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Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials: Global Market 2027–2037

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  • Published: November 2026
  • Pages: 484
  • Tables: 364
  • Figures: 48

 

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are among the most widely used functional polymers in the world. They sit at the heart of every disposable diaper, adult incontinence product and sanitary pad. They are also used in agriculture, food packaging, medical devices, cable water-blocking, cold packs and spill control. Almost all of today’s supply is crosslinked sodium polyacrylate made from petroleum-derived acrylic acid. It performs exceptionally well and is very cheap, but it is neither biodegradable nor recyclable at scale. It is the last major non-biodegradable component in a modern diaper, and when used as a soil conditioner it persists in farmland.

Biodegradable superabsorbent materials are designed to close that gap. They deliver SAP-class swelling while breaking down under defined composting, soil or aquatic conditions. Developers are working on several platforms:

  • starch and cellulose derivatives, including carboxymethyl cellulose, oxidised cellulose and nanocellulose;
  • poly(amino acids) such as γ-polyglutamic acid and polyaspartate;
  • new fermentation-derived bio-monomers;
  • itaconates, proteins and hybrid systems, plus chitosan, alginate and other polysaccharides.

 

For decades these materials lagged polyacrylate in saline absorbency and performance under load. Between 2025 and 2026 that gap narrowed sharply. Independent testing showed a fermentation-derived SAP matching or outperforming petroleum SAP on industrial diaper lines. New starch-based grades reached hygiene-relevant retention, and cellulose and poly(amino acid) platforms moved from the laboratory to pilot scale with venture backing. Regulation is the strongest driver, and it acts first in agriculture. The EU restriction on synthetic polymer microparticles removes persistent polymers from soil applications from October 2028. Over the same period, soil-biodegradability criteria for water-retention polymers come into force under the Fertilising Products Regulation. In hygiene, the main drivers are brand-owner climate targets, retailer eco-ranges, compostable-diaper and diaper-recycling schemes, and premium “plant-based” positioning. The incumbents have answered with mass-balance and bio-attributed polyacrylate. These cut carbon footprints but do not solve end-of-life, which leaves a clear opening for truly biodegradable materials.

Early adoption is concentrated in agriculture, food-packaging pads, medical gelling fibres and dressings, femcare and eco diapers. These segments value biodegradability or biocompatibility directly and tolerate higher prices. Mainstream baby diapers and adult incontinence products follow as costs fall and supply scales. 

Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials: Global Market 2027–2037 is the most comprehensive analysis available of the materials set to challenge fossil polyacrylate superabsorbents. The 484-page report has 364 tables and 48 figures. It covers the whole value chain, from feedstocks and polymer chemistry through manufacturing economics, regulation and every major application market, to regional demand and competitive strategy.

The report benchmarks every emerging platform against incumbent sodium polyacrylate on absorbency, absorption under load, cost, carbon footprint and end-of-life. It assesses technology readiness and commercialisation prospects for each leading developer, and maps the routes to market: licensing, tolling on incumbent SAP lines, direct supply to hygiene majors, eco-brand channels and agricultural distribution. Detailed forecasts run from 2023 to 2037 and cover volume, revenue and price. They are broken down by material class, application and sub-application, and by region and country, with alternative scenarios. A companion Excel workbook contains all the data.

Report contents include:

  • Executive summary, key findings and market outlook
  • Market definitions, methodology and a history of superabsorbents
  • Superabsorbent fundamentals, crosslinking chemistry and testing (NWSP, ISO and biodegradation standards)
  • The global SAP market: demand, capacity, producers, prices and cost structure
  • Bio-attributed and bio-based polyacrylate: mass balance and bio-acrylic acid routes
  • Polysaccharide superabsorbents: starch, cellulose, nanocellulose, chitosan, alginate, pectin, gums
  • γ-PGA, polyaspartate, fermentation-derived, itaconate, protein, synthetic and hybrid superabsorbents
  • Manufacturing processes, scale-up and production economics
  • Feedstocks and raw materials
  • Performance, cost and sustainability benchmarking
  • Biodegradability, end-of-life, diaper recycling and life-cycle assessment
  • Regulation, standards and certification by region
  • Applications: hygiene, agriculture and land restoration, food packaging, medical and pharmaceutical, industrial and construction, consumer, pet care and emerging uses
  • Value chain, routes to market and business models
  • Technology readiness and commercialisation prospects
  • Global and regional market forecasts 2023–2037
  • Competitive landscape: market structure, funding, M&A, patents, SWOT, Porter’s five forces
  • Technology roadmap and strategic recommendations
  • Profiles of 58 companies including A&B Smart Materials, Abena, BASF, Borregaard, Cargill, Cellcomb AB, Cellulose de Brocéliande, Convatec Group, Daio Paper Corporation, Drylock Technologies, Ecovia Renewables (Ecovia Bio), EF Polymer, Elea & Lili, Essity, Fater S.p.A., Formosa Plastics Corporation, Gelesis, Grain Processing Corporation, HARTMANN Group, Hengan International Group and more.....

 

Purchasers will receive the following:

  • PDF report download/by email. 
  • Comprehensive Excel spreadsheet of all data.
  • Mid-year Update

 

Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials: Global Market 2027–2037
Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials: Global Market 2027–2037
PDF + Excel Database.
Price: £1,100.00

Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials: Global Market 2027–2037
Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials: Global Market 2027–2037
PDF + Excel Database + Print Edition.
Price: £1,200.00

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1. Executive Summary 24

  • 1.1  Key findings           24
  • 1.2  Market at a glance             26
  • 1.3  Market summary               27
  • 1.4  Emerging materials at a glance 29
  • 1.5  Outlook    29

 

2. Introduction, Scope and Methodology 31

  • 2.1  Purpose of this report      31
  • 2.2  Report scope        31
    • 2.2.1  Point of measurement               32
  • 2.3  Definitions and inclusion criteria            32
    • 2.3.1  Biodegradable, bio-based and bio-attributed             32
    • 2.3.2  Inclusion threshold for "superabsorbent"     33
    • 2.3.3  Exclusion of partially grafted hybrids                33
  • 2.4  Market segmentation      34
    • 2.4.1  By material class           34
    • 2.4.2  By application  35
    • 2.4.3  By region             36
  • 2.5  Research methodology  36
    • 2.5.1  Research approach     36
    • 2.5.2  Bottom-up adoption model    37
    • 2.5.3  Top-down reconciliation           38
    • 2.5.4  Price learning curves   38
    • 2.5.5  Scenarios           39
    • 2.5.6  Conventions     39
  • 2.6  A history of superabsorbent materials 40
    • 2.6.1  Before superabsorbents           40
    • 2.6.2  The USDA "super slurper"        40
    • 2.6.3  Japanese commercialisation and the switch to polyacrylate           40
    • 2.6.4  SAP enters the diaper 41
    • 2.6.5  The thin-core era           41
    • 2.6.6  Consolidation of the incumbent industry      41
    • 2.6.7  The bio-based and biodegradable wave         41
  • 2.7  Market drivers and restraints overview 43

 

3. Superabsorbent Fundamentals and Testing 45

  • 3.1  Why fundamentals matter commercially          45
  • 3.2  Swelling physics of polyelectrolyte networks  45
    • 3.2.1  Three forces in balance             45
    • 3.2.2  The ionic strength effect           46
    • 3.2.3  Why saline absorbency collapses for weakly charged networks    47
  • 3.3  Network design variables             48
    • 3.3.1  Charge density                48
    • 3.3.2  Crosslink density           48
    • 3.3.3  Chain flexibility               48
    • 3.3.4  Porosity and morphology         49
  • 3.4  Core-shell structure and surface crosslinking               49
    • 3.4.1  Why a shell is needed 49
    • 3.4.2  Surface treatment for biodegradable SAPs  50
  • 3.5  Gel blocking, permeability and absorption kinetics    50
    • 3.5.1  Gel blocking      50
    • 3.5.2  Permeability measures             50
    • 3.5.3  Absorption kinetics      50
  • 3.6  Crosslinker chemistry     51
  • 3.7  Performance test methods         52
    • 3.7.1  Standard methods       52
    • 3.7.2  Common pitfalls with biodegradable materials        53
    • 3.7.3  Test fluids           54
  • 3.8  Biodegradation science 54
    • 3.8.1  Mechanisms by bond type       54
    • 3.8.2  Effect of degree of substitution and crosslinking     55
    • 3.8.3  Abiotic versus biotic degradation       56
  • 3.9  Biodegradation test standards 56
    • 3.9.1  Test environments and pass criteria 56
    • 3.9.2  How the EU rules use these standards           57
  • 3.10  How hygiene converters evaluate superabsorbents 58
    • 3.10.1  The qualification pathway     58
    • 3.10.2  Product-level performance tests     59
    • 3.10.3  What this means for biodegradable entrants           59

 

4. The Global SAP Market and Incumbent Supply Base 61

  • 4.1  Market overview 61
  • 4.2  Demand by end use         61
  • 4.3  Demand by region             63
  • 4.4  Chemistry and manufacture      63
  • 4.5  Supply base and capacity            63
  • 4.6  Raw materials and prices             64
  • 4.7  Cost structure      65
  • 4.8  Environmental profile     66
  • 4.9  Incumbent strategies towards sustainability  66

 

5. Bio-attributed and Bio-based Polyacrylate 67

  • 5.1  Overview 67
  • 5.2  Mass balance and chain-of-custody principles            68
    • 5.2.1  How mass balance works        68
    • 5.2.2  Certification schemes                68
    • 5.2.3  Claims risk        69
  • 5.3  Commercial bio-attributed SAP offerings          69
    • 5.3.1  Nippon Shokubai          69
    • 5.3.2  LG Chem             70
    • 5.3.3  BASF      70
    • 5.3.4  Sanyo Chemical / SDP Global               70
    • 5.3.5  Other producers             70
    • 5.3.6  Downstream adoption: Ontex and the hygiene brands        71
  • 5.4  Physically bio-based acrylic acid routes            72
    • 5.4.1  3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) fermentation            72
    • 5.4.2  Lactic acid dehydration             73
    • 5.4.3  Glycerol to acrolein to acrylic acid    73
    • 5.4.4  Ethylene oxide carbonylation and β-propiolactone (Novomer / Danimer "Rinnovo")       74
    • 5.4.5  Bio-propylene  74
  • 5.5  Biomass-blended and partly bio-based SAP   74
  • 5.6  Bio-based crosslinkers and minor components           75
  • 5.7  Recycled SAP       75
  • 5.8  Carbon footprint comparison   76
  • 5.9  Why bio-based polyacrylate is not biodegradable       77
  • 5.10  Market outlook for mass-balance polyacrylate           78

 

6. Polysaccharide-based Biodegradable Superabsorbents 80

  • 6.1  Overview 80
  • 6.2  Starch-based superabsorbents               82
    • 6.2.1  Chemistry and structure           82
    • 6.2.2  How absorbency is introduced             83
    • 6.2.3  Crosslinking options   84
    • 6.2.4  Synthesis and process routes               85
    • 6.2.5  Indicative performance             85
    • 6.2.6  Biodegradation               86
    • 6.2.7  Cost       86
    • 6.2.8  Starch-graft hybrids: the non-biodegradable comparator  86
    • 6.2.9  Commercial developers and products            87
    • 6.2.10  Strengths, weaknesses and applications   89
  • 6.3  Cellulose-based superabsorbents        89
    • 6.3.1  Chemistry and structure           89
    • 6.3.2  Carboxymethyl cellulose: degree of substitution and crosslinking              90
    • 6.3.3  Hydroxyethyl cellulose and other ether blends         91
    • 6.3.4  Oxidised cellulose: TEMPO and periodate routes    91
    • 6.3.5  Nanocellulose: reinforcement versus base absorbent         92
    • 6.3.6  Bacterial nanocellulose            93
    • 6.3.7  Regenerated cellulose and cellulose aerogels           94
    • 6.3.8  Cellulose from textile waste   94
    • 6.3.9  Proprietary cellulose superabsorbents          94
    • 6.3.10  Gelling fibres and cellulose absorbents in wound care     94
    • 6.3.11  Performance, biodegradation and cost        95
  • 6.4  Hemicellulose, xylan and lignin-containing absorbents         96
  • 6.5  Chitin and chitosan         97
    • 6.5.1  Chemistry and structure           97
    • 6.5.2  How absorbency is introduced             97
    • 6.5.3  Synthesis, crosslinking and process 98
    • 6.5.4  Antimicrobial and medical uses          98
    • 6.5.5  Producers, cost and assessment       98
  • 6.6  Alginate    99
    • 6.6.1  Chemistry and structure           99
    • 6.6.2  Absorbency routes and crosslinking 99
    • 6.6.3  Producers and commercial products              100
  • 6.7  Carrageenan and agar    100
  • 6.8  Pectin and fruit-waste absorbents         101
    • 6.8.1  Chemistry and structure           101
    • 6.8.2  Whole-peel and fruit-waste absorbents        101
  • 6.9  Microbial and plant gums            102
  • 6.10  Hyaluronic acid                104
  • 6.11  Polysaccharide composites    105
  • 6.12  Cross-family comparison         106
  • 6.13  Market segmentation within polysaccharides             108

 

7. Polypeptide, Fermentation-derived, Protein, Synthetic and Hybrid Superabsorbents 110

  • 7.1  Overview 110
  • 7.2  Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)      112
    • 7.2.1  Chemistry          112
    • 7.2.2  Production by fermentation    112
    • 7.2.3  Crosslinking routes to superabsorbents        113
    • 7.2.4  Performance    114
    • 7.2.5  Biodegradation and safety      114
    • 7.2.6  Producers and developers       114
    • 7.2.7  Cost       115
    • 7.2.8  Strengths, weaknesses and outlook 115
  • 7.3  Polyaspartic acid (PASP)               115
    • 7.3.1  Chemistry and synthesis         115
    • 7.3.2  Crosslinking to superabsorbents        116
    • 7.3.3  Performance    116
    • 7.3.4  Biodegradation               116
    • 7.3.5  Producers and developers       117
    • 7.3.6  Cost       117
  • 7.4  ε-Poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) and other poly(amino acids)     118
  • 7.5  Fermentation-derived bio-monomer superabsorbents            118
    • 7.5.1  Concept              118
    • 7.5.2  ZymoChem and BAYSE™           119
    • 7.5.3  What is still unknown 120
  • 7.6  Itaconic acid and poly(itaconate) superabsorbents   120
    • 7.6.1  Itaconic acid supply    120
    • 7.6.2  Polymerisation challenges      121
    • 7.6.3  Network design and biodegradability              122
    • 7.6.4  Research results and developers        122
  • 7.7  Other bio-based diacids and carboxylic crosslinkers                123
  • 7.8  Protein-based superabsorbents              123
    • 7.8.1  Protein feedstocks       123
    • 7.8.2  Modification and crosslinking               124
    • 7.8.3  Performance and biodegradation       124
    • 7.8.4  Protein–synthetic hybrids: Polygreen and the PAWN project            124
  • 7.9  Biodegradable synthetic superabsorbents       125
  • 7.10  Hybrid and composite systems             127
    • 7.10.1  Approaches   127
    • 7.10.2  "Partially biodegradable" claims and their risks     128
  • 7.11  Cross-platform comparison    129

 

8. Manufacturing Processes and Production Economics 131

  • 8.1  Overview 131
  • 8.2  The incumbent benchmark: sodium polyacrylate manufacture         131
    • 8.2.1  Process sequence        131
    • 8.2.2  Polymerisation technologies 132
    • 8.2.3  Plant scale and capital cost   133
    • 8.2.4  Cost structure  133
  • 8.3  Process routes for biodegradable platforms    134
    • 8.3.1  Starch modification: wet, semi-dry and extrusion processes          134
    • 8.3.2  Cellulose routes: CMC crosslinking, oxidation and fibrillation        135
    • 8.3.3  Fermentation routes: γ-PGA and bio-monomers      136
    • 8.3.4  Polysuccinimide route for polyaspartic acid               137
    • 8.3.5  Radiation crosslinking               138
    • 8.3.6  Drying technologies: belt, drum, spray, freeze and supercritical    138
    • 8.3.7  Granulation and surface treatment for absorbency under load     139
    • 8.3.8  Drop-in compatibility with SAP lines and tolling       139
  • 8.4  Quality control and specifications         140
  • 8.5  Energy use and the drying burden           140
  • 8.6  Techno-economic comparison 141
    • 8.6.1  Capital cost per tonne               141
    • 8.6.2  Cash cost by route and scale 142
    • 8.6.3  Cost build-up at world scale  143
    • 8.6.4  Sensitivity of cost to feedstock price, yield and drying energy         144
    • 8.6.5  Learning curves              145
    • 8.6.6  Plant-size economics 145
  • 8.7  Build, toll or license          145

 

9. Feedstocks and Raw Materials 147

  • 9.1  Overview 147
  • 9.2  Feedstock landscape at a glance           147
  • 9.3  Starch        148
    • 9.3.1  Production and producers       148
    • 9.3.2  Grades, quantity required and competing uses        149
    • 9.3.3  Price volatility and sustainability        149
  • 9.4  Wood pulp: dissolving pulp, fluff pulp and cotton linters        149
    • 9.4.1  Dissolving pulp               149
    • 9.4.2  Fluff pulp            149
    • 9.4.3  Cotton linters   150
    • 9.4.4  Deforestation and certification: EUDR            150
  • 9.5  Carboxymethyl cellulose              150
    • 9.5.1  Supply base      150
    • 9.5.2  Grades, consumption and price          151
  • 9.6  Micro- and nanocellulose            151
  • 9.7  Fermentation feedstocks: sugars and glycerol               152
  • 9.8  Amino acids and PASP intermediates  153
    • 9.8.1  Glutamic acid  153
    • 9.8.2  L-aspartic acid and maleic anhydride             153
  • 9.9  Itaconic acid         153
  • 9.10  Marine and waste biomass      154
    • 9.10.1  Chitin and chitosan  154
    • 9.10.2  Alginate and seaweed              154
    • 9.10.3  Citrus peel, fruit waste and other residues                155
  • 9.11  Proteins 155
  • 9.12  Crosslinkers and process reagents     156
    • 9.12.1  Citric acid and other bio-based crosslinkers            156
    • 9.12.2  Sodium hydroxide      156
    • 9.12.3  Monochloroacetic acid          156
    • 9.12.4  TEMPO and oxidants 157
  • 9.13  Feedstock requirements per tonne and in 2037         157
    • 9.13.1  Unit consumption      157
    • 9.13.2  2037 feedstock scenario       158
  • 9.14  Sustainability and regulatory exposure by feedstock              160
  • 9.15  Supply-risk matrix          160

 

10. Performance, Cost and Sustainability Benchmarking 162

  • 10.1  Absorbency and gel strength   162
  • 10.2  Application fit    163
  • 10.3  Cost benchmarking      164
  • 10.4  Price trajectories             165
  • 10.5  Carbon footprint and end-of-life           165

 

11. Biodegradability, End-of-Life and Life-Cycle Assessment 167

  • 11.1  The scale of absorbent hygiene product waste           167
  • 11.2  Composition of an absorbent hygiene product           168
  • 11.3  End-of-life routes            170
    • 11.3.1  Landfill              170
    • 11.3.2  Incineration    170
    • 11.3.3  Industrial composting             170
    • 11.3.4  Home composting     171
    • 11.3.5  Anaerobic digestion 171
    • 11.3.6  Diaper recycling           172
  • 11.4  Municipal and service compostable-diaper schemes           173
  • 11.5  Soil fate of polyacrylate and biodegradable superabsorbents          174
  • 11.6  Microplastic concerns 175
  • 11.7  Life-cycle assessment 175
    • 11.7.1  Cradle-to-gate footprints by superabsorbent route             175
    • 11.7.2  Mass balance, attribution and the carbon claim   177
    • 11.7.3  System-level LCA of diapers               177
    • 11.7.4  What switching the absorbent achieves      178
    • 11.7.5  Methodological pitfalls          178
  • 11.8  Greenwashing risk and environmental claims             179
  • 11.9  Certification marks       180
  • 11.10  Implications for developers and brand owners        181

 

12. Regulation, Standards and Certification 183

  • 12.1  How regulation shapes demand           183
  • 12.2  European Union: REACH restriction on synthetic polymer microparticles               184
    • 12.2.1  Adoption and structure           184
    • 12.2.2  Degradability criteria (Appendix 15)               185
    • 12.2.3  Derogations   186
    • 12.2.4  Transitional periods  186
    • 12.2.5  Information and reporting obligations          187
  • 12.3  European Union: Fertilising Products Regulation      187
    • 12.3.1  Framework     187
    • 12.3.2  CMC 9 and water-retention polymers           188
  • 12.4  European Union: Single-Use Plastics Directive           189
  • 12.5  European Union: Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation         190
  • 12.6  European Union: other horizontal instruments           191
    • 12.6.1  Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation    191
    • 12.6.2  EU Deforestation Regulation               191
    • 12.6.3  Environmental claims: Empowering Consumers Directive and Green Claims proposal             192
    • 12.6.4  EU Ecolabel and voluntary criteria  192
  • 12.7  European Union: food contact, medical devices and cosmetics    192
    • 12.7.1  Food-contact materials         192
    • 12.7.2  Medical devices           192
    • 12.7.3  Cosmetics and personal care            193
  • 12.8  EU member-state measures   193
  • 12.9  United Kingdom               194
  • 12.10  United States  194
    • 12.10.1  Federal           194
    • 12.10.2  State laws     195
  • 12.11  Canada              196
  • 12.12  Japan   196
  • 12.13  China   196
  • 12.14  India     197
  • 12.15  South Korea     197
  • 12.16  Australia and New Zealand   197
  • 12.17  Regional comparison 197
  • 12.18  Standards and certification   198
    • 12.18.1  Biodegradation and compostability test standards          198
    • 12.18.2  Bio-based content and chain of custody 199
    • 12.18.3  Superabsorbent performance standards 199
    • 12.18.4  Certification bodies               200
  • 12.19  Regulatory timeline    201
  • 12.20  Impact matrix by application                202

 

13. Markets and Applications: Hygiene 205

  • 13.1  The absorbent hygiene product market            205
    • 13.1.1  Market size and product volumes    205
    • 13.1.2  Demographics: births are falling, ageing is accelerating   206
  • 13.2  SAP in absorbent hygiene products    207
    • 13.2.1  How much SAP each product uses 207
    • 13.2.2  Absorbent core design evolution      209
    • 13.2.3  SAP specifications by product           210
  • 13.3  Brand-owner landscape            211
    • 13.3.1  Concentration and market shares  211
    • 13.3.2  Sustainability commitments relevant to SAP           212
  • 13.4  Eco and plant-based diaper brands   213
    • 13.4.1  What eco brands actually use            213
    • 13.4.2  Price premiums in the eco segment               214
  • 13.5  Compostable diapers and closed-loop systems       215
    • 13.5.1  The Paris Couches Fertiles programme       215
    • 13.5.2  Compostable and recycling systems compared    215
  • 13.6  Feminine and period care          216
    • 13.6.1  Market structure and SAP use            216
    • 13.6.2  "Plastic-free" and organic femcare brands 217
    • 13.6.3  Reusable period products as competition 217
  • 13.7  Adult incontinence        218
    • 13.7.1  Market structure          218
    • 13.7.2  Institutional procurement     218
  • 13.8  Adoption barriers            219
    • 13.8.1  Qualification pathway             219
  • 13.9  Matching biodegradable platforms to products          220
  • 13.10  Case studies   222
    • 13.10.1  ZymoChem: industrial-line trials of size-4 diapers (March 2026)            222
    • 13.10.2  Ontex: bioSAP in Moltex Pure & Nature (July 2025)           222
    • 13.10.3  Polygreen and the PAWN project (2020–2023)     222
  • 13.11  Market forecasts: biodegradable superabsorbents in hygiene       223
    • 13.11.1  Overview       223
    • 13.11.2  Baby diapers: premium and eco versus mainstream      224
    • 13.11.3  Adult incontinence: light versus heavy      225
    • 13.11.4  Feminine hygiene: pads, liners and other period products          225
    • 13.11.5  Penetration and average prices      225
  • 13.12  Outlook              226

 

14. Markets and Applications: Agriculture, Horticulture and Land Restoration 227

  • 14.1  Agronomic function of superabsorbents in soil          228
    • 14.1.1  Water holding and plant-available water     228
    • 14.1.2  Irrigation savings         228
    • 14.1.3  Nutrient retention and soil structure              228
  • 14.2  Application methods and dose rates 229
    • 14.2.1  Seed coating  230
    • 14.2.2  Transplanting gels and root dips       230
    • 14.2.3  Nurseries, protected cultivation and growing media          230
    • 14.2.4  Golf, sports turf and landscaping    230
    • 14.2.5  Forestry, afforestation and desert greening               231
    • 14.2.6  Mine rehabilitation, hydroseeding and erosion control      231
    • 14.2.7  Controlled-release fertilisers and agrochemical carriers 231
  • 14.3  Incumbent products and suppliers     231
    • 14.3.1  Incumbent pricing      232
  • 14.4  Market size of agricultural superabsorbents today   233
  • 14.5  Regional demand           233
    • 14.5.1  India   234
    • 14.5.2  China 234
    • 14.5.3  Middle East and North Africa              234
    • 14.5.4  Sub-Saharan Africa   235
    • 14.5.5  Australia and the US Southwest       235
    • 14.5.6  Mediterranean Europe            235
    • 14.5.7  Brazil  235
  • 14.6  Soil fate of conventional superabsorbents    236
  • 14.7  The regulatory shift        236
    • 14.7.1  EU REACH restriction on synthetic polymer microparticles           236
    • 14.7.2  EU Fertilising Products Regulation and CMC 9       236
  • 14.8  Biodegradable options in detail             237
    • 14.8.1  Crosslinked CMC and cellulose hydrogels 237
    • 14.8.2  Starch-based superabsorbents        238
    • 14.8.3  γ-Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) 238
    • 14.8.4  Fruit-waste and biowaste superabsorbents             238
    • 14.8.5  Protein and protein-hybrid superabsorbents           238
    • 14.8.6  Chitosan, alginate and other polysaccharides       238
    • 14.8.7  Biochar and mineral composites     239
  • 14.9  Functional life versus biodegradation               240
  • 14.10  Field-trial evidence      240
  • 14.11  Economics per hectare            241
  • 14.12  Distribution channels               242
  • 14.13  Developer landscape 243
  • 14.14  Future Markets forecasts        243

 

15. Markets and Applications: Food Packaging 246

  • 15.1  Absorbent pads: function and market               246
    • 15.1.1  Pad construction        247
    • 15.1.2  Market size     247
  • 15.2  Key converters and suppliers  248
  • 15.3  Compostable pad solutions    249
  • 15.4  Food-contact regulation            250
  • 15.5  Packaging policy and retailer commitments 250
    • 15.5.1  EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation     250
    • 15.5.2  Retailer commitments            251
  • 15.6  Desiccants and humidity control         251
  • 15.7  Active packaging: antimicrobial and odour-control pads     252
  • 15.8  Cold-chain gel packs for food delivery              252
  • 15.9  Cost comparison            253
  • 15.10  Future Markets forecasts        253

 

16. Markets and Applications: Medical, Healthcare and Pharmaceutical 256

  • 16.1  Overview              256
  • 16.2  Advanced wound care 257
    • 16.2.1  Market context             257
    • 16.2.2  Superabsorbent dressings: the polyacrylate incumbent  258
    • 16.2.3  Biodegradable gelling fibres and hydrogels: the established bio-based incumbents    258
    • 16.2.4  Where biodegradable superabsorbents fit in wound care               259
  • 16.3  Haemostatic agents     260
  • 16.4  Drug delivery and pharmaceutical hydrogels               261
  • 16.5  Gastrointestinal hydrogels: the Plenity case 262
  • 16.6  Ostomy and continence care  263
  • 16.7  Underpads, surgical absorbents and fluid solidifiers             263
  • 16.8  Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine            264
  • 16.9  Regulatory pathway       265
  • 16.10  Value per kilogram and pricing            266
  • 16.11  Market forecast             267
  • 16.12  Competitive dynamics and outlook 269

 

17. Markets and Applications: Industrial, Construction and Environmental 271

  • 17.1  Overview              271
  • 17.2  Cable and fibre-optic water-blocking                272
    • 17.2.1  Function and incumbent products 272
    • 17.2.2  Volumes and growth drivers                273
    • 17.2.3  Biodegradable fit        273
  • 17.3  Concrete: internal curing and self-sealing     273
    • 17.3.1  How SAP works in concrete 273
    • 17.3.2  Market reality 274
    • 17.3.3  Biodegradable fit        274
    • 17.3.4  Construction sealing, waterstops and grouts          275
  • 17.4  Cold packs and the cold chain              275
    • 17.4.1  Function and markets             275
    • 17.4.2  Biodegradable fit        276
  • 17.5  Spill control and liquid solidification 276
  • 17.6  Firefighting gels and water enhancers               277
    • 17.6.1  Function and products           277
    • 17.6.2  Regulatory and market drivers           277
    • 17.6.3  Biodegradable fit        277
  • 17.7  Flood protection and sandless sandbags       277
  • 17.8  Water treatment, adsorption and oil–water separation         278
    • 17.8.1  Heavy metal and dye adsorption     278
    • 17.8.2  Oil–water separation 279
  • 17.9  Mining, tailings and dust suppression              279
    • 17.9.1  Tailings dewatering and rehabilitation          279
    • 17.9.2  Dust suppression and erosion control          279
  • 17.10  Artificial snow and novelty gels           280
  • 17.11  Desiccants and moisture control      280
  • 17.12  Market forecast             281

 

18. Markets and Applications: Consumer, Personal Care, Pet Care and Emerging Applications 284

  • 18.1  Overview              284
  • 18.2  Cosmetics and personal care 285
    • 18.2.1  Superabsorbent and swelling polymers in cosmetics        285
    • 18.2.2  Biodegradable alternatives  286
    • 18.2.3  Hydrogel masks and patches             287
  • 18.3  Pet care 287
    • 18.3.1  Pet training pads and pet diapers    287
    • 18.3.2  Cat litter            287
  • 18.4  Personal absorbent accessories and functional textiles       288
    • 18.4.1  Sweat pads, breast pads and changing mats          288
    • 18.4.2  Superabsorbent fibres and moisture-management textiles           288
  • 18.5  Wipes and household products            289
  • 18.6  Water beads and novelty products      289
  • 18.7  Emerging applications 289
    • 18.7.1  Atmospheric water harvesting          289
    • 18.7.2  Hydrogel electrolytes and energy storage  290
    • 18.7.3  Soft robotics, actuators and sensors            290
    • 18.7.4  3D and 4D printing     290
  • 18.8  Adoption timing               291
  • 18.9  Market forecast                292

 

19. Value Chain and Supply Chain 294

  • 19.1  Value chain structure   294
  • 19.2  Feedstock availability  294
  • 19.3  Manufacturing models                295
  • 19.4  Supply chain bottlenecks          295
  • 19.5  Price build-up along the value chain  296
  • 19.6  Trade flows and logistics           296

 

20. Routes to Market and Business Models 298

  • 20.1  Route options   298
  • 20.2  Qualification pathway in hygiene          298
  • 20.3  Pricing and value proposition 299
  • 20.4  Partnership models       299
  • 20.5  Pricing strategies             299

 

21. Technology Readiness 301

  • 21.1  Assessment framework              301
  • 21.2  Scale-up challenges     302
  • 21.3  Readiness by application          303

 

22. Commercialisation Prospects and Developer Assessment 304

  • 22.1  Scoring framework         304
  • 22.2  Scores by developer      304
  • 22.3  Scores by platform         306
  • 22.4  Critical success factors and risks        306

 

23. Global Market Forecasts 2023–2037 307

  • 23.1  Forecast summary        307
  • 23.2  Context: share of the total SAP market             308
  • 23.3  Forecasts by material class     309
  • 23.4  Forecasts by application            312
  • 23.5  Material class by application  313
  • 23.6  Forecasts by sub-application 315
    • 23.6.1  Baby diapers 315
    • 23.6.2  Adult incontinence    316
    • 23.6.3  Feminine hygiene       316
    • 23.6.4  Agriculture & horticulture      317
    • 23.6.5  Food packaging           318
    • 23.6.6  Medical & wound care             319
    • 23.6.7  Industrial & other        319
  • 23.7  Forecasts by region       320
  • 23.8  Scenario analysis           322

 

24. Regional Markets 325

  • 24.1  Regional overview          325
  • 24.2  Europe   326
    • 24.2.1  Country highlights     327
  • 24.3  Asia-Pacific        328
    • 24.3.1  Country highlights     329
  • 24.4  North America  329
    • 24.4.1  Country highlights     330
  • 24.5  Latin America    330
    • 24.5.1  Country highlights     331
  • 24.6  Middle East & Africa      331
    • 24.6.1  Country highlights     332

 

25. Competitive Landscape 333

  • 25.1  Market structure              333
    • 25.1.1  Supplier shares by type of player      334
  • 25.2  Developer and producer landscape   335
    • 25.2.1  Reading the landscape           339
  • 25.3  Incumbent polyacrylate producers     339
    • 25.3.1  Incumbent strategic options               340
  • 25.4  Strategic mapping by type of player    341
  • 25.5  Funding and investment             342
    • 25.5.1  Investor types                344
  • 25.6  Partnerships, M&A and licensing          344
  • 25.6.1  Partnerships and collaborations      344
  • 25.6.2  Mergers, acquisitions and divestments       345
  • 25.6.3  Licensing         346
  • 25.7  Intellectual property landscape            346
  • 25.8  SWOT analysis 348
  • 25.9  Porter's five forces          348
  • 25.10  Competitive positioning          349
  • 25.11  Key success factors   350

 

26. Technology Roadmap and Outlook 352

  • 26.1  Outlook summary          352
  • 26.2  Technology roadmap 2026–2037         352
    • 26.2.1  Phase 1, 2026–2028: proof and niche commercialisation               352
    • 26.2.2  Phase 2, 2029–2032: scale and premium mainstreaming              352
    • 26.2.3  Phase 3, 2033–2037: mainstream competition     353
  • 26.3  Cost, capacity and regulation roadmap          354
  • 26.4  Milestones and leading indicators       355
  • 26.5  Strategic recommendations by stakeholder  356
    • 26.5.1  SAP incumbents         357
    • 26.5.2  Hygiene brand owners            357
    • 26.5.3  Start-ups and technology developers           357
    • 26.5.4  Feedstock suppliers 357
    • 26.5.5  Agricultural input companies             357
    • 26.5.6  Investors          357
    • 26.5.7  Policymakers 357
  • 26.6  Wildcards            358

 

27. Company Profiles 359 (58 company profiles)

 

Appendix A: Research Methodology 476

 

Appendix B: References 477

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials: historical and forecast market, 2023–2037.          26
  • Table 2. Biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by application and region, 2027 and 2037 (US$ million).             26
  • Table 3. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials: global market summary, 2027–2037.         27
  • Table 4. Emerging biodegradable superabsorbent platforms: summary assessment versus sodium polyacrylate.  29
  • Table 5. Scope parameters of this report.   31
  • Table 6. Terminology and how each claim is verified.          33
  • Table 7. Inclusion and exclusion rules for common material types.          34
  • Table 8. Segmentation by material class, with Future Markets volume estimates.          34
  • Table 9. Segmentation by application: scope and functional requirements.       35
  • Table 10. Regional segmentation, with Future Markets volume estimates.          36
  • Table 11. Data sources and how they are used in the model.        37
  • Table 12. Implied penetration of biodegradable superabsorbents in hygiene SAP demand, base case.                37
  • Table 13. Average selling prices and implied learning rates by material class, base case.          38
  • Table 14. Forecast scenarios and key assumptions.           39
  • Table 15. Timeline of superabsorbent materials, 1960–2028.       42
  • Table 16. Market drivers and restraints by category and application.       43
  • Table 17. Contributions to the swelling of a superabsorbent network.     46
  • Table 18. Indicative absorbency of superabsorbent classes in different test fluids.       48
  • Table 19. Network design variables and their effect on key properties.   49
  • Table 20. Permeability and kinetic properties for different core designs (indicative).     50
  • Table 21. Crosslinker chemistries for superabsorbent networks: comparison. 51
  • Table 22. Standard test methods for superabsorbent materials. 53
  • Table 23. Test fluids used for superabsorbent evaluation.               54
  • Table 24. Biodegradation mechanisms and indicative rates by material class. 55
  • Table 25. Biodegradation test standards relevant to superabsorbent materials.              56
  • Table 26. How hygiene converters evaluate a new superabsorbent.         59
  • Table 27. Global SAP market: key indicators.           61
  • Table 28. Global SAP demand by end-use market, 2020–2035 (thousand tonnes, dry weight).              61
  • Table 29. Global SAP revenues by end-use market, 2020–2035 (US$ million).  62
  • Table 30. SAP revenues in personal hygiene by product, 2020–2035 (US$ million).       62
  • Table 31. Typical SAP content of absorbent hygiene products.     62
  • Table 32. Global SAP demand by region, 2020–2035 (thousand tonnes).              63
  • Table 33. Leading sodium polyacrylate SAP producers and indicative capacities.          63
  • Table 34. Global SAP production capacity by region and utilisation.        64
  • Table 35. SAP raw material cost structure (incumbent polyacrylate).      64
  • Table 36. SAP raw material price trends, 2020–2025 (US$/kg).    65
  • Table 37. Incumbent SAP manufacturing cost breakdown (world-scale plant). 65
  • Table 38. Incumbent SAP producers: sustainability positioning and implications for biodegradable entrants.           66
  • Table 39. Chain-of-custody models relevant to bio-based SAP claims. 68
  • Table 40. Certification and labelling schemes for bio-based and bio-attributed SAP.    69
  • Table 41. Commercial bio-attributed and biomass-containing polyacrylate SAP offerings.      70
  • Table 42. Why brand owners adopt mass-balance SAP before biodegradable SAP.        71
  • Table 43. Physically bio-based acrylic acid routes compared.      72
  • Table 44. Indicative economics of bio-acrylic acid routes compared with fossil acrylic acid. 74
  • Table 45. Bio-based options for SAP crosslinkers and minor components.         75
  • Table 46. Used-diaper recycling and SAP recovery initiatives.       76
  • Table 47. Indicative cradle-to-gate carbon footprints of SAP options.     76
  • Table 48. Bio-attributed polyacrylate versus biodegradable superabsorbents by end-use market.     78
  • Table 49. Mass-balance and bio-attributed polyacrylate SAP forecast compared with total SAP and biodegradable superabsorbents, 2027–2037 (kt). 78
  • Table 50. Future Markets estimate of mass-balance polyacrylate SAP demand by region, 2027 and 2037 (kt).       78
  • Table 51. Polysaccharide families covered in this chapter: structure, native charge and primary absorbency route.      80
  • Table 52. Polysaccharide-based materials within the biodegradable superabsorbent market, 2027–2037 (volume kt; revenue US$ million).    81
  • Table 53. Starch sources for superabsorbent production.               83
  • Table 54. Routes to introduce absorbency into starch.      84
  • Table 55. Starch-based superabsorbents: indicative performance by route (0.9% NaCl unless stated).                86
  • Table 56. Starch-graft hybrid superabsorbents (non-biodegradable comparators, excluded from market totals).               87
  • Table 57. Starch-based biodegradable superabsorbent developers and products.        88
  • Table 58. Starch-based superabsorbents: summary.         89
  • Table 59. Carboxymethyl cellulose for superabsorbents: effect of degree of substitution and crosslinking (indicative).        90
  • Table 60. Oxidised and phosphorylated cellulose routes for absorbents.             92
  • Table 61. Nanocellulose roles in superabsorbent systems.            93
  • Table 62. Nanocellulose producers relevant to absorbent and hygiene applications.  93
  • Table 63. Cellulose-based superabsorbent developers and products.   95
  • Table 64. Cellulose-based superabsorbents: indicative performance (0.9% NaCl unless stated).       95
  • Table 65. Cellulose-based superabsorbents: summary.  96
  • Table 66. Hemicellulose and lignin-containing absorbents: summary.  97
  • Table 67. Chitosan derivatives for absorbent applications.            98
  • Table 68. Chitin and chitosan absorbents: summary.        99
  • Table 69. Alginate absorbents: summary.  100
  • Table 70. Carrageenan and agar absorbents: summary.  101
  • Table 71. Pectin and fruit-waste absorbents: summary.   102
  • Table 72. Microbial and plant gums for absorbents: summary.    103
  • Table 73. Hyaluronic acid absorbents: summary. 104
  • Table 74. Polysaccharide composite strategies.     105
  • Table 75. Polysaccharide-based superabsorbents: cross-family comparison. 106
  • Table 76. Technology readiness of polysaccharide-based absorbent sub-platforms (2026).   107
  • Table 77. Future Markets estimates: starch- and cellulose-based sub-segments, 2027 and 2037 (kt).                108
  • Table 78. Future Markets estimates: chitosan, alginate and other polysaccharides by material, 2027 and 2037.  108
  • Table 79. Implied average selling prices of polysaccharide-based biodegradable absorbents, 2027–2037 (US$/kg).              108
  • Table 80. Platforms covered in this chapter: chemistry and positioning.               110
  • Table 81. Future Markets forecast for the platforms in this chapter, volume (kt) and revenue (US$ million), 2027–2037. 111
  • Table 82. γ-PGA fermentation and recovery: indicative process parameters.     113
  • Table 83. Crosslinking methods for γ-PGA superabsorbents.        113
  • Table 84. Selected γ-PGA producers and developers relevant to superabsorbents.      114
  • Table 85. γ-PGA superabsorbents: summary assessment.             115
  • Table 86. Polyaspartic acid production routes.       116
  • Table 87. Polyaspartate producers and SAP developers.  117
  • Table 88. Polyaspartate superabsorbents: summary assessment.           117
  • Table 89. ε-Poly-L-lysine in superabsorbent applications: summary.      118
  • Table 90. ZymoChem BAYSE™: reported performance versus a leading petroleum SAP (March 2026, third-party testing).    119
  • Table 91. Fermentation-derived bio-monomer SAPs: summary assessment.   120
  • Table 92. Itaconic acid market and supply indicators relevant to SAP.     121
  • Table 93. Poly(itaconic acid) polymerisation challenges and mitigation strategies.        121
  • Table 94. Itaconate superabsorbents: summary assessment.     122
  • Table 95. Bio-based diacids and polycarboxylic acids in biodegradable superabsorbents.      123
  • Table 96. Protein feedstocks for superabsorbents.              124
  • Table 97. Selected protein and protein-hybrid superabsorbent developers and projects.          125
  • Table 98. Protein and protein-hybrid superabsorbents: summary assessment.               125
  • Table 99. Biodegradable synthetic superabsorbent and hydrogel chemistries. 126
  • Table 100. Biodegradable synthetic superabsorbents: summary assessment. 126
  • Table 101. Hybrid and composite strategies for biodegradable superabsorbents.          127
  • Table 102. Risks associated with "partially biodegradable" superabsorbent claims.     128
  • Table 103. Cross-platform comparison of polypeptide, fermentation-derived, protein, synthetic and hybrid superabsorbents against sodium polyacrylate.      129
  • Table 104. Strengths, weaknesses and critical milestones by platform. 129
  • Table 105. Sodium polyacrylate process steps and typical operating parameters.         132
  • Table 106. Comparison of commercial polyacrylate polymerisation technologies.        133
  • Table 107. Indicative cost structure of a world-scale sodium polyacrylate plant.            133
  • Table 108. Process route families by biodegradable superabsorbent platform. 134
  • Table 109. Starch modification routes for superabsorbent manufacture.             135
  • Table 110. Cellulose-based superabsorbent process routes.       136
  • Table 111. Fermentation performance parameters and their economic significance.  137
  • Table 112. Fermentation scale classes and indicative annual output for a superabsorbent intermediate.                137
  • Table 113. Polysuccinimide routes to PASP superabsorbents.     138
  • Table 114. Drying technologies for biodegradable superabsorbents.       138
  • Table 115. Compatibility of biodegradable platforms with existing polyacrylate SAP lines.       139
  • Table 116. Typical release specifications for hygiene-grade superabsorbents and biodegradable-specific additions.     140
  • Table 117. Indicative drying burden and drying energy cost by route.       141
  • Table 118. Indicative capital cost per tonne of annual capacity by route and scale (US$/t).     141
  • Table 119. Indicative cash cost of production by route and plant scale (US$/kg).           142
  • Table 120. Indicative world-scale cash cost build-up for three representative routes (US$/kg product).                143
  • Table 121. Sensitivity of world-scale cash cost to key variables (change in US$/kg).     144
  • Table 122. Indicative learning-curve projection of world-scale cash costs (US$/kg, base scenario).  145
  • Table 123. Indicative economics by plant size for a starch- or CMC-based superabsorbent plant.      145
  • Table 124. Build vs toll vs license: indicative economics for a 10 kt/yr biodegradable superabsorbent business.         146
  • Table 125. Feedstocks for biodegradable superabsorbents: summary. 147
  • Table 126. Starch sources for superabsorbent manufacture.       148
  • Table 127. Cellulose pulp feedstocks for biodegradable superabsorbents.        150
  • Table 128. Selected carboxymethyl cellulose producers. 151
  • Table 129. Selected micro- and nanocellulose producers and capacities.          151
  • Table 130. Fermentation carbon sources for biodegradable superabsorbents. 152
  • Table 131. Amino acid and PASP feedstocks.           153
  • Table 132. Itaconic acid supply profile.        154
  • Table 133. Marine feedstocks for biodegradable superabsorbents.          154
  • Table 134. Selected waste and residue feedstocks.            155
  • Table 135. Protein feedstocks for superabsorbent materials.        156
  • Table 136. Crosslinkers and process reagents.       157
  • Table 137. Indicative feedstock consumption per tonne of biodegradable superabsorbent.    157
  • Table 138. Feedstock requirement scenario for 2037 by BSAM class (base case, 322 kt).          158
  • Table 139. 2037 feedstock requirement as a share of current global supply.      159
  • Table 140. Sustainability and regulatory exposure of BSAM feedstocks. 160
  • Table 141. Supply-risk matrix for biodegradable superabsorbent feedstocks.   160
  • Table 142. Minimum performance requirements by application and fit of biodegradable platforms. 163
  • Table 143. Indicative cost of production and route to cost parity.               164
  • Table 144. Average selling prices by material class, 2027–2037 (US$/kg).            165
  • Table 145. Sustainability comparison of superabsorbent routes.               166
  • Table 146. Indicators of absorbent hygiene product waste.            167
  • Table 147. SAP entering the post-consumer waste stream via hygiene products (Future Markets estimate, 2026, dry basis).   168
  • Table 148. Component-by-component biodegradability of a baby diaper.           169
  • Table 149. Indicative end-of-life fate of used absorbent hygiene products by region (Future Markets estimate, 2026).          170
  • Table 150. Industrial composting requirements and how diaper components perform.              171
  • Table 151. Selected diaper and AHP recycling initiatives. 172
  • Table 152. Compostable diaper collection models.            173
  • Table 153. Soil fate of sodium polyacrylate versus biodegradable superabsorbents (indicative).         174
  • Table 154. Indicative carbon footprint drivers by superabsorbent route.                176
  • Table 155. Indicative contribution analysis for a thin-core baby diaper (cradle-to-grave, incineration end-of-life).     177
  • Table 156. Scenario: greenhouse-gas effect of switching the absorbent in one baby diaper (indicative, g CO₂e per diaper).        178
  • Table 157. Common pitfalls in superabsorbent and AHP life-cycle claims.         178
  • Table 158. Status of common absorbent-product claims by jurisdiction (Q4 2026).     180
  • Table 159. Certification marks relevant to biodegradable superabsorbents and absorbent products.                180
  • Table 160. End-of-life value of biodegradable superabsorbents by application and region.      181
  • Table 161. Principal regulatory instruments affecting biodegradable superabsorbents.             183
  • Table 162. Definition of synthetic polymer microparticles under REACH entry 78.         184
  • Table 163. Summary of degradability routes in Appendix 15 of REACH Annex XVII (indicative summary).                185
  • Table 164. Derogations in REACH entry 78 relevant to superabsorbents.              186
  • Table 165. Transitional periods under REACH entry 78.    186
  • Table 166. Information and reporting obligations relevant to SAP users.                187
  • Table 167. CMC 9 biodegradability criteria for water-retention polymers and coating agents (Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/2770).               188
  • Table 168. Timeline of polymer rules in EU fertilising products.   189
  • Table 169. Single-Use Plastics Directive measures relevant to absorbent products.     190
  • Table 170. PPWR provisions relevant to absorbent food pads.     190
  • Table 171. EUDR timeline and relevance to superabsorbent feedstocks.             191
  • Table 172. Product-regime requirements for biodegradable superabsorbents in food, medical and cosmetic uses.             193
  • Table 173. Selected national measures in EU member states.     193
  • Table 174. Selected US state laws relevant to biodegradable superabsorbents and absorbent products.                195
  • Table 175. Regulatory drivers for biodegradable superabsorbents by region (Q4 2026).             197
  • Table 176. Key biodegradation test methods and specifications for superabsorbents.               198
  • Table 177. Bio-based content and chain-of-custody standards. 199
  • Table 178. Certification bodies and schemes for biodegradable and bio-based materials.      200
  • Table 179. Regulatory timeline for biodegradable superabsorbents, 2019–2035.           201
  • Table 180. Regulatory impact matrix by application (Future Markets assessment, Q4 2026). 203
  • Table 181. Global absorbent hygiene product market: indicative size, 2027.     206
  • Table 182. Demographic indicators relevant to AHP demand, selected markets.            206
  • Table 183. Future Markets estimate of hygiene SAP demand by product, 2027–2037 (kt, all SAP types).                207
  • Table 184. Indicative SAP content by hygiene product.      207
  • Table 185. Evolution of baby diaper absorbent core design.          209
  • Table 186. Indicative SAP specification windows by hygiene product (0.9% saline unless stated).      210
  • Table 187. Leading absorbent hygiene brand owners and indicative global retail value shares.             211
  • Table 188. Sustainability commitments of leading hygiene companies relevant to superabsorbents.                212
  • Table 189. Eco and premium diaper brands: positioning and absorbent core.   213
  • Table 190. Retail price tiers and the effect of a biodegradable SAP premium (baby diaper, size 4, US$).                214
  • Table 191. End-of-life systems for absorbent hygiene products and their implications for SAP.             215
  • Table 192. Feminine and period care product formats: absorbent materials and fit for biodegradable SAP.      216
  • Table 193. Organic and plastic-free feminine care brands and their absorbent cores. 217
  • Table 194. Leading adult incontinence brands and channels.      218
  • Table 195. Adult incontinence product types: SAP loading and biodegradable SAP adoption outlook.                219
  • Table 196. Barriers to adoption of biodegradable superabsorbents in hygiene. 219
  • Table 197. Cost per product of biodegradable SAP at different price points (US$ per product, extra cost over fossil SAP at US$2.2/kg).            220
  • Table 198. Fit of biodegradable superabsorbent platforms and developers with hygiene products.    220
  • Table 199. Biodegradable superabsorbent demand in hygiene by segment, 2027–2037 (volume, kt).                223
  • Table 200. Biodegradable superabsorbent revenue in hygiene by segment, 2027–2037 (US$ million).                223
  • Table 201. Biodegradable superabsorbents in baby diapers by sub-segment, 2027–2037 (Future Markets estimates).  224
  • Table 202. Biodegradable superabsorbents in adult incontinence by sub-segment, 2027–2037 (Future Markets estimates).  225
  • Table 203. Biodegradable superabsorbents in feminine hygiene by product, 2027–2037 (Future Markets estimates).      225
  • Table 204. Biodegradable superabsorbent penetration of hygiene SAP demand, 2027–2037 (Future Markets estimates).  225
  • Table 205. Implied average selling prices of biodegradable superabsorbents in hygiene (US$/kg).     226
  • Table 206. Indicative performance of agricultural superabsorbents in soil.         228
  • Table 207. Agronomic benefits claimed for superabsorbents and the conditions in which they are realised.            229
  • Table 208. Application methods and typical dose rates for agricultural superabsorbents.        229
  • Table 209. Selected incumbent agricultural water-retention polymer products.              231
  • Table 210. Indicative price ladder for agricultural water-retention polymers, 2026.       232
  • Table 211. Global market for superabsorbents in agriculture, all chemistries, 2020–2035.      233
  • Table 212. Biodegradable share of agricultural superabsorbent demand, 2027–2037. 233
  • Table 213. Regional drivers of agricultural superabsorbent demand.      233
  • Table 214. Regulatory measures affecting agricultural superabsorbents.            237
  • Table 215. Biodegradable agricultural superabsorbent technologies compared.            239
  • Table 216. Biodegradable agricultural superabsorbents by chemistry, 2027–2037 (kt).              239
  • Table 217. Functional-life requirements by application and fit with biodegradable superabsorbents.                240
  • Table 218. Selected field and greenhouse evidence for agricultural superabsorbents. 241
  • Table 219. Indicative per-hectare economics of biodegradable superabsorbents by use.         241
  • Table 220. Distribution channels for agricultural superabsorbents.          242
  • Table 221. Developers of biodegradable superabsorbents targeting agriculture and horticulture.       243
  • Table 222. Biodegradable superabsorbents in agriculture by sub-application, volume, 2027–2037. 243
  • Table 223. Biodegradable superabsorbents in agriculture by sub-application, revenue, 2027–2037. 244
  • Table 224. Biodegradable superabsorbents in agriculture by region, volume, 2027–2037 (kt).               245
  • Table 225. Key forecast assumptions and sensitivities for agricultural biodegradable superabsorbents.                245
  • Table 226. Absorbent pad requirements by food category.              246
  • Table 227. Pad formats and indicative materials.  247
  • Table 228. Superabsorbent use in food packaging and the biodegradable share, 2027–2037. 248
  • Table 229. Selected food absorbent pad converters and absorbent-material suppliers.            248
  • Table 230. Compostable and lower-impact pad solutions.             249
  • Table 231. Food-contact regulation relevant to superabsorbent pads.   250
  • Table 232. Packaging policy measures affecting food absorbent pads.  251
  • Table 233. Moisture-control materials for food packaging compared.    251
  • Table 234. Cold-chain gel pack options for food delivery. 252
  • Table 235. Indicative cost comparison: conventional versus compostable absorbent pads.  253
  • Table 236. Biodegradable superabsorbents in food packaging by sub-application, volume, 2027–2037.                253
  • Table 237. Biodegradable superabsorbents in food packaging by sub-application, revenue, 2027–2037.                254
  • Table 238. Biodegradable superabsorbents in food packaging by chemistry and region, volume, 2027–2037 (kt).          254
  • Table 239. Medical and healthcare: the segment at a glance.       256
  • Table 240. Advanced wound dressing categories and their absorbent chemistry.           257
  • Table 241. Biodegradable absorbent materials used in wound care: properties and indicative pricing.                259
  • Table 242. Wound care: biodegradable SAP opportunity assessment.   260
  • Table 243. Polysaccharide and bio-derived haemostatic agents.               261
  • Table 244. Pharmaceutical uses of swelling and superabsorbent hydrogels.     261
  • Table 245. Medical absorbent and solidifier applications: requirements and biodegradable fit.           264
  • Table 246. Key regulatory frameworks for superabsorbent medical products.   265
  • Table 247. Indicative qualification timeline and cost for a biodegradable SAP entering a medical device.                266
  • Table 248. Value chain economics: absorbent material versus finished device value. 267
  • Table 249. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials in medical and healthcare: volume by sub-segment, 2027–2037 (kt).     267
  • Table 250. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials in medical and healthcare: revenue by sub-segment, 2027–2037 (US$ million). 267
  • Table 251. Indicative material mix of biodegradable superabsorbents in medical and healthcare, 2027 and 2037 (share of segment volume).           268
  • Table 252. Strategic positioning of selected companies in medical absorbents.             269
  • Table 253. Industrial, construction and environmental applications: SAP function and biodegradable fit.                271
  • Table 254. Water-blocking materials in cables: types and requirements.              272
  • Table 255. SAP in cementitious materials: functions and typical parameters.   274
  • Table 256. Cold pack technologies and absorbent content.           275
  • Table 257. Spill control and solidification: requirements and biodegradable SAP fit.    276
  • Table 258. Firefighting and flood protection: requirements and biodegradable fit.          278
  • Table 259. Water treatment and environmental uses: technology status.             278
  • Table 260. Mining and land-surface applications: biodegradable SAP opportunities.   280
  • Table 261. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials in industrial, construction and environmental applications: volume, 2027–2037 (kt).         281
  • Table 262. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials in industrial, construction and environmental applications: revenue, 2027–2037 (US$ million).  281
  • Table 263. Reconciliation of the "Industrial and other" application category, 2027–2037.        282
  • Table 264. Industrial applications: adoption drivers, barriers and lead customers.        282
  • Table 265. Consumer and emerging applications: function, incumbent and biodegradable fit.             284
  • Table 266. EU microplastics restriction (Regulation (EU) 2023/2055): timelines relevant to superabsorbent and swelling polymers.      285
  • Table 267. Biodegradable superabsorbent and hydrogel ingredients for cosmetics.     286
  • Table 268. Pet care: absorbent product types and biodegradable SAP opportunity.      288
  • Table 269. Emerging applications of superabsorbent and hydrogel materials: technology status.       290
  • Table 270. Adoption timing for biodegradable superabsorbents in consumer and emerging applications.                291
  • Table 271. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials in consumer, personal care, pet care and emerging applications: volume, 2027–2037 (kt).         292
  • Table 272. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials in consumer, personal care, pet care and emerging applications: revenue, 2027–2037 (US$ million).  292
  • Table 273. Feedstock availability and risk for biodegradable superabsorbent platforms.           294
  • Table 274. Manufacturing models for biodegradable superabsorbents. 295
  • Table 275. Indicative biodegradable superabsorbent capacity outlook (hygiene-grade and agri-grade, t/yr).     296
  • Table 276. Indicative value build-up for a biodegradable superabsorbent in hygiene, 2027 vs 2037 (US$/kg of absorbent).            296
  • Table 277. Logistics and handling considerations: biodegradable vs polyacrylate SAP.               297
  • Table 278. Routes to market for biodegradable superabsorbent developers.      298
  • Table 279. Typical hygiene qualification pathway for a new superabsorbent.     298
  • Table 280. Partnership and commercial models observed in biodegradable superabsorbents.            299
  • Table 281. Pricing strategies by segment for biodegradable superabsorbents. 299
  • Table 282. Technology readiness by developer, Q4 2026. 301
  • Table 283. Principal scale-up challenges by platform.       302
  • Table 284. Technology readiness of biodegradable superabsorbents by application, Q4 2026 (best available platform).   303
  • Table 285. Readiness milestones to watch, 2026–2030.  303
  • Table 286. Commercialisation prospects scoring framework.      304
  • Table 287. Commercialisation prospects: developer scorecard (1 = low, 5 = high).        304
  • Table 288. Commercialisation prospects by platform and segment, 2030 and 2037.   306
  • Table 289. Key risks to the forecast.                306
  • Table 290. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials: global volume, revenue and average price, 2023–2037.  307
  • Table 291. Biodegradable superabsorbents in the context of the total SAP market, 2027–2037.          308
  • Table 292. Global demand for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by material class, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).    309
  • Table 293. Global revenues for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by material class, 2023–2037 (US$ million). 310
  • Table 294. Average selling prices by material class, 2023–2037 (US$/kg).            311
  • Table 295. Global demand for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).    312
  • Table 296. Global revenues for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by application, 2023–2037 (US$ million). 313
  • Table 297. Biodegradable superabsorbent demand by material class and application, 2027 (thousand tonnes).             313
  • Table 298. Biodegradable superabsorbent demand by material class and application, 2037 (thousand tonnes).             314
  • Table 299. Baby diapers: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by sub-application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).    315
  • Table 300. Baby diapers: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by sub-application, 2023–2037 (US$ million).             315
  • Table 301. Adult incontinence: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by sub-application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).    316
  • Table 302. Adult incontinence: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by sub-application, 2023–2037 (US$ million). 316
  • Table 303. Feminine hygiene: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by sub-application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).    317
  • Table 304. Feminine hygiene: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by sub-application, 2023–2037 (US$ million). 317
  • Table 305. Agriculture & horticulture: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by sub-application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).         317
  • Table 306. Agriculture & horticulture: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by sub-application, 2023–2037 (US$ million).      317
  • Table 307. Food packaging: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by sub-application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).    318
  • Table 308. Food packaging: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by sub-application, 2023–2037 (US$ million). 318
  • Table 309. Medical & wound care: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by sub-application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).       319
  • Table 310. Medical & wound care: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by sub-application, 2023–2037 (US$ million).    319
  • Table 311. Industrial & other: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by sub-application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).    319
  • Table 312. Industrial & other: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by sub-application, 2023–2037 (US$ million). 320
  • Table 313. Global demand for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by region, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).             320
  • Table 314. Global revenues for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by region, 2023–2037 (US$ million).             321
  • Table 315. Biodegradable superabsorbent demand by region and application, 2027 (thousand tonnes).                321
  • Table 316. Biodegradable superabsorbent demand by region and application, 2037 (thousand tonnes).                322
  • Table 317. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials: scenario analysis, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).                322
  • Table 318. Scenario assumptions.  323
  • Table 319. Sensitivity of 2037 base-case revenue to key assumptions. 323
  • Table 320. Regional market comparison, 2027 and 2037.               325
  • Table 321. Europe: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).             326
  • Table 322. Europe: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by country, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).                327
  • Table 323. Europe: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by country, 2023–2037 (US$ million).  327
  • Table 324. Asia-Pacific: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).             328
  • Table 325. Asia-Pacific: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by country, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).             328
  • Table 326. Asia-Pacific: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by country, 2023–2037 (US$ million).                328
  • Table 327. North America: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).    329
  • Table 328. North America: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by country, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).             330
  • Table 329. North America: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by country, 2023–2037 (US$ million).             330
  • Table 330. Latin America: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).             330
  • Table 331. Latin America: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by country, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).             330
  • Table 332. Latin America: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by country, 2023–2037 (US$ million).             331
  • Table 333. Middle East & Africa: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by application, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).    331
  • Table 334. Middle East & Africa: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by country, 2023–2037 (thousand tonnes).    331
  • Table 335. Middle East & Africa: biodegradable superabsorbent revenues by country, 2023–2037 (US$ million).             332
  • Table 336. Structural comparison of the conventional and biodegradable superabsorbent industries, 2026.  333
  • Table 337. Estimated 2026 supplier shares of the biodegradable superabsorbent market by type of player. 334
  • Table 338. Specialist biodegradable superabsorbent developers (start-ups and scale-ups).  335
  • Table 339. Established chemical, fermentation and materials companies with biodegradable superabsorbent or precursor activity.            336
  • Table 340. Cellulose nanofibre, pulp and research organisations active in absorbent materials.         337
  • Table 341. Application integrators: food pads, medical absorbents, agriculture and hygiene brand owners.             338
  • Table 342. Incumbent polyacrylate SAP producers: estimated capacity and sustainability strategy. 339
  • Table 343. Strategic options for incumbent SAP producers in biodegradable superabsorbents.           340
  • Table 344. Strategic mapping: who controls what in the biodegradable superabsorbent value chain.                341
  • Table 345. Player-type strategies and competitive advantages.   342
  • Table 346. Disclosed funding rounds, grants and financing for biodegradable superabsorbent developers, 2018–2026.        342
  • Table 347. Disclosed funding by developer type, 2020–2026 (US$ million, approximate).         343
  • Table 348. Investor types in biodegradable superabsorbents and their typical role.       344
  • Table 349. Selected partnerships and collaborations in biodegradable and bio-based superabsorbents.                344
  • Table 350. Mergers, acquisitions, divestments and restructurings relevant to biodegradable superabsorbents, 2020–2026.           345
  • Table 351. Key patent themes and representative assignees in biodegradable and bio-based superabsorbents.       346
  • Table 352. Indicative patent filing trends for biodegradable and bio-based superabsorbents by region of first filing.         347
  • Table 353. SWOT analysis of the biodegradable superabsorbent industry.          348
  • Table 354. Porter's five forces assessment for biodegradable superabsorbent producers, 2026–2030.                348
  • Table 355. Competitive positioning of leading biodegradable superabsorbent players (1 = weak, 5 = strong).              349
  • Table 356. Key success factors by target segment.               350
  • Table 357. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials: base-case outlook by phase.     352
  • Table 358. Technology roadmap by platform, 2026–2037.              353
  • Table 359. Cost and capacity roadmap for hygiene-grade biodegradable superabsorbents (indicative).                354
  • Table 360. Regulatory and standards roadmap affecting biodegradable superabsorbents.     354
  • Table 361. Adoption roadmap by application, 2026–2037.             355
  • Table 362. Milestones to watch and leading indicators, 2026–2032.        355
  • Table 363. Strategic recommendations by stakeholder.    356
  • Table 364. Wildcards that could change the outlook.         358

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Global demand for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by application, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).    27
  • Figure 2. Global demand for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by material class, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).    28
  • Figure 3. Global revenues for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by application, 2027–2037 (US$ million).             28
  • Figure 4. Modelled equilibrium free swelling of networks with high, medium and low fixed-charge density as a function of external NaCl concentration (illustrative Flory–Donnan model with identical crosslink density).      47
  • Figure 5. Typical qualification pathway for a new superabsorbent material in hygiene products.          58
  • Figure 6. Feedstock scale versus indicative cost of absorbent-grade material for the main polysaccharide families (indicative).             82
  • Figure 7. Indicative centrifuge retention capacity in 0.9% saline by polysaccharide family versus sodium polyacrylate.  106
  • Figure 8. Forecast volume of poly(amino acid), fermentation-derived, itaconate, protein and biodegradable synthetic superabsorbents, 2027–2037 (kt).          112
  • Figure 9. Indicative cash cost of production versus plant capacity for biodegradable superabsorbent routes, against the sodium polyacrylate cost band.            143
  • Figure 10. Sensitivity of the world-scale cash cost of a fermentation bio-monomer superabsorbent (base case US$3.15/kg) to key variables.    144
  • Figure 11. Aggregate feedstock and reagent requirement for biodegradable superabsorbents in 2037, base case (kt/yr).         159
  • Figure 12. Indicative CRC (0.9% saline) versus AUL (0.7 psi) envelopes for biodegradable superabsorbent platforms and sodium polyacrylate.         162
  • Figure 13. Attribute scorecard for superabsorbent material classes (1 = weak, 5 = strong).      163
  • Figure 14. Indicative cash cost of production by superabsorbent route (US$/kg).           164
  • Figure 15. Forecast average selling prices by biodegradable superabsorbent material class, 2027–2037 (US$/kg), against the incumbent price band.           165
  • Figure 16. Indicative mass composition of a conventional and an "eco" baby diaper (dry basis).         169
  • Figure 17. Indicative cradle-to-gate fossil greenhouse-gas emissions of superabsorbent routes (kg CO₂e per kg absorbent; excludes biogenic carbon uptake and end-of-life).     176
  • Figure 18. Regulatory milestones affecting biodegradable superabsorbent materials, 2019–2035.   201
  • Figure 19. Indicative SAP content per product across the absorbent hygiene category (grams per product, typical range).          209
  • Figure 20. Expected adoption sequence for biodegradable superabsorbents across hygiene products, 2027–2037.    221
  • Figure 21. Biodegradable superabsorbent demand in hygiene by segment, 2027–2037 (kt).   224
  • Figure 22. Biodegradable superabsorbents in agriculture, horticulture and land restoration by region, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).         235
  • Figure 23. Biodegradable superabsorbents in agriculture, horticulture and land restoration by sub-application, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).             244
  • Figure 24. Biodegradable superabsorbents in food packaging by sub-application, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).             254
  • Figure 25. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials in medical and healthcare: revenue by sub-segment, 2027–2037 (US$ million). 268
  • Figure 26. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials in industrial, construction and environmental applications: revenue by sub-segment, 2027–2037 (US$ million).            282
  • Figure 27. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials in consumer, personal care, pet care and emerging applications: revenue by sub-segment, 2027–2037 (US$ million).            293
  • Figure 28. Biodegradable superabsorbent materials value chain.              294
  • Figure 29. Technology readiness of biodegradable superabsorbent platforms and developers, Q4 2026.                301
  • Figure 30. Commercialisation prospects matrix: technical and commercial feasibility versus market pull (bubble size indicates relative scale of funding, capacity and partnerships).           305
  • Figure 31. Global revenues for biodegradable superabsorbent materials, 2023–2037 (US$ million). 308
  • Figure 32. Biodegradable and bio-attributed (mass-balance) superabsorbents as a share of global SAP volume, 2027–2037 (%).        309
  • Figure 33. Global demand for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by material class, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).    310
  • Figure 34. Global revenues for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by material class, 2027–2037 (US$ million). 311
  • Figure 35. Forecast average selling prices by material class, 2027–2037 (US$/kg), against the incumbent price band.      312
  • Figure 36. Global demand for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by application, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).    313
  • Figure 37. Biodegradable superabsorbent demand by material class and application, 2037 (thousand tonnes).             315
  • Figure 38. Baby diapers: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by sub-application, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).    316
  • Figure 39. Agriculture & horticulture: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by sub-application, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).       318
  • Figure 40. Industrial & other: biodegradable superabsorbent demand by sub-application, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).    320
  • Figure 41. Global revenues for biodegradable superabsorbent materials by region, 2027–2037 (US$ million).             321
  • Figure 42. Biodegradable superabsorbent demand by region and application, 2037 (thousand tonnes).                322
  • Figure 43. Scenario analysis for global biodegradable superabsorbent demand, 2027–2037 (thousand tonnes).             323
  • Figure 44. Revenue CAGR by region, 2027–2037 (%).         325
  • Figure 45. Fifteen largest country markets for biodegradable superabsorbents by 2037 revenue (US$ million).             326
  • Figure 46. Estimated 2026 shares of biodegradable superabsorbent volume and revenue by type of player (%).       335
  • Figure 47. Competitive positioning matrix: end-of-life differentiation and hygiene performance potential versus commercial maturity (bubble size indicates relative scale of funding, capacity and partnerships).                349
  • Figure 48. Technology and market roadmap for biodegradable superabsorbent materials, 2026–2037.                353

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials: Global Market 2027–2037
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Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials: Global Market 2027–2037
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