The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2027-2037 - Advanced and Emerging Technology Market Research

cover

Published: August 2026
Pages: 686
Tables: 270
Figures: 61

The electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and advanced air mobility (AAM) market represents an emerging aviation category built around quiet, electrically powered aircraft designed to move people and cargo through low-altitude airspace. Spanning urban air taxis, intercity and regional connections, cargo and logistics, and medical and emergency services, AAM promises a new layer of transport that complements existing road, rail and conventional aviation networks. After a period of intense experimentation, the sector has consolidated around a smaller group of credible developers whose aircraft are progressing through type certification, moving the industry from demonstration toward early commercial operation.

The proposition rests on a convergence of enabling technologies: high-density batteries, electric motors and distributed propulsion, lightweight composite structures, and increasingly capable autonomy, avionics and software. Realising it at scale, however, depends as much on infrastructure and institutions as on aircraft — vertiports, charging and grid connections, air-traffic management and airspace integration, and public acceptance all shape how quickly service can expand. Operationally, early deployments are converging on short, fair-weather shuttle missions that replace or augment helicopter and premium ground transport, with broader networks expected to follow as costs fall and autonomy matures.

Government support has become a decisive force, and Japan offers a leading example. Its recently approved national growth strategy designates eVTOLs a key technology within a select group of strategic aviation and space fields, backing them with coordinated public investment in research, demonstration facilities and supply-chain development, and prioritising domestic strengths in compact, lightweight aircraft for urban-transit and tourism routes. The strategy also emphasises certification expertise and international standardisation, signalling an intent to shape global rules rather than merely follow them. Comparable momentum is evident worldwide: China has embedded low-altitude economic development in revised civil-aviation legislation and streamlined airspace access; the United States is advancing integration pilot programmes and powered-lift rules; Europe has established dedicated certification specifications; and Gulf states are underwriting flagship launches. Together these interventions de-risk investment, accelerate certification and catalyse infrastructure.

The market therefore sits at an inflection point. A narrowing field of well-capitalised aircraft developers, a maturing supplier and infrastructure ecosystem, and unprecedented policy backing are aligning to move advanced air mobility from ambition toward operational reality. The pace and geography of that transition will be determined largely by the interplay of certification progress, infrastructure readiness and sustained government commitment.

The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2027-2037 is a comprehensive market and technology assessment of the electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) and advanced air mobility (AAM) sector as it transitions from certification to early commercial operation. The report examines the full ecosystem — aircraft architectures and design, use cases and route economics, total cost of ownership, funding and business models, the supplier base, regulation and certification, and the physical and digital infrastructure required to operate at scale.

It provides an in-depth analysis of the enabling technology stack, including batteries, charging standards and energy infrastructure, fuel-cell and hybrid powertrains, electric motors and propulsion, composite materials and lightweighting, and autonomy, avionics and software. Dedicated chapters address vertiport and ground infrastructure, air-traffic management and airspace integration, public perception and social licence, and convergence with adjacent markets. Regional market analysis and detailed forecasts run through 2037, complemented by extensive company profiles across the value chain.

The report reflects the sector's recent consolidation and the emergence of a small group of credible front-runners, alongside intensifying government support, evolving certification pathways, and the strategic contest to build bankable infrastructure. It is intended for OEMs, suppliers, investors, operators, infrastructure developers, utilities, regulators and policymakers seeking a rigorous, current view of where the market is heading.

Contents include:

Executive summary and market outlook
Introduction to eVTOL and advanced air mobility
eVTOL architectures and design
Journey use cases and route optimisation
Total cost of ownership and economic analysis
Funding, investment, and business models
Aerospace and automotive suppliers: eVTOL activity
eVTOL OEM market players — company profiles
Programs and initiatives supporting eVTOL development
Batteries for eVTOL
Charging standards and energy infrastructure
Fuel cell and hybrid eVTOL
Electric motors and propulsion systems
Composite materials and lightweighting
Autonomy, avionics, and software
Regulation and certification
Vertiport and ground infrastructure
Air traffic management and airspace integration
Public perception, safety, and social licence
Convergence with adjacent markets
Regional market analysis
Market forecasts 2026–2037
Conclusions, company profiles, appendices, and references

Companies Profiled include Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen), Archer Aviation, AutoFlight, AltoVolo, Ascendance Flight Technologies, Bell Textron (Nexus), BETA Technologies, CycloTech, Doroni Aerospace, Dufour Aerospace, EHang, Honda, ERC System, Eve Air Mobility, Jaunt Air Mobility, Joby Aviation, Lilium, Overair, SkyDrive, Supernal (Hyundai), Varon Vehicles, TCab Tech, Vertical Aerospace, Vertaxi, Volant Aerotech, Wisk Aero, XPeng AeroHT, Yivtol, Zuri, Volocopter, Diehl Aviation, GE Aerospace, Honeywell Aerospace Technologies, Rolls-Royce, RTX Corporation (Collins Aerospace & Pratt & Whitney), Safran Group, Amprius Technologies, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. (CATL), IONBLOX, Lyten, QuantumScape, Saft (TotalEnergies), SES AI (SolidEnergy Systems) and more......

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 29

1.1 Report Scope and Objectives 29
1.2 Defining eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility 29
1.3 The AAM Ecosystem: The "5As" Framework — Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace 30
1.4 Market Size and Growth Summary 2026–2037 36
1.5 Industry Consolidation Accelerates 38
1.6 The Casualties: 2024–2025 38
1.7 The Survivors: Who Remains in the Race 39
- 1.7.1 Tier 1 — Approaching FAA Certification 39
- 1.7.2 Tier 2 — Earlier-Stage but Well-Funded 39
- 1.7.3 Chinese Leaders — Operational but Geographically Constrained 40
1.8 The Reality Check: Physics, Economics, and Expectations 40
1.9 Regulatory Landscape 40
1.10 Outlook 41
1.11 Key Market Drivers and Restraints 41
1.12 Certification and Regulatory Progress Update 42
1.13 eVTOL Unit Sales Forecast Summary (Units) 2026–2037 43
1.14 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast Summary (GWh) 2026–2037 43
1.15 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast Summary (US$ billion) 2026–2037 44
1.16 Vertiport Infrastructure Forecast Summary 45
1.17 Pilot and Workforce Requirements Forecast 46
1.18 Industry Developments 2026 48

2 INTRODUCTION TO eVTOL AND ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY 50

2.1 What is an eVTOL Aircraft? 50
2.2 From Urban Air Mobility (UAM) to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) 50
2.3 Distributed Electric Propulsion: The Enabling Concept 51
2.4 Advantages of AAM Networks 52
2.5 eVTOL Applications: Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military 53
2.6 Current General Aviation Aircraft: Helicopters and Fixed-Wing 54
2.7 Why Helicopters Are Not Suitable for UAM at Scale 56
2.8 Worldwide Helicopter Fleet and General Aviation Market Size 57
2.9 What is Making eVTOL Possible Now? 59
2.10 The AAM Value Chain and Emerging Ecosystem 62
2.11 Key Issues, Challenges, and Constraints for eVTOL Air Taxis 65
2.12 NASA: UAM Challenges and Constraints 65

3 eVTOL ARCHITECTURES AND DESIGN 66

3.1 World eVTOL Aircraft Directory and Geographical Distribution 66
3.2 Main eVTOL Architectures Overview 69
3.3 eVTOL Architecture Choice: Trade-Offs and Considerations 70
3.4 Multicopter/Rotorcraft: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks 70
3.5 Lift + Cruise: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks 72
3.6 Vectored Thrust — Tiltwing: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks 73
3.7 Vectored Thrust — Tiltrotor: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks 76
3.8 Range and Cruise Speed Comparison Across Electric eVTOL Designs 78
3.9 Hover Lift Efficiency, Disc Loading, and Cruise Efficiency by Architecture 80
3.10 Complexity, Criticality, and Cruise Performance 86
3.11 Comparative Assessment of eVTOL Architectures 86
3.12 Manned and Unmanned eVTOL Test Flight Progress 87
3.13 Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status 101

4 JOURNEY USE CASES AND ROUTE OPTIMISATION 106

4.1 Where eVTOL Has a Competitive Advantage Over Ground Transport 106
4.2 Urban Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Taxi/Ride-Hailing (8–16 km) 108
4.3 Rural Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Private Car (16–40 km) 109
4.4 Rural Rideshare: eVTOL vs. Multiple Private Cars (40–80 km) 110
4.5 Sub-Regional Shuttle: eVTOL vs. Rail (100–160 km) 112
4.6 Cargo Delivery: eVTOL vs. Road Transport (Middle-Mile, 50–100 km) 113
4.7 Air Ambulance: eVTOL vs. Helicopter Emergency Services (60–100 km) 114
4.8 Multicopter eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km Journey Comparisons 116
4.9 Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey 119
4.10 Important Factors for Air Taxi Time Advantage 120
4.11 Conclusions on Air Taxi Time Saving and Viable Use Cases 122
4.12 eVTOL as an Urban Mass Mobility Solution: Feasibility Assessment 2

5 TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 141

5.1 TCO Analysis Methodology 141
5.2 eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison 144
5.3 eVTOL Aircraft Upfront Cost Analysis (£3m–£5m Range) 147
5.4 eVTOL Operational Fuel Cost Savings 147
5.5 The Economic Value of Autonomous Flight 148
5.6 TCO Analysis: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case) 150
5.7 TCO Analysis: US$/15 km Trip — Multicopter eVTOL Design 151
5.8 Sensitivity Analysis: Battery Cost and Performance 151
5.9 Sensitivity Analysis: Upfront/Infrastructure Cost 152
5.10 Sensitivity Analysis: Average Trip Length 153
5.11 Sensitivity Analysis: Higher/Lower eVTOL Capital Costs 154
5.12 Sensitivity Analysis: Reduced Flying Window and Increased Vertiport Travel Time 156
5.13 Sensitivity Analysis: Earlier Autonomous Capability (2030 vs. 2035) 159
5.14 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment: Direct and Indirect Benefits 161

6 FUNDING, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS MODELS 162

6.1 Air Mobility Funding Landscape: Historical and Current Trends 162
6.2 eVTOL OEMs Attracting Large Funding Rounds 166
6.3 Strategic Investors: Aerospace and Automotive OEMs 166
6.4 eVTOL OEMs Will Have to Weather a Tougher Investor Climate 167
6.5 eVTOL Commercial Interest: Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent 168
6.6 Business Model Archetypes: System Providers, Service Providers, Hardware Providers, Ticket Brokers 169
6.7 OEM Model vs. Vertically Integrated Model 173
6.8 Consolidation and Shake-Out Outlook 175
6.9 New Manufacturing Facilities and Production Plans 178
6.10 Design for Manufacture (DfM) and High-Volume Production Challenges 179

7 AEROSPACE AND AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS: eVTOL ACTIVITY 181

7.1 Aerospace Companies eVTOL Involvement 181
7.2 Automotive OEM Involvement 184
7.3 Composite Material Suppliers 186
7.4 Supply Chain Structure: Insource vs. Outsource Models 187

8 eVTOL OEM MARKET PLAYERS — COMPANY PROFILES 189

8.1 Joby Aviation 189
8.2 Archer Aviation (and Stellantis Partnership) 190
8.3 Lilium 192
8.4 Volocopter (VoloCity) 192
8.5 Vertical Aerospace 193
8.6 EHang 194
8.7 Wisk Aero 195
8.8 Eve Air Mobility (Embraer) 196
8.9 Supernal (Hyundai) 197
8.10 Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen) 198
8.11 SkyDrive 199
8.12 Autoflight (Prosperity I) 200
8.13 Jaunt Air Mobility 200
8.14 Honda eVTOL 200
8.15 Additional OEM Profiles 200
8.16 Players' Planned Production Capacity Comparison 201
8.17 Key Supplier Partnerships by OEM 202

9 PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES SUPPORTING eVTOL DEVELOPMENT 204

9.1 Uber Elevate Legacy and Joby Aviation 204
9.2 US Air Force: Agility Prime 206
9.3 NASA: Advanced Air Mobility Mission and National Campaign 207
9.4 Groupe ADP eVTOL Test Area (Paris 2024 and Beyond) 208
9.5 eVTOL Intellectual-Property and Legal Disputes 208
9.6 China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones and Low-Altitude Economy Initiative 208
9.7 Favourable Policies and Regulations Supporting China's UAM 210
9.8 K-UAM Grand Challenge: South Korea 211
9.9 UK Future Flight Challenge (FFC) and CAA Initiatives 211
9.10 NEOM and Middle Eastern AAM Investments 212
9.11 Varon Vehicles: UAM in Latin America 213
9.12 Global Urban Air Mobility Radar: 110+ Projects Worldwide 214

10 BATTERIES FOR eVTOL 215

10.1 Battery Specifics for eVTOLs: The Battery Trilemma 215
10.2 eVTOL Battery Wish List and Requirements 215
10.3 Importance of Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh/kg) for Aviation 217
10.4 Li-ion Cathode and Anode Benchmarking for eVTOL 218
10.5 Li-ion Timeline: Technology and Performance Evolution 219
10.6 The Promise of Silicon Anodes for eVTOL Applications 223
10.7 Aerospace Battery Pack Sizing and Energy Density Considerations 226
10.8 Battery Specifications of Leading eVTOL OEMs 227
10.9 eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rates 228
10.10 Cell-to-Pack and Module Elimination Approaches 229
10.11 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Aviation 230
10.12 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Metal and Solid-State Batteries (SSB) 233
10.13 Solid-State Battery Developers 235
10.14 CATL Condensed Battery and Other Advanced Concepts 237
10.15 Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: 2026–2037 (Wh/kg Roadmap) 238
10.16 Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: NMC, NCA, LFP, SSB, Li-S 240
10.17 Battery Fast Charging, Battery Swapping, and Distributed Modules 242
10.18 eVTOL Battery Cost Analysis and Trajectory 243
10.19 eVTOL Battery Supply Chain 245
10.20 Key Battery Suppliers 248
10.21 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh) 249
10.22 eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ million) 250

11 CHARGING STANDARDS AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR eVTOL 251

11.1 Competing Charging Standards in the AAM Market 251
11.2 Global Electric Aviation Charging System (GEACS) 253
11.3 BETA Technologies Charging (CCS-Based) 253
11.4 EPS Charging Solutions 254
11.5 Grid Power Requirements for Vertiport Charging 254
11.6 Off-Grid and Renewable Energy Solutions for Remote Vertiports 258
11.7 Vertiport Power Demand Decomposition: Electrical Distribution vs. Chargers 261
11.8 Vertiport Electrical Equipment Requirements and Single-Line Architecture 264
11.9 Charging Technologies, Charger Types, and Duty Cycles 266
- 11.9.1 Charger types and architectures 266
- 11.9.2 Charge cycles, C-rates and duty profiles 267
11.10 Grid Impact, Power Quality, and Reinforcement Requirements 268
- 11.10.1 Renewable and distributed-energy integration 269
11.11 On-Site Energy Storage and Operational Resilience 271
11.12 Electrical Standards and Regulatory Framework 272
11.13 Market Assessment: PAM and SAM (excluding China) 275
11.14 Market by Geography (excluding China) 277
11.15 Market by Application 278
11.16 Ecosystem Players and Competitive Positioning 280
11.17 Infrastructure and Value Chain 281
11.18 Potential Opportunity: Key Solutions and Buyers 282
11.19 eVTOL Charging Infrastructure Build-Out by Region: Installed Capacity and Charging Pads 283
11.20 eVTOL Charging Market Participants and Contact Directory 285
11.21 Ongoing eVTOL Charging-Infrastructure Projects 286

12 FUEL CELL AND HYBRID eVTOL 288

12.1 Options for Hydrogen Use in Aviation 288
12.2 Key Systems Needed for Hydrogen Aircraft 291
12.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for eVTOL 296
12.4 Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape 297
12.5 Fuel Cell eVTOL: Players and Specifications 298
12.6 Challenges Hindering Hydrogen Aviation 299
12.7 Conclusions for Hydrogen Fuel Cell eVTOL 300
12.8 Hybrid Propulsion Systems: Series and Parallel Architectures 300
12.9 Hybrid Systems Optimisation 301
12.10 All-Electric Range vs. Fuel Cell and Hybrid Powertrains 302
12.11 Hybrid Propulsion: Turbines and Piston Engines 304
12.12 Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System 305
12.13 Conclusions for Hybrid eVTOL 306

13 ELECTRIC MOTORS AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS 308

13.1 eVTOL Motor/Powertrain Requirements 308
13.2 eVTOL Aircraft Motor Power Sizing and kW Estimates 309
13.3 Electric Motors and Distributed Electric Propulsion 310
13.4 Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL Design 310
13.5 Electric Motor Designs: Summary of Traction Motor Types 312
13.6 Motor Efficiency Comparison: PMSM vs. BLDC 313
13.7 Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motors 316
13.8 Why Axial Flux Motors for eVTOL? 318
13.9 List of Axial Flux Motor Players and Benchmark 319
13.10 Key Motor Suppliers 321
13.11 Power Density and Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation 322
13.12 Power Electronics: SiC MOSFETs and High-Voltage Platforms for eVTOL 327

14 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND LIGHTWEIGHTING 333

14.1 The Importance of Lightweighting in eVTOL Design 333
14.2 Comparison of Lightweight Materials 334
14.3 Introduction to Composite Materials: Fibres, Resins, and Reinforcements 339
14.4 Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) for eVTOL 341
14.5 Glass Fibres and Thermoplastic Composites 344
14.6 eVTOL Composite Material Requirements 345
14.7 Supply Chain for Composite Manufacturers 346
14.8 Key eVTOL-Composite Partnerships 352
14.9 Key Challenges for Composites in High-Volume eVTOL Production 353

15 AUTONOMY, AVIONICS, AND SOFTWARE 355

15.1 The Roadmap from Piloted to Autonomous eVTOL Flight 355
15.2 Pilot Demand and Skill Level Evolution: 2026–2037 356
15.3 Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems 361
15.4 Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Capabilities 362
15.5 AI-Powered Autonomous Flight Systems 364
15.6 Software-Defined Approaches for eVTOL: Lessons from the Automotive SDV Transition 364
15.7 Sensor Fusion and Perception Systems for eVTOL 366
15.8 Cybersecurity and Counter-AAM Considerations 375

16 REGULATION AND CERTIFICATION 377

16.1 Overview of the eVTOL Certification Landscape 377
16.2 European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) 377
16.3 EASA Special Condition: SC-VTOL and Certification Categories 378
16.4 EASA EUROCAE Working Groups 380
16.5 US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certification Pathways 380
16.6 Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and Low-Altitude Economy Policy 382
16.7 UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and FFC Alignment with EASA/FAA 383
16.8 National Aviation Authority (NAA) Network: UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, USA 384
16.9 Design Organisation Authorisation (DOA) and Production Organisation Authorisation (POA) 385
16.10 Air Operator Certificates (AOC) and Airline Regulatory Requirements 386
16.11 Companies Pursuing eVTOL Development and Regulatory Approval: Status Tracker 387
16.12 Pilot Licensing and Training Requirements Evolution 398
16.13 Noise, Environmental, and Safety Regulations 399
16.14 When Will the First eVTOL Air Taxis Launch? Slipping Timelines Assessment 400

17 VERTIPORT AND GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE 407

17.1 eVTOL Infrastructure Requirements: Overview 407
17.2 Vertiport Concepts: From Basic Pads to Full-Service Hubs 414
17.3 Vertiport Nodal Network Design 422
17.4 Companies Developing Vertiports 422
17.5 Vertiport Design Concepts 423
17.6 Lilium Scalable Vertiports 425
17.7 BETA Technologies Recharge Pads 426
17.8 EHang E-Port 426
17.9 Vertiport Technical Challenges: Real Estate, Planning Permission, Multi-Type Accommodation 427
17.10 Vertiport Security: Biometric Processing, Baggage Handling, Counter-Drone 434
17.11 Vertiport Forecast: Units Required 2026–2037 441
17.12 The "Chicken and Egg" Problem: Vertiports Before Certified Aircraft 442

18 AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND AIRSPACE INTEGRATION 444

18.1 eVTOL Urban Air Traffic Management (UATM) Requirements 444
18.2 UTM/ATM Integration: Combining Manned and Unmanned Traffic 444
18.3 NASA/FAA UAM Concept of Operations (ConOps) 446
18.4 European UTM Frameworks and Standardisation 447
18.5 Communication Infrastructure: 5G, Low-Latency Networks, and Redundancy 447
18.6 Digital Infrastructure and Drone Operation Centres 448
18.7 Global Fragmentation of UTM Standards 449

19 PUBLIC PERCEPTION, SAFETY, AND SOCIAL LICENCE 451

19.1 Public Acceptance of AAM: Survey Data and Trends 451
19.2 EASA Perception Studies 451
19.3 UK Public Perception of Drones and AAM 452
19.4 Safety and Security Considerations 453
19.5 Noise Impact and Community Concerns 454
19.6 Building Social Licence: Engagement Strategies and Government Initiatives 454
19.7 The Role of Commercial Drone Operations in Normalising Future Aviation 455

20 CONVERGENCE WITH ADJACENT MARKETS 457

20.1 eVTOL and the Broader Drone Market: Convergence of Platforms 457
20.2 Cargo Drones and Large Autonomous Aircraft 457
20.3 Electric Conventional Take-Off and Landing (eCTOL) Aircraft 458
20.4 Software-Defined Vehicles and Cross-Over Technologies 459
20.5 Autonomous Ground Vehicle (Robotaxi) Competition and Complementarity 460
20.6 Multimodal Transport Integration and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) 460
20.7 The Low-Altitude Economy: China's Strategic Framework 461

21 REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS 463

21.1 North America: United States and Canada 463
21.2 Europe: EU, UK, and EFTA 469
21.3 Asia-Pacific: China, South Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia 470
21.4 Middle East: UAE, Saudi Arabia (NEOM), and Gulf States 478
21.5 Latin America 478
21.6 Africa 479
21.7 Regional Regulatory Comparison and Market Entry Timelines 479

22 MARKET FORECASTS 2026–2037 488

22.1 Forecast Methodology and Assumptions 488
22.2 Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2037 (Units) 488
22.3 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Region/Economy Size (Units) 489
22.4 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type 490
22.5 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application (Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military) 490
22.6 Replacement Demand vs. New Demand: Fleet Lifecycle Analysis 490
22.7 eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh) 492
22.8 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ Billion) 493
22.9 Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037 493
22.10 Workforce and Pilot Demand Forecast 2026–2037 494

23 CONCLUSIONS 495

23.1 Market Outlook Summary 495
23.2 Key Findings 495
23.3 Strategic Recommendations 496

24 COMPANY PROFILES 497

24.1 eVTOL OEM Profiles 497 (29 company profiles)

24.2 Aerospace Tier 1 Suppliers with eVTOL Activity 573 (6 company profiles)

24.3 Battery and Energy Storage Suppliers 590 (12 company profiles)

24.4 Electric Motor and Propulsion System Suppliers 614 (8 company profiles)

24.5 Composite Material and Lightweighting Suppliers 625 (4 company profiles)

24.6 Vertiport and Infrastructure Developers 633 (5 company profiles)

24.7 Air Traffic Management and Digital Infrastructure Providers 640 (6 company profiles)

24.8 Automotive OEMs with eVTOL Investments 648 (6 company profiles)

24.9 Aircraft Leasing and Fleet Operators 659

24.10 Cargo Drone and Convergent AAM Companies 661 (5 company profiles)

24.11 Charging Infrastructure Providers 668

24.12 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell System Suppliers 672 (3 company profiles)

25 APPENDICES 678

25.1 Appendix A — Glossary of Terms and Acronyms 678
25.2 Appendix B —eVTOL OEM Certification Status Tracker (As of Q1 2026) 679
25.3 Appendix C — Forecast Data Tables — Detailed Annual Breakdowns 680
25.4 Appendix D - UK AAM Economic Impact Model Summary 681
25.5 Appendix E: Battery Technology Roadmap for eVTOL Aviation 682
25.6 Appendix F: Regulatory Framework Reference Guide 682
25.7 Appendix G: Methodology Notes 683

26 REFERENCES 684

List of Tables

Table 1. Key Definitions: eVTOL, UAM, AAM, and Related Terminology 29
Table 2. Global eVTOL and AAM Market Summary: Key Metrics 2026–2037 36
Table 3. Key Market Drivers and Restraints Summary 41
Table 4. eVTOL Certification Status Tracker: Leading OEMs (as of 2026) 42
Table 5. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh) 43
Table 6. eVTOL Air Taxi Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ billion) 44
Table 7. Cumulative Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037 (Units) 46
Table 8. Cumulative eVTOL and Pilot Forecast 2026–2037 47
Table 9. Pilot Skill Level Evolution: 2026–2030, 2030–2034, 2035–2036 48
Table 10. Advantages of AAM Networks vs. Traditional Aviation and Ground Transport 52
Table 11. eVTOL Application Categories: Capacity, Range, and Distance Profiles 53
Table 12. GAMA General Aviation Helicopter Sales and Market Size 54
Table 13. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region 54
Table 14. GAMA General Aviation Airplane Sales by Type 55
Table 15. Top 5 General Aviation OEMs by Airplane Type 56
Table 16. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Comparison: Noise, Cost, Emissions, Complexity 57
Table 17. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region 57
Table 18. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by OEM 58
Table 19. Convergence of Enabling Technologies for eVTOL 59
Table 20. AAM Ecosystem Participant Map: Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace 64
Table 21. Key Challenges for eVTOL Air Taxis: Technical, Regulatory, Economic, Social 65
Table 22. Geographical Distribution of eVTOL Projects Worldwide 66
Table 23. World eVTOL Aircraft Directory: Number of Concepts by Region 68
Table 24. eVTOL Architecture Selection Criteria: Range, Speed, Complexity, Noise, Efficiency 70
Table 25. Multicopter/Rotorcraft Key Player Specifications (Range, Speed, Payload, Passengers) 71
Table 26. Benefits and Drawbacks of Multicopter Architecture 71
Table 27. Lift + Cruise Key Player Specifications 72
Table 28. Benefits and Drawbacks of Lift + Cruise Architecture 73
Table 29. Tiltwing Key Player Specifications 74
Table 30. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltwing Architecture 74
Table 31. Tiltrotor Key Player Specifications 77
Table 32. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltrotor Architecture 77
Table 33. Range vs. Cruise Speed Scatter Plot: Electric eVTOL Designs by Architecture 79
Table 34. Hover Lift Efficiency and Disc Loading by eVTOL Architecture 80
Table 35. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison by Architecture Type 83
Table 36. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison — Quantitative Metrics by Architecture Type 85
Table 37. Comprehensive Comparison of eVTOL Architectures: Multicopter, Lift+Cruise, Tiltwing, Tiltrotor 86
Table 38. Manned Air Taxi eVTOL Test Flights: Dates, OEMs, Outcomes 87
Table 39. Unmanned Air Taxi eVTOL Model Test Flights 97
Table 40. Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status by OEM 102
Table 41. eVTOL Competitive Advantage by Distance and Setting 106
Table 42. Urban Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison 108
Table 43. Rural Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison 109
Table 44. Rural Rideshare Cost, Time, and Emissions Comparison 110
Table 45. Rural Rideshare Sensitivity Analysis — eVTOL Cost Per Passenger by Operations Phase 112
Table 46. Sub-Regional Shuttle Cost, Time, and Distance Comparison (12-seat eVTOL) 112
Table 47. Cargo Delivery Cost and Emissions Comparison (350 kg payload) 113
Table 48. Air Ambulance Journey: eVTOL vs. EC135 Helicopter 115
Table 49. Air Ambulance Cost, Response Time, and CO₂ Comparison 116
Table 50. eVTOL Multicopter vs. Robotaxi: Journey Time and Cost at 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km 116
Table 51. Journey Time Comparison: eVTOL vs. Robotaxi by Distance 118
Table 52. Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey Breakdown 119
Table 53. Key Variables Affecting Air Taxi Time Advantage 120
Table 54. Summary of Use Case Viability by Journey Type and Distance 123
Table 55. eVTOL Mass Mobility Feasibility Scorecard 138
Table 56. TCO Analysis Framework and Input Variables 141
Table 57. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison (US$/flight hour) 144
Table 58. Operating Cost Breakdown: eVTOL vs. Helicopter 145
Table 59. eVTOL Aircraft Price Estimates by OEM and Architecture 147
Table 60. eVTOL Fuel Cost Savings vs. Conventional Aviation 148
Table 61. Piloted vs. Autonomous eVTOL Cost Impact (US$/trip) 148
Table 62. Impact of Autonomous Operation on TCO Over Time 149
Table 63. TCO Breakdown: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case) 150
Table 64. TCO Breakdown: US$/15 km Trip (Multicopter) 151
Table 65. TCO Sensitivity to Battery Cost (US$/kWh) and Energy Density (Wh/kg) 152
Table 66. TCO Sensitivity to Aircraft Purchase Price and Infrastructure Cost 153
Table 67. TCO Sensitivity to Average Trip Length (km) 153
Table 68. TCO Impact: £3m vs. £5m vs. £182k eVTOL Capital Cost Scenarios 155
Table 69. Sensitivity Analysis: Decreased eVTOL Lifetime (10 Years vs. 5 Years) 157
Table 70. TCO Impact of 10-Year vs. 5-Year eVTOL Lifetime 158
Table 71. Economic Impact of Autonomous Capability in 2030 vs. 2035 159
Table 72. Annual and Aggregate Socio-Economic Impact by Use Case 161
Table 73. Investment in Passenger UAM Startups 2016–2026 (US$ million) 162
Table 74. Cumulative Investment by OEM (Top 10, Through 2026 Estimated) 164
Table 75. Largest eVTOL Funding Rounds to Date: Company, Round, Amount, Lead Investors 166
Table 76. Strategic Automotive and Aerospace Investors in eVTOL 167
Table 77. eVTOL Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent by OEM (Units and Value) 168
Table 78. Four UAM Business Model Archetypes 169
Table 79. Business Model Archetype Characteristics and Value Propositions 172
Table 80. OEM Model (Vertical Aerospace-type) vs. Vertically Integrated Model (Joby/Volocopter-type) 173
Table 81. Comparison of OEM vs. Vertically Integrated Business Models 175
Table 82. Planned eVTOL Manufacturing Facilities: Location, Capacity, OEM, Timeline 178
Table 83. Production Volume Targets by OEM and Year 179
Table 84. Top 10 Aerospace Companies by Revenue and eVTOL-Related Activities 181
Table 85. RTX Corporation eVTOL Technology Investments and Partnerships 182
Table 86. Automotive OEM eVTOL Investments, Partnerships, and Strategic Rationale 185
Table 87. Composite Material Supplier – eVTOL OEM Partnership Matrix 186
Table 88. Key Single-Source Component Risks in eVTOL Supply Chains 187
Table 89. Joby Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification Status, Partners 189
Table 90. Archer Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Partners 191
Table 91. Volocopter: Key Specifications, Certification Progress, Partners 192
Table 92. Vertical Aerospace: Key Specifications, Key Suppliers 193
Table 93. EHang: Key Specifications, Certification, Commercial Operations 194
Table 94. Wisk Aero: Key Specifications, Autonomous Systems 195
Table 95. Eve Air Mobility: Key Specifications, Suppliers, Partners 197
Table 96. Supernal S-A2: Key Specifications 198
Table 97. Airbus eVTOL Projects: Vahana, CityAirbus, CityAirbus NextGen 198
Table 98. SkyDrive SD-05: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification 199
Table 99. Additional eVTOL OEM Summary: Architecture, Country, Status, Backing 200
Table 100. eVTOL OEM Planned Annual Production Capacity Comparison 201
Table 101. Key Supplier Partnerships by eVTOL OEM (Propulsion, Battery, Composites, Avionics) 202
Table 102. Uber Air Mission Profile and Vehicle Requirements 204
Table 103. Agility Prime Participating Companies and Aircraft 207
Table 104. China Low-Altitude Economy: Key Policy Milestones and Designated Test Zones 209
Table 105. China UAM Policy and Regulatory Support Framework 210
Table 106. UK FFC Funded AAM Projects 211
Table 107. Middle Eastern AAM Investment Summary (NEOM, UAE, Saudi Arabia) 213
Table 108. UAM Projects by Region: Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, Africa 214
Table 109. eVTOL Battery Wish List: Target Specifications 215
Table 110. Airbus Minimum Battery Requirements for eVTOL 216
Table 111. Uber Air Proposed Battery Requirements 217
Table 112. Li-ion Cathode Chemistry Benchmark: NMC, NCA, LFP 218
Table 113. Li-ion Anode Chemistry Benchmark: Graphite, Silicon, Lithium Metal 219
Table 114. Silicon Anode Technology Status and Commercialisation Timeline 223
Table 115. Battery Pack Size and Weight by eVTOL OEM 226
Table 116. Battery Specifications by eVTOL OEM: Chemistry, Capacity (kWh), Energy Density (Wh/kg), Supplier 227
Table 117. eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rate Trade-Off 229
Table 118. Gravimetric Energy Density Improvement from Module Elimination 229
Table 119. Li-S Battery Value Proposition for eVTOL Aviation 230
Table 120. Li-S Battery Performance Characteristics vs. Li-ion for Aviation Applications 233
Table 121. Thin Film vs. Bulk Solid-State Battery Comparison 235
Table 122. Solid-State Battery Technology Approaches: Ceramic, Sulfide, Polymer, Hybrid 235
Table 123. Solid-State Battery Developer Comparison 236
Table 124. CATL Condensed Battery Specifications and Aviation Applicability 237
Table 125. Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: Energy Density by Chemistry 2024–2036 238
Table 126. Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: Energy Density, Cycle Life, Cost, Safety, Readiness 240
Table 127. Charging Strategy Comparison: Fast Charging vs. Battery Swapping vs. Distributed Modules 242
Table 128. eVTOL Battery Cost Projections by Chemistry 245
Table 129. Key Battery Supplier Profiles: Product, Technology, eVTOL Customers 248
Table 130. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh) 249
Table 131. eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ million) 250
Table 132. Competing eVTOL Charging Standards Comparison: GEACS, CCS, Proprietary 252
Table 133. Estimated Grid Power Requirements by Vertiport Size (kW/MW) 255
Table 134. Vertiport Power Demand Modelling: Peak vs. Average Load 257
Table 135. Off-Grid Charging Technology Options for Remote Vertiports 259
Table 136. Peak Power Demand Decomposition by Vertiport Tier — Chargers vs. Distribution and Balance-of-Plant 261
Table 137. Representative Load Composition — Medium Urban Hub at Peak (≈4.2 MW) 262
Table 138. Peak power demand per vertiport by tier. 263
Table 139. Canonical Vertiport Single-Line Architecture (utility service → aircraft) 264
Table 140. Vertiport Electrical Equipment Schedule by Tier 264
Table 141. Key Electrical Equipment — Function, Rating, Indicative Cost and Lead Time 265
Table 142. Indicative electrical equipment requirement by tier. 266
Table 143. eVTOL Charger Type Comparison 267
Table 144. Representative Charge-Cycle and Duty Profiles by Mission Type 268
Table 145. Charging technologies, charger types and duty cycles. 268
Table 146. Grid Impact and Reinforcement Matrix 269
Table 147. Renewable and DER Integration Options for Vertiports 270
Table 148. Grid impact and reinforcement requirements. 270
Table 149. Energy Storage and Resilience Tiers for Vertiports 271
Table 150. Value Streams from a Vertiport Battery Energy Storage System 272
Table 151. Energy storage and resilience needs by tier. 272
Table 152. Electrical Standards Applicable to Vertiport Charging Infrastructure 273
Table 153. Regulatory and Permitting Factors with Electrical Relevance 274
Table 154. Electrical standards and regulatory factors. 275
Table 155. eVTOL electrical and charging infrastructure: PAM and SAM (excluding China), 2025–2037. 275
Table 156. Mega-trends driving eVTOL infrastructure. 276
Table 157. Infrastructure market timeline, 2025 · 2030 · 2037. 277
Table 158. Serviceable infrastructure market (excluding China) by region, 2030 · 2035 · 2037. 277
Table 159. Infrastructure PAM by application, 2030 · 2035 · 2037. 278
Table 160. Top 10 players across the infrastructure ecosystem. 280
Table 161. Competitive positioning: Schneider Electric vs. Siemens, ABB and Eaton. 280
Table 162. eVTOL infrastructure value chain: scope, vendors and supplier role. 281
Table 163. Key stakeholders, roles and supplier touchpoints. 282
Table 164. Key solution × key buyer opportunity matrix. 282
Table 165. Cumulative eVTOL Vertiports by Region, 2026–2037 (Units) 283
Table 165. Cumulative eVTOL Charging Pads by Region, 2026–2037 (Units) 283
Table 167. Installed eVTOL Charging Capacity by Region, 2026–2037 (MW) 283
Table 168. eVTOL Charging Market Participants and Contact Routes 285
Table 169. Principal Ongoing eVTOL Charging-Infrastructure Projects (2026) 286
Table 170. Hydrogen Use Options in Aviation: Combustion, Fuel Cell, Hybrid 288
Table 171. Key Systems Required for Hydrogen eVTOL Aircraft 292
Table 172. PEM Fuel Cell Specifications for eVTOL Applications 296
Table 173. Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape: Fuel Cell and Combustion 297
Table 174. Fuel Cell eVTOL Players: Aircraft, FC System, Range, Payload 298
Table 175. Major Challenges for Hydrogen eVTOL: Infrastructure, Storage, Cost, Safety 299
Table 176. Comparison of Technology Options: Battery, Fuel Cell, Hybrid 300
Table 177. All-Electric Range Comparison — BEV, Fuel Cell, Series Hybrid, Parallel Hybrid (4–5 Seat eVTOL) 302
Table 178. Turbine vs. Piston Engine Hybrid Options for eVTOL 304
Table 179. Hybrid eVTOL SWOT Analysis 306
Table 180. eVTOL Motor and Powertrain Key Requirements 308
Table 181. eVTOL Power Requirement Estimates by Architecture and MTOW (kW) 309
Table 182. Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL OEM and Architecture 310
Table 183. Summary of Traction Motor Types: PMSM, BLDC, Induction, SRM 312
Table 184. Comparison of Traction Motor Construction and Merits 312
Table 185. Motor Efficiency Comparison Across Operating Range 313
Table 186. Differences Between PMSM and BLDC Motors 316
Table 187. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Comparison: Power Density, Torque, Weight, Cost 317
Table 188. Axial Flux Motor Advantages for eVTOL Applications 318
Table 189. Axial Flux Motor Player List and Key Product Specifications 319
Table 190. Benchmark of Commercial Axial Flux Motors: Power, Torque, Weight, Efficiency 320
Table 191. Key Motor Supplier Profiles for eVTOL Applications 321
Table 192. Power Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (kW/kg) 323
Table 193. Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (Nm/kg) 327
Table 194. SiC vs. Si IGBT Inverter Comparison for eVTOL 327
Table 195. Comparison of Lightweight Materials: Aluminium, Titanium, CFRP, GFRP 334
Table 196. Cost-Adjusted Fibre Property Comparison 336
Table 197. Comparison of Relative Fibre Properties 339
Table 198. Resins Overview and Property Comparison: Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics 340
Table 199. Glass Fibre and Thermoplastic Composite Applications in eVTOL 344
Table 200. eVTOL Composite Material Requirements: Structural, Aerodynamic, Fire Resistance 345
Table 201. eVTOL-Composite Supplier Partnership Matrix 352
Table 202. Key Challenges for Composite Manufacturing at eVTOL Scale 353
Table 203. Autonomy Level Definitions for eVTOL Aircraft 356
Table 204. Pilot Skill Level Requirements by Time Period 357
Table 205. Annual New eVTOLs and New Pilots Required 2026–2037 358
Table 206. DAA Technology Options for eVTOL: Radar, Lidar, Optical, ADS-B 361
Table 207. BVLOS Enablement Status by Region 362
Table 208. SDV Technology Transfer from Automotive to eVTOL 364
Table 209. Cybersecurity Threat Categories for eVTOL and UTM Systems 375
Table 210. EASA eVTOL Certification Framework Summary 378
Table 211. EASA SC-VTOL Certification Categories: Basic, Standard, Enhanced 379
Table 212. FAA Certification Pathway for eVTOL: Part 21, Part 23, Part 135 381
Table 213. CAAC Drone/eVTOL Classification System by Weight Category 382
Table 214. China Low-Altitude Economy Key Policy Milestones 383
Table 215. UK CAA eVTOL Regulatory Activity Summary 384
Table 216. DOA and POA Status by eVTOL OEM 385
Table 217. eVTOL Regulatory Approval Status Tracker: OEM, Authority, Status, Expected Date 387
Table 218. Pilot Licensing Framework for eVTOL by Jurisdiction 398
Table 219. Noise Level Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter (dBA) 399
Table 220. OEM Launch Timeline Slippage Analysis 406
Table 221. Vertiport Tier Classification: Basic Landing Pad, Standard Terminal, Full-Service Hub 414
Table 222. Vertiport Tier Concepts 417
Table 223. Vertiport Developer Profiles: Company, Projects, Status, Key Partnerships 422
Table 224. Key Vertiport Technical and Logistical Challenges 427
Table 225. Vertiport Challenge Assessment: Impact vs. Difficulty Matrix 429
Table 226. Vertiport Security Technology Requirements 435
Table 227. Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037 441
Table 228. Estimated Vertiport Requirements by Region 2030, 2035, 2036 442
Table 229. Key UTM/ATM System Requirements for AAM 445
Table 230. UTM Standardisation Organisations Worldwide 447
Table 231. Communication Technology Requirements for AAM: 4G/5G, Satellite, Dedicated Aviation 448
Table 232. Global UTM Framework Comparison: USA, EU, China, UK, Japan, South Korea 450
Table 233. EASA UAM Perception Study Key Findings 452
Table 234. UK Public Support Levels by Use Case: Flying Taxis, Air Ambulance, Cargo Delivery 452
Table 235. Safety and Security Considerations for eVTOL Operations 453
Table 236. Noise Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter vs. Ground Vehicles (dBA at Distance) 454
Table 237. Social Licence Building Strategies and UK FFC Initiatives 455
Table 238. Drone-UAM Convergence: Traditional Drones, Cargo Drones, Small UAM Comparison 457
Table 239. Large Cargo Drone Development Programs: Dronamics, Elroy Air, Windracers, Natilus, Pipistrel, Sabrewing 458
Table 240. eCTOL vs. eVTOL: Range, Payload, Infrastructure Requirements Comparison 458
Table 241. SDV Technology Transfer to eVTOL: OTA Updates, AI, Sensor Fusion, Digital Twins 459
Table 242. eVTOL vs. Robotaxi Competitive and Complementary Positioning by Distance 460
Table 243. China Low-Altitude Economy: Market Size Projections and Policy Framework 461
Table 244. North America AAM Market Overview: Regulatory Status, Key OEMs, Planned Routes, Infrastructure 463
Table 245. US eVTOL Planned Route Networks and Vertiport Locations 465
Table 246. European AAM Market Overview: EASA/CAA Status, OEMs, Initiatives 469
Table 247. Asia-Pacific AAM Market Overview by Country 470
Table 248. Asia-Pacific UAM Project Distribution 472
Table 249. Middle Eastern AAM Investment and Infrastructure Plans 478
Table 250. Latin America AAM Market Status 478
Table 251. African AAM Potential: Key Markets and Challenges 479
Table 252. Regional Regulatory Comparison Matrix: FAA, EASA, CAAC, CAA, JCAB, KOCA 479
Table 253. Forecast Methodology: Key Assumptions and Data Sources 488
Table 254. Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2037 (Units) 489
Table 255. eVTOL Sales Forecast by World Bank Country Wealth Definition (Units) 489
Table 256. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type 2026–2037 (Units) 490
Table 257. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application 2026–2037 (Units) 490
Table 258. Total Annual eVTOL Demand: Replacement of Legacy eVTOLs vs. New Demand 491
Table 259. Fleet Lifecycle and Replacement Demand Analysis 2026–2040 492
Table 260. eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 492
Table 261. eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast by Segment 2026–2037 (US$ Billion) 493
Table 262. Global Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037 493
Table 263. Global eVTOL Workforce Demand Forecast 2026–2037 494
Table 264. Glossary of Key Terms and Acronyms 678
Table 265. eVTOL OEM Certification Status — Major Programmes 679
Table 266. Global eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast — Annual Detail 2026–2037 (US$ Billion) 680
Table 267. UK AAM Economic Impact Summary 681
Table 268. UK AAM Use Case Summary 681
Table 269. Aviation Battery Technology Roadmap 2026–2037 682
Table 270. Key Regulatory Standards and Documents for eVTOL Certification 682

List of Figures

Figure 1. The AAM "5As" Ecosystem Framework 32
Figure 2. The Advanced Air Mobility Ecosystem Value Chain 36
Figure 3. Global AAM Market Revenue 2026–2037 (US$ billion) 38
Figure 4. Different e-VTOL configurations developed from 2016: (a) Tilt-Wing (T-W); (b) Lift+Cruise (L+C) ; (c) Tilt-Rotor (T-R); (d) Multi-Rotor (M-R) 50
Figure 5. Evolution from UAM to AAM: Expanding Scope and Applications 51
Figure 6. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration Example 52
Figure 7. The Advanced Air Mobility Value Chain 64
Figure 8. Multicopter Flight Modes: Hover, Transition, Cruise 71
Figure 9. Lift + Cruise Flight Modes 72
Figure 10. Tiltwing Flight Modes 74
Figure 11. Tiltrotor Flight Modes 76
Figure 12. Joby eVTOL taxis . 109
Figure 13. Rural Private Hire Journey Schematic 109
Figure 14. Expected Industry Consolidation Timeline 178
Figure 15. Li-ion Battery Timeline: Technology and Performance 2010–2036 222
Figure 16. Energy Density Roadmap: Graphite → Silicon Composite → Pure Silicon Anodes 226
Figure 17. Li-S Battery SWOT Analysis 231
Figure 18. Li-S Battery Market Value Chain 233
Figure 19. Lithium-Metal Battery SWOT Analysis 234
Figure 20. Battery Energy Density Roadmap 2024–2036 (Wh/kg): LiPo, Silicon Anode, Solid-State, Li-S, Li-Air 239
Figure 21. Battery Chemistry Radar Chart Comparison for eVTOL — Scores (1–10) 241
Figure 22. eVTOL Battery Cost Trajectory 2024–2036 (US$/kWh) 244
Figure 23. eVTOL Battery Supply Chain: Raw Materials → Cell Manufacturing → Pack Assembly → OEM Integration 247
Figure 24. The GEACS charging system. 253
Figure 25. BETA Technologies Charging Network Concept 254
Figure 26. Peak power demand per vertiport by tier: charging load vs. electrical distribution (MW) 263
Figure 27. Global eVTOL electrical and charging infrastructure: potential vs. serviceable market (excluding China), 2025–2037 (US$ million). 276
Figure 28. Serviceable infrastructure market excluding China, by region, 2037 (US$ million). 278
Figure 29. eVTOL infrastructure potential addressable market by application segment, 2030 vs. 2037 (US$ million). 279
Figure 30. The eVTOL infrastructure value chain. 281
Figure 31. Installed eVTOL Charging Capacity by Region, 2030–2037 (MW). 284
Figure 32. Cumulative eVTOL Charging Pads by Region, 2030–2037 (Units). 285
Figure 33. Series vs. Parallel Hybrid Propulsion Architectures 301
Figure 34. Hybrid System Power/Energy Optimisation Curve 302
Figure 35. Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System 306
Figure 36. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration and Motor Placement 310
Figure 37. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Construction 317
Figure 38. Yoked vs. Yokeless Axial Flux Motor Configurations 319
Figure 39. Inverter Power Density Improvement Timeline 331
Figure 40. Weight Breakdown of a Typical eVTOL Aircraft 333
Figure 41. CFRP Supply Chain for eVTOL Manufacturing 344
Figure 42. Composite Material Supply Chain: Fibre → Prepreg → Layup → Curing → Assembly 351
Figure 43. Autonomy Roadmap: Piloted → Supervised → Remote Pilot → Fully Autonomous 355
Figure 44. Typical Sensor Suite for eVTOL: Cameras, Radar, LiDAR, Ultrasonic, ADS-B 374
Figure 45. eVTOL Certification Timeline: Expected Type Certificate Dates by OEM 397
Figure 46. eVTOL Commercial Launch Timeline: Original Targets vs. Current Expectations 405
Figure 47. Vertiport Infrastructure Ecosystem: Physical, Digital, Energy 413
Figure 48. Vertistops, Vertiports, and Vertihubs 415
Figure 49. CORGAN Stacked Skyport Concept 423
Figure 50. CORGAN Mega Skyport Concept 424
Figure 51. CORGAN Uber Skyport Mobility Hub Concept 424
Figure 52. Hyundai Future Mobility Urban Vision 425
Figure 53. Lilium Scalable Vertiport Design 425
Figure 54. BETA Technologies Recharge Pad Network 426
Figure 55. EHang E-Port Infrastructure Concept 427
Figure 56. UTM/ATM Integration Layers 445
Figure 57. NASA/FAA UAM ConOps 1.0 Framework 446
Figure 58. Digital Infrastructure for AAM: Drone Operations Centre Architecture 449
Figure 59. Expected eVTOL Commercial Service Launch Timeline by Region 486
Figure 60. EHang EH216-S 524
Figure 61. Vertical Aerospace eVOTL aircraft. 558

The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2027-2037

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