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The Global Quantum Technologies Market 2026-2036

The Global Quantum Technologies Market 2026-2036

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  • Published: October 2026
  • Pages: 742
  • Tables: 303
  • Figures: 76

 

The quantum technologies market crossed a decisive threshold in 2026, moving from venture-funded research into public capital markets, industrial-scale manufacturing and direct government ownership.  Capital markets defined the first half of the year. Quantinuum chose a conventional underwritten IPO over a SPAC: its upsized offering priced at $60 a share, above its earlier range, and raised $1.68 billion. Xanadu, Infleqtion and IQM completed their listings, so the sector's leading hardware companies now report publicly every quarter. Commercial traction is visible: IonQ reported Q2 2026 revenue of $80.1 million, up 287% year on year, and raised its full-year guidance to $280–290 million.

Industrial policy defined the second half. The US Department of Commerce signed nine letters of intent for $2.013 billion of CHIPS incentives, and as a condition of funding it takes a minority equity stake in each company. Anderon, IBM's pure-play quantum foundry, finalised a $1 billion award for a 300 mm quantum wafer foundry in Albany, New York. The industry's bottleneck is moving from qubit physics to manufacturing, with foundries, specialty materials, isotopes, control electronics and photonic components becoming strategic assets.

Private capital continues to favour fault-tolerant architectures. Oratomic raised a $300 million Series A on research suggesting utility-scale quantum computers may need only about 10,000 neutral-atom qubits rather than millions. OQC raised £260 million, Europe's largest private quantum computing round. Lower estimates of the hardware needed for fault tolerance are bringing "Q-Day" closer and accelerating post-quantum cryptography migration, which is building a large quantum-safe security market around quantum communications.

Quantum sensing remains the largest revenue segment today, driven by defence demand for GPS-independent navigation and timing, alongside healthcare applications such as wearable OPM-MEG. Quantum computing becomes the largest segment after 2030 as fault-tolerant systems arrive: IBM Starling, Quantinuum Apollo and others target 2028–2030. Deployment is shifting from cloud access to on-premises systems in HPC centres and AI data centres, tightly coupled to GPUs for hybrid workloads and real-time error correction. The outlook to 2036 is strong growth with high execution risk. Revenue will stay uneven while roadmaps are validated, but sovereign funding, public-market capital and foundry-scale manufacturing have put the industry on a far more durable footing than in any previous cycle.

The Global Quantum Technologies Market 2026–2036 is a comprehensive analysis of the second quantum revolution. It covers quantum computing, quantum communications, quantum sensing, quantum batteries, and the materials and enabling hardware that underpin them. With data through Q3 2026, the report charts a market undergoing its most significant transformation yet: public listings of leading hardware developers, the arrival of government equity stakes under the US CHIPS programme, the emergence of pure-play quantum foundries, and a decisive shift in investment towards fault-tolerant architectures. The report gives detailed technology assessments, market forecasts and competitive analysis for every major qubit modality: superconducting, trapped-ion, neutral-atom, photonic, silicon-spin, topological, diamond and annealing systems. It includes a modality-level revenue forecast to 2046. It examines the race to fault tolerance through a logical-qubit leaderboard, vendor roadmaps, and the real-time decoding hardware and QEC spending it requires. A dedicated chapter analyses how quantum computers are being integrated into HPC centres and AI data centres.

The enabling-technology chapters cover the supply chain in depth: cryogenics and helium-3, isotopically enriched materials, cryo-CMOS and room-temperature control electronics, lasers and photonic integrated circuits, single-photon sources and detectors, and the new generation of quantum foundries. These sections are designed for materials, semiconductor and photonics suppliers assessing quantum as a growth market.

Communications coverage includes QKD, post-quantum cryptography and the wider quantum-safe security market, satellite quantum communications, and quantum memories and repeaters. Sensing coverage includes atomic clocks, magnetometers, gravimeters, quantum PNT for GPS-denied navigation, and biomedical sensing and imaging. End-use analysis spans defence and national security, pharmaceuticals, finance, energy, automotive and other sectors. National programme coverage includes the US, China, the EU, the UK, Japan, South Korea, India and the Gulf States. The report profiles 353 companies, from start-ups to global technology leaders, with products, roadmaps, partnerships and funding histories.

Now in it's Third Edition of The Global Quantum Technologies Market 2026–2036 has been substantially revised and expanded.  New chapters and sections include:

  • A dedicated chapter on Quantum–HPC Integration and Quantum Data Centres.
  • A modality market-share forecast for quantum computing to 2046.
  • Expanded analysis of superconducting, trapped-ion and silicon-spin quantum computing.
  • A logical-qubit leaderboard and analysis of real-time QEC decoding hardware.
  • New enabling-hardware sections on quantum foundries and fabrication, room-temperature control and readout electronics, single-photon sources and detectors, and isotopes and specialty inputs (²⁸Si, ¹²C, ion isotopes).
  • In communications: new sections on PQC and QKD as complementary quantum-safe markets, satellite and space quantum communications, and quantum memories, repeaters and the quantum internet.
  • In sensing: new sections on quantum PNT and GPS-denied navigation, timing demand from telecoms, data centres and GNSS resilience, and quantum biomedical sensing and imaging.
  • An expanded Defence and National Security analysis.
  • Updated national programme coverage, including US state initiatives, South Korea and the Gulf States.

 

All market forecast tables have been reconciled so that segment, end-use, regional and sensor-type forecasts agree with the headline totals. Thirteen new company profiles have been added, and existing profiles of the leading companies have been rewritten with current product, roadmap, funding and financial data. Report contents include:

  • Executive summary of the 2026 market: IPOs, CHIPS quantum incentives, foundries, M&A and record funding rounds
  • Investment analysis 2025–2026, with deal tables by quarter, and government funding by country
  • Quantum computing: hardware by modality, architectures, software, middleware and QCaaS, and the value chain
  • Modality market share forecast 2026–2046
  • Quantum error correction and fault tolerance: logical-qubit demonstrations, vendor roadmaps, real-time decoders and QEC spending forecasts
  • Quantum–HPC integration and quantum data centres: architectures, on-premises deployments, data-centre readiness and forecasts
  • Quantum chemistry and AI, quantum machine learning and quantum simulation
  • Quantum communications: QKD, PQC, the quantum-safe security market, satellite quantum communications, and quantum memories, repeaters and networks
  • Quantum sensors: atomic clocks and timing demand, magnetometers, gravimeters, gyroscopes, quantum PNT, and biomedical sensing and imaging
  • Quantum batteries
  • End-use markets, including expanded defence and national security analysis
  • Materials, components and enabling hardware: foundries, cryogenics, helium-3, isotopes, cryo-CMOS, control electronics, lasers, PICs, and single-photon sources and detectors
  • Global market forecasts 2026–2046 by technology, end-use industry and region
  • National quantum programmes and government initiatives
  • 353 company profiles. Companies profiled include A Quantum, AbaQus, Absolut System, Adaptive Finance Technologies, Aegiq, Agnostiq GmbH, Algorithmiq Oy, Airbus, Alea Quantum, Alpine Quantum Technologies GmbH (AQT), Alice&Bob, Aliro, Anametric, Inc., Anderon, Anyon Systems Inc., Aqarios GmbH, Aquark Technologies, Archer Materials, Arclight Quantum, Arctic Instruments, Arda Atomics GmbH, Arqit Quantum Inc., ARQUE Systems GmbH, Artificial Brain, Artilux, Atlantic Quantum, Atom Computing, Atom Quantum Labs, Atomionics, Atos Quantum, Baidu, Inc., BEIT, Beyond Blood Diagnostics, Bifrost Electronics, Bleximo, BlueFors, BlueQubit, Bohr Quantum Technology, Bosch Quantum Sensing, BosonQ Ps, Bright Quantum, C12 Quantum Electronics, CAS Cold Atom, CavilinQ, Cerca Magnetics, CEW Systems Canada Inc., Chipiron, Chiral Nano AG, Classiq Technologies, ColibriTD, Commutator Studios GmbH, Cortical Labs, Covesion, Crypta Labs Ltd., CryptoNext Security, Crystal Quantum Computing, D-Wave Systems, DeteQt, Digistain, Diatope GmbH, Dirac Labs, Diraq, Delft Circuits, Delta g, Duality Quantum Photonics, EeroQ, EigenQ, eleQtron, Element Six, Elyah, Entropica Labs, Ephos, Equal1, EuQlid, EvolutionQ, Exail Quantum Sensors, EYL, First Quantum, Inc., Fujitsu, Genesis Quantum Technology, GenMat, Good Chemistry, Google Quantum AI, Groove Quantum, g2-Zero, Haiqu, Hefei Wanzheng Quantum Technology Co., Ltd., High Q Technologies Inc., Horizon Quantum Computing, HQS Quantum Simulations, HRL, Huayi Quantum, IBM, Icarus Quantum, Iceberg Quantum, Icosa Computing, ID Quantique, InfinityQ, Infineon Technologies AG, InfiniQuant, Infleqtion, Intel, IonQ, ISARA Corporation, IQM Quantum Computers, JiJ, JoS QUANTUM GmbH, KEEQuant GmbH, KETS Quantum Security, Ki3 Photonics, Kipu Quantum, Kiutra GmbH, Kuano Limited, Kvantify, levelQuantum, Ligentec, Linq Photonics GmbH, LQUOM, Lux Quanta, M Squared Lasers, Mag4Health, MagiQ Technologies, Materials Nexus, Maybell Quantum Industries, memQ, Menlo Systems GmbH, Menten AI, Mesa Quantum, MicroAlgo, Microsoft, Mind Foundry, Miraex, Molecular Quantum Solutions, Monarch Quantum, Montana Instruments, Mphasis, Multiverse Computing, Munich Quantum Instruments GmbH, Mycryofirm, Nanofiber Quantum Technologies, NEC Corporation, NeoCrystech, Neuranics, Next Generation Quantum, neQxt GmbH, Nexus Photonics, NIQS Technology Ltd, nOhm Devices, Inc., Nomad Atomics, Nord Quantique, Nordic Quantum Computing Group AS, Norma, Novocene Photonics, NTT, Nu Quantum, NVision, 1Qbit, Oratomic, ORCA Computing, Orange Quantum Systems, Origin Quantum Computing Technology, OTI Lumionics, Oxford Ionics, Oxford Quantum Circuits (OQC), PacketLight Networks, ParityQC, Pasqal, Peak Quantum, Peptone, Phasecraft, Phasor Innovation, Photonic, Inc., PhotonForce, Pixel Photonics, Planqc GmbH, Planckian, Plassys, Polariton Technologies, Polaris Quantum Biotech (POLARISqb), Post Quantum, pQCee and more.....

 

 

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            38

  • 1.1        Quantum Technologies Market in 2026        38
  • 1.2        Funding             38
    • 1.2.1    Q1 2025            38
    • 1.2.2    Q2 2025            39
    • 1.2.3    Q3 2025            40
    • 1.2.4    Q4 2025            40
    • 1.2.5    Q1 2026            41
    • 1.2.6    Q2 2026            42
    • 1.2.7    Q3 2026            45
      • 1.2.7.1 Pure-play quantum foundries             45
      • 1.2.7.2 Vertical integration by the platform leaders               46
      • 1.2.7.3 Continued public-market conversion            46
  • 1.3        The Strategic Picture in Late 2026   46
  • 1.4        First and second quantum revolutions         46
  • 1.5        Current quantum technology market landscape   47
    • 1.5.1    Key developments      48
  • 1.6        Technology Readiness Assessment               48
  • 1.7        Quantum Technologies Investment Landscape     49
    • 1.7.1    Total market investments 2012-2026            49
    • 1.7.2    By Technology                55
    • 1.7.3    By Company   56
    • 1.7.4    By Application               57
    • 1.7.5    By Region         58
      • 1.7.5.1 The Quantum Market in North America        59
      • 1.7.5.2 The Quantum Market in Asia               60
      • 1.7.5.3 The Quantum Market in Europe         60
    • 1.7.6    Key Investment Trends 2025–2026 61
  • 1.8        Global government initiatives and funding 62
    • 1.8.1    United States 62
      • 1.8.1.1 National Quantum Initiative (NQI)   62
      • 1.8.1.2 Department of Energy (DOE)               63
      • 1.8.1.3 DARPA – Quantum Benchmarking Initiative (QBI)  63
      • 1.8.1.4 Quantum Sensing (Defense)               63
      • 1.8.1.5 CHIPS and Science Act           63
      • 1.8.1.6 State-Level Quantum Programmes 63
  • 1.8.2    China  64
  • 1.8.3    European Union           64
  • 1.8.4    Germany           65
  • 1.8.5    United Kingdom           66
  • 1.8.6    France 66
  • 1.8.7    Canada             67
  • 1.8.8    Australia           67
  • 1.8.9    Japan  68
  • 1.8.10 India    69
  • 1.8.11 South Korea    70
  • 1.8.12 Gulf States       71
  • 1.8.13 Cross-Cutting Themes in Government Quantum Investment        71
  • 1.8.14 Supply Chain Concentration and Geopolitical Exposure  72
  • 1.9        Challenges for quantum technologies adoption    72
  • 1.10     Critical Supply Chain Bottlenecks   74
  • 1.11     Quantum Technology Market Map   74
  • 1.12     SWOT Analysis             76
  • 1.13     Quantum Technology Value Chain  78
  • 1.14     Global Market Forecast 2026–2046 79
    • 1.14.1 Total Market Revenues             79
    • 1.14.2 By Technology Segment          79
    • 1.14.3 By End-Use Industry  80
    • 1.14.4 By Region         81

 

2             INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY      82

  • 2.1        First and Second Quantum Revolutions      82
  • 2.2        Quantum Mechanics Principles        83
    • 2.2.1    Superposition                84
    • 2.2.2    Entanglement                84
    • 2.2.3    Quantum Coherence                85
    • 2.2.4    Quantum Tunnelling 85
  • 2.3        The Quantum Technology Ecosystem           86
  • 2.4        Enabling Technologies and Infrastructure   87
  • 2.5        Standards Development         88

 

3             QUANTUM COMPUTING        89

  • 3.1        What is quantum computing?            89
    • 3.1.1    Operating principle    90
    • 3.1.2    Classical vs quantum computing    92
    • 3.1.3    Quantum computing technology      94
      • 3.1.3.1 Quantum emulators  96
      • 3.1.3.2 Quantum inspired computing            97
      • 3.1.3.3 Quantum annealing computers        97
      • 3.1.3.4 Quantum simulators 97
      • 3.1.3.5 Digital quantum computers 97
      • 3.1.3.6 Continuous variables quantum computers               97
      • 3.1.3.7 Measurement Based Quantum Computing (MBQC)           98
      • 3.1.3.8 Topological quantum computing      98
      • 3.1.3.9 Quantum Accelerator               98
  • 3.2        Benchmarking and Performance Metrics    98
    • 3.2.1    Qubit Count    98
    • 3.2.2    Gate Fidelity    99
    • 3.2.3    Coherence Times        99
    • 3.2.4    Quantum Volume       100
    • 3.2.5    Competition from other technologies           101
    • 3.2.6    Quantum algorithms 104
      • 3.2.6.1 Quantum Software Stack      104
      • 3.2.6.2 Quantum Machine Learning 105
      • 3.2.6.3 Quantum Simulation 105
      • 3.2.6.4 Quantum Optimization           106
      • 3.2.6.5 Quantum Cryptography          106
        • 3.2.6.5.1           Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)      107
        • 3.2.6.5.2           Post-Quantum Cryptography             107
    • 3.2.7    Architectural Approaches     108
      • 3.2.7.1 Modular vs. Single Core          108
      • 3.2.7.2 Heterogeneous Multi-Qubit Architectures  108
    • 3.2.8    Hardware          109
    • 3.2.9    Qubit Technologies    110
    • 3.2.10 Superconducting Quantum Computing      111
      • 3.2.10.1            Technology description           111
      • 3.2.10.2            Materials           112
      • 3.2.10.3            Hardware Architecture            114
      • 3.2.10.4            Market players               115
      • 3.2.10.5            Swot analysis 116
      • 3.2.10.6            Superconducting Hardware Roadmap         117
      • 3.2.10.7            Market position            117
      • 3.2.10.8            The superconducting supply chain and the foundry shift 118
      • 3.2.10.9            Deployment model: superconducting systems in data centres   119
      • 3.2.10.10         Superconducting market forecast   120
    • 3.2.11 Trapped-Ion Quantum Computing  120
      • 3.2.11.1            Technology description           120
      • 3.2.11.2            Ion Species Comparison       122
      • 3.2.11.3            Trap Architectures      122
      • 3.2.11.4            Market position            123
      • 3.2.11.5            Quantinuum as the public-market benchmark       124
      • 3.2.11.6            Enabling technologies: the trapped-ion bill of materials   125
      • 3.2.11.7            Materials           125
        • 3.2.11.7.1        Integrating optical components        126
        • 3.2.11.7.2        Incorporating high-quality mirrors and optical cavities      126
        • 3.2.11.7.3        Engineering the vacuum packaging and encapsulation     126
        • 3.2.11.7.4        Removal of waste heat            127
        • 3.2.11.7.5        Market players               127
        • 3.2.11.7.6        SWOT analysis              128
        • 3.2.11.7.7        Trapped-Ion Hardware Roadmap     129
    • 3.2.12 Silicon Spin-Qubit Quantum Computing    129
      • 3.2.12.1            Technology description           129
      • 3.2.12.2            Quantum dots               130
      • 3.2.12.3            SWOT analysis              132
      • 3.2.12.4            Silicon Spin Hardware Roadmap     133
      • 3.2.12.5            Market position            133
      • 3.2.12.6            Market players               134
        • 3.2.12.6.1        The CMOS-foundry angle       134
      • 3.2.12.7            Funding             135
    • 3.2.13 Topological Qubits     136
      • 3.2.13.1            Technology description           136
        • 3.2.13.1.1        Cryogenic cooling       137
      • 3.2.13.2            Market players               137
      • 3.2.13.3            SWOT analysis              137
      • 3.2.13.4            Photonic Qubits           138
        • 3.2.13.4.1        Technology description           138
          • 3.2.13.4.1.1   Architectural Classes               139
          • 3.2.13.4.1.2   Initialization, Manipulation, and Readout   140
          • 3.2.13.4.1.3   Hardware Architecture            141
        • 3.2.13.4.2        Race to Photonic Fault Tolerance: Tier Analysis     142
        • 3.2.13.4.3        Market players               143
        • 3.2.13.4.4        Swot analysis 144
        • 3.2.13.4.5        Photonic Hardware Roadmap            145
        • 3.2.13.4.6        Race to Photonic Fault Tolerance: Tier Analysis     145
      • 3.2.13.5            Neutral atom (cold atom) qubits       146
        • 3.2.13.5.1        Technology description           146
        • 3.2.13.5.2        Market players               149
        • 3.2.13.5.3        Swot analysis 149
        • 3.2.13.5.4        Neutral Atom Hardware Roadmap  150
      • 3.2.13.6            Diamond-defect qubits          150
        • 3.2.13.6.1        Technology description           150
        • 3.2.13.6.2        SWOT analysis              153
        • 3.2.13.6.3        Market players               154
        • 3.2.13.6.4        Diamond-Defect Hardware Roadmap          154
      • 3.2.13.7            Quantum annealers  154
        • 3.2.13.7.1        Technology description           154
        • 3.2.13.7.2        SWOT analysis              157
        • 3.2.13.7.3        Market players               157
        • 3.2.13.7.4        Quantum Annealing Hardware Roadmap  158
    • 3.2.14 Architectural Approaches     158
    • 3.2.15 Quantum Computing Infrastructure Requirements             159
    • 3.2.16 Software            159
      • 3.2.16.1            Technology description           160
      • 3.2.16.2            Cloud-based services- QCaaS (Quantum Computing as a Service).        160
        • 3.2.16.2.1        The Cloud-First Reality of Quantum Computing    160
        • 3.2.16.2.2        Platform Architecture Models             161
        • 3.2.16.2.3        Major Quantum Cloud Platforms     161
        • 3.2.16.2.4        Pricing Models              162
        • 3.2.16.2.5        Quantum Cloud Platform Comparison        163
        • 3.2.16.2.6        Cloud Platform Market Forecast       164
        • 3.2.16.2.7        Middleware, Optimisation Platforms and Hybrid Orchestration   164
      • 3.2.16.3            Market players               165
  • 3.3        Market challenges      168
  • 3.4        SWOT analysis              170
  • 3.5        Business Models         170
  • 3.6        Quantum Error Correction and Fault Tolerance      171
    • 3.6.1    Why Error Correction Matters              171
    • 3.6.2    Quantum Error Correction Code Families  172
    • 3.6.3    Fault Tolerance Requirements and Logical Qubit Demonstrations            173
    • 3.6.4    Magic State Distillation and Logical Gate Sets         175
    • 3.6.5    Hardware-Aware Error Correction    175
    • 3.6.6    QEC-Specific Vendors and Software Stack               177
    • 3.6.7    Resource Estimation for Fault-Tolerant Algorithms              177
    • 3.6.8    Market Forecast — QEC-Related Spending               178
  • 3.7        Quantum computing value chain     179
  • 3.8        Markets and applications for quantum computing               180
    • 3.8.1    Pharmaceuticals         180
      • 3.8.1.1 Market overview           180
        • 3.8.1.1.1           Drug discovery              180
        • 3.8.1.1.2           Diagnostics    181
        • 3.8.1.1.3           Molecular simulations            181
        • 3.8.1.1.4           Genomics        182
        • 3.8.1.1.5           Proteins and RNA folding       182
    • 3.8.1.2 Market players               182
  • 3.8.2    Chemicals       183
    • 3.8.2.1 Market overview           183
    • 3.8.2.2 Market players               184
  • 3.8.3    Transportation              184
    • 3.8.3.1 Market overview           184
    • 3.8.3.2 Market players               186
  • 3.8.4    Financial services       187
    • 3.8.4.1 Market overview           187
    • 3.8.4.2 Market players               187
  • 3.9        Opportunity analysis 188
  • 3.10     Technology roadmap 190
  • 3.11     Quantum-Inspired Classical Computing    193
    • 3.11.1 What is Quantum-Inspired Computing?      193
    • 3.11.2 Quantum-Inspired Algorithms           193
    • 3.11.3 Quantum-Inspired Hardware Architectures              193
    • 3.11.4 Commercial Applications     194
    • 3.11.5 Major Quantum-Inspired Vendors   194
    • 3.11.6 Quantum vs Quantum-Inspired: Strategic Positioning       195
    • 3.11.7 Market Forecast — Quantum-Inspired Computing              196
  • 3.12     Modality Market Share Forecast 2026–2046            196

 

4             QUANTUM–HPC INTEGRATION AND QUANTUM DATA CENTRES               198

  • 4.1        Overview           198
  • 4.2        Why HPC Centres Are Buying Quantum Computers            198
  • 4.3        Integration Architectures        199
  • 4.4        On-Premises Deployments  200
  • 4.5        Form Factor and Data-Centre Readiness   201
  • 4.6        Hybrid Software and Orchestration 202
  • 4.7        Photonic Deployment Models in Data Centres        202
  • 4.8        Market Forecast           203

 

5             QUANTUM CHEMISTRY AND ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)          204

  • 5.1        Technology description           204
  • 5.2        Applications   204
  • 5.3        SWOT analysis              205
  • 5.4        Market challenges      206
  • 5.5        Market players               206
  • 5.6        Opportunity analysis 207
  • 5.7        Technology roadmap 208

 

6             QUANTUM MACHINE LEARNING      211

  • 6.1        What is Quantum Machine Learning?           211
  • 6.2        Classical vs. Quantum Computing Paradigms for ML         211
  • 6.3        Quantum Mechanical Principles for ML       212
  • 6.4        Machine Learning Fundamentals     212
  • 6.5        The Intersection — Why Combine Quantum and ML?        213
  • 6.6        QML Phases and Evolution   213
    • 6.6.1    The First Phase of QML            213
    • 6.6.2    The Second Phase of QML    214
  • 6.7        Algorithms and Software for QML    215
  • 6.8        Quantum Neural Networks   215
  • 6.9        Variational Quantum Classifiers       216
  • 6.10     Quantum Kernel Methods     216
  • 6.11     Advantages of QML    217
    • 6.11.1 Improved Optimisation and Generalisation               217
    • 6.11.2 Quantum Advantage in ML   217
    • 6.11.3 Training Advantages and Opportunities       218
    • 6.11.4 Improved Accuracy    218
  • 6.12     Challenges and Limitations 218
    • 6.12.1 Hardware Constraints             219
    • 6.12.2 Costs  220
    • 6.12.3 Nascent Technology  220
  • 6.13     QML Applications       220
  • 6.14     QML Roadmap             221
  • 6.15     Market Players               221
  • 6.16     Market Forecasts 2026–2036             222

 

7             QUANTUM SIMULATION         224

  • 7.1        What is Quantum Simulation?           224
  • 7.2        Analog vs. Digital Quantum Simulation        224
  • 7.3        Quantum Simulation Platforms         225
    • 7.3.1    Neutral Atom Simulators       226
    • 7.3.2    Trapped Ion Simulators           226
    • 7.3.3    Superconducting Circuit Simulators              227
    • 7.3.4    Photonic Simulators 227
  • 7.4        Applications of Quantum Simulation            227
    • 7.4.1    Molecular and Chemical Simulation              228
    • 7.4.2    Materials Discovery   229
    • 7.4.3    High-Energy Physics 229
    • 7.4.4    Condensed Matter Physics   230
    • 7.4.5    Drug Discovery and Protein Folding 230
  • 7.5        Quantum Chemistry Simulation       230
  • 7.6        Market Players               232
  • 7.7        SWOT Analysis             233
  • 7.8        Market Forecasts 2026–2036             233

 

8             QUANTUM COMMUNICATIONS        235

  • 8.1        Technology description           235
  • 8.2        Types   235
  • 8.3        Applications   236
  • 8.4        Quantum Random Numbers Generators (QRNG) 236
  • 8.4.1    Overview           236
  • 8.4.2    QRNG Product Design and Technology Evolution  238
  • 8.4.3    Entropy Sources           238
  • 8.4.4    High Throughput as Key Differentiator           240
  • 8.4.5    Standards Development         240
  • 8.4.6    Applications   241
  • 8.4.6.1 Encryption for Data Centers 242
  • 8.4.6.2 Consumer Electronics             243
  • 8.4.6.3 Automotive/Connected Vehicle         243
  • 8.4.6.4 Gambling and Gaming            244
  • 8.4.6.5 Monte Carlo Simulations       245
  • 8.4.6.6 Government and Defense Applications       246
  • 8.4.6.7 Enterprise Networks and Data Centers        246
  • 8.4.6.8 Automotive Applications        247
  • 8.4.6.9 Online Gaming             247
  • 8.4.7    Advantages     247
  • 8.4.8    Principle of Operation of Optical QRNG Technology            248
  • 8.4.9    Non-optical approaches to QRNG technology        250
  • 8.4.10 SWOT Analysis             251
  • 8.4.11 Market Forecasts        251
  • 8.5        Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)      252
  • 8.5.1    Overview           252
  • 8.5.2    Asymmetric and Symmetric Keys     252
  • 8.5.3    Principle behind QKD               254
  • 8.5.4    Why is QKD More Secure Than Other Key Exchange Mechanisms?           255
  • 8.5.5    Discrete Variable vs. Continuous Variable QKD Protocols               256
  • 8.5.6    MDI-QKD (Measurement Device Independent QKD)           257
  • 8.5.7    Fiber-Based QKD         258
  • 8.5.8    Free-Space and Satellite QKD            259
  • 8.5.9    Key Players      259
  • 8.5.10 Challenges      260
  • 8.5.11 SWOT Analysis             262
  • 8.5.12 Market Forecasts        263
  • 8.6        Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) 264
  • 8.6.1    Overview           264
  • 8.6.2    Security systems integration               264
  • 8.6.3    PQC standardization 264
  • 8.6.3.1 NIST Standardisation Process and Outcomes         265
  • 8.6.3.2 Migration Implications             265
  • 8.6.4    Transitioning cryptographic systems to PQC            266
  • 8.6.5    Market players               267
  • 8.6.6    SWOT Analysis             269
  • 8.6.7    Market Forecasts        270
  • 8.6.7.1 Beyond Algorithms: The Migration Reality   270
  • 8.6.7.2 The Migration Stack   271
  • 8.6.7.3 Industry-Specific Migration Programs           272
  • 8.6.7.4 Migration Services and Consulting Market 272
  • 8.6.7.5 Market Forecast — Quantum-Safe Migration           273
  • 8.6.7.6 Y2Q Timeline and Strategic Implications     273
  • 8.6.7.7 Quantum-Safe Security: PQC and QKD as Complementary Markets       274
  • 8.7        Quantum homomorphic cryptography         275
  • 8.8        Quantum Teleportation           275
  • 8.9        Quantum Networks   276
  • 8.9.1    Overview           276
  • 8.9.2    Advantages     276
  • 8.9.3    Role of Trusted Nodes and Trusted Relays  276
  • 8.9.4    Entanglement Swapping and Optical Switches      277
  • 8.9.5    Multiplexing quantum signals with classical channels in the O-band      278
  • 8.9.5.1 Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and time-division multiplexing (TDM)              278
  • 8.9.6    Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution (TF-QKD)      278
  • 8.9.7    Enabling global-scale quantum communication   279
  • 8.9.8    Advanced optical fibers and interconnects               280
  • 8.9.9    Photodetectors in quantum networks           281
  • 8.9.9.1 Avalanche photodetectors (APDs)   281
  • 8.9.9.2 Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs)   281
  • 8.9.9.3 Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs)      282
  • 8.9.10 Cryostats          283
  • 8.9.10.1            Cryostat architectures             283
  • 8.9.11 Infrastructure requirements 286
  • 8.9.12 Global activity               288
  • 8.9.12.1            China  288
  • 8.9.12.2            Europe                289
  • 8.9.12.3            The Netherlands          289
  • 8.9.12.4            The United Kingdom  290
  • 8.9.12.5            US         290
  • 8.9.12.6            Japan  291
  • 8.9.13 SWOT analysis              292
  • 8.10     Satellite and Space Quantum Communications   293
  • 8.10.1 Why space       293
  • 8.10.2 Missions and programmes   293
  • 8.10.3 Space and ground segment technology       294
  • 8.10.4 Engineering and commercial challenges     295
  • 8.10.5 Market forecast            295
  • 8.10.6 Engineering and commercial challenges     295
  • 8.11     Quantum Memories, Repeaters and the Quantum Internet            296
  • 8.11.1 Overview           296
  • 8.11.2 Quantum memory technologies       296
  • 8.11.3 Repeater generations               297
  • 8.11.4 Testbeds and early networks               297
  • 8.11.5 Market players               297
  • 8.11.6 Applications driving investment        298
  • 8.11.7 Market forecast            299
  • 8.12     Global Market for Quantum Communications by Technology Type 2026–2036 299
  • 8.13     Market challenges      300
  • 8.14     Market players               300
  • 8.15     Opportunity analysis 303
  • 8.16     Technology roadmap 304

 

9             QUANTUM SENSORS               307

  • 9.1        Technology description           307
    • 9.1.1    Quantum Sensing Principles               308
    • 9.1.2    SWOT analysis              311
    • 9.1.3    Atomic Clocks               312
      • 9.1.3.1 High frequency oscillators    313
        • 9.1.3.1.1           Emerging oscillators  313
      • 9.1.3.2 Caesium atoms            313
      • 9.1.3.3 Self-calibration             313
      • 9.1.3.4 Optical atomic clocks              314
        • 9.1.3.4.1           Chip-scale optical clocks      314
      • 9.1.3.5 Bench/Rack-Scale Atomic Clocks   315
      • 9.1.3.6 Chip-Scale Atomic Clocks (CSAC)  316
      • 9.1.3.7 Atomic Clocks Market Forecasts — Total    317
      • 9.1.3.8 Timing Demand: Telecoms, Data Centres and GNSS Resilience 317
      • 9.1.3.9 Companies     319
      • 9.1.3.10            SWOT analysis              319
    • 9.1.4    Quantum Magnetic Field Sensors    321
      • 9.1.4.1 Introduction    321
      • 9.1.4.2 Motivation for use       321
      • 9.1.4.3 Market opportunity    323
      • 9.1.4.4 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (Squids)             323
        • 9.1.4.4.1           Applications   323
        • 9.1.4.4.2           Key players      325
        • 9.1.4.4.3           SWOT analysis              326
      • 9.1.4.5 Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs)               326
        • 9.1.4.5.1           Applications   327
        • 9.1.4.5.2           Key players      327
        • 9.1.4.5.3           SWOT analysis              328
      • 9.1.4.6 Tunneling Magneto Resistance Sensors (TMRs)     329
        • 9.1.4.6.1           Applications   329
        • 9.1.4.6.2           Key players      330
        • 9.1.4.6.3           SWOT analysis              330
      • 9.1.4.7 Nitrogen Vacancy Centers (N-V Centers)     331
        • 9.1.4.7.1           Applications   331
        • 9.1.4.7.2           Key players      332
        • 9.1.4.7.3           SWOT analysis              333
    • 9.1.5    Quantum Gravimeters             334
      • 9.1.5.1 Technology description           334
      • 9.1.5.2 Applications   335
      • 9.1.5.3 Key players      337
      • 9.1.5.4 SWOT analysis              338
    • 9.1.6    Quantum Gyroscopes              339
      • 9.1.6.1 Technology description           339
        • 9.1.6.1.1           Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) 340
        • 9.1.6.1.2           Atomic quantum gyroscopes              340
      • 9.1.6.2 Applications   341
      • 9.1.6.3 Key players      342
      • 9.1.6.4 SWOT analysis              343
    • 9.1.7    Quantum Image Sensors       344
      • 9.1.7.1 Technology description           344
      • 9.1.7.2 Applications   345
      • 9.1.7.3 SWOT analysis              345
      • 9.1.7.4 Key players      346
    • 9.1.8    Quantum Radar           350
      • 9.1.8.1 Technology description           350
      • 9.1.8.2 Applications   352
    • 9.1.9    Single Photon Detectors         353
      • 9.1.9.1 Technology Overview                353
      • 9.1.9.2 Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs)  353
      • 9.1.9.3 Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) 353
    • 9.1.10 Quantum Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) and GPS-Denied Navigation.           355
      • 9.1.10.1            Why quantum PNT has become the leading sensing market          355
      • 9.1.10.2            Technology approaches         355
      • 9.1.10.3            Trials and procurement programmes            356
      • 9.1.10.4            Companies     357
      • 9.1.10.5            Market forecast            358
    • 9.1.11 Quantum Sensor Components         358
    • 9.1.12 Quantum Chemical Sensors               360
      • 9.1.12.1            Technology overview 360
      • 9.1.12.2            Commercial activities              360
    • 9.1.13 Quantum Radio Frequency Field Sensors  360
      • 9.1.13.1            Overview           360
      • 9.1.13.2            Rydberg Atom Based Electric Field Sensors and Radio Receivers              365
        • 9.1.13.2.1        Principles         365
        • 9.1.13.2.2        Commercialization    366
      • 9.1.13.3            Nitrogen-Vacancy Centre Diamond Electric Field Sensors and Radio Receivers              367
        • 9.1.13.3.1        Principles         367
        • 9.1.13.3.2        Applications   367
      • 9.1.13.4            Market 370
    • 9.1.14 Quantum NEM and MEMs     375
      • 9.1.14.1            Technology description           375
  • 9.2        Market and technology challenges  375
    • 9.2.1    Quantum Biomedical Sensing and Imaging              376
      • 9.2.1.1 Overview           376
      • 9.2.1.2 Optically pumped magnetometers for MEG and MCG       376
      • 9.2.1.3 Diamond sensors and hyperpolarised MRI 377
      • 9.2.1.4 Quantum imaging and quantum-enhanced image reconstruction            377
      • 9.2.1.5 Companies     377
      • 9.2.1.6 Market forecast            378
  • 9.3        Market forecasts         378
    • 9.3.1    By Sensor Type              378
    • 9.3.2    By Volume        380
    • 9.3.3    By Sensor Price             381
    • 9.3.4    By End-Use Industry  383
  • 9.4        Technology roadmap 384

 

10          QUANTUM BATTERIES             387

  • 10.1     Technology description           387
  • 10.2     Types   388
  • 10.3     Applications   388
  • 10.4     SWOT analysis              389
  • 10.5     Market challenges      390
  • 10.6     Market players               390
  • 10.7     Opportunity analysis 391
  • 10.8     Technology roadmap 392

 

11          END-USE MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS    395

  • 11.1     Overview           395
  • 11.2     Pharmaceuticals and Drug Discovery           396
    • 11.2.1.            Market Overview          396
    • 11.2.2 Drug Discovery Applications               397
  • 11.3     Financial Services       398
    • 11.3.1 Market Overview          398
    • 11.3.2 Portfolio Optimisation             399
    • 11.3.3 Risk Assessment         399
    • 11.3.4 Algorithmic Trading    399
    • 11.3.5 Fraud Detection           399
  • 11.4     Aerospace, Defence and National Security                400
    • 11.4.1 Market Overview          400
    • 11.4.2 Navigation and Positioning   400
    • 11.4.3 Secure Communications      401
    • 11.4.4 Simulation and Optimisation              401
    • 11.4.5 Defence and Government Programmes, 2025–2026          401
    • 11.4.6 Sovereign Capability, Supply Chains and Export Controls               402
    • 11.4.7 Defence Market Forecast by Pillar   403
  • 11.5     Energy and Utilities    404
    • 11.5.1 Market Overview          404
    • 11.5.2 Grid Optimisation       404
    • 11.5.3 Renewable Energy Integration            404
    • 11.5.4 Carbon Capture Optimisation            404
  • 11.6     Healthcare and Medical         405
    • 11.6.1 Market Overview          405
    • 11.6.2 Medical Imaging          405
    • 11.6.3 Diagnostics    405
    • 11.6.4 Personalized Medicine             406
  • 11.7     Telecommunications                406
    • 11.7.1 Market Overview          406
    • 11.7.2 Network Optimisation             406
    • 11.7.3 Quantum-Secure Networks 407
  • 11.8     Government and Public Sector          407
    • 11.8.1 Market Overview          407

 

12          MATERIALS FOR QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES          408

  • 12.1     Superconductors        409
    • 12.1.1 Overview           409
    • 12.1.2 Types and Properties 409
    • 12.1.3 Critical Temperature and Material Selection             409
      • 12.1.3.1            Critical Material Supply Chain Considerations       410
    • 12.1.4 Superconducting Quantum Circuits              411
      • 12.1.4.1            Introduction    411
      • 12.1.4.2            Fabricating Superconducting Qubits             412
    • 12.1.5 Defects and Sources of Noise            413
    • 12.1.6 Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) — Materials and Fabrication                414
    • 12.1.7 Opportunities 415
  • 12.2     Photonics, Silicon Photonics and Optical Components   416
    • 12.2.1 Overview           416
    • 12.2.2 Types and Properties 416
    • 12.2.3 Photonic Integrated Circuits for Quantum Technology       416
      • 12.2.3.1            Overview           416
    • 12.2.4 PICs for Quantum Sensing   418
    • 12.2.5 Opportunities 419
  • 12.3     Nanomaterials              420
    • 12.3.1 Overview           420
    • 12.3.2 Types and Properties 420
    • 12.3.3 Opportunities 420
  • 12.4     Artificial Diamond for Quantum Technology              421
    • 12.4.1 Overview           421
    • 12.4.2 Supply Chain and Materials for Diamond-Based Quantum Computers 422
    • 12.4.3 Quantum Grade Diamond    423
    • 12.4.4 Silicon-Vacancy in Diamond Quantum Memory     423
  • 12.5     Quantum Foundries and Fabrication             423
    • 12.5.1 From laboratory fabs to foundries    423
    • 12.5.2 Pure-play and multi-modality quantum foundries 424
    • 12.5.3 Materials suppliers as strategic partners    425
    • 12.5.4 Implications for the supply chain     425
    • 12.5.5 Quantum foundry services forecast               426
  • 12.6     Cryogenic Infrastructure        426
    • 12.6.1 The Role of Cryogenics in Quantum Computing    426
    • 12.6.2 Operating Temperature Requirements by Modality              426
    • 12.6.3 Dilution Refrigerators               427
      • 12.6.3.1            Cryogen-Free vs. Wet Systems          427
        • 12.6.3.1.1.1   Modular and Cube-Format Architectures   427
    • 12.6.4 Pulse Tube and Cryocoolers 427
    • 12.6.5 Alternative Cooling Technologies     428
    • 12.6.6 Dilution Refrigerator Vendor Landscape      428
    • 12.6.7 Partnership Models   429
    • 12.6.8 Cryogenic System Lead Times and Capacity Constraints 429
    • 12.6.9 Ten-Year Forecast — Installed Base of Dilution Refrigerators         429
  • 12.7     Helium-3 Supply Chain           429
    • 12.7.1 Why Helium-3 Matters for Quantum Computing   429
    • 12.7.2 ³He Production from Tritium Decay 430
    • 12.7.3 ³He Supply Sources and Annual Production Estimates     430
    • 12.7.4 Demand-Supply Gap Modelling, 2026–2046           430
    • 12.7.5 Lunar Regolith Harvesting (Interlune)            431
    • 12.7.6 Helium-4 Industrial Supply Risk        431
    • 12.7.7 Strategic Stockpiling and Mitigation               431
    • 12.7.8 Isotopes and Specialty Inputs            432
      • 12.7.8.1            Why isotopes matter 432
      • 12.7.8.2            Silicon-28: the critical bottleneck for spin qubits  433
      • 12.7.8.3            Carbon-12 and quantum-grade diamond   433
      • 12.7.8.4            Ion and atom isotopes             433
      • 12.7.8.5            Geopolitical exposure and mitigation           433
  • 12.8     Cryogenic Control Electronics and Cryo-CMOS    434
    • 12.8.1 The Wiring Crisis — Why Room-Temperature Control Cannot Scale         434
    • 12.8.2 Architectural Approaches     434
    • 12.8.3 NVQLink and the Quantum-Classical Data Centre Convergence               435
    • 12.8.4 Cryo-CMOS Devices and Process Technology         435
    • 12.8.5 Vendor Landscape     435
    • 12.8.6 Cryogenic Amplifiers — TWPAs, HEMT and Parametric     436
    • 12.8.7 Heat Load Budgets and Power Dissipation Constraints    437
    • 12.8.8 Ten-Year Forecast — Cryo-CMOS Market and Penetration               437
  • 12.9     Room-Temperature Control and Readout Electronics        437
    • 12.9.1 The control stack        437
    • 12.9.2 Vendor landscape      438
    • 12.9.3 Market dynamics        439
    • 12.9.4 Forecast            439
  • 12.10  Lasers and Photonic Components by Modality       440
    • 12.10.1              The Laser Bill of Materials in a Quantum System   440
    • 12.10.2              Wavelengths Required by Atomic and Solid-State Modalities       440
    • 12.10.3              Laser Technology Platforms 441
    • 12.10.4              Linewidth, Stability and Phase Noise Requirements           441
    • 12.10.5              Photonic Component Suppliers        442
    • 12.10.6              Laser Vendor Capability Matrix          442
  • 12.11  Single-Photon Sources and Detectors           443
    • 12.11.1              A cross-cutting enabling technology              443
    • 12.11.2              Single-photon detectors         443
    • 12.11.3              Single-photon sources            444
    • 12.11.4              Supply chain constraints       445
  • 12.12  Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) Systems 445
    • 12.12.1              Vacuum Pressure Requirements by Modality           445
    • 12.12.2              UHV Chamber Design and Materials              446
    • 12.12.3              Vacuum Pumps and Hardware           446
    • 12.12.4              Vacuum Feedthroughs and Hermetic Seals              447
    • 12.12.5              Vapour Cell Technology and Atomic Sources           448
    • 12.12.6              UHV Vendor Capability Matrix            448
  • 12.13  Microwave and Optical Interconnects           449
    • 12.13.1              Cryogenic Microwave Cabling            449
    • 12.13.2              High-Density Cryogenic Connectors              450
    • 12.13.3              Cryogenic Attenuators and Filters    450
    • 12.13.4              Circulators, Isolators and Switches 450
    • 12.13.5              Optical Interconnects for Photonic and Modular Quantum Systems       451
    • 12.13.6              Microwave-to-Optical Transducers 451
    • 12.13.7              Vendor Landscape     451
  • 12.14  Supply Chain Bottleneck Assessment          452
    • 12.14.1              Methodology — Severity, Probability and Time-to-Resolution Framework            452
    • 12.14.2              Critical Bottlenecks   452
    • 12.14.3              High-Severity Bottlenecks     452
    • 12.14.4              Bottleneck Heat-Map by Modality    453
    • 12.14.5              Mitigation Strategies  453
  • 12.15  Materials Market Forecasts  454
    • 12.15.1              Forecasting Methodology and Scenario Definitions            454
    • 12.15.2              Superconducting Chips and Substrates      454
    • 12.15.3              Photonic Integrated Circuits and Optical Components     454
    • 12.15.4              Cryogenic Infrastructure        455
    • 12.15.5              Helium-3 and Helium-4 Supply         455
    • 12.15.6              Isotopic Inputs (excluding Helium)  456
    • 12.15.7              Cryogenic Control Electronics and Cryo-CMOS    456
    • 12.15.8              Lasers and Single-Photon Detectors              457
    • 12.15.9              Ultra-High Vacuum Systems                457
    • 12.15.10           Microwave and Optical Interconnects           458
    • 12.15.11           Diamond and Quantum Materials    458
    • 12.15.12           Nanomaterials for Quantum Applications 458
  • 12.16  REGIONAL MARKETS AND NATIONAL PROGRAMMES       460
    • 12.16.1              North America              460
      • 12.16.1.1         United States 460
      • 12.16.1.2         Canada             460
      • 12.16.1.3         Europe                461
        • 12.16.1.3.1     European Union Initiatives    461
        • 12.16.1.3.2     United Kingdom           461
        • 12.16.1.3.3     Germany           462
        • 12.16.1.3.4     France 462
        • 12.16.1.3.5     Netherlands    462
    • 12.16.2              Asia-Pacific    463
      • 12.16.2.1         China  463
      • 12.16.2.2         Japan  463
      • 12.16.2.3         South Korea    463
      • 12.16.2.4         Australia           464
      • 12.16.2.5         Singapore         464
    • 12.16.3              Rest of World 464
    • 12.16.4              Government Initiatives Comparison              465

 

13          GLOBAL QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES MARKET ANALYSIS  467

  • 13.1     Market map    467
  • 13.2     Key industry players   468
    • 13.2.1 Start-ups           469
    • 13.2.2 Tech Giants     469
    • 13.2.3 National Initiatives     470
  • 13.3     Global market revenues 2018-2046               470
    • 13.3.1 Quantum Computing               470
    • 13.3.2 Quantum Sensors      471
    • 13.3.3 QKD Systems 471
    • 13.3.4 Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNG)    472
    • 13.3.5 Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)               473
    • 13.3.6 Quantum Machine Learning 473
    • 13.3.7 Quantum Simulation 474
    • 13.3.8 Quantum Batteries     474
    • 13.3.9 Total Quantum Technology Market — Consolidated Forecast        475
    • 13.3.10              Quantum Hardware Supply Chain Market  476
      • 13.3.10.1         Geographic Distribution of Supply Chain Revenue               477
    • 13.3.11              Total Quantum Technology Market Including Supply Chain            478
  • 13.4     Quantum Workforce and Talent Market        478
    • 13.4.1 Why Workforce Matters           478
    • 13.4.2 The Quantum Talent Pyramid              478
    • 13.4.3 University Programs and Degrees     479
    • 13.4.4 Industry Training Programs   479
    • 13.4.5 Government Workforce Initiatives    480
    • 13.4.6 Compensation Benchmarks               480
    • 13.4.7 Workforce Market Forecast  481

 

14          COMPANY PROFILES                482 (354 company profiles)

 

15          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              725

 

16          TERMS AND DEFINITIONS     726

 

17          REFERENCES 729

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. 2025–2026 Quantum Technology Investment       42
  • Table 2. First and second quantum revolutions.     46
  • Table 3. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) assessment by quantum platform  48
  • Table 4. Quantum Technology Total Investments 2012–2026 (millions USD)      50
  • Table 5. Major Quantum Technologies Investments 2024–2026 51
  • Table 6. Quantum Technology Investments 2012–2026 by Technology Subsector (millions USD)         55
  • Table 7. Quantum Technology Funding 2022–2026 by Company (USD)  56
  • Table 8. Quantum Technology Investment by Application 2012–2026 (millions USD)   57
  • Table 9. Quantum Technology Investments 2012–2026 by Region (millions USD)           58
  • Table 10. Key Quantum Investment Trends 2025–2026     61
  • Table 11. Global Government Quantum Commitments (2022–2026)      69
  • Table 12. Challenges for quantum technologies adoption.             73
  • Table 13. Top Ten Most Severe Supply Chain Bottlenecks, 2026  74
  • Table 14. Quantum Technologyvalue chain               78
  • Table 15. Total Quantum Technology Market Forecast 2026–2046 (billions USD)            79
  • Table 16. Quantum Technology Market by Segment — Revenue, Share, and Growth Rate, 2026–2046 (billions USD, %)          80
  • Table 17. Quantum Technology Market by End-Use Industry 2026–2046 (billions USD)              81
  • Table 18. Quantum Technology Market by Region 2026–2046 (billions USD)      81
  • Table 19. First and second quantum revolutions    83
  • Table 20. Comparison — Classical vs. Quantum Technologies    86
  • Table 21.  Applications for quantum computing     91
  • Table 22. Comparison of classical versus quantum computing. 93
  • Table 23. Key quantum mechanical phenomena utilized in quantum computing.          94
  • Table 24. Types of quantum computers.      94
  • Table 25. Qubit performance benchmarking by platform 99
  • Table 26. Coherence times for different qubit implementations  100
  • Table 27. Quantum computer benchmarking metrics        100
  • Table 28. Logical qubit progress        101
  • Table 29. Comparative analysis of quantum computing with classical computing, quantum-inspired computing, and neuromorphic computing.              102
  • Table 30. Different computing paradigms beyond conventional CMOS. 102
  • Table 31. Applications of quantum algorithms.      104
  • Table 32. QML approaches. 105
  • Table 33. Modular vs. single core architectures      108
  • Table 34. Heterogeneous architectural approaches by provider  108
  • Table 35. Coherence times for different qubit implementations. 110
  • Table 36. Superconducting Qubit Vendor Material Choices, 2026             114
  • Table 37. Superconducting qubit market players.  115
  • Table 38. Leading superconducting systems and roadmaps         118
  • Table 39. Superconducting quantum manufacturing capacity, 2026       119
  • Table 40. Funding and M&A, superconducting segment 2024–2026        119
  • Table 41. Initialization, manipulation and readout for trapped ion quantum computers.            121
  • Table 42. Trapped Ion Species Comparison, 2026 122
  • Table 43. Trapped Ion Vendor Architecture Comparison, 2026    123
  • Table 44. Leading trapped-ion systems and roadmaps     123
  • Table 45. Consolidation tracker: trapped-ion and IonQ platform M&A     124
  • Table 46. SWOT: trapped-ion quantum computing               125
  • Table 47. Ion trap market players.     127
  • Table 48.  Initialization, manipulation, and readout methods for silicon-spin qubits.   132
  • Table 49. Leading silicon spin developers   134
  • Table 50. Silicon spin qubit technical benchmarks, 2026 135
  • Table 51. Funding, silicon spin segment 2024–2026           135
  • Table 52. Initialization, manipulation and readout of topological qubits.              136
  • Table 53. Topological qubits market players.            137
  • Table 54. Pros and cons of photon qubits. 139
  • Table 55. Photonic Quantum Computing Architectural Classes, 2026   140
  • Table 56. Photonic Qubit Initialization, Manipulation and Readout           141
  • Table 57. Photonic Quantum Computing Race to Fault Tolerance — Tier Analysis         142
  • Table 58. Photonic qubit market players.     143
  • Table 59. Initialization, manipulation and readout for neutral-atom quantum computers.        148
  • Table 60. Pros and cons of cold atoms quantum computers and simulators      148
  • Table 61. Neural atom qubit market players.             149
  • Table 62. Initialization, manipulation and readout of Diamond-Defect Spin-Based Computing.           151
  • Table 63.  Key materials for developing diamond-defect spin-based quantum computers.      152
  • Table 64. Diamond-defect qubits market players. 154
  • Table 65. Pros and cons of quantum annealers.    156
  • Table 66. Quantum annealers market players.        157
  • Table 67. Quantum computing infrastructure requirements           159
  • Table 68. Major Commercial Quantum Cloud Platforms, 2026    163
  • Table 69. Quantum Cloud Platform Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)            164
  • Table 70. Quantum Middleware and Hybrid Orchestration Companies, 2026   165
  • Table 71. Quantum computing software market players. 165
  • Table 72. Market challenges in quantum computing.         168
  • Table 73. Business models in quantum computing              171
  • Table 74. Quantum Error Correcting Code Family Comparison   172
  • Table 75. Logical Qubit Leaderboard: Key Demonstrations 2023–2026 173
  • Table 76. Fault-Tolerance Roadmaps by Vendor, 2026–2033         174
  • Table 77. Magic State Distillation Resource Estimates       175
  • Table 78. QEC Cycle Time and Decoder Latency Budget by Platform       176
  • Table 79. Caption: Real-Time QEC Decoder Suppliers, 2026         176
  • Table 80. Resource Estimates for Reference Fault-Tolerant Algorithms (Current Best Estimates)         177
  • Table 81. QEC-Related Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)        178
  • Table 82. QEC-Related Spending by Hardware Platform, 2026 and 2036 (millions USD)            178
  • Table 83. Quantum computing value chain.             179
  • Table 84. Markets and applications for quantum computing.       180
  • Table 85. Market players in quantum technologies for pharmaceuticals.             182
  • Table 86. Market players in quantum computing for chemicals.  184
  • Table 87. Automotive applications of quantum computing,           184
  • Table 88. Market players in quantum computing for transportation.         186
  • Table 89. Market players in quantum computing for financial services   187
  • Table 90. Market opportunities in quantum computing.   188
  • Table 91. Major Quantum-Inspired Computing Vendors, 2026     194
  • Table 92. Quantum vs Quantum-Inspired Comparison     195
  • Table 93. Quantum-Inspired Computing Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD) 196
  • Table 94. Quantum Computing Revenue by Modality, 2026–2046 (billions USD)             196
  • Table 95. Modality share of hardware-attributable revenue (excluding modality-agnostic)       197
  • Table 96. Quantum–Classical Integration Architectures   199
  • Table 97. Selected On-Premises Quantum Computer Installations at HPC and Data Centres, 2024–2026    200
  • Table 98. Data-Centre Readiness by Quantum Computing Modality, 2026          201
  • Table 99. Hybrid Quantum–HPC Software Stack, 2026     202
  • Table 100. Photonic Quantum Computing Deployment Models  203
  • Table 101. Quantum Computing Revenue from HPC and Data-Centre Deployments, 2026–2036 (millions USD)               203
  • Table 102. Applications in quantum chemistry and artificial intelligence (AI).    204
  • Table 103. Market challenges in quantum chemistry and Artificial Intelligence (AI).      206
  • Table 104. Market players in quantum chemistry and AI.  206
  • Table 105. Market opportunities in quantum chemistry and AI.   207
  • Table 106. Classical vs. quantum computing paradigms for machine learning 211
  • Table 107. QML phases and evolution           214
  • Table 108. QML approaches 215
  • Table 109. Advantages of quantum machine learning        217
  • Table 110. Challenges and limitations of QML         218
  • Table 111. QML applications by industry     220
  • Table 112. QML market players          221
  • Table 113. QML market forecasts 2026–2036 (millions USD)        222
  • Table 114. Comparison of analog and digital quantum simulation approaches                224
  • Table 115. Quantum simulation platforms comparison    225
  • Table 116. Applications of quantum simulation by industry           227
  • Table 117. Applications in quantum chemistry and artificial intelligence              231
  • Table 118. Market challenges in quantum chemistry simulation 231
  • Table 119. Quantum simulation market players     232
  • Table 120. Quantum simulation market forecasts 2026–2036 (millions USD)   233
  • Table 121. Main types of quantum communications.         235
  • Table 122. Applications in quantum communications.     236
  • Table 123. QRNG entropy sources comparison      238
  • Table 124. QRNG standards development 240
  • Table 125. QRNG applications.         241
  • Table 126. Key Players Developing QRNG Products.            248
  • Table 127. Optical QRNG by company.        249
  • Table 128. QRNG market forecasts 2026–2036 by application segment (millions USD)              251
  • Table 129. QKD protocols comparison         257
  • Table 130. Markets for QKD systems by end-use industry and delivery method 2026–2036 (millions USD)    263
  • Table 131. Market players in post-quantum cryptography.              267
  • Table 132. PQC market forecasts by cryptographic approach 2026–2036 (millions USD)          270
  • Table 133. Quantum-Safe Migration Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)           273
  • Table 134. Reference Q-Day Estimates by Source, 2026  273
  • Table 135. PQC and QKD Compared              274
  • Table 136. Total Quantum-Safe Security Market, 2026–2036 (millions USD)      275
  • Table 137. Major Satellite Quantum Communication Missions and Programmes, 2016–2030               293
  • Table 138. Satellite QKD System Components        294
  • Table 139. Engineering and commercial challenges            295
  • Table 140. Satellite and Free-Space QKD Market by Segment, 2026–2036 (millions USD)        295
  • Table 141. Quantum Memory Technology Comparison, 2026      296
  • Table 142. Quantum Repeater Generations and Timeline                297
  • Table 143. Quantum Memory, Repeater and Networking Hardware Companies, 2026 297
  • Table 144. Quantum Internet Applications and Timeline  298
  • Table 145. Quantum Networking Hardware Market (Memories, Repeaters, Entanglement Sources, Transducers and Switches), 2026–2036 (millions USD)    299
  • Table 146. Global market for quantum communications by technology type 2026–2036 (millions USD)                299
  • Table 147. Market challenges in quantum communications.        300
  • Table 148. Market players in quantum communications. 300
  • Table 149. Market opportunities in quantum communications.  303
  • Table 150. Quantum Communications Milestones, 2026–2040  306
  • Table 151.  Comparison between classical and quantum sensors.           307
  • Table 152. Applications in quantum sensors.          308
  • Table 153. Technology approaches for enabling quantum sensing            309
  • Table 154. Value proposition for quantum sensors.             310
  • Table 155. Key challenges and limitations of quartz crystal clocks vs. atomic clocks.  312
  • Table 156.  New modalities being researched to improve the fractional uncertainty of atomic clocks.                314
  • Table 157. Global market for bench/rack-scale atomic clocks 2026–2036 (millions USD)        316
  • Table 158. Global market for chip-scale atomic clocks 2026–2036 (millions USD)        317
  • Table 159. Global market for atomic clocks 2026–2036 (billions USD)   317
  • Table 160. Atomic Clock Demand Drivers by End Market, 2026   318
  • Table 161. Atomic Clock Market by End Market, 2026–2036 (millions USD)        318
  • Table 162. Companies developing high-precision quantum time measurement              319
  • Table 163. Key players in atomic clocks.     320
  • Table 164. Comparative analysis of key performance parameters and metrics of magnetic field sensors.                321
  • Table 165. Types of magnetic field sensors.              322
  • Table 166. Market opportunity for different types of quantum magnetic field sensors. 323
  • Table 167. Applications of SQUIDs. 323
  • Table 168. Market opportunities for SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices).         325
  • Table 169. Key players in SQUIDs.   325
  • Table 170. Applications of optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs).  327
  • Table 171. Key players in Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs).     327
  • Table 172. Applications for TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.            329
  • Table 173. Market players in TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.         330
  • Table 174. Applications of N-V center magnetic field centers        332
  • Table 175. Key players in N-V center magnetic field sensors.        332
  • Table 176. Applications of quantum gravimeters   335
  • Table 177. Comparative table between quantum gravity sensing and some other technologies commonly used for underground mapping.              335
  • Table 178. Key players in quantum gravimeters.     337
  • Table 179. Comparison of quantum gyroscopes with MEMs gyroscopes and optical gyroscopes.       339
  • Table 180. Markets and applications for quantum gyroscopes.   341
  • Table 181. Key players in quantum gyroscopes.     342
  • Table 182. Types of quantum image sensors and their key features/.       344
  • Table 183. Applications of quantum image sensors.           345
  • Table 184. Key players in quantum image sensors.              346
  • Table 185. Comparison of quantum radar versus conventional radar and lidar technologies. 351
  • Table 186. Applications of quantum radar. 352
  • Table 187. Single-photon detector technology comparison           354
  • Table 188. SNSPD market players    354
  • Table 189. Quantum PNT Technology Approaches, 2026 355
  • Table 190. Quantum PNT Trials and Government Programmes, 2024–2026       356
  • Table 191. Quantum PNT Companies, 2026             357
  • Table 192. Quantum PNT Market by Segment, 2026–2036 (millions USD)            358
  • Table 193. Quantum sensor component categories and functions           358
  • Table 194. Challenges for quantum sensor components 359
  • Table 195. Value Proposition of Quantum RF Sensors        361
  • Table 196. Types of Quantum RF Sensors   363
  • Table 197. Markets for Quantum RF Sensors            370
  • Table 198. Technology Transition Milestones.          374
  • Table 199. Market and technology challenges in quantum sensing.         375
  • Table 200. Quantum Magnetometry for Biomedical Applications               376
  • Table 201. Quantum Biomedical Sensing and Imaging Companies, 2026            377
  • Table 202. Quantum Sensors in Healthcare by Technology, 2026–2036 (millions USD)              378
  • Table 203. Global market for quantum sensors by sensor type 2024–2036 (Millions USD)        379
  • Table 204. Extended forecast to 2046 (Millions USD)          379
  • Table 205. Global market for quantum sensors by volume 2018–2046 (Units)  380
  • Table 206. Global market for quantum sensors by sensor price 2025–2046 (Units)       381
  • Table 207. Extended price segmentation to 2046 (Units — selected years)          382
  • Table 208. Global market for quantum sensors by end-use industry 2018–2036 (Millions USD)            383
  • Table 209. Extended forecast to 2046 (Millions USD)          383
  • Table 210. Comparison between quantum batteries and other conventional battery types.    387
  • Table 211. Types of quantum batteries.        388
  • Table 212. Applications of quantum batteries.        388
  • Table 213. Market challenges in quantum batteries.            390
  • Table 214. Market players in quantum batteries.    390
  • Table 215. Market opportunities in quantum batteries.      391
  • Table 216. Total addressable market (TAM) for quantum technologies by sector              395
  • Table 217. End-user industry investment in quantum readiness 396
  • Table 218. Market players in quantum technologies for pharmaceuticals            398
  • Table 219. Market players in quantum computing for financial services 400
  • Table 220. Major Defence and National-Security Quantum Programmes, 2025–2026 402
  • Table 221. Defence Implications by Quantum Technology Pillar 403
  • Table 222. Quantum Technology Revenue from Defence and Security by Pillar, 2026–2036 (billions USD)                403
  • Table 223. Materials in Quantum Technology.          408
  • Table 224. Superconductors in quantum technology.         409
  • Table 225. Critical temperature of superconducting materials for quantum technology             410
  • Table 226. Transmon superconducting qubit structure and materials     411
  • Table 227. Summary of manufacturing processes for superconducting quantum chips             412
  • Table 228. Defects and sources of noise for superconducting quantum circuits              413
  • Table 229. Fabrication methods for SNSPDs            414
  • Table 230. Photonics, silicon photonics and optics in quantum technology.      416
  • Table 231. Quantum PIC material platforms benchmarked            417
  • Table 232. PIC materials used by quantum technology companies          418
  • Table 233. Nanomaterials in quantum technology.              420
  • Table 234. Material advantages and disadvantages of diamond for quantum applications       421
  • Table 235. Synthetic diamond value chain for quantum technology         422
  • Table 236. Quantum Foundry and Fabrication Landscape, 2026 424
  • Table 237. Implications of Foundry-Scale Manufacturing for the Quantum Supply Chain         425
  • Table 238. Quantum Foundry and Fabrication Services Revenue, 2026–2036 (millions USD) 426
  • Table 239. Cryogenic Operating Temperature Requirements by Quantum Computing Modality            426
  • Table 240. Dilution Refrigerator Pricing Bands by Configuration, 2026    427
  • Table 241. Dilution Refrigerator Vendor Comparison, 2026            428
  • Table 242. Dilution Refrigerator Lead Times, 2022 vs. 2026            429
  • Table 243. Installed Base Forecast — Dilution Refrigerators by Region 2026–2036 (units, cumulative)                429
  • Table 244. Helium-3 Annual Production by Source, 2026 430
  • Table 245. Helium-3 Demand Forecast for Quantum Computing, 2026–2046  431
  • Table 246. Helium-3 Supply-Demand Balance Forecast, 2026–2046 (litres STP per year)          431
  • Table 247. Isotopic Inputs by Quantum Modality   432
  • Table 248. Isotope Supply Risk Assessment, 2026               433
  • Table 249. Wiring Density Requirements vs. Cryogenic Cooling Budget 434
  • Table 250. NVQLink Ecosystem Participation, 2026            435
  • Table 251. Cryo-CMOS and Cryogenic Control Vendor Capabilities, 2026           435
  • Table 252. Cryogenic Amplifier Performance Benchmarks             437
  • Table 253. Cryo-CMOS Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)       437
  • Table 254. Quantum Control Stack Layers 438
  • Table 255. Quantum Control and Readout Vendors, 2026              438
  • Table 256. Room-Temperature Control and Readout Electronics by Modality, 2026–2036 (millions USD)                439
  • Table 257. Required Laser Wavelengths by Quantum Computing Modality         440
  • Table 258. Laser Linewidth Requirements by Application 441
  • Table 259. Laser Vendor Capability Matrix, 2026   442
  • Table 260. Use of Single-Photon Sources and Detectors by Quantum Technology Pillar             443
  • Table 261. Single-Photon Detector Suppliers, 2026             444
  • Table 262. Single-Photon Source Technology Comparison, 2026               445
  • Table 263. Caption: Single-Photon Component Supply Chain Constraints          445
  • Table 264. Vacuum Pressure Requirements by Modality  445
  • Table 265. Optical Viewport Specifications and Suppliers               446
  • Table 266. UHV Pump Type Selection Matrix             447
  • Table 267. Vapour Cell and Atomic Source Suppliers         448
  • Table 268. UHV Vendor Capability Matrix, 2026     448
  • Table 269. Cryogenic Cable Type Comparison        449
  • Table 270. High-Density Cryogenic Connector Comparison          450
  • Table 271. Cryogenic Attenuator Pricing and Specifications           450
  • Table 272. Cryogenic Interconnect Vendor Comparison, 2026    451
  • Table 273. Bottleneck Heat-Map by Quantum Computing Modality         453
  • Table 274. Bottleneck Mitigation Pathways                453
  • Table 275. Superconducting Chip and Substrate Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)              454
  • Table 276. PIC and Optical Component Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)  454
  • Table 277. Cryogenic Infrastructure Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)           455
  • Table 278. Helium-3 and Helium-4 Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD, quantum applications only)     455
  • Table 279. Isotopic Inputs for Quantum Technologies (excluding Helium), 2026–2036 (millions USD)                456
  • Table 280. Cryogenic Control Electronics Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)              456
  • Table 281. Lasers and Single-Photon Detectors Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD) 457
  • Table 282. UHV Systems Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)    457
  • Table 283. Cryogenic and Optical Interconnect Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD) 458
  • Table 284. Diamond and Specialty Materials Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)       458
  • Table 285. Nanomaterials Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD) 459
  • Table 286. Total Materials and Components Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)         459
  • Table 287. Global government quantum initiatives comparison  465
  • Table 288. Global Market for Quantum Computing — Hardware, Software & Services 2025–2046 (billions USD) 470
  • Table 289. Markets for Quantum Sensors by Type 2025–2046 (millions USD)    471
  • Table 290. Markets for QKD Systems 2025–2046 (millions USD) 471
  • Table 291. Global Market for Quantum Random Number Generators by Application 2025–2046 (millions USD)    472
  • Table 292. Global Market for Post-Quantum Cryptography by Approach 2025–2046 (millions USD)  473
  • Table 293. Global Market for Quantum Machine Learning by Segment 2025–2046 (millions USD)      473
  • Table 294. Global Market for Quantum Simulation by Application 2025–2046 (millions USD) 474
  • Table 295. Global Market for Quantum Batteries by Application 2025–2046 (millions USD)     475
  • Table 296. Total Quantum Technology Market by Segment 2026–2046 (billions USD)  475
  • Table 297. Quantum Technology Market by End-Use Industry 2026–2046 (billions USD)           475
  • Table 298. Quantum Technology Market by Region 2026–2046 (billions USD)   476
  • Table 299. Quantum Hardware Supply Chain Market by Category, 2026–2046 (millions USD)               476
  • Table 300. Quantum Hardware Supply Chain Revenue by Region, 2026–2046 (millions USD) 477
  • Table 301. Total Quantum Technology Market Including Supply Chain, 2026–2046 (billions USD)       478
  • Table 302. Quantum Technology Compensation Benchmarks, 2026 (USD, total compensation including equity) 480
  • Table 303. Quantum Workforce Market Forecast, 2026–2036 (millions USD)    481

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Quantum computing development timeline.       47
  • Figure 2. Quantum Technology Market Map.             76
  • Figure 3. Quantum computing architectures.           90
  • Figure 4. An early design of an IBM 7-qubit chip based on superconducting technology.           91
  • Figure 5. Various 2D to 3D chips integration techniques into chiplets.    93
  • Figure 6. IBM Q System One quantum computer.  96
  • Figure 7. Unconventional computing approaches.               103
  • Figure 8. 53-qubit Sycamore processor.      106
  • Figure 9. Interior of IBM quantum computing system. The quantum chip is located in the small dark square at center bottom.       109
  • Figure 10. Superconducting quantum computer.  112
  • Figure 11. Superconducting quantum computer schematic.         112
  • Figure 12.  Components and materials used in a superconducting qubit.            113
  • Figure 13. SWOT analysis for superconducting quantum computers:.    116
  • Figure 14. Ion-trap quantum computer.       120
  • Figure 15. Various ways to trap ions.              121
  • Figure 16.  Universal Quantum’s shuttling ion architecture in their Penning traps.          126
  • Figure 17. SWOT analysis for trapped-ion quantum computing. 129
  • Figure 18. CMOS silicon spin qubit.                130
  • Figure 19. Silicon quantum dot qubits.         131
  • Figure 20. SWOT analysis for silicon spin quantum computers.  133
  • Figure 21. SWOT analysis for topological qubits     138
  • Figure 22 . SWOT analysis for photonic quantum computers.       145
  • Figure 23. Neutral atoms (green dots) arranged in various configurations            147
  • Figure 24. SWOT analysis for neutral-atom quantum computers.              150
  • Figure 25. NV center components.  151
  • Figure 26. SWOT analysis for diamond-defect quantum computers.       154
  • Figure 27. D-Wave quantum annealer.          156
  • Figure 28. SWOT analysis for quantum annealers.               157
  • Figure 29. Quantum software development platforms.     160
  • Figure 30. SWOT analysis for quantum computing.             170
  • Figure 31. Technology roadmap for quantum computing 2025-2046.     192
  • Figure 32. SWOT analysis for quantum chemistry and AI. 206
  • Figure 33. Technology roadmap for quantum chemistry and AI 2025-2046.        210
  • Figure 34. IDQ quantum number generators.           237
  • Figure 35. SWOT Analysis of Quantum Random Number Generator Technology.             251
  • Figure 36. SWOT Analysis of Quantum Key Distribution Technology.        263
  • Figure 37. SWOT Analysis: Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC).  270
  • Figure 38. SWOT analysis for networks.       292
  • Figure 39. Technology roadmap for quantum communications 2025-2046.       306
  • Figure 40. Q.ANT quantum particle sensor.               311
  • Figure 41. SWOT analysis for quantum sensors market.   312
  • Figure 42. NIST's compact optical clock.    315
  • Figure 43. SWOT analysis for atomic clocks.            320
  • Figure 44.Principle of SQUID magnetometer.           324
  • Figure 45. SWOT analysis for SQUIDS.          326
  • Figure 46. SWOT analysis for OPMs 328
  • Figure 47. Tunneling magnetoresistance mechanism and TMR ratio formats.   329
  • Figure 48. SWOT analysis for TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.        331
  • Figure 49. SWOT analysis for N-V Center Magnetic Field Sensors.             333
  • Figure 50. Quantum Gravimeter.       334
  • Figure 51. SWOT analysis for Quantum Gravimeters.          339
  • Figure 52. SWOT analysis for Quantum Gyroscopes.          343
  • Figure 53. SWOT analysis for Quantum image sensing.    346
  • Figure 54. Principle of quantum radar.          351
  • Figure 55. Illustration of a quantum radar prototype.          351
  • Figure 56. Quantum RF Sensors Market Roadmap (2023-2046). 374
  • Figure 57. Technology roadmap for quantum sensors 2025-2046.            386
  • Figure 58. Schematic of the flow of energy (blue) from a source to a battery made up of multiple cells. (left)     387
  • Figure 59. SWOT analysis for quantum batteries.  389
  • Figure 60. Technology roadmap for quantum batteries 2025-2046.          394
  • Figure 61. Market map for quantum technologies industry.            468
  • Figure 62. Tech Giants quantum technologies activities. 469
  • Figure 63. Archer-EPFL spin-resonance circuit.      493
  • Figure 64.  IBM Q System One quantum computer.              543
  • Figure 65. ColdQuanta Quantum Core (left), Physics Station (middle) and the atoms control chip (right).                548
  • Figure 66.  Intel Tunnel Falls 12-qubit chip.                549
  • Figure 67. IonQ's ion trap       550
  • Figure 68. Maybell Big Fridge.              565
  • Figure 69. PsiQuantum’s modularized quantum computing system networks. 608
  • Figure 70. Quantum Brilliance device            648
  • Figure 71. The Ez-Q Engine 2.0 superconducting quantum measurement and control system.             652
  • Figure 72. Conceptual illustration (left) and physical mockup (right, at OIST) of Qubitcore’s distributed ion-trap quantum computer, visualizing quantum entanglement via optical fiber links between traps.                667
  • Figure 73. SemiQ first chip prototype.           693
  • Figure 74. SpinMagIC quantum sensor.       700
  • Figure 75. Toshiba QKD Development Timeline.     709
  • Figure 76. Toshiba Quantum Key Distribution technology.               710

 

 

 

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