The Global Market for Advanced Bio-based and Sustainable Materials 2026-2036

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            110

• 1.1        Definition of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials               110
• 1.2        Importance and Benefits of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials            110
• 1.3        What are bioplastics?              113
• 1.4        Global Plastics Market and Supply  113
• 1.5        Recycling Polymers    114
• 1.6        Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers 114
• 1.7        Bio-based Content Across the Full Polymer Market             116
• 1.8        Regional Distribution                116

2             BIOPLASTICS MARKET             119

• 2.1        Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview             119
• 2.2        Next Generation Bio-based Polymers            120
• 2.3        Integration with Chemical Recycling              121
• 2.4        Novel Feedstock Sources      123
• 2.5        Turning Waste into Bioplastics           124
• 2.6        Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025    125
• 2.7        Global Bioplastics Capacity 126
  • 2.7.1    Production capacities 2025 126
  • 2.7.2    Production capacities forecast 2025-2036 127
  • 2.7.3    Production capacities by region 2024-2036             129
• 2.8        Global Market Forecasts        130
• 2.9        Environmental Impact and Sustainability   131
  • 2.9.1    Plastics carbon footprint       131
  • 2.9.2    Bioplastics carbon footprint 132
  • 2.9.3    Life Cycle Assessment of Bioplastics            133
  • 2.9.4    Use of renewables in production      134
  • 2.9.5    Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability       135
  • 2.9.6    Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives      135
• 2.10     Bio-composites           137
  • 2.10.1 Sustainable packaging            137
  • 2.10.2 Enhanced biodegradation of bio-based polymers 137
  • 2.10.3 Bio-composite manufacturing           138
  • 2.10.4 Sustainability and Environmental Performance of Bio-based Polymers 139
• 2.11     The Biodegradability and Bio-based Independence Principle        140
• 2.12     Types of bioplastics  140
  • 2.12.1 Introduction    141
  • 2.12.2 Polymer Types               142
    • 2.12.2.1            Transition from fossil-based to bio-based polymers            142
    • 2.12.2.2            Monosaccharides      143
    • 2.12.2.3            Vegetable Oils               144
  • 2.12.3 Bio-based monomers              145
    • 2.12.3.1            Portfolio of available monomers       145
    • 2.12.3.2            Emerging Monomer Technologies    146
  • 2.12.4 The Green Premium   147
  • 2.12.5 Market Pathway Classification: Drop-in, Smart Drop-in and Dedicated Bio-based Polymers  147
• 2.13     Feedstocks      148
  • 2.13.1 Types   148
  • 2.13.2 Prices  150
  • 2.13.3 Alternative feedstocks for bioplastics           151
  • 2.13.4 Food security, land use, and water resources          151
• 2.14     Chain of custody         152
• 2.15     Chemical tracers and markers           153
• 2.16     Bioplastics regulations            154
  • 2.16.1 Overview           154
  • 2.16.2 Extended producer responsibility (EPR)       157
  • 2.16.3 United States 158
  • 2.16.4 Europe                158
    • 2.16.4.1            EU Bioeconomy Strategy November 2025  160
  • 2.16.5 Asia-Pacific    160

3             BIO-BASED CHEMICALS AND INTERMEDIATES     162

• 3.1        BIOREFINERIES            162
• 3.2        BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE    162
  • 3.3        PLANT-BASED                165
  • 3.3.1    STARCH             165
    • 3.3.1.1 Overview           165
    • 3.3.1.2 Sources             165
    • 3.3.1.3 Global production      166
    • 3.3.1.4 Lysine 167
      • 3.3.1.4.1           Source                167
      • 3.3.1.4.2           Applications   168
      • 3.3.1.4.3           Global production      168
    • 3.3.1.5 Glucose             169
      • 3.3.1.5.1           HMDA 170
        • 3.3.1.5.1.1      Overview           170
        • 3.3.1.5.1.2      Sources             171
        • 3.3.1.5.1.3      Applications   171
        • 3.3.1.5.1.4      Global production      171
      • 3.3.1.5.2           1,5-pentamethylenediamine (DA5) 172
        • 3.3.1.5.2.1      Overview           172
        • 3.3.1.5.2.2      Sources             173
        • 3.3.1.5.2.3      Applications   173
        • 3.3.1.5.2.4      Global production      173
      • 3.3.1.5.3           Sorbitol              174
        • 3.3.1.5.3.1      Overview           174
        • 3.3.1.5.3.2      Applications   175
        • 3.3.1.5.3.3      Global Production      175
        • 3.3.1.5.3.4      Isosorbide        175
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.1  Overview           175
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.2  Sources             176
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.3  Applications   176
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.4  Global production      176
      • 3.3.1.5.4           Lactic acid       177
        • 3.3.1.5.4.1      Overview           177
        • 3.3.1.5.4.2      D-lactic acid   178
        • 3.3.1.5.4.3      L-lactic acid    178
        • 3.3.1.5.4.4      Lactide               179
      • 3.3.1.5.5           Itaconic acid  180
        • 3.3.1.5.5.1      Overview           180
        • 3.3.1.5.5.2      Sources             181
        • 3.3.1.5.5.3      Applications   181
        • 3.3.1.5.5.4      Global production      181
      • 3.3.1.5.6           3-HP     182
        • 3.3.1.5.6.1      Overview           182
        • 3.3.1.5.6.2      Sources             183
        • 3.3.1.5.6.3      Applications   183
        • 3.3.1.5.6.4      Global production      183
        • 3.3.1.5.6.5      Acrylic acid     184
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.1  Overview           184
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.2  Applications   185
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.3  Global production      185
        • 3.3.1.5.6.6      1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)   186
        • 3.3.1.5.6.6.1  Overview           186
        • 3.3.1.5.6.6.2  Applications   186
        • 3.3.1.5.6.6.3  Global production      187
      • 3.3.1.5.7           Succinic Acid 188
        • 3.3.1.5.7.1      Overview           188
        • 3.3.1.5.7.2      Sources             188
        • 3.3.1.5.7.3      Applications   188
        • 3.3.1.5.7.4      Global production      189
        • 3.3.1.5.7.5      1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)     190
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.1  Overview           190
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.2  Applications   190
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.3  Global production      190
        • 3.3.1.5.7.6      Tetrahydrofuran (THF)               191
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.1  Overview           191
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.2  Applications   192
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.3  Global production      192
      • 3.3.1.5.8           Adipic acid      193
        • 3.3.1.5.8.1      Overview           193
        • 3.3.1.5.8.2      Applications   193
        • 3.3.1.5.8.3      Caprolactame               194
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.1  Overview           194
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.2  Applications   194
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.3  Global production      195
      • 3.3.1.5.9           Isobutanol       195
        • 3.3.1.5.9.1      Overview           196
        • 3.3.1.5.9.2      Sources             196
        • 3.3.1.5.9.3      Applications   196
        • 3.3.1.5.9.4      Global production      197
        • 3.3.1.5.9.5      p-Xylene            198
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.1  Overview           198
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.2  Sources             198
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.3  Applications   198
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.4  Global production      199
        • 3.3.1.5.9.6      Terephthalic acid         199
          • 3.3.1.5.9.6.1  Overview           199
      • 3.3.1.5.10        1,3 Proppanediol         201
        • 3.3.1.5.10.1 Overview           201
        • 3.3.1.5.10.2   Sources             201
        • 3.3.1.5.10.3   Applications   202
        • 3.3.1.5.10.4   Global production      202
      • 3.3.1.5.11        Monoethylene glycol (MEG) 203
        • 3.3.1.5.11.1   Overview           203
        • 3.3.1.5.11.2   Sources             203
        • 3.3.1.5.11.3   Applications   204
        • 3.3.1.5.11.4   Global production      204
      • 3.3.1.5.12        Ethanol              205
        • 3.3.1.5.12.1   Overview           205
        • 3.3.1.5.12.2   Sources             205
        • 3.3.1.5.12.3   Applications   206
        • 3.3.1.5.12.4   Global production      206
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5   Ethylene            207
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview           207
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications   208
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production      208
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene         209
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride 211
        • 3.3.1.5.12.6   Methly methacrylate 213
  • 3.3.2    SUGAR CROPS             215
    • 3.3.2.1 Saccharose     215
      • 3.3.2.1.1           Aniline 215
        • 3.3.2.1.1.1      Overview           215
        • 3.3.2.1.1.2      Applications   215
        • 3.3.2.1.1.3      Global production      216
    • 3.3.2.1.2           Fructose            217
      • 3.3.2.1.2.1      Overview           217
      • 3.3.2.1.2.2      Applications   217
      • 3.3.2.1.2.3      Global production      217
      • 3.3.2.1.2.4      5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)    218
        • 3.3.2.1.2.4.1  Overview           218
        • 3.3.2.1.2.4.2  Applications   218
        • 3.3.2.1.2.4.3  Global production      219
      • 3.3.2.1.2.5      5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)       219
        • 3.3.2.1.2.5.1  Overview           220
        • 3.3.2.1.2.5.2  Applications   220
        • 3.3.2.1.2.5.3  Global production      220
      • 3.3.2.1.2.6      Levulinic Acid 221
        • 3.3.2.1.2.6.1  Overview           221
        • 3.3.2.1.2.6.2  Applications   222
        • 3.3.2.1.2.6.3  Global production      222
      • 3.3.2.1.2.7      FDME  223
        • 3.3.2.1.2.7.1  Overview           223
        • 3.3.2.1.2.7.2  Applications   223
        • 3.3.2.1.2.7.3  Global production      224
      • 3.3.2.1.2.8      2,5-FDCA          225
        • 3.3.2.1.2.8.1  Overview           225
        • 3.3.2.1.2.8.2  Applications   225
        • 3.3.2.1.2.8.3  Global production      225
  • 3.3.3    LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS           226
    • 3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone        226
      • 3.3.3.1.1           Overview           226
      • 3.3.3.1.2           Applications   227
      • 3.3.3.1.3           Global production      227
    • 3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose               228
      • 3.3.3.2.1           Overview           228
      • 3.3.3.2.2           Biochemicals from hemicellulose   228
      • 3.3.3.2.3           Global production      229
      • 3.3.3.2.4           Furfural              230
        • 3.3.3.2.4.1      Overview           230
        • 3.3.3.2.4.2      Applications   231
        • 3.3.3.2.4.3      Global production      231
        • 3.3.3.2.4.4      Furfuyl alcohol              232
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.1  Overview           232
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.2  Applications   232
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.3  Global production      233
    • 3.3.3.3 Lignin  234
  • 3.3.4    PLANT OILS     235
    • 3.3.4.1 Overview           235
    • 3.3.4.2 Glycerol             236
      • 3.3.4.2.1           Overview           236
      • 3.3.4.2.2           Applications   236
      • 3.3.4.2.3           Global production      236
      • 3.3.4.2.4           MPG     237
        • 3.3.4.2.4.1      Overview           237
        • 3.3.4.2.4.2      Applications   238
        • 3.3.4.2.4.3      Global production      238
      • 3.3.4.2.5           ECH      239
        • 3.3.4.2.5.1      Overview           239
        • 3.3.4.2.5.2      Applications   239
        • 3.3.4.2.5.3      Global production      240
    • 3.3.4.3 Fatty acids       241
      • 3.3.4.3.1           Overview           241
      • 3.3.4.3.2           Applications   241
      • 3.3.4.3.3           Global production      242
    • 3.3.4.4 Castor oil          243
      • 3.3.4.4.1           Overview           243
      • 3.3.4.4.2           Sebacic acid  243
        • 3.3.4.4.2.1      Overview           243
        • 3.3.4.4.2.2      Applications   243
        • 3.3.4.4.2.3      Global production      244
      • 3.3.4.4.3           11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)  245
        • 3.3.4.4.3.1      Overview           245
        • 3.3.4.4.3.2      Applications   245
        • 3.3.4.4.3.3      Global production      245
    • 3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)                246
      • 3.3.4.5.1           Overview           246
      • 3.3.4.5.2           Applications   247
      • 3.3.4.5.3           Global production      247
    • 3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate            248
      • 3.3.4.6.1           Overview           248
      • 3.3.4.6.2           Applications   249
      • 3.3.4.6.3           Global production      249
  • 3.3.5    NON-EDIBIBLE MILK 250
    • 3.3.5.1 Casein                251
      • 3.3.5.1.1           Overview           251
      • 3.3.5.1.2           Applications   251
      • 3.3.5.1.3           Global production      251
  • 3.3.6    BIO-BASED NAPHTHA              252
    • 3.3.6.1 Overview           252
    • 3.3.6.2 Applications   253
    • 3.3.6.3 Global Production      253
• 3.4        WASTE                254
  • 3.4.1    Food waste      254
    • 3.4.1.1 Overview           254
    • 3.4.1.2 Products and applications    255
    • 3.4.1.3 Global production      255
  • 3.4.2    Agricultural waste       256
    • 3.4.2.1 Overview           256
    • 3.4.2.2 Products and applications    257
    • 3.4.2.3 Global production      257
  • 3.4.3    Forestry waste               258
    • 3.4.3.1 Overview           258
    • 3.4.3.2 Products and applications    258
    • 3.4.3.3 Global production      258
  • 3.4.4    Aquaculture/fishing waste    259
    • 3.4.4.1 Overview           259
    • 3.4.4.2 Products and applications    260
    • 3.4.4.3 Global production      260
  • 3.4.5    Municipal solid waste              261
    • 3.4.5.1 Overview           261
    • 3.4.5.2 Products and applications    261
    • 3.4.5.3 Global production      261
  • 3.4.6    Industrial waste           262
    • 3.4.6.1 Overview           262
    • 3.4.6.2 Waste oils        263
    • 3.4.6.3 Overview           263
    • 3.4.6.4 Products and applications    263
    • 3.4.6.5 Global production      263
• 3.5        MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES  264
  • 3.5.1    Microalgae      264
    • 3.5.1.1 Overview           264
    • 3.5.1.2 Products and applications    264
    • 3.5.1.3 Global production      265
  • 3.5.2    Macroalgae     266
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview           266
    • 3.5.2.2 Products and applications    266
    • 3.5.2.3 Global production      267
  • 3.5.3    Mineral sources            267
    • 3.5.3.1 Overview           267
    • 3.5.3.2 Products and applications    268
• 3.6        GASEOUS         268
  • 3.6.1    Biogas 269
    • 3.6.1.1 Overview           269
    • 3.6.1.2 Products and applications    270
    • 3.6.1.3 Global production      270
  • 3.6.2    Syngas               271
    • 3.6.2.1 Overview           271
    • 3.6.2.2 Products and applications    272
    • 3.6.2.3 Global production      272
  • 3.6.3    Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO   273
    • 3.6.3.1 Overview           273
    • 3.6.3.2 Products and applications    273
• 3.7        Feedstock-to-Polymer Mapping and Mass Balance             274
  • 3.7.1    Overview           274
  • 3.7.2    Feedstock-to-polymer map 274
  • 3.7.3    Conversion ratios and mass balance             276

4             BIO-BASED POLYMERS AND PLASTICS        279

• 4.1        BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS       279
  • 4.1.1    Drop-in bio-based plastics   279
  • 4.1.2    Novel bio-based plastics       280
• 4.2        BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS               280
  • 4.2.1    Biodegradability          281
  • 4.2.2    Compostability            282
• 4.3        TYPES 282
• 4.4        KEY MARKET PLAYERS             284
• 4.5        SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS               285
  • 4.5.1    Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear               285
    • 4.5.1.1 Market analysis            285
    • 4.5.1.2 Production       286
    • 4.5.1.3 Applications   286
    • 4.5.1.4 Producers         287
  • 4.5.2    Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)        287
    • 4.5.2.1 What is polylactic acid?         287
    • 4.5.2.2 Market analysis            288
    • 4.5.2.3 Applications   289
    • 4.5.2.4 Production       289
    • 4.5.2.5 Biomanufacturing of lactic acid (C3H6O3) 290
    • 4.5.2.6 Bacterial fermentation             291
      • 4.5.2.6.1           Lactic acid       291
      • 4.5.2.6.2           Selection of optimal bacterial strains           292
      • 4.5.2.6.3           Downstream processing of fermentation broth into PLA-grade lactic acid           293
    • 4.5.2.7 PLA hydrolysis               294
    • 4.5.2.8 Ocean degradation    295
    • 4.5.2.9 PLA end-of-life              295
    • 4.5.2.10            Producers and production capacities, current and planned          296
      • 4.5.2.10.1        Lactic acid producers and production capacities 296
      • 4.5.2.10.2        PLA producers and production capacities 297
      • 4.5.2.10.3        Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 298
      • 4.5.2.10.4        PLA Production by region 2019–2036            299
  • 4.5.3    Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)            299
    • 4.5.3.1 Market analysis            299
    • 4.5.3.2 Bio-based MEG and PET         300
      • 4.5.3.2.1           Monomer production               301
      • 4.5.3.2.2           Applications   301
    • 4.5.3.3 Producers and production capacities           302
    • 4.5.3.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)     302
  • 4.5.4    Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)   304
    • 4.5.4.1 Market analysis            304
    • 4.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities           304
    • 4.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      305
    • 4.5.4.4 PTT Production by region 2019–2036            305
  • 4.5.5    Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)     306
    • 4.5.5.1 Market analysis            306
    • 4.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET          307
    • 4.5.5.3 Commercial status    307
    • 4.5.5.4 Producers and production capacities           308
      • 4.5.5.4.1           FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities         308
      • 4.5.5.4.2           Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).            309
  • 4.5.6    Polyamides (Bio-PA)  309
    • 4.5.6.1 Market analysis            309
    • 4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities           310
    • 4.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)           311
    • 4.5.6.4 Bio-PA Production by region 2019–2036     312
  • 4.5.7    Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)           312
    • 4.5.7.1 Market analysis            312
    • 4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities           313
    • 4.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)    314
    • 4.5.7.4 PBAT Production by region 2019–2036         314
  • 4.5.8    Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers       315
    • 4.5.8.1 Market analysis            315
    • 4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities           316
    • 4.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      316
    • 4.5.8.4 PBS Production by region 2019–2036           317
  • 4.5.9    Polyethylene (Bio-PE)               318
    • 4.5.9.1 Market analysis            318
    • 4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities           318
    • 4.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).      319
    • 4.5.9.4 Bio-PE Production by region 2019–2036     320
  • 4.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)            320
    • 4.5.10.1            Market analysis            321
    • 4.5.10.2            Producers and production capacities           321
    • 4.5.10.3            Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)     322
    • 4.5.10.4            Bio-PP Production by region 2019–2036     323
  • 4.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers     323
    • 4.5.11.1            Market analysis            323
    • 4.5.11.2            Production       324
    • 4.5.11.3            Applications   325
    • 4.5.11.4            Producers         326
  • 4.5.12 Polytrimethylene Furandicarboxylate (PTF)               326
    • 4.5.12.1            Market Analysis           326
    • 4.5.12.2            Production       327
    • 4.5.12.3            Applications   327
    • 4.5.12.4            Producers and Production Capacities          327
    • 4.5.12.5            PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          327
  • 4.5.13 Bio-based Polybutylene Terephthalate (Bio-PBT)   328
    • 4.5.13.1            Market Analysis           328
    • 4.5.13.2            Production       328
    • 4.5.13.3            Applications   328
    • 4.5.13.4            Producers and Production Capacities          329
    • 4.5.13.5            Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 329
  • 4.5.14 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol (PFA)      330
    • 4.5.14.1            Market Analysis           330
    • 4.5.14.2            Production       330
    • 4.5.14.3            Applications   330
    • 4.5.14.4            Producers and Production Capacities          331
    • 4.5.14.5            PFA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          331
  • 4.5.15 Bio-based Polyvinyl Chloride (Bio-PVC)       332
    • 4.5.15.1            Market Analysis           332
    • 4.5.15.2            Production       332
    • 4.5.15.3            Applications   333
    • 4.5.15.4            Producers and Production Capacities          333
    • 4.5.15.5            Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 333
  • 4.5.16 Bio-based Polymethyl Methacrylate (Bio-PMMA)  334
    • 4.5.16.1            Market Analysis           334
    • 4.5.16.2            Production       334
    • 4.5.16.3            Applications   335
    • 4.5.16.4            Producers and Production Capacities          335
    • 4.5.16.5            Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)           335
  • 4.5.17 Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)   336
    • 4.5.17.1            Market Analysis           336
    • 4.5.17.2            Production       336
    • 4.5.17.3            Applications   336
    • 4.5.17.4            Producers and Production Capacities          337
    • 4.5.17.5            Bio-SBR Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 337
  • 4.5.18 Epoxy resins (bio-based content)     338
    • 4.5.18.1            Market Analysis           338
    • 4.5.18.2            Producers and Production Capacities          338
    • 4.5.18.3            Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036 339
    • 4.5.18.4            Epoxy resins Production by region 2019–2036        339
  • 4.5.19 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio-based content)    340
    • 4.5.19.1            Market Analysis           340
    • 4.5.19.2            Producers and Production Capacities          340
    • 4.5.19.3            Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036               341
    • 4.5.19.4            PUR Production by region 2019–2036           341
• 4.6        NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS    342
  • 4.6.1    Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             342
    • 4.6.1.1 Technology description           342
    • 4.6.1.2 Types   344
      • 4.6.1.2.1           PHB      345
      • 4.6.1.2.2           PHBV   345
    • 4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes             346
    • 4.6.1.4 Market analysis            348
    • 4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs            349
    • 4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs        350
      • 4.6.1.6.1           Packaging        351
      • 4.6.1.6.2           Cosmetics       353
        • 4.6.1.6.2.1      PHA microspheres     353
      • 4.6.1.6.3           Medical              353
        • 4.6.1.6.3.1      Tissue engineering      353
        • 4.6.1.6.3.2      Drug delivery  353
      • 4.6.1.6.4           Agriculture       354
        • 4.6.1.6.4.1      Mulch film        354
        • 4.6.1.6.4.2      Grow bags        354
    • 4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities           354
    • 4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)      355
    • 4.6.1.9 PHA Production by region 2019–2036           356
  • 4.6.2    Cellulose          357
    • 4.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA)             357
      • 4.6.2.1.1           Market analysis            357
      • 4.6.2.1.2           Production       357
      • 4.6.2.1.3           Applications   358
      • 4.6.2.1.4           Cellulose acetate Production by region 2019–2036            358
      • 4.6.2.1.5           Producers         359
    • 4.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)        360
      • 4.6.2.2.1           Market analysis            360
      • 4.6.2.2.2           Producers and production capacities           360
    • 4.6.2.3 Nanocellulose               361
    • 4.6.2.4 Casein polymers         362
      • 4.6.2.4.1           Market analysis            362
    • 4.6.2.5 Commercial status    362
      • 4.6.2.5.1           Production       362
      • 4.6.2.5.2           Applications   364
    • 4.6.2.6 Algal, Fungal and Mycelium-based Materials: Emerging Outlook               364
  • 4.6.3    Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC)    365
    • 4.6.3.1 Market Analysis           365
    • 4.6.3.2 Producers and Production Capacities          365
    • 4.6.3.3 SCPC production 2019–2036             366
    • 4.6.3.4 SCPC Production by region 2019–2036       366
• 4.7        END USE MARKETS    367
  • 4.7.1    Packaging (Flexible and Rigid)            368
    • 4.7.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging        368
    • 4.7.1.2 Applications   369
    • 4.7.1.3 Flexible packaging     369
      • 4.7.1.3.1           Production volumes 2019-2036       371
    • 4.7.1.4 Rigid packaging            371
      • 4.7.1.4.1           Production volumes 2019-2036       373
  • 4.7.2    Consumer Goods       374
    • 4.7.2.1 Applications   374
    • 4.7.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2036       374
  • 4.7.3    Automotive      375
    • 4.7.3.1 Applications   375
    • 4.7.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2036       376
  • 4.7.4    Building and Construction    376
    • 4.7.4.1 Applications   377
    • 4.7.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2036       377
  • 4.7.5    Textiles and Fibers      378
    • 4.7.5.1 Apparel              378
    • 4.7.5.2 Footwear           379
    • 4.7.5.3 Medical textiles            380
    • 4.7.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2036       380
  • 4.7.6    Electronics      381
    • 4.7.6.1 Applications   381
    • 4.7.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2036       382
  • 4.7.7    Agriculture and Horticulture 382
    • 4.7.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2036       383
  • 4.7.8    Production of Biopolymers, by region            383
    • 4.7.8.1 North America              384
    • 4.7.8.2 Europe                384
    • 4.7.8.3 Asia-Pacific    386
    • 4.7.8.4 Latin America 386
  • 4.7.9    Polymer-Specific Application Distribution 387
    • 4.7.9.1 All bio-based polymers — Application summary   387
    • 4.7.9.2 PLA — Application distribution          388
    • 4.7.9.3 PHA — Application distribution         388
    • 4.7.9.4 PBAT — Application distribution       389
    • 4.7.9.5 PBS — Application distribution          390
    • 4.7.9.6 SCPC — Application distribution     390
    • 4.7.9.7 Cellulose acetate — Application distribution           391
• 4.8        LIGNIN                392
  • 4.8.1    What is lignin?              392
    • 4.8.1.1 Lignin structure             392
  • 4.8.2    Types of lignin               394
    • 4.8.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin           395
    • 4.8.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process 396
  • 4.8.3    Properties         396
  • 4.8.4    The lignocellulose biorefinery             398
  • 4.8.5    Markets and applications      399
  • 4.8.6    Challenges for using lignin    403
  • 4.8.7    Lignin production processes               405
  • 4.8.8    Lignosulphonates       407
    • 4.8.8.1 SWOT analysis              408
  • 4.8.9    Kraft lignin       408
    • 4.8.9.1 SWOT analysis              409
    • 4.8.9.2 LignoBoost process   410
    • 4.8.9.3 LignoForce method    410
    • 4.8.9.4 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification              410
    • 4.8.9.5 A-Recovery+   410
  • 4.8.10 Soda lignin      411
    • 4.8.10.1            SWOT analysis              411
  • 4.8.11 Biorefinery lignin         412
    • 4.8.11.1            SWOT analysis              414
    • 4.8.11.2            Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes                415
  • 4.8.12 High-purity and high-quality lignins 418
    • 4.8.12.1            What defines a high-quality lignin    418
    • 4.8.12.2            Purification and fractionation             419
  • 4.8.13 Organosolv lignins     420
    • 4.8.13.1            Properties         421
    • 4.8.13.2            Applications   421
    • 4.8.13.3            Price positioning         422
    • 4.8.13.4            SWOT analysis              422
  • 4.8.14 Hydrolytic lignin           423
    • 4.8.14.1            Properties         423
    • 4.8.14.2            SWOT analysis              423
  • 4.8.15 Markets for lignin        424
  • 4.8.16 Market drivers and trends for lignin 426
  • 4.8.17 Production capacities              427
    • 4.8.17.1            Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)           427
    • 4.8.17.2            Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)    427
  • 4.8.18 Global consumption of lignin              428
    • 4.8.18.1            By type                428
      • 4.8.18.1.1        Tonnes                429
      • 4.8.18.1.2        Revenues          430
    • 4.8.18.2            By market         432
      • 4.8.18.2.1        Tonnes                432
      • 4.8.18.2.2        Revenues          433
  • 4.8.19 Prices  435
    • 4.8.19.1            Price outlook to 2037               435
    • 4.8.19.2            Price by quality tier and upgrade economics            436
    • 4.8.19.3            Price drivers and trends          436
• 4.9        COMPANY PROFILES                437 (577 company profiles)

5             NATURAL FIBER PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES       803

• 5.1        Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers       806
• 5.2        Advantages of natural fibers 806
• 5.3        Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products  807
• 5.4        Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers    808
• 5.5        Challenges      809
• 5.6        Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)      809
  • 5.6.1    Seed fibers      809
    • 5.6.1.1 Cotton 809
      • 5.6.1.1.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       810
    • 5.6.1.2 Kapok 810
      • 5.6.1.2.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       811
    • 5.6.1.3 Luffa    811
  • 5.6.2    Bast fibers        812
    • 5.6.2.1 Jute       813
      • 5.6.2.1.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       814
    • 5.6.2.2 Hemp  814
      • 5.6.2.2.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       815
    • 5.6.2.3 Flax       815
      • 5.6.2.3.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       816
    • 5.6.2.4 Ramie 817
      • 5.6.2.4.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       817
    • 5.6.2.5 Kenaf   818
      • 5.6.2.5.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       818
  • 5.6.3    Leaf fibers        819
    • 5.6.3.1 Sisal     819
      • 5.6.3.1.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       820
    • 5.6.3.2 Abaca 820
      • 5.6.3.2.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       821
  • 5.6.4    Fruit fibers       821
    • 5.6.4.1 Coir      821
      • 5.6.4.1.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       822
    • 5.6.4.2 Banana              823
      • 5.6.4.2.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       823
    • 5.6.4.3 Pineapple         824
  • 5.6.5    Stalk fibers from agricultural residues          824
    • 5.6.5.1 Rice fiber          824
    • 5.6.5.2 Corn     825
  • 5.6.6    Cane, grasses and reed           826
    • 5.6.6.1 Switch grass   826
    • 5.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)    826
    • 5.6.6.3 Bamboo            827
      • 5.6.6.3.1           Production volumes 2018-2036       827
      • 5.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)           828
• 5.7        Animal (fibrous protein)          828
  • 5.7.1    Wool    828
    • 5.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials    829
    • 5.7.1.2 Producers         829
  • 5.7.2    Silk fiber            829
    • 5.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials        830
      • 5.7.2.1.1           Producers         830
  • 5.7.3    Leather               831
    • 5.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials               831
      • 5.7.3.1.1           Producers         831
  • 5.7.4    Fur         832
    • 5.7.4.1 Producers         832
  • 5.7.5    Down  833
    • 5.7.5.1 Alternative down materials   833
      • 5.7.5.1.1           Producers         833
• 5.8        Markets for natural fibers       833
  • 5.8.1    Composites    834
  • 5.8.2    Applications   834
  • 5.8.3    Natural fiber injection moulding compounds           835
    • 5.8.3.1 Properties         835
    • 5.8.3.2 Applications   836
  • 5.8.4    Non-woven natural fiber mat composites  836
    • 5.8.4.1 Automotive      836
    • 5.8.4.2 Applications   836
  • 5.8.5    Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites            837
  • 5.8.6    Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds            837
  • 5.8.7    Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats  838
    • 5.8.7.1 Flax       838
    • 5.8.7.2 Kenaf   838
  • 5.8.8    Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites          838
  • 5.8.9    Aerospace        838
    • 5.8.9.1 Market overview           838
  • 5.8.10 Automotive      839
    • 5.8.10.1            Market overview           839
    • 5.8.10.2            Applications of natural fibers              842
  • 5.8.11 Building/construction              842
    • 5.8.11.1            Market overview           842
    • 5.8.11.2            Applications of natural fibers              843
  • 5.8.12 Sports and leisure       844
    • 5.8.12.1            Market overview           844
  • 5.8.13 Textiles               845
    • 5.8.13.1            Market overview           845
    • 5.8.13.2            Consumer apparel     846
    • 5.8.13.3            Geotextiles      846
  • 5.8.14 Packaging        846
    • 5.8.14.1            Market overview           847
• 5.9        Global production of natural fibers 848
• 5.10     COMPANY PROFILES                849 (155 company profiles)

6             SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS             961

• 6.1        Market overview           961
  • 6.1.1    Benefits of Sustainable Construction            961
  • 6.1.2    Global Trends and Drivers     961
• 6.2        Global revenues           963
  • 6.2.1    By materials type         963
  • 6.2.2    By market         966
• 6.3        Types of sustainable construction materials            968
  • 6.3.1    Established bio-based construction materials       968
  • 6.3.2    Hemp-based Materials           969
    • 6.3.2.1 Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)              970
    • 6.3.2.2 Hemp Fiberboard        970
    • 6.3.2.3 Hemp Insulation          970
  • 6.3.3    Mycelium-based Materials   971
    • 6.3.3.1 Insulation         971
    • 6.3.3.2 Structural Elements  971
    • 6.3.3.3 Acoustic Panels           971
    • 6.3.3.4 Decorative Elements 971
  • 6.3.4    Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives     972
    • 6.3.4.1 Geopolymer Concrete              972
    • 6.3.4.2 Recycled Aggregate Concrete             972
    • 6.3.4.3 Lime-Based Materials              973
    • 6.3.4.4 Self-healing concrete                973
      • 6.3.4.4.1           Bioconcrete    974
      • 6.3.4.4.2           Fiber concrete               975
    • 6.3.4.5 Microalgae biocement             975
    • 6.3.4.6 Carbon-negative concrete     976
    • 6.3.4.7 Biomineral binders     977
  • 6.3.5    Natural Fiber Composites     977
    • 6.3.5.1 Types of Natural Fibers            977
    • 6.3.5.2 Properties         978
    • 6.3.5.3 Applications in Construction              978
  • 6.3.6    Cellulose nanofibers 978
    • 6.3.6.1 Sandwich composites             979
    • 6.3.6.2 Cement additives       979
    • 6.3.6.3 Pump primers                979
    • 6.3.6.4 Insulation materials  979
    • 6.3.6.5 Coatings and paints  980
    • 6.3.6.6  3D printing materials               980
  • 6.3.7    Sustainable Insulation Materials      981
    • 6.3.7.1 Types of sustainable insulation materials   981
    • 6.3.7.2 Aerogel Insulation       982
      • 6.3.7.2.1           Silica aerogels               983
        • 6.3.7.2.1.1      Properties         984
        • 6.3.7.2.1.2      Thermal conductivity                984
        • 6.3.7.2.1.3      Mechanical     984
        • 6.3.7.2.1.4      Silica aerogel precursors        985
        • 6.3.7.2.1.5      Products           985
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.1  Monoliths         985
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.2  Powder               986
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.3  Granules           986
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.4  Blankets            987
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.5  Aerogel boards             987
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.6  Aerogel renders            988
        • 6.3.7.2.1.6      3D printing of aerogels   988
        • 6.3.7.2.1.7      Silica aerogel from sustainable feedstocks               989
        • 6.3.7.2.1.8      Silica composite aerogels     989
          • 6.3.7.2.1.8.1  Organic crosslinkers 990
        • 6.3.7.2.1.9      Cost of silica aerogels              990
        • 6.3.7.2.1.10   Main players   990
      • 6.3.7.2.2           Aerogel-like foam materials 991
        • 6.3.7.2.2.1      Properties         991
        • 6.3.7.2.2.2      Applications   992
      • 6.3.7.2.3           Metal oxide aerogels 992
      • 6.3.7.2.4           Organic aerogels         993
        • 6.3.7.2.4.1      Polymer aerogels         993
      • 6.3.7.2.5           Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)               995
        • 6.3.7.2.5.1      Cellulose aerogels     996
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.1  Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels                997
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.2  Cellulose nanocrystal aerogels         997
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.3  Bacterial nanocellulose aerogels     997
        • 6.3.7.2.5.2      Lignin aerogels              998
        • 6.3.7.2.5.3      Alginate aerogels         998
        • 6.3.7.2.5.4      Starch aerogels            999
        • 6.3.7.2.5.5      Chitosan aerogels      1000
      • 6.3.7.2.6           Carbon aerogels          1000
        • 6.3.7.2.6.1      Carbon nanotube aerogels   1002
        • 6.3.7.2.6.2      Graphene and graphite aerogels       1003
      • 6.3.7.2.7           Additive manufacturing (3D printing)             1003
        • 6.3.7.2.7.1      Carbon nitride               1004
        • 6.3.7.2.7.2      Gold     1004
        • 6.3.7.2.7.3      Cellulose          1004
        • 6.3.7.2.7.4      Graphene oxide            1005
      • 6.3.7.2.8           Hybrid aerogels            1005
• 6.4        Carbon capture and utilization          1005
  • 6.4.1    Overview           1006
  • 6.4.2    Market structure          1007
  • 6.4.3    CCUS technologies in the cement industry               1009
  • 6.4.4    Products           1011
    • 6.4.4.1 Carbonated aggregates          1011
    • 6.4.4.2 Additives during mixing           1012
    • 6.4.4.3 Carbonates from natural minerals  1012
    • 6.4.4.4 Carbonates from waste          1013
  • 6.4.5    Concrete curing           1014
  • 6.4.6    Costs  1014
  • 6.4.7    Challenges      1015
• 6.5        Green steel      1015
  • 6.5.1    Current Steelmaking processes        1015
  • 6.5.2    Decarbonization target and policies               1016
    • 6.5.2.1 EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)            1018
  • 6.5.3    Advances in clean production technologies             1019
  • 6.5.4    Production technologies        1019
    • 6.5.4.1 The role of hydrogen  1019
    • 6.5.4.2 Comparative analysis              1020
    • 6.5.4.3 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)              1021
    • 6.5.4.4 Electrolysis      1023
    • 6.5.4.5 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)  1023
    • 6.5.4.6 Biochar replacing coke            1024
    • 6.5.4.7 Hydrogen Blast Furnace         1024
    • 6.5.4.8 Renewable energy powered processes        1025
    • 6.5.4.9 Flash ironmaking        1025
    • 6.5.4.10            Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction           1026
    • 6.5.4.11            Ferrous Bioprocessing            1026
    • 6.5.4.12            Microwave Processing             1027
    • 6.5.4.13            Additive Manufacturing          1027
    • 6.5.4.14            Technology readiness level (TRL)      1028
  • 6.5.5    Properties         1028
• 6.6        Markets and applications      1029
  • 6.6.1    Residential Buildings                1031
  • 6.6.2    Commercial and Office Buildings    1032
  • 6.6.3    Infrastructure 1034
• 6.7        Company profiles       1035 (191 company profiles)

7             BIOBASED PACKAGING MATERIALS               1169

• 7.1        Market overview           1169
  • 7.1.1    Current global packaging market and materials     1169
  • 7.1.2    The global market for sustainable packaging           1170
    • 7.1.2.1 By packaging materials           1170
      • 7.1.2.1.1           Tonnes                1170
      • 7.1.2.1.2           Revenues          1172
    • 7.1.2.2 By packaging product type    1174
      • 7.1.2.2.1           Tonnes                1174
      • 7.1.2.2.2           Revenues          1176
    • 7.1.2.3 By end-use market     1178
      • 7.1.2.3.1           Tonnes                1178
      • 7.1.2.3.2           Revenues          1180
    • 7.1.2.4 By region           1182
      • 7.1.2.4.1           Tonnes                1182
      • 7.1.2.4.2           Revenues          1184
  • 7.1.3    Market trends 1186
  • 7.1.4    Drivers for growth in bio-based and sustainable packaging           1188
    • 7.1.4.1 Regulatory Mandates and PFAS Phase-Out Impact             1190
    • 7.1.4.2 Circular Economy Initiatives and Recyclability Requirements      1191
    • 7.1.4.3 Consumer Demand for Sustainable Packaging      1192
    • 7.1.4.4 E-Commerce Growth and Packaging Performance Needs               1192
    • 7.1.4.5 Brand Owner Sustainability Commitments               1193
  • 7.1.5    Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging        1194
  • 7.1.6    Prices  1195
• 7.2        Materials           1196
  • 7.2.1    Materials innovation 1196
  • 7.2.2    Active packaging         1196
  • 7.2.3    Monomaterial packaging       1197
  • 7.2.4    Conventional polymer materials used in packaging            1197
    • 7.2.4.1 Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene            1198
      • 7.2.4.1.1           Overview           1198
      • 7.2.4.1.2           Grades               1198
      • 7.2.4.1.3           Producers         1199
    • 7.2.4.2 PET and other polyester polymers   1200
      • 7.2.4.2.1           Overview           1200
    • 7.2.4.3 Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging             1200
    • 7.2.4.4 Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers  1201
    • 7.2.4.5 Processes for bioplastics in packaging        1201
    • 7.2.4.6 End-of-life treatment of bio-based and sustainable packaging   1202
• 7.3        Synthetic bio-based packaging materials   1203
  • 7.3.1    Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)        1203
    • 7.3.1.1 Overview           1203
    • 7.3.1.2 Properties         1204
    • 7.3.1.3 Applications   1204
    • 7.3.1.4 Advantages     1205
    • 7.3.1.5 Challenges      1205
    • 7.3.1.6 Commercial examples            1206
  • 7.3.2    Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)            1206
    • 7.3.2.1 Overview           1206
    • 7.3.2.2 Properties         1207
    • 7.3.2.3 Applications   1207
    • 7.3.2.4 Advantages of Bio-PET in Packaging              1208
    • 7.3.2.5 Challenges and Limitations 1208
    • 7.3.2.6 Commercial examples            1209
  • 7.3.3    Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)   1209
    • 7.3.3.1 Overview           1209
    • 7.3.3.2 Production Process   1210
    • 7.3.3.3 Properties         1210
    • 7.3.3.4 Applications   1210
    • 7.3.3.5 Advantages of Bio-PTT in Packaging               1210
    • 7.3.3.6 Challenges and Limitations 1211
    • 7.3.3.7 Commercial examples            1211
  • 7.3.4    Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)     1211
    • 7.3.4.1 Overview           1211
    • 7.3.4.2 Properties         1212
    • 7.3.4.3 Applications   1212
    • 7.3.4.4 Advantages of Bio-PEF in Packaging              1212
    • 7.3.4.5 Challenges and Limitations 1213
    • 7.3.4.6 Commercial examples            1213
  • 7.3.5    Bio-PA 1213
    • 7.3.5.1 Overview           1213
    • 7.3.5.2 Properties         1214
    • 7.3.5.3 Applications in Packaging     1214
    • 7.3.5.4 Advantages of Bio-PA in Packaging 1214
    • 7.3.5.5 Challenges and Limitations 1215
    • 7.3.5.6 Commercial examples            1215
  • 7.3.6    Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters                1215
    • 7.3.6.1 Overview           1215
    • 7.3.6.2 Properties         1216
    • 7.3.6.3 Applications in Packaging     1216
    • 7.3.6.4 Advantages of Bio-PBAT in Packaging           1216
    • 7.3.6.5 Challenges and Limitations 1217
    • 7.3.6.6 Commercial examples            1217
  • 7.3.7    Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers       1217
    • 7.3.7.1 Overview           1217
    • 7.3.7.2 Properties         1218
    • 7.3.7.3 Applications in Packaging     1218
    • 7.3.7.4 Advantages of Bio-PBS and Co-polymers in Packaging     1218
    • 7.3.7.5 Challenges and Limitations 1219
    • 7.3.7.6 Commercial examples            1219
  • 7.3.8    Polypropylene (Bio-PP)            1219
    • 7.3.8.1 Overview           1219
    • 7.3.8.2 Properties         1219
    • 7.3.8.3 Applications in Packaging     1220
    • 7.3.8.4 Advantages of Bio-PP in Packaging 1220
    • 7.3.8.5 Challenges and Limitations 1220
    • 7.3.8.6 Commercial examples            1220
• 7.4        Natural bio-based packaging materials       1221
  • 7.4.1    Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             1221
    • 7.4.1.1 Properties         1221
    • 7.4.1.2 Applications in Packaging     1222
    • 7.4.1.3 Advantages of PHA in Packaging      1223
    • 7.4.1.4 Challenges and Limitations 1223
    • 7.4.1.5 Commercial examples            1223
  • 7.4.2    Starch-based blends 1224
    • 7.4.2.1 Overview           1224
    • 7.4.2.2 Properties         1224
    • 7.4.2.3 Applications in Packaging     1224
    • 7.4.2.4 Advantages of Starch-Based Blends in Packaging 1225
    • 7.4.2.5 Challenges and Limitations 1225
    • 7.4.2.6 Commercial examples            1225
  • 7.4.3    Cellulose          1225
    • 7.4.3.1 Feedstocks      1225
      • 7.4.3.1.1           Wood  1226
      • 7.4.3.1.2           Plant    1226
      • 7.4.3.1.3           Tunicate             1226
      • 7.4.3.1.4           Algae   1226
      • 7.4.3.1.5           Bacteria             1227
    • 7.4.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)        1227
      • 7.4.3.2.1           Properties         1227
    • 7.4.3.3 Nanocellulose               1228
      • 7.4.3.3.1           Cellulose nanocrystals           1228
        • 7.4.3.3.1.1      Applications in packaging     1228
      • 7.4.3.3.2           Cellulose nanofibers 1229
        • 7.4.3.3.2.1      Applications in packaging     1229
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.1  Reinforcement and barrier    1233
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.2  Biodegradable food packaging foil and films            1234
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.3  Paperboard coatings 1234
      • 7.4.3.3.3           Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)          1234
        • 7.4.3.3.3.1      Applications in packaging     1236
    • 7.4.3.4 Commercial examples            1237
  • 7.4.4    Protein-based bioplastics in packaging       1237
    • 7.4.4.1 Feedstocks      1237
    • 7.4.4.2 Commercial examples            1239
  • 7.4.5    Lipids and waxes for packaging         1239
    • 7.4.5.1 Overview           1239
    • 7.4.5.2 Commercial examples            1240
  • 7.4.6    Seaweed-based packaging  1240
    • 7.4.6.1 Overview           1240
    • 7.4.6.2 Production       1241
    • 7.4.6.3 Applications in packaging     1241
    • 7.4.6.4 Producers         1242
  • 7.4.7    Mycelium          1242
    • 7.4.7.1 Overview           1242
    • 7.4.7.2 Applications in packaging     1243
    • 7.4.7.3 Commercial examples            1243
  • 7.4.8    Chitosan           1244
    • 7.4.8.1 Overview           1244
    • 7.4.8.2 Applications in packaging     1244
    • 7.4.8.3 Commercial examples            1244
  • 7.4.9    Bio-naphtha   1246
    • 7.4.9.1 Overview           1246
    • 7.4.9.2 Markets and applications      1246
    • 7.4.9.3 Commercial examples            1248
• 7.5        Applications   1248
  • 7.5.1    Paper and board packaging 1248
    • 7.5.1.1 Market overview           1249
    • 7.5.1.2 Recycled Paper and Cardboard         1249
      • 7.5.1.2.1           Post-consumer recycled (PCR) content paperboard           1249
      • 7.5.1.2.2           Kraft paper made from recycled fibers          1249
      • 7.5.1.2.3           Corrugated cardboard with high recycled content                1250
    • 7.5.1.3 FSC/PEFC Certified Virgin Fibers      1251
      • 7.5.1.3.1           Sustainably managed forest sources             1251
      • 7.5.1.3.2           Chain-of-custody certified materials             1252
    • 7.5.1.4 Alternative Fiber Sources       1253
      • 7.5.1.4.1           Bamboo-based paper and board     1253
      • 7.5.1.4.2           Agricultural waste fibers (wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse)         1254
      • 7.5.1.4.3           Hemp and flax fiber papers  1255
    • 7.5.1.5 Plastic-Free Barrier Papers   1255
      • 7.5.1.5.1           Clay-coated papers   1255
      • 7.5.1.5.2           Silicone-coated papers           1256
      • 7.5.1.5.3           Mineral oil barrier papers       1257
    • 7.5.1.6 Water-Based Coatings and Adhesives           1257
      • 7.5.1.6.1           Replacing plastic laminations with aqueous coatings        1257
      • 7.5.1.6.2           Plant-based adhesives for box construction             1258
  • 7.5.2    Food packaging           1259
    • 7.5.2.1 Films and trays              1260
    • 7.5.2.2 Pouches and bags      1260
    • 7.5.2.3 Textiles and nets          1260
    • 7.5.2.4 Compostable Food Containers         1260
      • 7.5.2.4.1           PLA (polylactic acid) trays and containers 1261
      • 7.5.2.4.2           Bagasse food service items  1261
      • 7.5.2.4.3           Molded fiber clamshells and trays   1261
    • 7.5.2.5 Biodegradable Films and Wraps       1262
      • 7.5.2.5.1           Cellulose-based films             1262
      • 7.5.2.5.2           PLA films for food wrapping 1262
      • 7.5.2.5.3           Starch-based wraps  1262
    • 7.5.2.6 Bio-Based Barrier Materials 1263
      • 7.5.2.6.1           Paper with biopolymer coatings        1263
      • 7.5.2.6.2           Plant-based waxes for moisture resistance               1263
      • 7.5.2.6.3           Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) coatings    1263
    • 7.5.2.7 Reusable Food Packaging Systems 1264
      • 7.5.2.7.1           Returnable Glass Containers              1264
      • 7.5.2.7.2           Durable Bioplastic Containers           1264
      • 7.5.2.7.3           Loop-Style Reuse Systems   1265
    • 7.5.2.8 Bioadhesives 1265
      • 7.5.2.8.1           Starch 1265
      • 7.5.2.8.2           Cellulose          1266
      • 7.5.2.8.3           Protein-Based               1266
    • 7.5.2.9 Barrier coatings and films     1266
      • 7.5.2.9.1           Polysaccharides          1267
        • 7.5.2.9.1.1      Chitin  1267
        • 7.5.2.9.1.2      Chitosan           1268
        • 7.5.2.9.1.3      Starch 1268
      • 7.5.2.9.2           Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)              1268
      • 7.5.2.9.3           Poly(butylene Succinate)       1268
      • 7.5.2.9.4           Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings        1268
    • 7.5.2.10            Active and Smart Food Packaging   1268
      • 7.5.2.10.1        Active Materials and Packaging Systems    1268
      • 7.5.2.10.2        Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging           1270
      • 7.5.2.10.3        Oxygen scavengers from natural materials 1271
      • 7.5.2.10.4        Antimicrobial packaging from plant extracts            1272
      • 7.5.2.10.5        Bio-based sensors for food freshness           1273
    • 7.5.2.11            Antimicrobial films and agents          1275
      • 7.5.2.11.1        Natural               1275
      • 7.5.2.11.2        Inorganic nanoparticles          1275
      • 7.5.2.11.3        Biopolymers   1276
    • 7.5.2.12            Bio-based Inks and Dyes        1276
    • 7.5.2.13            Edible films and coatings       1276
      • 7.5.2.13.1        Overview           1276
      • 7.5.2.13.2        Commercial examples            1278
• 7.6        Biobased films and coatings in packaging 1278
  • 7.6.1    Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings   1279
  • 7.6.2    Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging           1281
    • 7.6.2.1 Polyurethane coatings             1281
      • 7.6.2.1.1           Properties         1281
      • 7.6.2.1.2           Bio-based polyurethane coatings     1281
      • 7.6.2.1.3           Products           1282
    • 7.6.2.2 Acrylate resins              1283
      • 7.6.2.2.1           Properties         1283
      • 7.6.2.2.2           Bio-based acrylates  1283
      • 7.6.2.2.3           Products           1284
    • 7.6.2.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)        1284
      • 7.6.2.3.1           Properties         1285
      • 7.6.2.3.2           Bio-PLA coatings and films  1286
  • 7.6.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings         1286
  • 7.6.2.5 Cellulose coatings and films               1287
    • 7.6.2.5.1           Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)        1287
    • 7.6.2.5.2           Cellulose nanofibers 1288
      • 7.6.2.5.2.1      Properties         1288
      • 7.6.2.5.2.2      Product developers    1290
  • 7.6.2.6 Lignin coatings              1291
  • 7.6.2.7 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings      1292
    • 7.6.2.7.1           Plant derived proteins              1292
    • 7.6.2.7.2           Animal origin proteins              1292
  • 7.6.3    Sustainable barrier coatings                1293
    • 7.6.3.1 Substrates: Paper and Plastic             1293
      • 7.6.3.1.1           Paper substrate characteristics and coating requirements             1294
      • 7.6.3.1.2           Plastic substrate applications and sustainability challenges        1294
      • 7.6.3.1.3           Substrate selection criteria and performance trade-offs 1295
    • 7.6.3.2 Extrusion Barrier Coatings    1295
    • 7.6.3.3 Thermoplastic Polymers        1296
    • 7.6.3.4 Aluminium       1297
    • 7.6.3.5 Waxes 1298
    • 7.6.3.6 Silicone and Other Natural Materials             1298
    • 7.6.3.7 High Barrier Polymers              1299
    • 7.6.3.8 Wet-Barrier Coatings 1299
      • 7.6.3.8.1           Application methods and process optimization     1299
      • 7.6.3.8.2           Performance benchmarking against alternatives  1300
      • 7.6.3.8.3           Environmental impact assessment 1300
      • 7.6.3.8.4           Market adoption patterns      1301
    • 7.6.3.9 Wax Coating   1301
    • 7.6.3.10            Barrier Metallisation 1305
      • 7.6.3.10.1        Technology overview and application scope             1305
      • 7.6.3.10.2        Performance advantages in barrier applications   1305
      • 7.6.3.10.3        Sustainability challenges and recycling impact      1306
    • 7.6.3.11            Biodegradable, biobased and recyclable coatings                1307
    • 7.6.3.12            Monolayer Coatings  1309
    • 7.6.3.13            Current Technology State-of-the-Art               1310
      • 7.6.3.13.1        Water-based coating technologies  1310
      • 7.6.3.13.2        Bio-based polymer solutions              1311
        • 7.6.3.13.2.1   Polysaccharides          1314
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.1 Chitin  1314
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.2 Chitosan           1314
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.3 Starch 1315
      • 7.6.3.13.2.2   Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)              1315
      • 7.6.3.13.2.3   Poly(butylene Succinate         1316
      • 7.6.3.13.2.4   Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             1316
      • 7.6.3.13.2.5   Alginate              1317
      • 7.6.3.13.2.6   Cellulose Acetate        1318
      • 7.6.3.13.2.7   Protein-Based (Soy, Wheat)  1319
      • 7.6.3.13.2.8   Bio-PE (Polyethylene)               1319
      • 7.6.3.13.2.9   Bio-PET              1320
      • 7.6.3.13.2.10 Lignin-Based Polymers            1320
      • 7.6.3.13.2.11 Bacterial Cellulose     1321
      • 7.6.3.13.2.12 Furan-Based Polymers (PEF)               1322
      • 7.6.3.13.2.13 Tannin-Based Polymers          1322
    • 7.6.3.14            Rosins 1323
      • 7.6.3.14.1        Dispersion Coating Systems               1323
      • 7.6.3.14.2        Nano-enhanced Barrier Materials   1325
    • 7.6.3.15            Global Bioplastics Production Capacity      1327
• 7.7        Carbon capture derived materials for packaging   1329
  • 7.7.1    Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks         1330
  • 7.7.2    CO₂-derived polymers and plastics 1331
  • 7.7.3    CO2 utilization products        1332
• 7.8        Global biobased packaging markets              1333
  • 7.8.1    Flexible packaging     1333
    • 7.8.1.1 Market overview           1333
    • 7.8.1.2 Compostable Flexible Films 1333
      • 7.8.1.2.1           PLA film laminates     1333
      • 7.8.1.2.2           PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates) films              1334
      • 7.8.1.2.3           PBAT (polybutylene adipate terephthalate) films   1335
      • 7.8.1.2.4           TPS (thermoplastic starch) films      1336
    • 7.8.1.3 Recyclable Mono-Materials 1338
      • 7.8.1.3.1           All-PE (polyethylene) structures        1339
      • 7.8.1.3.2           All-PP (polypropylene) structures     1339
      • 7.8.1.3.3           Designed for mechanical recycling 1340
    • 7.8.1.4 Paper-Based Flexible Packaging       1340
      • 7.8.1.4.1           High-strength paper with functional coatings          1340
      • 7.8.1.4.2           Paper-plastic hybrid structures with separable layers        1341
      • 7.8.1.4.3           Glassine and greaseproof papers    1342
    • 7.8.1.5 Bio-Based Films          1343
      • 7.8.1.5.1           Bio-PE films (from sugarcane)            1343
      • 7.8.1.5.2           Bio-PET films 1344
      • 7.8.1.5.3           Cellulose-based transparent films  1345
    • 7.8.1.6 Reduced Material Structures               1346
      • 7.8.1.6.1           Ultra-thin films with enhanced performance            1346
      • 7.8.1.6.2           Downgauged materials with reinforcing technologies        1347
      • 7.8.1.6.3           Resource-efficient multi-layer structures   1348
    • 7.8.1.7 Global market size and forecast to 2036     1349
      • 7.8.1.7.1           Tonnes                1349
      • 7.8.1.7.2           Revenues          1351
  • 7.8.2    Rigid packaging            1353
    • 7.8.2.1 Market overview           1353
    • 7.8.2.2 Recycled Plastic Containers                1354
      • 7.8.2.2.1           rPET (recycled polyethylene terephthalate) bottles and containers          1354
      • 7.8.2.2.2           rHDPE (recycled high-density polyethylene) bottles            1355
      • 7.8.2.2.3           PCR polypropylene tubs and containers     1356
    • 7.8.2.3 Bio-Based Rigid Plastics        1357
      • 7.8.2.3.1           Bio-PET bottles (partially plant-based)         1357
      • 7.8.2.3.2           Bio-PE containers       1358
      • 7.8.2.3.3           PLA bottles and jars  1359
    • 7.8.2.4 Refillable/Reusable Systems              1359
      • 7.8.2.4.1           Durable containers designed for multiple uses      1359
      • 7.8.2.4.2           Standardized shapes for refill systems         1360
      • 7.8.2.4.3           Concentrated product formats reducing packaging            1361
    • 7.8.2.5 Alternative Materials 1361
      • 7.8.2.5.1           Mushroom packaging for protective applications 1361
      • 7.8.2.5.2           Molded pulp containers and inserts               1362
      • 7.8.2.5.3           Wood and cork containers for premium products 1363
    • 7.8.2.6 Glass and Metal Alternatives               1363
      • 7.8.2.6.1           Lightweight glass technologies          1363
      • 7.8.2.6.2           Thin-walled aluminum containers   1364
      • 7.8.2.6.3           Tin-free steel packaging         1364
    • 7.8.2.7 Global market and forecasts to 2036            1365
      • 7.8.2.7.1           Tonnes                1365
      • 7.8.2.7.2           Revenues          1367
  • 7.8.3    Coatings and films     1369
• 7.9        Company profiles       1371 (330 company profiles)

8             SUSTAINABLE TEXTILES AND APPAREL        1585

• 8.1        Types of bio-based fibers       1585
  • 8.1.1    Natural fibers 1586
  • 8.1.2    Man-made bio-based fibers 1587
• 8.2        Bio-based synthetics                1588
• 8.3        Recyclability of bio-based fibers       1588
• 8.4        Lyocell                1588
• 8.5        Bacterial cellulose      1589
• 8.6        Algae textiles  1589
• 8.7        Bio-based leather        1589
  • 8.7.1    Properties of bio-based leathers       1591
    • 8.7.1.1 Tear strength. 1592
    • 8.7.1.2 Tensile strength            1592
    • 8.7.1.3 Bally flexing     1593
  • 8.7.2    Comparison with conventional leathers      1593
  • 8.7.3    Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers             1596
  • 8.7.4    Plant-based leather   1596
    • 8.7.4.1 Overview           1596
    • 8.7.4.2 Production processes              1597
      • 8.7.4.2.1           Feedstocks      1597
        • 8.7.4.2.1.1      Agriculture Residues 1597
        • 8.7.4.2.1.2      Food Processing Waste          1598
        • 8.7.4.2.1.3      Invasive Plants              1598
        • 8.7.4.2.1.4      Culture-Grown Inputs              1598
      • 8.7.4.2.2           Textile-Based  1598
      • 8.7.4.2.3           Bio-Composite             1599
    • 8.7.4.3 Products           1599
    • 8.7.4.4 SWOT analysis              1600
    • 8.7.4.5 Market players               1601
  • 8.7.5    Mycelium leather         1602
    • 8.7.5.1 Overview           1602
    • 8.7.5.2 Production process   1604
      • 8.7.5.2.1           Growth conditions     1604
      • 8.7.5.2.2           Tanning Mycelium Leather     1605
      • 8.7.5.2.3           Dyeing Mycelium Leather       1605
    • 8.7.5.3 SWOT analysis              1605
    • 8.7.5.4 Products           1606
    • 8.7.5.5 Market players               1607
  • 8.7.6    Microbial leather          1607
    • 8.7.6.1 Overview           1607
    • 8.7.6.2 Production process   1608
      • 8.7.6.2.1           Fermentation conditions       1608
      • 8.7.6.2.2           Harvesting       1609
    • 8.7.6.3 SWOT analysis              1609
    • 8.7.6.4 Products           1610
    • 8.7.6.5 Market players               1612
  • 8.7.7    Lab grown leather        1613
    • 8.7.7.1 Overview           1613
    • 8.7.7.2 Production process   1613
    • 8.7.7.3 SWOT analysis              1614
    • 8.7.7.4 Products           1615
    • 8.7.7.5 Market players               1615
  • 8.7.8    Protein-based leather               1616
    • 8.7.8.1 Overview           1616
    • 8.7.8.2 Production process   1617
    • 8.7.8.3 Commercial activity  1617
  • 8.7.9    Sustainable leather coatings and dyes         1618
    • 8.7.9.1 Overview           1618
      • 8.7.9.1.1           Coatings            1618
      • 8.7.9.1.2           Dyes     1618
    • 8.7.9.2 Commercial activity  1619
• 8.8        Markets              1620
  • 8.8.1    Footwear           1621
  • 8.8.2    Fashion & Accessories            1622
  • 8.8.3    Automotive & Transport          1623
  • 8.8.4    Furniture           1624
  • 8.8.5    Market trends 1625
  • 8.8.6    Market challenges      1625
  • 8.8.7    Investment funding    1626
  • 8.8.8    Recent market news and developments      1627
• 8.9        Global market revenues          1628
  • 8.9.1    By region           1628
  • 8.9.2    By end use market      1631
• 8.10     Company profiles       1632 (65 company profiles)

9             BIOBASED COATINGS AND RESINS                1671

• 9.1        Drop-in replacements              1672
• 9.2        Bio-based resins         1673
• 9.3        Reducing carbon footprint in industrial and protective coatings  1673
• 9.4        Market drivers                1674
  • 9.4.1    Regulatory mandates and PFAS phase-out               1674
• 9.5        Challenges using bio-based coatings            1675
• 9.6        Types   1676
  • 9.6.1    Eco-friendly coatings technologies 1676
    • 9.6.1.1 UV-cure             1676
    • 9.6.1.2 Waterborne coatings 1677
    • 9.6.1.3 Treatments with less or no solvents                1677
    • 9.6.1.4 Hyperbranched polymers for coatings          1677
    • 9.6.1.5 Powder coatings          1677
    • 9.6.1.6 High solid (HS) coatings          1678
    • 9.6.1.7 Use of bio-based materials in coatings         1678
      • 9.6.1.7.1           Biopolymers   1678
      • 9.6.1.7.2           Coatings based on agricultural waste           1679
      • 9.6.1.7.3           Vegetable oils and fatty acids             1679
      • 9.6.1.7.4           Proteins             1679
      • 9.6.1.7.5           Cellulose          1679
      • 9.6.1.7.6           Plant-Based wax coatings     1680
  • 9.6.2    Barrier coatings            1681
    • 9.6.2.1 Polysaccharides          1682
      • 9.6.2.1.1           Chitin  1682
      • 9.6.2.1.2           Chitosan           1683
      • 9.6.2.1.3           Starch 1683
    • 9.6.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)              1683
    • 9.6.2.3 Poly(butylene Succinate         1683
    • 9.6.2.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings        1684
    • 9.6.2.5 Emerging bio-based barrier coating technologies 1684
      • 9.6.2.5.1           Advanced aqueous polymeric solutions (PVOH, EVOH)   1684
      • 9.6.2.5.2           Next-generation bio-polymers            1685
      • 9.6.2.5.3           Nano-cellulose and natural fiber composites         1686
      • 9.6.2.5.4           Seaweed-based biopolymer coatings           1687
      • 9.6.2.5.5           Smart and functional coating systems         1688
  • 9.6.3    Alkyd coatings               1689
    • 9.6.3.1 Alkyd resin properties               1689
    • 9.6.3.2 Bio-based alkyd coatings       1690
    • 9.6.3.3 Products           1691
  • 9.6.4    Polyurethane coatings             1692
    • 9.6.4.1 Properties         1692
    • 9.6.4.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings     1692
      • 9.6.4.2.1           Bio-based polyols       1693
      • 9.6.4.2.2           Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU)            1694
    • 9.6.4.3 Products           1694
  • 9.6.5    Epoxy coatings              1694
    • 9.6.5.1 Properties         1695
    • 9.6.5.2 Bio-based epoxy coatings     1695
    • 9.6.5.3 Products           1696
  • 9.6.6    Acrylate resins              1697
    • 9.6.6.1 Properties         1697
    • 9.6.6.2 Bio-based acrylates  1697
    • 9.6.6.3 Products           1698
  • 9.6.7    Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)        1698
    • 9.6.7.1 Properties         1700
    • 9.6.7.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films  1700
  • 9.6.8    Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             1701
    • 9.6.8.1 Properties         1702
    • 9.6.8.2 PHA coatings  1704
    • 9.6.8.3 Commercially available PHAs            1704
  • 9.6.9    Cellulose          1706
    • 9.6.9.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)        1710
      • 9.6.9.1.1           Properties         1710
      • 9.6.9.1.2           Applications in coatings         1711
    • 9.6.9.2 Cellulose nanofibers 1712
      • 9.6.9.2.1           Properties         1712
      • 9.6.9.2.2           Applications in coatings         1713
    • 9.6.9.3 Cellulose nanocrystals           1716
    • 9.6.9.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)          1718
  • 9.6.10 Rosins 1718
  • 9.6.11 Bio-based carbon black         1719
    • 9.6.11.1            Lignin-based  1719
    • 9.6.11.2            Algae-based   1719
  • 9.6.12 Lignin coatings              1719
  • 9.6.13 Edible films and coatings       1720
  • 9.6.14 Antimicrobial films and agents          1721
    • 9.6.14.1            Natural               1722
    • 9.6.14.2            Inorganic nanoparticles          1722
    • 9.6.14.3            Biopolymers   1722
  • 9.6.15 Nanocoatings 1723
  • 9.6.16 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings      1724
    • 9.6.16.1            Plant derived proteins              1724
    • 9.6.16.2            Animal origin proteins              1724
  • 9.6.17 Algal coatings 1725
  • 9.6.18 Polypeptides  1728
  • 9.6.19 Global market revenues          1728
    • 9.6.19.1            Global market revenues to 2036, total          1728
    • 9.6.19.2            Global market revenues to 2036, by market              1729
• 9.7        Company profiles       1731 (202 company profiles)

10          BIOFUELS  AND E-FUELS      1867

• 10.1     Comparison to fossil fuels    1869
• 10.2     Role in the circular economy               1869
• 10.3     Market drivers                1870
  • 10.3.1 Government policies 1871
• 10.4     Market challenges      1872
• 10.5     Liquid biofuels market             1872
  • 10.5.1 Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2024 1872
  • 10.5.2 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2036, by type and production.          1874
  • 10.5.3 Industry developments 2022-2025 1875
  • 10.5.4 Sustainability of biofuels       1878
• 10.6     The global biofuels market    1881
  • 10.6.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives 1881
  • 10.6.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives           1882
• 10.7     SWOT analysis: Biofuels market        1882
• 10.8     Comparison of biofuel costs 2024, by type                1883
• 10.9     Types   1884
  • 10.9.1 Solid Biofuels 1884
  • 10.9.2 Liquid Biofuels              1885
  • 10.9.3 Gaseous Biofuels       1885
  • 10.9.4 Conventional Biofuels             1886
  • 10.9.5 Advanced Biofuels     1886
  • 10.9.6 Refineries         1887
• 10.10  Feedstocks      1888
  • 10.10.1              First-generation (1-G)               1890
  • 10.10.2              Second-generation (2-G)       1891
    • 10.10.2.1         Lignocellulosic wastes and residues             1892
    • 10.10.2.2         Biorefinery lignin         1892
  • 10.10.3              Third-generation (3-G)             1895
    • 10.10.3.1         Algal biofuels 1895
      • 10.10.3.1.1     Properties         1896
      • 10.10.3.1.2     Advantages     1896
  • 10.10.4              Fourth-generation (4-G)          1897
  • 10.10.5              Advantages and disadvantages, by generation        1897
  • 10.10.6              Energy crops  1899
    • 10.10.6.1         Feedstocks      1899
    • 10.10.6.2         SWOT analysis              1899
  • 10.10.7              Agricultural residues 1900
    • 10.10.7.1         Feedstocks      1900
    • 10.10.7.2         SWOT analysis              1900
  • 10.10.8              Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste                1902
    • 10.10.8.1         Processing pathways                1902
    • 10.10.8.2         SWOT analysis              1902
  • 10.10.9              Forestry and wood waste       1903
    • 10.10.9.1         Feedstocks      1903
    • 10.10.9.2         SWOT analysis              1904
  • 10.10.10           Feedstock costs          1905
• 10.11  Hydrocarbon biofuels              1905
  • 10.11.1              Biodiesel           1905
    • 10.11.1.1         Biodiesel by generation           1906
    • 10.11.1.2         SWOT analysis              1907
    • 10.11.1.3         Biodiesel production 1908
      • 10.11.1.3.1     Pyrolysis of biomass 1909
      • 10.11.1.3.2     Vegetable oil transesterification       1911
      • 10.11.1.3.3     Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)  1912
        • 10.11.1.3.3.1 Production process   1912
      • 10.11.1.3.4     Biodiesel from tall oil                1913
      • 10.11.1.3.5     Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel     1913
      • 10.11.1.3.6     Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass         1915
      • 10.11.1.3.7     CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)          1915
      • 10.11.1.3.8     Dymethyl ether (DME)              1916
    • 10.11.1.4         Biodiesel Projects       1917
    • 10.11.1.5         Recent market developments 2023-2025  1917
    • 10.11.1.6         Prices  1918
    • 10.11.1.7         Companies     1919
    • 10.11.1.8         Global consumption 1920
  • 10.11.2              Renewable diesel        1921
    • 10.11.2.1         Production       1922
    • 10.11.2.2         Biodiesel vs renewable diesel             1922
    • 10.11.2.3         SWOT analysis              1922
    • 10.11.2.4         Global consumption 1923
    • 10.11.2.5         Prices  1925
  • 10.11.3              Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)           1925
    • 10.11.3.1         Description     1926
    • 10.11.3.2         Jet fuel composition & types                1926
    • 10.11.3.3         Recent market developments             1927
    • 10.11.3.4         SWOT analysis              1928
    • 10.11.3.5         Global production and consumption            1929
    • 10.11.3.6         Production pathways                1929
    • 10.11.3.7         Prices  1931
    • 10.11.3.8         Sustainable aviation fuel production capacities    1931
    • 10.11.3.9         Challenges      1933
    • 10.11.3.10      Companies     1933
    • 10.11.3.11      Global consumption 1934
  • 10.11.4              Bio-naphtha   1935
    • 10.11.4.1         Overview           1935
    • 10.11.4.2         SWOT analysis              1936
    • 10.11.4.3         Markets and applications      1937
    • 10.11.4.4         Prices  1938
    • 10.11.4.5         Production capacities, by producer, current and planned               1939
    • 10.11.4.6         Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned   1940
• 10.12  Alcohol fuels  1940
  • 10.12.1              Biomethanol  1940
    • 10.12.1.1         SWOT analysis              1942
    • 10.12.1.2         Methanol-to gasoline technology     1943
      • 10.12.1.2.1     Production processes              1943
        • 10.12.1.2.1.1 Biomethanol from Biogas Reforming             1944
        • 10.12.1.2.1.2 Biomethanol from Hydrothermal Gasification         1945
        • 10.12.1.2.1.3 Anaerobic digestion  1945
        • 10.12.1.2.1.4 Biomass gasification 1946
        • 10.12.1.2.1.5 Power to Methane       1946
    • 10.12.1.3         Methanol Synthesis Companies       1946
  • 10.12.2              Bioethanol       1947
    • 10.12.2.1         Technology description           1947
    • 10.12.2.2         1G Bio-Ethanol             1948
    • 10.12.2.3         SWOT analysis              1949
    • 10.12.2.4         Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) & alcohol-to-gasoline (ATG): methanol & ethanol     1949
      • 10.12.2.4.1     ATJ and ATG processes            1950
      • 10.12.2.4.2     Ethanol Feedstocks   1950
      • 10.12.2.4.3     Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) and Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ) processes          1952
      • 10.12.2.4.4     Companies     1953
    • 10.12.2.5         Cellulosic Ethanol Production            1954
      • 10.12.2.5.1     Feedstocks      1955
      • 10.12.2.5.2     Companies     1957
    • 10.12.2.6         Sulfite spent liquor fermentation      1957
    • 10.12.2.7         Gasification    1958
      • 10.12.2.7.1     Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation       1958
      • 10.12.2.7.2     Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion    1958
    • 10.12.2.8         CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis               1958
    • 10.12.2.9         Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation           1959
      • 10.12.2.9.1     Separate hydrolysis and fermentation           1959
      • 10.12.2.9.2     Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)    1960
      • 10.12.2.9.3     Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)      1960
      • 10.12.2.9.4     Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)         1960
      • 10.12.2.9.5     Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)      1960
    • 10.12.2.10      Global ethanol consumption              1961
  • 10.12.3              Biobutanol      1962
    • 10.12.3.1         Production       1963
    • 10.12.3.2         Prices  1963
• 10.13  Biomass-based gas  1963
  • 10.13.1              Feedstocks      1964
    • 10.13.1.1         Biomethane    1965
    • 10.13.1.2         Production pathways                1966
      • 10.13.1.2.1     Landfill gas recovery 1966
      • 10.13.1.2.2     Anaerobic digestion  1966
      • 10.13.1.2.3     Thermal gasification 1966
    • 10.13.1.3         SWOT analysis              1966
    • 10.13.1.4         Global production      1967
    • 10.13.1.5         Prices  1968
      • 10.13.1.5.1     Raw Biogas     1968
      • 10.13.1.5.2     Upgraded Biomethane            1968
    • 10.13.1.6         Bio-LNG             1969
      • 10.13.1.6.1     Markets              1969
        • 10.13.1.6.1.1 Trucks 1969
        • 10.13.1.6.1.2 Marine 1969
      • 10.13.1.6.2     Production       1970
      • 10.13.1.6.3     Plants 1970
    • 10.13.1.7         bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)  1971
    • 10.13.1.8         Carbon capture from biogas               1971
  • 10.13.2              Biosyngas        1972
    • 10.13.2.1         Production       1972
    • 10.13.2.2         Prices  1973
  • 10.13.3              Biohydrogen   1974
    • 10.13.3.1         Description     1974
    • 10.13.3.2         SWOT analysis              1974
    • 10.13.3.3         Production of biohydrogen from biomass  1975
      • 10.13.3.3.1     Biological Conversion Routes             1976
        • 10.13.3.3.1.1 Bio-photochemical Reaction              1976
        • 10.13.3.3.1.2 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion        1976
      • 10.13.3.3.2     Thermochemical conversion routes               1976
        • 10.13.3.3.2.1 Biomass Gasification               1976
        • 10.13.3.3.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis      1977
        • 10.13.3.3.2.3 Biomethane Reforming           1977
    • 10.13.3.4         Applications   1977
    • 10.13.3.5         Prices  1978
  • 10.13.4              Biochar in biogas production              1978
  • 10.13.5              Bio-DME            1979
• 10.14  Chemical recycling for biofuels         1979
  • 10.14.1              Plastic pyrolysis           1979
  • 10.14.2              Used tires pyrolysis   1979
    • 10.14.2.1         Conversion to biofuel               1980
  • 10.14.3              Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes             1981
  • 10.14.4              Gasification    1981
    • 10.14.4.1         Syngas conversion to methanol        1982
    • 10.14.4.2         Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation       1984
    • 10.14.4.3         Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion    1985
  • 10.14.5              Hydrothermal cracking           1985
  • 10.14.6              SWOT analysis              1986
• 10.15  Electrofuels (e-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels) 1987
  • 10.15.1              Introduction    1987
    • 10.15.1.1         E-Fuel Production Technologies        1987
    • 10.15.1.2         E-fuel uses      1988
    • 10.15.1.3         Costs  1988
    • 10.15.1.4         Benefits of e-fuels       1989
    • 10.15.1.5         Production pathways                1990
  • 10.15.2              Green hydrogen            1991
    • 10.15.2.1         Electrolyzer Technologies      1992
    • 10.15.2.2         Companies     1993
  • 10.15.3              CO2 capture   1993
    • 10.15.3.1         Overview           1993
    • 10.15.3.2         CO₂ Capture Systems              1994
    • 10.15.3.3         Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology for e-fuel production              1997
  • 10.15.4              Syngas production     1997
    • 10.15.4.1         Overview           1997
    • 10.15.4.2         Syngas Production Technologies      1998
      • 10.15.4.2.1     Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS)      1998
      • 10.15.4.2.2     Direct Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: CO₂ to Hydrocarbons  1999
      • 10.15.4.2.3     Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction              1999
      • 10.15.4.2.4     Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs)         1999
    • 10.15.4.3         Solar power in E-Fuels             2001
      • 10.15.4.3.1     Overview           2001
      • 10.15.4.3.2     Key advantages            2001
      • 10.15.4.3.3     Projects             2001
    • 10.15.4.4         Companies     2001
  • 10.15.5              E-methane       2004
    • 10.15.5.1         Overview           2004
    • 10.15.5.2         Methanation   2005
      • 10.15.5.2.1     Thermocatalytic methanation            2005
      • 10.15.5.2.2     Biological methanation           2006
      • 10.15.5.2.3     Companies     2007
  • 10.15.6              E-methanol     2008
    • 10.15.6.1         Overview           2009
    • 10.15.6.2         E-Methanol Production           2009
    • 10.15.6.3         Direct methanol synthesis    2012
    • 10.15.6.4         Companies     2012
  • 10.15.7              SWOT analysis              2013
  • 10.15.8              Production       2014
    • 10.15.8.1         eFuel production facilities, current and planned   2015
  • 10.15.9              Electrolysers   2016
  • 10.15.10           Prices  2017
  • 10.15.11           Market challenges      2018
  • 10.15.12           Companies     2019
• 10.16  Algae-derived biofuels             2020
  • 10.16.1              Technology description           2020
  • 10.16.2              CO₂ capture and utilization  2021
  • 10.16.3              Conversion pathways               2022
    • 10.16.3.1         Macroalgae     2022
    • 10.16.3.2         Microalgae / Cyanobacteria 2023
      • 10.16.3.2.1     Microalgae cultivation for biofuel production           2024
      • 10.16.3.2.2     Open cultivation systems      2025
      • 10.16.3.2.3     Closed photobioreactors (PBRs)      2026
    • 10.16.3.3         Companies     2027
    • 10.16.3.4         Projects             2028
  • 10.16.4              SWOT analysis              2029
  • 10.16.5              Production       2030
    • 10.16.5.1         Algal Biofuel Production         2030
  • 10.16.6              Market challenges      2031
  • 10.16.7              Prices  2032
  • 10.16.8              Producers         2033
• 10.17  Green ammonia          2033
  • 10.17.1              Production       2033
    • 10.17.1.1         Decarbonisation of ammonia production  2034
    • 10.17.1.2         Green ammonia projects       2034
  • 10.17.2              Green ammonia synthesis methods              2035
    • 10.17.2.1         Haber-Bosch process              2035
    • 10.17.2.2         Biological nitrogen fixation   2035
    • 10.17.2.3         Electrochemical production                2035
    • 10.17.2.4         Chemical looping processes               2036
  • 10.17.3              SWOT analysis              2036
  • 10.17.4              Blue ammonia              2037
    • 10.17.4.1         Blue ammonia projects           2037
  • 10.17.5              Markets and applications      2037
    • 10.17.5.1         Chemical energy storage       2037
      • 10.17.5.1.1     Ammonia fuel cells    2037
    • 10.17.5.2         Marine fuel      2038
  • 10.17.6              Prices  2040
  • 10.17.7              Estimated market demand   2041
  • 10.17.8              Companies and projects        2041
• 10.18  Biofuels from carbon capture             2042
  • 10.18.1              Overview           2043
  • 10.18.2              CO2 capture from point sources      2044
  • 10.18.3              Production routes       2045
  • 10.18.4              SWOT analysis              2045
  • 10.18.5              Direct air capture (DAC)         2046
    • 10.18.5.1         Description     2046
    • 10.18.5.2         Deployment    2047
    • 10.18.5.3         Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture     2047
    • 10.18.5.4         Technologies  2047
      • 10.18.5.4.1     Solid sorbents               2048
      • 10.18.5.4.2     Liquid sorbents            2048
      • 10.18.5.4.3     Liquid solvents             2049
      • 10.18.5.4.4     Airflow equipment integration            2049
      • 10.18.5.4.5     Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)   2049
      • 10.18.5.4.6     Direct conversion        2050
      • 10.18.5.4.7     Co-product generation            2050
      • 10.18.5.4.8     Low Temperature DAC             2050
      • 10.18.5.4.9     Regeneration methods            2050
    • 10.18.5.5         Commercialization and plants           2051
    • 10.18.5.6         Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC  2052
    • 10.18.5.7         DAC plants and projects-current and planned        2052
    • 10.18.5.8         Markets for DAC           2057
    • 10.18.5.9         Costs  2057
    • 10.18.5.10      Challenges      2059
    • 10.18.5.11      Players and production           2060
  • 10.18.6              Carbon utilization for biofuels            2060
    • 10.18.6.1         Production routes       2062
      • 10.18.6.1.1     Electrolyzers   2063
      • 10.18.6.1.2     Low-carbon hydrogen              2063
    • 10.18.6.2         Products & applications         2065
      • 10.18.6.2.1     Vehicles             2065
      • 10.18.6.2.2     Shipping            2065
      • 10.18.6.2.3     Aviation              2065
      • 10.18.6.2.4     Costs  2066
      • 10.18.6.2.5     Ethanol              2066
      • 10.18.6.2.6     Methanol          2067
      • 10.18.6.2.7     Sustainable Aviation Fuel      2070
      • 10.18.6.2.8     Methane            2070
      • 10.18.6.2.9     Algae based biofuels 2071
      • 10.18.6.2.10  CO₂-fuels from solar 2072
    • 10.18.6.3         Challenges      2073
    • 10.18.6.4         SWOT analysis              2073
    • 10.18.6.5         Companies     2074
• 10.19  Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils)            2076
  • 10.19.1              Description     2076
    • 10.19.1.1         Advantages of bio-oils             2076
  • 10.19.2              Production       2077
    • 10.19.2.1         Biomass Pyrolysis      2078
    • 10.19.2.2         Plastic Waste Pyrolysis            2079
    • 10.19.2.3         Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic                2081
    • 10.19.2.4         Costs of production  2081
    • 10.19.2.5         Upgrading        2082
  • 10.19.3              Pyrolysis reactors        2082
  • 10.19.4              SWOT analysis              2083
  • 10.19.5              Applications   2084
  • 10.19.6              Bio-oil producers         2085
  • 10.19.7              Prices  2085
• 10.20  Refuse-derived fuels (RDF)   2086
  • 10.20.1              Overview           2086
  • 10.20.2              Production       2086
    • 10.20.2.1         Production process   2086
    • 10.20.2.2         Mechanical biological treatment      2087
  • 10.20.3              Markets              2087
• 10.21  Company profiles       2088 (237 company profiles)

11          SUSTAINABLE ELECTRONICS             2225

• 11.1     Overview           2225
  • 11.1.1 Green electronics manufacturing    2225
  • 11.1.2 Drivers for sustainable electronics  2226
  • 11.1.3 Environmental Impacts of Electronics Manufacturing       2227
    • 11.1.3.1            E-Waste Generation  2227
    • 11.1.3.2            Carbon Emissions     2228
    • 11.1.3.3            Resource Utilization  2228
    • 11.1.3.4            Waste Minimization  2229
    • 11.1.3.5            Supply Chain Impacts             2229
  • 11.1.4 New opportunities from sustainable electronics   2230
  • 11.1.5 Regulations     2230
    • 11.1.5.1            Certifications 2231
  • 11.1.6 Powering sustainable electronics (Bio-based batteries)   2232
  • 11.1.7 Bioplastics in injection moulded electronics parts              2233
• 11.2     Green electronics manufacturing    2233
  • 11.2.1 Conventional electronics manufacturing   2233
  • 11.2.2 Benefits of Sustainable Electronics manufacturing             2234
  • 11.2.3 Challenges in adopting Sustainable Electronics manufacturing 2234
  • 11.2.4 Approaches    2235
    • 11.2.4.1            Closed-Loop Manufacturing               2235
    • 11.2.4.2            Digital Manufacturing              2235
      • 11.2.4.2.1        Advanced robotics & automation    2235
      • 11.2.4.2.2        AI & machine learning analytics        2236
      • 11.2.4.2.3        Internet of Things (IoT)             2236
      • 11.2.4.2.4        Additive manufacturing          2236
      • 11.2.4.2.5        Virtual prototyping     2236
      • 11.2.4.2.6        Blockchain-enabled supply chain traceability         2236
    • 11.2.4.3            Renewable Energy Usage      2237
    • 11.2.4.4            Energy Efficiency         2238
    • 11.2.4.5            Materials Efficiency   2239
    • 11.2.4.6            Sustainable Chemistry            2239
    • 11.2.4.7            Recycled Materials    2240
      • 11.2.4.7.1        Advanced chemical recycling             2241
    • 11.2.4.8            Bio-Based Materials  2243
  • 11.2.5 Greening the Supply Chain   2245
    • 11.2.5.1            Key focus areas            2246
    • 11.2.5.2            Sustainability activities from major electronics brands    2249
    • 11.2.5.3            Key challenges              2250
    • 11.2.5.4            Use of digital technologies    2250
  • 11.2.6 Sustainable Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing  2250
    • 11.2.6.1            Conventional PCB manufacturing   2250
    • 11.2.6.2            Trends in PCBs              2251
      • 11.2.6.2.1        High-Speed PCBs       2251
      • 11.2.6.2.2        Flexible PCBs 2251
      • 11.2.6.2.3        3D Printed PCBs          2252
      • 11.2.6.2.4        Sustainable PCBs       2252
    • 11.2.6.3            Reconciling sustainability with performance            2253
    • 11.2.6.4            Sustainable supply chains   2253
    • 11.2.6.5            Sustainability in PCB manufacturing             2254
      • 11.2.6.5.1        Sustainable cleaning of PCBs             2255
    • 11.2.6.6            Design of PCBs for sustainability     2255
      • 11.2.6.6.1        Rigid    2257
      • 11.2.6.6.2        Flexible               2257
      • 11.2.6.6.3        Additive manufacturing          2257
      • 11.2.6.6.4        In-mold elctronics (IME)         2258
    • 11.2.6.7            Materials           2259
      • 11.2.6.7.1        Low-energy epoxy resins        2259
      • 11.2.6.7.2        Metal cores     2259
      • 11.2.6.7.3        Recycled laminates   2259
      • 11.2.6.7.4        Conductive inks           2259
      • 11.2.6.7.5        Green and lead-free solder   2261
      • 11.2.6.7.6        Biodegradable substrates     2262
        • 11.2.6.7.6.1   Bacterial Cellulose     2262
        • 11.2.6.7.6.2   Mycelium          2263
        • 11.2.6.7.6.3   Lignin  2264
        • 11.2.6.7.6.4   Cellulose Nanofibers               2266
        • 11.2.6.7.6.5   Soy Protein      2268
        • 11.2.6.7.6.6   Algae   2268
        • 11.2.6.7.6.7   PHAs   2268
      • 11.2.6.7.7        Biobased inks                2269
    • 11.2.6.8            Substrates       2269
      • 11.2.6.8.1        Halogen-free FR4        2270
        • 11.2.6.8.1.1   FR4 limitations             2270
        • 11.2.6.8.1.2   FR4 alternatives           2271
        • 11.2.6.8.1.3   Bio-Polyimide 2271
      • 11.2.6.8.2        Glass substrates         2273
      • 11.2.6.8.3        Ceramic substrates   2273
      • 11.2.6.8.4        Metal-core PCBs         2273
      • 11.2.6.8.5        Biobased PCBs             2273
        • 11.2.6.8.5.1   Polylactic acid              2274
        • 11.2.6.8.5.2   Lignin-based Polymers            2274
        • 11.2.6.8.5.3   Cellulose Composites             2275
        • 11.2.6.8.5.4   Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)             2275
        • 11.2.6.8.5.5   Starch Blends                2275
        • 11.2.6.8.5.6   Challenges      2275
        • 11.2.6.8.5.7   Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs             2276
        • 11.2.6.8.5.8   Recent commercial activity  2277
      • 11.2.6.8.6        Paper-based PCBs     2277
      • 11.2.6.8.7        PCBs without solder mask   2277
      • 11.2.6.8.8        Thinner dielectrics      2277
      • 11.2.6.8.9        Recycled plastic substrates 2278
      • 11.2.6.8.10     Flexible substrates     2278
      • 11.2.6.8.11     Polyimide alternatives              2278
    • 11.2.6.9            Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing 2279
      • 11.2.6.9.1        Introduction    2279
      • 11.2.6.9.2        Issues with sustainability      2280
      • 11.2.6.9.3        Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals         2280
      • 11.2.6.9.4        Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning             2281
      • 11.2.6.9.5        Print-and-plate              2281
      • 11.2.6.9.6        Approaches    2282
        • 11.2.6.9.6.1   Direct Printed Electronics      2282
        • 11.2.6.9.6.2   Photonic Sintering      2283
        • 11.2.6.9.6.3   Biometallization          2283
        • 11.2.6.9.6.4   Plating Resist Alternatives     2283
        • 11.2.6.9.6.5   Laser-Induced Forward Transfer       2284
        • 11.2.6.9.6.6   Electrohydrodynamic Printing            2286
        • 11.2.6.9.6.7   Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs    2286
        • 11.2.6.9.6.8   Green electroless plating       2287
        • 11.2.6.9.6.9   Smart Masking             2288
        • 11.2.6.9.6.10 Component Integration           2288
        • 11.2.6.9.6.11 Bio-inspired material deposition      2289
        • 11.2.6.9.6.12 Multi-material jetting 2289
        • 11.2.6.9.6.13 Vacuumless deposition          2289
        • 11.2.6.9.6.14 Upcycling waste streams      2290
    • 11.2.6.10         Sustainable attachment and integration of components 2290
      • 11.2.6.10.1     Conventional component attachment materials   2290
      • 11.2.6.10.2     Materials           2292
        • 11.2.6.10.2.1 Conductive adhesives             2292
        • 11.2.6.10.2.2 Biodegradable adhesives      2292
        • 11.2.6.10.2.3 Magnets            2292
        • 11.2.6.10.2.4 Bio-based solders      2292
        • 11.2.6.10.2.5 Bio-derived solders   2293
        • 11.2.6.10.2.6 Recycled plastics       2293
        • 11.2.6.10.2.7 Nano adhesives           2293
        • 11.2.6.10.2.8 Shape memory polymers       2293
        • 11.2.6.10.2.9 Photo-reversible polymers    2294
        • 11.2.6.10.2.10              Conductive biopolymers        2295
    • 11.2.6.10.3     Processes        2295
      • 11.2.6.10.3.1 Traditional thermal processing methods     2296
      • 11.2.6.10.3.2 Low temperature solder          2296
      • 11.2.6.10.3.3 Reflow soldering          2298
      • 11.2.6.10.3.4 Induction soldering    2298
      • 11.2.6.10.3.5 UV curing          2299
      • 11.2.6.10.3.6 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing 2299
      • 11.2.6.10.3.7 Photonic sintering/curing       2299
      • 11.2.6.10.3.8 Hybrid integration       2300
  • 11.2.7 Sustainable integrated circuits          2300
    • 11.2.7.1            IC manufacturing        2300
    • 11.2.7.2            Sustainable IC manufacturing           2301
    • 11.2.7.3            Wafer production        2301
      • 11.2.7.3.1        Silicon 2302
      • 11.2.7.3.2        Gallium nitride ICs     2302
      • 11.2.7.3.3        Flexible ICs      2303
      • 11.2.7.3.4        Fully printed organic ICs         2303
    • 11.2.7.4            Oxidation methods    2304
      • 11.2.7.4.1        Sustainable oxidation              2304
      • 11.2.7.4.2        Metal oxides   2305
      • 11.2.7.4.3        Recycling          2305
      • 11.2.7.4.4        Thin gate oxide layers                2306
      • 11.2.7.4.5        Substrate Oxidation  2306
      • 11.2.7.4.6        Solution-Based Manufacturing         2306
      • 11.2.7.4.7        MOSFET Transistors  2307
      • 11.2.7.4.8        Silicon on Insulator (SOI) and Manufacturing          2307
    • 11.2.7.5            Patterning and doping              2308
      • 11.2.7.5.1        Processes        2308
        • 11.2.7.5.1.1   Wet etching     2308
        • 11.2.7.5.1.2   Dry plasma etching    2309
        • 11.2.7.5.1.3   Lift-off patterning        2309
        • 11.2.7.5.1.4   Surface doping             2310
      • 11.2.7.5.2        Photolithography        2310
      • 11.2.7.5.3        Green solvents and chemicals           2311
    • 11.2.7.6            Metallization  2313
      • 11.2.7.6.1        Evaporation    2313
      • 11.2.7.6.2        Plating 2313
      • 11.2.7.6.3        Printing              2313
        • 11.2.7.6.3.1   Printed metal gates for organic thin film transistors            2314
      • 11.2.7.6.4        Physical vapour deposition (PVD)    2314
    • 11.2.7.7            Packaging        2315
      • 11.2.7.7.1        Sustainable Semiconductor Packaging Technologies        2315
      • 11.2.7.7.2        Glass interposer technology                2315
    • 11.2.7.8            Water management  2316
      • 11.2.7.8.1        Overview           2316
      • 11.2.7.8.2        Ultra pure water (UPW)           2316
      • 11.2.7.8.3        Semiconductor manufacturing water consumption            2317
      • 11.2.7.8.4        Water Reuse   2318
  • 11.2.8 End of life         2318
    • 11.2.8.1            Legislation       2319
    • 11.2.8.2            Hazardous waste        2320
    • 11.2.8.3            Emissions        2321
    • 11.2.8.4            Water Usage   2321
    • 11.2.8.5            Recycling          2321
      • 11.2.8.5.1        Mechanical recycling                2322
      • 11.2.8.5.2        Electro-Mechanical Separation         2323
      • 11.2.8.5.3        Chemical Recycling   2323
      • 11.2.8.5.4        Electrochemical Processes  2324
      • 11.2.8.5.5        Thermal Recycling      2324
      • 11.2.8.5.6        Green Certification     2325
      • 11.2.8.5.7        PCB recycling 2325
        • 11.2.8.5.7.1   Overview           2325
        • 11.2.8.5.7.2   Metal recovery from PCB manufacturing    2325
        • 11.2.8.5.7.3   Recyclable PCBs         2326
        • 11.2.8.5.7.4   Excess electronic component inventory management      2326
        • 11.2.8.5.7.5   Electronic waste management and reuse   2327
• 11.3     Global market                2327
  • 11.3.1 Global PCB manufacturing industry               2327
    • 11.3.1.1            PCB revenues 2327
  • 11.3.2 Sustainable PCBs       2329
  • 11.3.3 Sustainable ICs            2331
• 11.4     Sustainable data centers       2333
  • 11.4.1 Scope and definitions              2334
  • 11.4.2 Why data center sustainability is now a policy issue (AI build-out, grid stress, water, land)      2334
  • 11.4.3 Data center energy demand and CO₂ emissions: the headline numbers               2334
  • 11.4.4 The biggest contributors to the data center carbon footprint (Scope 1/2/3 split)              2334
  • 11.4.5 The global policy landscape at a glance: from voluntary targets to binding mandates 2334
  • 11.4.6 Regional policy heat-map: EU, US (federal + state), China, Singapore, Japan, UK, Ireland         2335
  • 11.4.7 Grid-connection policy as the new bottleneck        2335
  • 11.4.8 Standards, certification and reporting (PUE, WUE, CUE, EPEAT, EU energy labels)        2336
  • 11.4.9 Which sustainable technologies have the biggest impact               2336
  • 11.4.10              Market forecast, 2025–2037 2336
  • 11.4.11              Key conclusions and outlook              2337
• 11.5     Company profiles       2337 (48 company profiles)

12          BIOBASED ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS       2374

• 12.1     Overview           2374
  • 12.1.1 Biobased Epoxy Adhesives   2374
  • 12.1.2 Bio-based Polyurethane Adhesives 2375
  • 12.1.3 Other Biobased Adhesives and Sealants    2376
  • 12.1.4 Market drivers and recent developments    2377
• 12.2     Types   2377
  • 12.2.1 Cellulose-Based          2377
  • 12.2.2 Starch-Based 2378
  • 12.2.3 Lignin-Based  2378
  • 12.2.4 Vegetable Oils               2379
  • 12.2.5 Protein-Based               2379
  • 12.2.6 Tannin-Based 2380
  • 12.2.7 Algae-based   2380
  • 12.2.8 Chitosan-based           2381
  • 12.2.9 Natural Rubber-based             2382
  • 12.2.10              Silkworm Silk-based 2382
  • 12.2.11              Mussel Protein-based              2383
  • 12.2.12              Soy-based Foam         2384
• 12.3     Global revenues           2385
  • 12.3.1 By types             2385
  • 12.3.2 By market         2386
• 12.4     Company profiles       2387 (15 company profiles)

13          APPENDIX        2397

• 13.1     Research Methodology           2397

14          REFERENCES 2398

List of Tables

• Table 1. Key Benefits of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials      110
• Table 2. Global Plastics Production (1950-2025). 113
• Table 3. Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers (2025).            115
• Table 4. Regional Biopolymer Distribution and Projections (2025–2036)              117
• Table 5. Regional Production Capacity Projections (1,000 tonnes).          117
• Table 6. Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview          119
• Table 7. Global Bio-based Building Block Production Capacities 2011–2036 (million tonnes total, all building blocks)            120
• Table 8. Next Generation Bio-based Polymers.       121
• Table 9. Bio-based Polymers and Chemical Recycling (2024-2036).        122
• Table 10. Novel Feedstock Sources 123
• Table 11. Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025               125
• Table 12. Global Bio-based Polymer Production Capacities and Production 2025         126
• Table 13. Bio-based Polymer Global Installed Capacity Forecast 2025–2036 by Type (1,000 tonnes) 128
• Table 14. Bioplastics Production Capacities by Region 2024-2036 (1,000 tonnes).       129
• Table 15. Global Bio-based Polymers Market by Type 2020–2036 (Revenues $M)           130
• Table 16. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers. 133
• Table 17. Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternative   135
• Table 18. Available Bio-based Monomers. 145
• Table 19. Bioplastic feedstocks,       149
• Table 20. Bioplastics regulations around the world.             154
• Table 21. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced. 163
• Table 22. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.               164
• Table 23. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.            165
• Table 24. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.        166
• Table 25. Global Production of Starch for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)              166
• Table 26. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.         167
• Table 27. Applications of  lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals.             168
• Table 28. Global Production of Bio-based Lysine, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   168
• Table 29. Global Glucose Production for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)              169
• Table 30. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.              171
• Table 31. Applications of bio-based HDMA.              171
• Table 32. Global Production Volumes of Bio-HMDA, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)            172
• Table 33. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).         173
• Table 34. Applications of DA5.            173
• Table 35. Global Production of Bio-based DA5, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)        174
• Table 36. Sorbitol Applications          175
• Table 37. Global Production (sorbitol directed to polymer/chemical applications, thousand tonnes)                175
• Table 38. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide.        176
• Table 39. Applications of bio-based isosorbide.    176
• Table 40. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).        177
• Table 41. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).    178
• Table 42. Lactide applications.          179
• Table 43. Global Lactide Production, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)              180
• Table 44. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.  181
• Table 45. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.               181
• Table 46. Global Production of Bio-itaconic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   182
• Table 47. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.     183
• Table 48. Applications of 3-HP.           183
• Table 49. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).              184
• Table 50. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.  185
• Table 51. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid,  2018-2036 (metric tonnes).     185
• Table 52. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO). 186
• Table 53. Global Production of Bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)    187
• Table 54. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid. 188
• Table 55. Applications of succinic acid.       189
• Table 56. Global Production of Bio-based Succinic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)  189
• Table 57. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).           190
• Table 58. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).        191
• Table 59. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).           192
• Table 60. Global Production of Bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 192
• Table 61. Applications of bio-based adipic acid.    193
• Table 62. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.               195
• Table 63. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).   195
• Table 64. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.       196
• Table 65. Applications of bio-based isobutanol.    196
• Table 66. Global Production of Bio-based Isobutanol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)         197
• Table 67. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene.            198
• Table 68. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene.         198
• Table 69. Global Production of Bio-based p-Xylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)             199
• Table 70. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA).         200
• Table 71. Global Production of Biobased Terephthalic Acid (TPA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)               200
• Table 72. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol.        202
• Table 73. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol.     202
• Table 74. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).           202
• Table 75. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.     203
• Table 76. Applications of bio-based MEG.  204
• Table 77. Biobased MEG producers capacities.     204
• Table 78. Global Production of Biobased MEG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)        204
• Table 79. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.              206
• Table 80. Applications of bio-based ethanol.           206
• Table 81. Global Production of Biobased Ethanol, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 206
• Table 82. Applications of bio-based ethylene.         208
• Table 83. Global Production of Biobased Ethylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)               208
• Table 84. Applications of bio-based propylene.      209
• Table 85. Global Production of Biobased Propylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)            210
• Table 86. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride.               211
• Table 87. Global Production of Biobased Vinyl Chloride, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   212
• Table 88. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate.              213
• Table 89. Global Production of Bio-based Methyl Methacrylate, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   214
• Table 90. Applications of bio-based aniline.             215
• Table 91. Global Production of Biobased Aniline, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)    216
• Table 92. Applications of biobased fructose.            217
• Table 93. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). 219
• Table 94. Global Production of Biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)                219
• Table 95. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF).              220
• Table 96. Global Production of Biobased 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)                220
• Table 97. Applications of Levulinic acid.      222
• Table 98. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).   222
• Table 99. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME. 223
• Table 100.Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).   224
• Table 101. Applications of FDCA.     225
• Table 102. Global Production of Biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)              226
• Table 103. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone.    227
• Table 104. Global Production of Bio-based Levoglucosenone, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)      227
• Table 105. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose         228
• Table 106. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose             229
• Table 107. Global Production of Hemicellulose, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)     229
• Table 108. Global Production of Biobased Furfural, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)              231
• Table 109. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol.        232
• Table 110. Global Production of Biobased Furfuryl Alcohol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)            233
• Table 111. Global Production of Biobased Lignin, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   234
• Table 112. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.          236
• Table 113. Global Production of Biobased Glycerol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)             236
• Table 114. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG. 238
• Table 115. Global Production of Bio-MPG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)   238
• Table 116. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH.      240
• Table 117. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).     240
• Table 118. Global Production of Biobased Fatty Acids, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)      242
• Table 119. Global Production of Biobased Sebacic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)  244
• Table 120. Global Production of Biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic Acid (11-AA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)              246
• Table 121. Global Production of Biobased Dodecanedioic Acid (DDDA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 247
• Table 122.Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).                249
• Table 123. Global Production of Biobased Casein, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes) 251
• Table 124. Bio-based naphtha applications.            253
• Table 125. Bio-based naphthaProduction Volume (thousand tonnes)    253
• Table 126. Global Production of Food Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)    255
• Table 127. Global Production of Agricultural Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)      257
• Table 128. Global Production of Forestry Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)             258
• Table 129. Global Production of Aquaculture/Fishing Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)              260
• Table 130. Global Production of Municipal Solid Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)                261
• Table 131. Global Production of Waste Oils for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)      263
• Table 132. Global Microalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)   265
• Table 133. Global Macroalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes) 267
• Table 134. Mineral source products and applications.       268
• Table 135. Global Production of Biogas, 2018–2036 (billion m³)  270
• Table 136. Global Production of Syngas, 2018–2036 (billion m³) 272
• Table 137. Consolidated feedstock-to-polymer map          275
• Table 138. Representative feedstock-to-polymer mass balances (tonnes feedstock per tonne polymer at typical commercial yield) 276
• Table 139. Type of biodegradation.  281
• Table 140. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.                282
• Table 141. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.      282
• Table 142. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.           284
• Table 143. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes) 286
• Table 144. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear Applications.       287
• Table 145. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) producers.      287
• Table 146. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  288
• Table 147. Optimal Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for Fermentation              292
• Table 148. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.       296
• Table 149. PLA producers and production capacities.       297
• Table 150. Planned PLA Capacity Expansions (2025 confirmed) 297
• Table 151. PLA Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       298
• Table 152. Polylactic acid (PLA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)            299
• Table 153. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     299
• Table 154. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities.             302
• Table 155. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).           302
• Table 156. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     304
• Table 157. PTT Production Capacities (2025)           304
• Table 158. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).            305
• Table 159. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       305
• Table 160. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.  306
• Table 161. PEF vs. PET.            307
• Table 162. FDCA and PEF Producers (2025)             308
• Table 163. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).    309
• Table 164. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        310
• Table 165. Bio-PA Producers Production Capacities (2025)           310
• Table 166. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes). 311
• Table 167. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)            312
• Table 168. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.     312
• Table 169. PBAT Producers, Production Capacities and Brands (2025)  313
• Table 170. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).                314
• Table 171. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)              314
• Table 172. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.      315
• Table 173. PBS Producers and Production Capacities (2025)       316
• Table 174. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).            316
• Table 175. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       317
• Table 176. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        318
• Table 177. Leading Bio-PE producers.           318
• Table 178. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).              319
• Table 179. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)         320
• Table 180. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        321
• Table 181. Bio-PP Producers and Capacities (2025)           321
• Table 182. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).  322
• Table 183. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)      323
• Table 184. Superabsorbent Polymers Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)     324
• Table 185. Superabsorbent polymers Applications.            325
• Table 186. Superabsorbent polymers producers.  326
• Table 187. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Applications          327
• Table 188. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Producers and Production Capacities 327
• Table 189. PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)  327
• Table 190. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Applications             329
• Table 191. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Producers and Production Capacities    329
• Table 192. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)              329
• Table 193. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Applications 330
• Table 194. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Producers and Production Capacities       331
• Table 195. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 331
• Table 196. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC)                333
• Table 197. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC) Producers and Production Capacities         333
• Table 198. Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       333
• Table 199. Bio-PMMA Applications 335
• Table 200. Bio-PMMA Producers and Production Capacities         335
• Table 201. Bio-PMMA Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)         335
• Table 202. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) Applications             337
• Table 203. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)           337
• Table 204. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)           337
• Table 205. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)     339
• Table 206. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 339
• Table 207. Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)    341
• Table 208.Types of PHAs and properties.     344
• Table 209. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.         346
• Table 210. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.        347
• Table 211. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.             349
• Table 212. Commercially available PHAs.  350
• Table 213. Markets and applications for PHAs.       351
• Table 214. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.              352
• Table 215. PHA Producers (2025)    354
• Table 216. PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).            355
• Table 217. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       356
• Table 218. Cellulose acetate (CA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)             357
• Table 219. Cellulose acetate (CA) applications.     358
• Table 220. Cellulose acetate (CA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)       359
• Table 221. Cellulose acetate (CA) producers.          359
• Table 222. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.        360
• Table 223. Leading MFC producers and capacities.            361
• Table 224. Casein polymers production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)          363
• Table 225. Casein polymers applications.  364
• Table 226. Starch-containing polymer compounds Producers and Production Capacities       365
• Table 227. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)    366
• Table 228. SCPC production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)             366
• Table 229. Global Production Capacities by End-Use Market 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes total)               367
• Table 230. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.              368
• Table 231. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.   369
• Table 232. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.      370
• Table 233. Bio-based Polymers for Flexible Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          371
• Table 234. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.             372
• Table 235. Bio-based Polymers for Rigid Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 373
• Table 236. Global production for bio-based polymers in consumer goods 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.                374
• Table 237. Bio-based Polymers in Automotive and Transport 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)           376
• Table 238. Bio-based Polymers in Building and Construction 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)          377
• Table 239. Bio-based Polymers in Textiles and Fibers 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)            380
• Table 240. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in electronics 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.              382
• Table 241. Bio-based Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)      383
• Table 242. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.       384
• Table 243. Bio-based Polymers in North America by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)   384
• Table 244. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.        385
• Table 245. Bio-based Polymers in Europe by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)    385
• Table 246. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Asia-Pacific by type 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes 386
• Table 247. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.        387
• Table 248. All bio-based polymers by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)               387
• Table 249. Polylactic acid (PLA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)     388
• Table 250. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 388
• Table 251. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)              389
• Table 252. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 390
• Table 253. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)              390
• Table 254. Cellulose acetate (CA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 391
• Table 255. Properties of lignins and their applications.     393
• Table 256. Technical lignin types and applications.             394
• Table 257. Classification of technical lignins.          395
• Table 258. Properties of lignin, by type.        397
• Table 259. Lignin content of selected biomass.     397
• Table 260. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion and products.     399
• Table 261. Markets and applications for lignin, with lignin grade requirement and TRL 402
• Table 262. Market challenges for lignin.       404
• Table 263. Processes for lignin production.               405
• Table 264. Biorefinery feedstocks.   412
• Table 265. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.              413
• Table 266. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes 415
• Table 267. Comparative positioning of principal lignin grades by quality attributes.       419
• Table 268. Effect on grade and value              420
• Table 269. Properties of organosolv lignin. 421
• Table 270. Principal applications of organosolv lignin and technology readiness            421
• Table 271. Properties of hydrolysis (hydrolytic) lignin.        423
• Table 272. Markets for lignin.              425
• Table 273. Market drivers and trends for lignin.       426
• Table 274. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.  427
• Table 275. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers.              428
• Table 276. Selected announced and planned lignin capacity additions to 2030.             428
• Table 277. Consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).      429
• Table 278. Revenues from lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (US$ million).         430
• Table 279. Consumption of lignin, by grade, 2019 and 2037 (000 Tonnes), with CAGR. 431
• Table 280. Consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes). 432
• Table 281. Revenues from lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (US$ million).  434
• Table 282. Lignin price ranges by grade, 2026 and 2037 outlook (USD/MT).         435
• Table 283. Price by lignin grade, 2026 and 2037 (USD/tonne, mid-band).             435
• Table 284. Price uplift by quality tier, relative to commodity grade.           436
• Table 285. Oji Holdings CNF products.         692
• Table 286. Types of next-gen natural fibers.               803
• Table 287. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.             806
• Table 288. Typical properties of natural fibers.        807
• Table 289. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.        807
• Table 290. Market drivers for natural fibers.               808
• Table 291. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.   809
• Table 292. Cotton production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).    810
• Table 293. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     811
• Table 294. Kapok production volume 2018-2036 (MT).      811
• Table 295. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        811
• Table 296. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          813
• Table 297. Jute production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).          814
• Table 298. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     814
• Table 299. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          815
• Table 300. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          815
• Table 301. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT). 816
• Table 302. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    817
• Table 303. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          817
• Table 304. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      818
• Table 305. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).           818
• Table 306. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.              819
• Table 307. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).             820
• Table 308. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    820
• Table 309. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).          821
• Table 310. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          822
• Table 311. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).          822
• Table 312. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 823
• Table 313. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).       823
• Table 314. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.           824
• Table 315. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          824
• Table 316. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.        825
• Table 317. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.  826
• Table 318. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.    826
• Table 319. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.               827
• Table 320. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT). 827
• Table 321. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.       828
• Table 322. Alternative wool materials producers.  829
• Table 323. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.            829
• Table 324. Alternative silk materials producers.     830
• Table 325. Alternative leather materials producers.             832
• Table 326. Next-gen fur producers. 832
• Table 327. Alternative down materials producers. 833
• Table 328. Applications of natural fiber composites.          834
• Table 329. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.               835
• Table 330. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.           836
• Table 331. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.             837
• Table 332. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.  837
• Table 333. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.        838
• Table 334. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      839
• Table 335. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.        840
• Table 336. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      841
• Table 337. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.       842
• Table 338. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.             843
• Table 339. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.     843
• Table 340. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.              844
• Table 341. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.                845
• Table 342. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.      847
• Table 343. Global fiber production (million MT) 2020-2036.          848
• Table 344. Oji Holdings CNF products.         927
• Table 345. Global trends and drivers in sustainable construction materials.      961
• Table 346. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).             963
• Table 347. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2036 (millions USD).                966
• Table 348. Established bio-based construction materials.             968
• Table 349. Types of self-healing concrete.  974
• Table 350. General properties and value of aerogels.         982
• Table 351. Key properties of silica aerogels.             984
• Table 352. Chemical precursors used to synthesize silica aerogels.        985
• Table 353. Commercially available aerogel-enhanced blankets. 987
• Table 354. Main manufacturers of silica aerogels and product offerings.              990
• Table 355. Typical structural properties of metal oxide aerogels.                992
• Table 356. Polymer aerogels companies.   994
• Table 357. Types of biobased aerogels.        995
• Table 358. Carbon aerogel companies.        1002
• Table 359. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.       1007
• Table 360. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector       1009
• Table 361. Carbonation of recycled concrete companies.              1013
• Table 362. Current and projected costs for some key CO2 utilization applications in the construction industry.            1014
• Table 363. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.       1015
• Table 364. Global Decarbonization Targets and Policies related to Green Steel.               1017
• Table 365. Estimated cost for iron and steel industry under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).             1018
• Table 366. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies.    1020
• Table 367. Comparison of green steel production technologies. 1020
• Table 368. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier. 1022
• Table 369. CCUS in green steel production.              1023
• Table 370. Biochar in steel and metal.          1024
• Table 371. Applications of microwave processing in green steelmaking.               1027
• Table 372. Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in steelmaking.               1027
• Table 373. Technology readiness level (TRL) for key green steel production technologies.         1028
• Table 374. Properties of Green steels.           1028
• Table 375. Applications of green steel in the construction industry.         1029
• Table 376. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)                1171
• Table 377. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (Millions USD) 1172
• Table 378. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)                1174
• Table 379. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)                1176
• Table 380. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)        1178
• Table 381. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)        1180
• Table 382. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)             1183
• Table 383. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)             1184
• Table 384. Market trends in Sustainable Packaging             1186
• Table 385. Sustainable Packaging Trends to 2036.               1187
• Table 386. Market drivers for recent growth in the Sustainable Packaging market.         1188
• Table 387. Key Market Drivers and Impact Assessment.   1189
• Table 388. Market Drivers Impact Assessment Matrix.       1190
• Table 389. Regulatory Compliance Standards for Sustainable Packaging and Barrier Coatings.           1190
• Table 390. PFAS Phase-Out Timeline and Replacement Market Opportunity by Region.             1191
• Table 391. Circular Economy Initiatives and Recyclability Requirements.            1191
• Table 392. E-Commerce Packaging Performance Requirements.               1193
• Table 393. Major Brand Owner Sustainability Commitments — Packaging Implications.           1193
• Table 394. Sustainable Packaging Market Challenges and Restraints.    1194
• Table 395. Average prices by packaging type, 2024 (US$ per kg). 1195
• Table 396. Average annual prices by bioplastic type, 2020-2023 (US$ per kg).  1195
• Table 397. Types of bio-based plastics and fossil-fuel-based plastics    1197
• Table 398. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers.        1201
• Table 399. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.              1202
• Table 400. LDPE film versus PLA, 2019–24 (USD/tonne). 1203
• Table 401. PLA properties for packaging applications.       1204
• Table 402. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.              1222
• Table 403. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae.            1226
• Table 404. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.            1227
• Table 405. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC).         1228
• Table 406. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging.           1230
• Table 407. Applications of Bacterial Nanocellulose in Packaging.             1236
• Table 408. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.   1238
• Table 409. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 1241
• Table 410. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.          1242
• Table 411. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.            1242
• Table 412. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.             1244
• Table 413. Commercial Examples of Chitosan-based Films and Coatings and Companies.   1244
• Table 414. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications.               1246
• Table 415. Bio-naphtha market value chain.            1247
• Table 416. Commercial Examples of Bio-Naphtha Packaging and Companies. 1248
• Table 417. Major Forest Certification Schemes — Comparative Overview            1251
• Table 418. Chain-of-Custody Certification — Key Standards and Requirements             1253
• Table 419. Pros and Cons of Different Food Packaging Material Types.   1259
• Table 420.Bioplastics Properties vs Conventional Polymers for Flexible Food Packaging.         1269
• Table 421. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications.             1270
• Table 422. Intelligent Biodegradable Films.               1270
• Table 423. Bio-Based Oxygen Scavenger Technologies — Performance, Activation, and Commercial Status 1272
• Table 424. Natural Antimicrobial Agents in Active Packaging — Efficacy, Spectrum, and Regulatory Status 1273
• Table 425. Bio-Based Freshness Sensor Technologies — Active Agent, Target Analyte, and Application                1274
• Table 426. Edible films and coatings market summary.    1277
• Table 427. Summary of barrier films and coatings for packaging.              1279
• Table 428. Types of polyols. 1281
• Table 429. Polyol producers.                1282
• Table 430. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.       1282
• Table 431. Bio-based acrylate resin products.         1284
• Table 432. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.  1284
• Table 433. Commercially available PHAs.  1287
• Table 434. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.       1288
• Table 435. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings.         1290
• Table 436. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies. 1292
• Table 437. Paper substrate characteristics and coating requirements.   1294
• Table 438. Plastic substrate applications and sustainability challenges.              1294
• Table 439. Substrate selection criteria and performance trade-offs.       1295
• Table 440. Wet-Barrier Coatings Application methods and process optimization.          1300
• Table 441. Wet-Barrier Coatings Performance benchmarking against alternatives.       1300
• Table 442.Wet-Barrier Coatings Environmental Impact Assessment        1301
• Table 443. Wax Coating Sustainability Credentials and Limitations.        1302
• Table 444. Wax Coating Sustainability credentials and limitations.          1303
• Table 445. Types of biobased coatings materials. 1307
• Table 446. Water-based coating technologies.        1310
• Table 447. Global bioplastics capacities by Material Type ('000 tonnes).              1312
• Table 448. Bio-based polymer solutions.    1313
• Table 449. Dispersion coating systems.       1324
• Table 450. Nano-enhanced barrier materials.         1325
• Table 451. Global Bioplastics Capacities by Material Type, 2024 ('000 tonnes).               1327
• Table 452. Bio-Based Polymer Solutions: Barrier Performance and Commercial Readiness.  1328
• Table 453. Applications of Barrier Nanocoatings in Packaging Sectors. 1328
• Table 454. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.                1330
• Table 455. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers.     1332
• Table 456. Typical Applications for Bioplastics in Flexible Packaging.     1333
• Table 457. PHA Film Grades — Properties and Commercial Comparison             1334
• Table 458. PBAT Film Key Properties vs. Comparable Flexible Film Materials      1336
• Table 459. TPS Film Properties by Formulation Type            1337
• Table 460. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.   1337
• Table 461. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.      1338
• Table 462. All-PP Monomaterial Structure Types — Barrier Performance and Recycling Compatibility                1339
• Table 463. Design-for-Recycling Criteria for Flexible Packaging — Key Parameters        1340
• Table 464. High-Strength Paper Barrier Coating Systems — Performance and Recyclability    1341
• Table 465. Paper-Plastic Hybrid Separable Structures — Separation Mechanism and Recyclability   1342
• Table 466. Glassine and Greaseproof Paper Grades — Properties and Applications     1343
• Table 467. Bio-PE Film Grades — Properties vs. Fossil PE                1344
• Table 468. Bio-PET and PEF Film Properties vs. Fossil PET              1344
• Table 469. Cellulose Film Grades — Barrier Performance and Applications        1345
• Table 470. Ultra-Thin Barrier Coating Technologies — Thickness, Performance, and Recyclability       1346
• Table 471. Downgauging Technologies — Gauge Reduction Potential and Performance Impact           1347
• Table 472. Conventional vs. Resource-Efficient Multi-Layer Flexible Structures               1348
• Table 473. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)              1349
• Table 474. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)    1351
• Table 475. rPET Mechanical Recycling Grades — Quality, Applications, and Price Benchmarks           1354
• Table 476. rHDPE Grades — Quality Characteristics, Food Contact Status, and Applications                1355
• Table 477. PCR Polypropylene Supply Constraints and Commercial Applications          1356
• Table 478. Bio-PET Bottle — Commercial Grades, Bio-Content, and Performance vs. Fossil PET         1357
• Table 479. Bio-PE Rigid Container Grades — Properties, Applications, and Commercial Status           1358
• Table 480. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.             1359
• Table 481. Standardized Refill Container Systems — Commercial Examples and Performance            1360
• Table 482. Mycelium Composite Packaging — Properties vs. Conventional Protective Packaging       1361
• Table 483. Moulded Pulp Grades — Properties, Applications, and Leading Producers 1362
• Table 484. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)                1365
• Table 485. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)    1367
• Table 486. Global Sustainable Barrier Coatings Market Size and Forecast, 2019–2036.             1369
• Table 487. Sustainable Barrier Coatings Market Size by Region, 2025–2036 ('000 tonnes and $ million).                1370
• Table 488. Sustainable Barrier Coatings Market Size by Application, 2025–2036 ('000 tonnes and $ million).             1370
• Table 489. Cost Structure Analysis by Barrier Coating Type.           1371
• Table 490. Lactips plastic pellets.    1488
• Table 491. Oji Holdings CNF products.         1520
• Table 492. Properties and applications of the main natural fibers.             1586
• Table 493. Types of sustainable alternative leathers.          1590
• Table 494. Properties of bio-based leathers.             1592
• Table 495. Comparison with conventional leathers.            1594
• Table 496. Price of commercially available sustainable alternative leather products.  1595
• Table 497. Comparative analysis of sustainable alternative leathers.      1596
• Table 498. Key processing steps involved in transforming plant fibers into leather materials. 1597
• Table 499. Current and emerging plant-based leather products. 1599
• Table 500. Companies developing plant-based leather products.             1601
• Table 501. Overview of mycelium-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          1602
• Table 502. Companies developing mycelium-based leather products.  1607
• Table 503. Types of microbial-derived leather alternative.               1610
• Table 504. Companies developing microbial leather products.   1612
• Table 505. Companies developing plant-based leather products.             1615
• Table 506. Types of protein-based leather alternatives.     1616
• Table 507. Companies developing protein based leather.                1617
• Table 508. Companies developing sustainable coatings and dyes for leather - 1619
• Table 509. Markets and applications for bio-based leather.            1620
• Table 510. Applications of biobased leather in furniture and upholstery.              1624
• Table 511. Market trends in bio-based leather.        1625
• Table 512. Market challenges in bio-based leather.              1626
• Table 513. Bio-based leather investment funding, by company.  1626
• Table 514. Recent market news and developments.           1627
• Table 515. Global revenues for bio-based leather by region, 2018-2036 (millions USD).            1628
• Table 516. Global revenues for bio-based leather by end use market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).       1631
• Table 517. Market drivers and trends in bio-based and sustainable coatings.    1674
• Table 518. Example envinronmentally friendly coatings, advantages and disadvantages.        1676
• Table 519. Plant Waxes.          1680
• Table 520. Advanced Aqueous Polymeric Solutions.           1685
• Table 521. Next-generation Bio-polymers Development.  1686
• Table 522. Nano-cellulose and Natural Fiber Composites Technology.  1687
• Table 523. Smart and Functional Coating Systems Types.               1688
• Table 524. Types of alkyd resins and properties.     1689
• Table 525. Market summary for bio-based alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers.                1690
• Table 526. Bio-based alkyd coating products.         1691
• Table 527. Types of polyols. 1692
• Table 528. Polyol producers.                1693
• Table 529. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.       1694
• Table 530. Market summary for bio-based epoxy resins.  1695
• Table 531. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.       1696
• Table 532. Bio-based acrylate resin products.         1698
• Table 533. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.  1698
• Table 534. PLA producers and production capacities.       1700
• Table 535. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.             1701
• Table 536.Types of PHAs and properties.     1703
• Table 537. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.           1704
• Table 538. Commercially available PHAs.  1705
• Table 539. Properties of micro/nanocellulose, by type.     1707
• Table 540: Types of nanocellulose. 1709
• Table 541. Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) production capacities in metric tons and production process, by producer, metric tons. 1710
• Table 542. Commercially available Microfibrillated Cellulose products.               1711
• Table 543. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.       1712
• Table 544. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs.               1713
• Table 545. Companies developing CNF products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. 1715
• Table 546. CNC properties.  1716
• Table 547: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.              1717
• Table 548. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).             1718
• Table 549. Edible films and coatings market summary.    1720
• Table 550. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies. 1725
• Table 551. Overview of algal coatings-description, properties, application and market size.  1726
• Table 552. Companies developing algal-based plastics.  1727
• Table 553. Global market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD).               1728
• Table 554. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), conservative estimate.                1729
• Table 555. Market revenues for bio-based paints and coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), high estimate.                1731
• Table 556. Oji Holdings CNF products.         1827
• Table 557. Comparison of biofuels. 1868
• Table 558. Market drivers for biofuels.          1870
• Table 559. Government policies on sustainable fuels.       1872
• Table 560. Market challenges for biofuels. 1872
• Table 561. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2036, by type and production.  1874
• Table 562. Industry developments in sustainable biofuels & E-fuels 2022-2025.            1875
• Table 563. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2024, by type.             1883
• Table 564. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.         1884
• Table 565. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.  1886
• Table 566. Classification of biomass feedstock.    1888
• Table 567. Biorefinery feedstocks.   1889
• Table 568. Feedstock conversion pathways.             1889
• Table 569. First-Generation Feedstocks.     1890
• Table 570. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities.              1892
• Table 571. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.              1893
• Table 572. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes  1893
• Table 573. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.   1894
• Table 574. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.       1896
• Table 575. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.            1897
• Table 576. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation.    1898
• Table 577. Biodiesel by generation. 1906
• Table 578. Comparison of Fossil Diesel, Biodiesel & Renewable Diesel.               1907
• Table 579. Biodiesel production techniques.            1908
• Table 580. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.         1909
• Table 581. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.          1910
• Table 582. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.              1911
• Table 583. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel.  1911
• Table 584. Main producers of HVO and capacities.              1913
• Table 585. Example commercial Development of BtL processes.              1913
• Table 586. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes.               1914
• Table 587. Comparison of Biodiesel vs Renewable Diesel: Properties & Engine Compatibility.              1916
• Table 588. Biodiesel Projects by Scale, Company and Location. 1917
• Table 589. Recent biodiesel market developments 2023-2025.  1917
• Table 590. Recent company activity in Biodiesel.  1919
• Table 591. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).     1920
• Table 592. Biodiesel vs renewable diesel: properties & engine compatibility.     1922
• Table 593. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).   1924
• Table 594. Renewable diesel price ranges. 1925
• Table 595. Advantages and disadvantages of Sustainable aviation fuel.                1926
• Table 596. Jet fuel composition & types.      1926
• Table 597. Recent market developments in Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF).     1927
• Table 598. Production pathways for Sustainable aviation fuel.     1929
• Table 599. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Projects by Scale, Company, Location, Technology Pathway, and Start Date.              1931
• Table 600. Recent company activity in SAF.               1933
• Table 601. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Consumption 2019-2036 (Million litres/year).        1934
• Table 602. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications.               1937
• Table 603. Bio-naphtha market value chain.            1938
• Table 604. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products.            1939
• Table 605. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer.         1939
• Table 606.Methanol Production & Colors    1941
• Table 607. Main Pathways to Biomethanol Production      1941
• Table 608. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas. 1943
• Table 609. 1st Generation Bioethanol Production Processes.       1948
• Table 610.Ethanol Feedstocks.         1950
• Table 611. Methanol Feedstocks.     1951
• Table 612. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process Overview.           1951
• Table 613. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Process Steps.         1952
• Table 614. MTG vs MTJ Process Comparison.          1952
• Table 615. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Companies.         1953
• Table 616. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Technology Companies.   1953
• Table 617. Cellulosic Ethanol Production.  1954
• Table 618. Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks.   1955
• Table 619. Challenges in Breaking Down Lignocellulosic Biomass.          1955
• Table 620. Cellulosic ethanol companies. 1957
• Table 621.  Processes in bioethanol production.  1959
• Table 622. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic.             1960
• Table 623. Ethanol consumption 2020-2036 (million litres).          1961
• Table 624. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.      1962
• Table 625. Biogas feedstocks.            1964
• Table 626. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants.        1970
• Table 627. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas.    1971
• Table 628. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways.             1975
• Table 629. Markets and applications for biohydrogen.       1977
• Table 630. Summary of gasification technologies.                1981
• Table 631. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.            1985
• Table 632. Technology & Process Developers in E-Fuels by End-Product.             1987
• Table 633. E-Fuel Production Costs Breakdown.   1988
• Table 634. Applications of e-fuels, by type.                1988
• Table 635. Overview of e-fuels.          1989
• Table 636. Benefits of e-fuels.             1989
• Table 637. E-fuel production efficiencies.   1990
• Table 638. Production Pathways for E-Fuels.            1990
• Table 639. Electrolyzer Performance Metrics.          1992
• Table 640. Overview of Electrolyzer Technologies. 1992
• Table 641. Electrolyzer Technology Companies.    1993
• Table 642. Main CO₂ Capture Systems.        1994
• Table 643.Technologies for Carbon Capture              1994
• Table 644. Syngas Production Technologies for E-Fuels.   1998
• Table 645. Comparison of RWGS & SOEC Co-Electrolysis Routes.           2000
• Table 646.Companies using Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) for E-Fuels            2002
• Table 647. SOEC & SOFC System Suppliers.             2003
• Table 648. Companies in CO₂ reduction technologies.      2004
• Table 649. Comparison of Thermocatalytic vs Biocatalytic Methanation              2007
• Table 650. Methanation Companies              2007
• Table 651. Power-to-Methane Projects,        2008
• Table 652. Methanol Production & Colors. 2009
• Table 653. E-methanol production methods.           2009
• Table 654. Main process steps, key equipment, and operating conditions.         2010
• Table 655.Companies in Methanol Synthesis           2012
• Table 656. eFuel production facilities, current and planned.         2015
• Table 657. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies.  2016
• Table 658. Market challenges for e-fuels.    2018
• Table 659. E-fuels companies.           2019
• Table 660. 3rd Generation Biofuel Production Feedstocks              2021
• Table 661. Biofuel Production Process Using Macroalgae               2022
• Table 662. Biofuel Production Process Using Microalgae / Cyanobacteria.         2023
• Table 663. Open vs Closed Algae Cultivation Systems.     2027
• Table 664. Microalgae Cultivation System Suppliers: Photobioreactors (PBRs) & Ponds.          2027
• Table 665. Algal and Microbial Biofuel Processes & Projects.        2028
• Table 666. Algae-derived biofuel producers.             2033
• Table 667. Green ammonia projects (current and planned).          2034
• Table 668. Blue ammonia projects. 2037
• Table 669. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.              2038
• Table 670. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.      2039
• Table 671. Summary of marine alternative fuels.   2039
• Table 672. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.          2040
• Table 673. Main players in green ammonia.              2041
• Table 674. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.               2043
• Table 675. Point source examples.  2044
• Table 676. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.              2046
• Table 677. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.      2049
• Table 678. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.    2049
• Table 679. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.            2050
• Table 680. DAC companies and technologies.        2051
• Table 681. DAC technology developers and production.  2053
• Table 682. DAC projects in development.   2056
• Table 683. Markets for DAC. 2057
• Table 684. Costs summary for DAC.               2057
• Table 685. Cost estimates of DAC.  2058
• Table 686. Challenges for DAC technology.               2059
• Table 687. DAC companies and technologies.        2060
• Table 688. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.               2061
• Table 689. Main production routes and processes for manufacturing fuels from captured carbon dioxide.              2063
• Table 690. CO₂-derived fuels projects.         2064
• Table 691. Thermochemical methods to produce methanol from CO2. 2068
• Table 692. Pilot plants for CO2-to-methanol conversion. 2069
• Table 693. Microalgae products and prices.              2072
• Table 694. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.         2072
• Table 695. Market challenges for CO2 derived fuels.           2073
• Table 696. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.        2074
• Table 697. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils.          2077
• Table 698. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil.                2077
• Table 699. Comparison of Pyrolysis Technologies.               2077
• Table 700. Pyrolysis Products & Market Applications.        2079
• Table 701. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels.   2082
• Table 702. Pyrolysis reactor companies.     2082
• Table 703. Markets and applications for bio-oil.     2084
• Table 704. Bio-oil producers.              2085
• Table 705. Key resource recovery technologies       2086
• Table 706. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF).                2087
• Table 707. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.        2143
• Table 708. Sustainability Index Benchmarking.      2226
• Table 709. Key factors driving adoption of green electronics.         2227
• Table 710. Key circular economy strategies for electronics.           2229
• Table 711. Regulations pertaining to sustainable electronics.      2231
• Table 712. Companies developing bio-based batteries for application in sustainable electronics.     2232
• Table 713. Benefits of Green Electronics Manufacturing  2234
• Table 714. Challenges in adopting Sustainable Electronics manufacturing.       2234
• Table 715. Major chipmakers' renewable energy road maps.        2238
• Table 716. Energy efficiency in sustainable electronics manufacturing. 2238
• Table 717. Recycling and Reuse Initiatives in Sustainable Electronics.   2240
• Table 718. Composition of plastic waste streams.               2241
• Table 719. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling.          2242
• Table 720. Example chemically recycled plastic products.             2243
• Table 721. Bio-based and non-toxic materials in sustainable electronics.           2244
• Table 722. Key focus areas for enabling greener and ethically responsible electronics supply chains.                2247
• Table 723. Sustainability programs and disclosure from major electronics brands.      2249
• Table 724. PCB manufacturing process.      2250
• Table 725. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.        2251
• Table 726. 3D PCB manufacturing. 2252
• Table 727. Comparison of some sustainable PCB alternatives against conventional options in terms of key performance factors.      2253
• Table 728. Sustainable PCB supply chain. 2254
• Table 729. Key areas where the PCB industry can improve sustainability.            2254
• Table 730. PCB Design Options and Sustainability.             2255
• Table 731. Improving sustainability of PCB design.              2256
• Table 732. PCB design options for sustainability.  2256
• Table 733. Sustainability benefits and challenges associated with 3D printing.                2258
• Table 734. Conductive ink producers.           2260
• Table 735. Green and lead-free solder companies.              2261
• Table 736. Biodegradable substrates for PCBs.      2262
• Table 737. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.            2263
• Table 738. Application of lignin in composites.       2265
• Table 739. Properties of lignins and their applications.     2265
• Table 740. Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper).       2267
• Table 741. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers for electronics.                2267
• Table 742. Commercially available PHAs.  2269
• Table 743. Main limitations of the FR4 material system used for manufacturing printed circuit boards (PCBs).              2270
• Table 744. Halogen-free FR4 companies.   2272
• Table 745. Bioplastics for PCBs.       2274
• Table 746. Properties of biobased PCBs.    2274
• Table 747. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs. 2276
• Table 748. Sustainability in Patterning and Metallization Processes.        2279
• Table 749. Main patterning and metallization steps in PCB fabrication and sustainable options.         2279
• Table 750. Sustainability issues with conventional metallization processes.     2280
• Table 751. Benefits of print-and-plate.          2282
• Table 752. Sustainable alternative options to standard plating resists used in printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication.     2283
• Table 753. Applications for laser induced forward transfer             2284
• Table 754. Copper versus silver inks in laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) for electronics fabrication.                2285
• Table 755. Approaches for in-situ oxidation prevention.   2285
• Table 756. Market readiness and maturity of different lead-free solders and electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) for electronics manufacturing. 2287
• Table 757. Advantages of green electroless plating.            2287
• Table 758. Sustainability for Patterning and Metallization Materials.        2290
• Table 759. Comparison of component attachment materials.     2290
• Table 760. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards              2291
• Table 761. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.      2294
• Table 762. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.       2295
• Table 763. Comparison of curing and reflow processes used for attaching components in electronics assembly.        2295
• Table 764. Low temperature solder alloys. 2296
• Table 765. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.            2297
• Table 766. Limitations of existing IC production.   2301
• Table 767. Strategies for improving sustainability in integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing.      2301
• Table 768. Comparison of oxidation methods and level of sustainability.             2304
• Table 769. Sustainability Index for the Oxidation Processes.         2305
• Table 770. Stage of commercialization for oxides. 2305
• Table 771. Sustainable Oxidation Process Comparison.  2306
• Table 772. Wet and Dry Thermal Oxidation Comparison. 2308
• Table 773. Alternative doping techniques.  2310
• Table 774. Sustainability Index for Patterning.         2312
• Table 775. Sustainability Index for Metallization.   2314
• Table 776. Sustainability Index for Interconnection Techniques. 2315
• Table 777. Organic Substrates.          2315
• Table 778. UPW Specifications and Monitoring Methods.                2316
• Table 779. Water Management Techniques.              2317
• Table 780. UPW Upgrades and Reuse.          2318
• Table 781. Water Management Companies.             2318
• Table 782. Metal content mg / Kg in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) from waste desktop computers.  2322
• Table 783. Chemical recycling methods for handling electronic waste. 2324
• Table 784. Electrochemical processes for recycling metals from electronic waste        2324
• Table 785. Thermal recycling processes for electronic waste.      2324
• Table 786. Critical Semiconductor Materials and Recycling.         2326
• Table 787. Waste Reduction Techniques.    2327
• Table 788. Global PCB revenues 2018-2036 (billions USD), by substrate types.               2328
• Table 789. Global sustainable PCB revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).           2329
• Table 790. Global sustainable ICs revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).             2332
• Table 791. Summary of major data center sustainability regulations by region, 2023–2026     2335
• Table 792. Sustainability metrics at a glance (PUE, WUE, CUE, ERF, REF, SCI)  2336
• Table 793. Forecast summary: power, electricity, CO₂, cooling, 800 VDC, SMRs, CDR, green steel     2336
• Table 794. Oji Holdings CNF products.         2360
• Table 795. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by types, 2018-2036 (millions USD).  2385
• Table 796. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).  2386

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes). 218
• Figure 2.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.   279
• Figure 3. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.       280
• Figure 4. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.        394
• Figure 5. The lignocellulose biorefinery.       399
• Figure 6. Lignosulfonates SWOT analysis.  408
• Figure 7. Kraft lignin SWOT analysis.              409
• Figure 8. Soda lignin SWOT analysis.             412
• Figure 9. Biorefinery lignin SWOT analysis. 414
• Figure 10. Organosolv lignin SWOT analysis.            422
• Figure 11. Hydrolytic lignin SWOT analysis.              424
• Figure 12. Consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).       430
• Figure 13. Revenues from lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (US$ million).          431
• Figure 14. Global grade-mix evolution, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes). 432
• Figure 15. Consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes). 433
• Figure 16. Revenues from lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (US$ million).   435
• Figure 17. Roof frame made of natural fiber.             473
• Figure 18. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.           482
• Figure 19. Kami Shoji CNF products.              624
• Figure 20. Dual Graft System.             626
• Figure 21. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.       795
• Figure 22. Types of natural fibers.     805
• Figure 23. Luffa cylindrica fiber.         812
• Figure 24. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials. 831
• Figure 25. Celish.        879
• Figure 26. Kami Shoji CNF products.              905
• Figure 27. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).             965
• Figure 28. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2036 (millions USD).                968
• Figure 29. Lignin-based aerogels.     998
• Figure 30. Lignin-based aerogels.     999
• Figure 31. Fabrication routes for starch-based aerogels. 1000
• Figure 32. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process.  1022
• Figure 33. Global packaging market by material type.         1170
• Figure 34. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes) 1172
• Figure 35. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (Millions USD) 1174
• Figure 36. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)                1176
• Figure 37. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)                1178
• Figure 38. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)         1180
• Figure 39. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)         1182
• Figure 40. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)             1184
• Figure 41. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)              1186
• Figure 42. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)              1351
• Figure 43. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)    1353
• Figure 44. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)                1367
• Figure 45. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)    1369
• Figure 46. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.          1392
• Figure 47. SWOT analysis for Plant-based leather.                1601
• Figure 48. SWOT analysis for Mycelium leather.      1606
• Figure 49. SWOT analysis for Microbial leather.       1610
• Figure 50. SWOT analysis for Lab Grown leather.   1615
• Figure 51. SWOT analysis for bio-based leathers.  1621
• Figure 52. Global revenues for bio-based leather by region, 2018-2036 (millions USD).             1630
• Figure 53. Global revenues for bio-based leather by end use market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).        1632
• Figure 54. Paints and coatings industry by market segmentation 2023. 1672
• Figure 55. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials.               1707
• Figure 56. Global market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD). 1729
• Figure 57. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), conservative estimate.                1731
• Figure 58. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), high estimate.               1731
• Figure 59. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2024.        1873
• Figure 60. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2023.           1874
• Figure 61. SWOT analysis for biofuels.          1883
• Figure 62. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels.      1900
• Figure 63. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels.     1901
• Figure 64. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels.   1903
• Figure 65. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels.           1904
• Figure 66. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type.          1905
• Figure 67. SWOT analysis for biodiesel.       1908
• Figure 68. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre, 2012-2024.           1919
• Figure 69. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).      1921
• Figure 70. SWOT analysis for renewable diesel.      1923
• Figure 71. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).    1925
• Figure 72. SWOT analysis for Sustainable aviation fuel.    1929
• Figure 73. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Production and Consumption 2019-2036 (Million litres/year).      1935
• Figure 74. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha. 1937
• Figure 75. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2036 (tonnes).        1940
• Figure 76. SWOT analysis biomethanol.      1943
• Figure 77. SWOT analysis for ethanol.           1949
• Figure 78. Ethanol consumption 2020-2036 (million litres).           1962
• Figure 79. SWOT analysis for biogas.             1967
• Figure 80. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023.           1973
• Figure 81. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen. 1975
• Figure 82. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023.           1983
• Figure 83. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels.        1986
• Figure 84. SWOT analysis for E-fuels.            2014
• Figure 85. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels.         2030
• Figure 86. SWOT analysis for green ammonia.        2037
• Figure 87. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons to 2050.              2041
• Figure 88. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture.          2046
• Figure 89. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities. 2052
• Figure 90. SWOT analysis: CO2 utilization in fuels.               2074
• Figure 91. SWOT analysis for bio-oils.           2084
• Figure 92. Sustainable supply chain for electronics.           2246
• Figure 93. Global PCB revenues 2018-2036 (billions USD), by substrate types. 2329
• Figure 94. Global sustainable PCB revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).            2331
• Figure 95. Global sustainable ICs revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).              2333
• Figure 96. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by types, 2018-2036 (millions USD).  2386
• Figure 97. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).  2387

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• Comprehensive Excel spreadsheet of all data including data on all investments & deals segmented by technology, sub-sector, government, region, and company
• Mid-year Update

The Global Market for Advanced Bio-based and Sustainable Materials 2026-2036

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