Smart Textiles. 125
- Table 109. Applications of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) in Environmental Remediation. 126
- Table 110. Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) in Energy Storage. 127
- Table 111. Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) in Food Packaging. 128
- Table 112. Market Opportunities by Application. 129
- Table 113. Major Manufacturers of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) and production capacities. 131
- Table 114. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), by end use market, 2020-2035 (Millions USD). 132
- Table 115. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), by end use market, 2020-2035 (metric tons, dry weight). 132
- Table 116. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), by region, 2020-2035 (metric tons, dry weight). 133
- Table 117. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), in North America, 2020-2035 (metric tons, dry weight). 134
- Table 118. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), in Europe, 2020-2035 (metric tons, dry weight). 135
- Table 119. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), in Asia-Pacific, 2020-2035 (metric tons, dry weight). 137
- Table 120. Market drivers and trends in Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). 138
- Table 121. Market challenges in Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). 138
- Table 122. Waste Management Strategies for Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs). 142
- Table 123. Bio-based alternatives. 143
- Table 124. Recycling Technologies for SAPs. 144
- Table 125. Circular Economy Implementation Strategies. 145
- Table 126. Supply Chain Challenges. 151
- Table 127. Nippon Paper commercial CNF products. 170
- Table 128. Glossary of Terms for Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs). 179
List of Figures
- Figure 1. Classification of SAPs according to their origin and biodegradability and the representative examples of the four classes. 26
- Figure 2. Network structure of SAPs after swelling. (A) non-cross-linked (B) lightly cross-linked (C) fully cross-linked. 28
- Figure 3. Illustration of absorbing mechanism. 30
- Figure 4. Value chain for Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs). 32
- Figure 5. Polyacrylic acid sodium salt. 37
- Figure 6. Superabsorbent polymer absorbing water. 38
- Figure 7. Superabsorbent polymer pad absorbing water. 39
- Figure 8. Hydrogels with Reversible Crosslinks for Improved Localised Stem Cell Retention. 50
- Figure 9. Approaches towards the fabrication of hydrogels using dendron- and dendrimer-based building blocks. 50
- Figure 10. Investigation of functionalized graphene oxide incorporated superabsorbent polymers for enhanced durability, hydration, microstructure and mechanical strength of modified concrete. 52
- Figure 11. Superabsorbent polymer in soil-cement subsurface barriers for enhanced heavy metal sorption and self-healing. 53
- Figure 12. Cellulosic Superabsorbent Polymer from Post-consumer Textile Waste. 59
- Figure 13. (A) Cellulose raw materials [94]. (B) Cellulose to nanocellulose processing [94]. Copyright 2023, reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (C) Chitosan extraction process [96] Copyright 2022, reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (D) Protein-based bio stimulants [97]. Copyright 2022, reproduced with permission of MDPI. 60
- Figure 14. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms. 73
- Figure 15. Raw Material Price Trends. 93
- Figure 16. SAP within the larger context of the main end-use product, a diaper. 99
- Figure 17. Market Size by Region (Million USD) for SAPs in Baby Diapers. 100
- Figure 18. Adult incontinence SAP Product Regional Demand 2020-2035 (Million USD). 103
- Figure 19. Market for SAPs in personal hygiene products (Millions USD), 2020-2035. 106
- Figure 20. SAP operating mechanism as a soil conditioner. 108
- Figure 21. Global Market for SAPs in Agriculture (Millions USD). 112
- Figure 22. Global Market for SAPs in Agriculture (Metric Tons, Dry Weight). 113
- Figure 23. Superabsorbent polymers in advanced wound dressings. 114
- Figure 24. Global Market for SAPs in Medical and Healthcare (Millions USD). 116
- Figure 25. Global Market for SAPs in Medical and Healthcare (Metric Tons, Dry Weight). 117
- Figure 26. The use of SAP a to change the microstructure, b to increase freeze–thaw resistance, c to induce sealing, and d to provide for healing characteristics in a cementitious material; the materials represented are shown as light grey SAP in a dark grey cementitious matrix with blue water and medium grey healing product formation. 119
- Figure 27. (A) Main mechanism of self-healing (B) Changes in self-shrinkage and compressive strength of cement pastes with different particle sizes of SAP powders [. 120
- Figure 28. a Experiments for oil recovery using superabsorbent in combination with a skimmer. b Oil recovery through synthetic sorbent with the aid of a pump. c Combination of the pump, sorbents, and heat to recover the heavy oil . d Experiments for oil recovery by using tube-shaped polymers housed in regular sacks. 122
- Figure 29. Global Market for SAPs in Industrial Applications (Millions USD). 123
- Figure 30. Global Market for SAPs in Industrial Applications (Millions USD). 124
- Figure 31. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), by end use market, 2020-2035 (Millions USD). 132
- Figure 32. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), by end use market, 2020-2035 (metric tons, dry weight). 133
- Figure 33. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), by region, 2020-2035 (metric tons, dry weight). 134
- Figure 34. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), in North America, 2020-2035 (metric tons, dry weight). 135
- Figure 35. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), in Europe, 2020-2035 (metric tons, dry weight). 136
- Figure 36. Global market for Superabsorbent polymers (SAPS), in Asia-Pacific, 2020-2035 (metric tons, dry weight). 137
- Figure 37: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 153
- Figure 38: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. 154
- Figure 39. nanoforest-S. 157
- Figure 40. nanoforest-PDP. 157
- Figure 41. ELLEX products. 159
- Figure 42. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 160
- Figure 43. AzuraGel™. 162
- Figure 44. Example of Bio-balanced SAP cool patch. 165
- Figure 45. NAGASE's Biomass SAP. 166
- Figure 46: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers. 169
- Figure 47. Bayse Bio-Process. 178
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