The Global Market for Sustainable Chemical Feedstocks 2027-2035

1. Executive Summary 27

• 1.1  The Need for a New Era in the Chemical Industry      27
• 1.2  Defining the New Era of Chemicals     27
• 1.3  Global Drivers and Trends          28
  • 1.3.1  Consumer and brand demand for sustainable products  29
  • 1.3.2  Government Regulation          29
  • 1.3.3  Carbon taxation            30
  • 1.3.4  Costs   30
• 1.4  The Changing Landscape of the Chemical Industry 32
  • 1.4.1  Historical Context: From Coal to Oil to Renewables            32
  • 1.4.2  Current State of the Global Chemical Industry        32
  • 1.4.3  Environmental Challenges and Regulatory Pressures         32
  • 1.4.4  Shifting Consumer Demands and Market Dynamics           33
  • 1.4.5  The Role of Digitalization and Industry 4.0 33
• 1.5  Emerging and Transforming Markets in the New Era of Chemicals 34
  • 1.5.1  Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals 34
  • 1.5.2  Green Cosmetics and Personal Care             34
  • 1.5.3  Sustainable Packaging            35
  • 1.5.4  Eco-friendly Paints and Coatings      35
  • 1.5.5  Alternative Fuels and Lubricants      36
  • 1.5.6  Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare     36
  • 1.5.7  Water Treatment and Purification     37
  • 1.5.8  Carbon Capture and Utilization Products   37
  • 1.5.9  Advanced Materials for 3D Printing 38
  • 1.5.10  Sustainable Mining and Metallurgy               39

2. Feedstocks 40

• 2.1  Sustainable Feedstocks: The Foundation of the New Era     40
• 2.2  Overview of Sustainable Feedstock Options 40
• 2.3  Biomass as a Chemical Feedstock      41
  • 2.3.1  Types of Biomass and Their Chemical Compositions         41
  • 2.3.2  Pretreatment and Conversion Technologies              41
  • 2.3.3  Challenges in Scaling Up Biomass Utilization          42
  • 2.3.4  Lignocellulosic feedstocks   42
  • 2.3.5  Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks         45
• 2.4  CO2 as a Carbon Source            47
  • 2.4.1  CO2 Capture Technologies   47
  • 2.4.2  Chemical Conversion Pathways for CO2     48
  • 2.4.3  Economic and Technical Barriers to CO2 Utilization            49
• 2.5  Waste Valorization          50
  • 2.5.1  Municipal Solid Waste as a Feedstock          50
  • 2.5.2  Industrial Waste Streams and By-products                50
  • 2.5.3  Plastic Waste Recycling and Upcycling         51
• 2.6  Renewable (Green) Hydrogen  51
  • 2.6.1  Electrolysis Technologies       52
  • 2.6.2  Integration of Renewable Energy in Hydrogen Production 52
  • 2.6.3  Hydrogen's Role in Chemical Synthesis       53
• 2.7       Feedstock Transition Pathways for Industry              54

3. Green Chemistry Principles and Applications 57

• 3.1  The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry 57
• 3.2  Atom Economy and Step Economy in Synthesis         57
• 3.3  Solvent Reduction and Green Solvents             57
  • 3.3.1  Water as a Reaction Medium               58
  • 3.3.2  Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents   58
  • 3.3.3  Supercritical Fluids in Chemical Processes               59
• 3.4  Catalysis for Green Chemistry 59
  • 3.4.1  Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering            59
  • 3.4.2  Heterogeneous Catalysis Advancements   60
  • 3.4.3  Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis               60
• 3.5  Green Metrics and Life Cycle Assessment in Chemistry       61
• 3.6  Feedstock-Specific Green Chemistry Approaches   62
  • 3.6.1  Green Chemistry Principles Applied to Next-Generation Feedstocks       63

4. Circular Economy in the Chemical Industry 64

• 4.1  Principles of Circular Economy              64
• 4.2  Design for Circularity in Chemical Products  65
• 4.3  Chemical Recycling Technologies        66
  • 4.3.1  Applications   66
  • 4.3.2  Pyrolysis            66
  • 4.3.3  Gasification    75
  • 4.3.4  Dissolution      79
  • 4.3.5  Depolymerisation        80
  • 4.3.6  Other advanced chemical recycling technologies 86
• 4.4  Upcycling of Chemical Waste 89
• 4.5  Circular Business Models in the Chemical Sector     90
• 4.6  Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Circularity 91
• 4.7  Companies          92

5. Electrification of Chemical Processes 103

• 5.1  The Role of Renewable Electricity in Chemical Production  103
• 5.2  Electrochemical Synthesis        103
  • 5.2.1  Electroorganic Synthesis        104
  • 5.2.2  Electrochemical CO2 Reduction      104
  • 5.2.3  Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation   105
• 5.3  Plasma Chemistry          105
• 5.4  Microwave-Assisted Chemistry             106
• 5.5  Integration of Power-to-X Technologies in Chemical Production      106

6. Digitalization and Industry 4.0 in Chemistry 108

• 6.1  Big Data and Advanced Analytics in Chemical Research      108
• 6.2  Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications    108
  • 6.2.1  In Silico Design of Molecules and Materials               109
  • 6.2.2  Process Optimization and Predictive Maintenance              109
  • 6.2.3  Automated Synthesis and High-Throughput Experimentation       110
• 6.3  Digital Twins in Chemical Plant Operations    110
• 6.4  Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency and Traceability               111
• 6.5  Cybersecurity Challenges in the Digitalized Chemical Industry       112

7. Advanced Manufacturing Technologies 113

• 7.1  Continuous Flow Chemistry     113
  • 7.1.1  Microreactors and Process Intensification 114
  • 7.1.2  Advantages in Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals         114
  • 7.1.3  Challenges in Scale-up and Implementation            115
• 7.2  Modular and Distributed Manufacturing          115
• 7.3  3D Printing of Chemicals and Materials            116
  • 7.3.1  Direct Ink Writing and Reactive Printing       116
  • 7.3.2  Applications in Custom Synthesis and Formulation            117
• 7.4  Advanced Process Control and Real-time Monitoring             118
• 7.5  Flexible and Adaptable Production Systems 118

8. Biorefining and Industrial Biotechnology 120

• 8.1  Biorefinery Concepts and Configurations       120
  • 8.1.1  Biorefinery Classifications    120
  • 8.1.2  Biorefinery Configurations    121
• 8.2  Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing  123
• 8.3  Algal Biorefineries           124
• 8.4  Upstream Processing    125
  • 8.4.1  Cell Culture     125
• 8.5  Fermentation      127
  • 8.5.1  Overview           127
• 8.6  Downstream Processing             129
  • 8.6.1  Purification      129
• 8.7  Formulation         131
  • 8.7.1  Overview           131
• 8.8  Bioprocess Development           133
  • 8.8.1  Scale-up            133
  • 8.8.2  Optimization  134
• 8.9  Analytical Methods         136
  • 8.9.1  Quality Control             136
  • 8.9.2  Characterization          137
• 8.10  Scale of Production     140
  • 8.10.1  Laboratory Scale       140
  • 8.10.2  Pilot Scale     141
  • 8.10.3  Commercial Scale   143
• 8.11  Mode of Operation       144
  • 8.11.1  Batch Production      144
  • 8.11.2  Fed-batch Production            146
  • 8.11.3  Continuous Production        147
  • 8.11.4  Cell factories for biomanufacturing             148
  • 8.11.5  Perfusion Culture      149
  • 8.11.6  Other Modes of Operation  150
• 8.12  Host Organisms            152

9. CO2 Utilization Technologies 154

• 9.1  Overview               154
• 9.2  CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology       154
• 9.3  Carbon utilization business models    158
  • 9.3.1  Benefits of carbon utilization               159
  • 9.3.2  Market challenges      160
• 9.4  Co2 utilization pathways             161
• 9.5  Conversion processes  163
  • 9.5.1  Thermochemical         163
  • 9.5.2  Electrochemical conversion of CO2               165
  • 9.5.3  Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2    167
  • 9.5.4  Catalytic conversion of CO2 167
  • 9.5.5  Biological conversion of CO2              168
  • 9.5.6  Copolymerization of CO2      170
  • 9.5.7  Mineral carbonation  171
• 9.6  CO2-derived products  174
  • 9.6.1  Fuels    174
  • 9.6.2  Chemicals and polymers       186
  • 9.6.3  Construction materials           192
  • 9.6.4  CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting              203
• 9.7  CO₂ Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery        207
  • 9.7.1  Overview           207
  • 9.7.2  CO₂-EOR facilities and projects         209
  • 9.7.3  Challenges      210
• 9.8  Enhanced mineralization           210
  • 9.8.1  Advantages     210
  • 9.8.2  In situ and ex-situ mineralization      210
  • 9.8.3  Enhanced mineralization pathways 211
  • 9.8.4  Challenges      211

10. Advanced Catalysts for Sustainable Chemistry 213

• 10.1  Overview of biocatalyst technology  213
  • 10.1.1  Biotransformations 213
  • 10.1.2  Cascade biocatalysis            213
  • 10.1.3  Co-factor recycling  213
  • 10.1.4  Immobilization           214
• 10.2  Types of biocatalysts  214
  • 10.2.1  Microorganisms        215
  • 10.2.2  Engineered biocatalysts       219
  • 10.2.3  Enzymes         221
  • 10.2.4  Other types   230
• 10.3  Production methods and processes 231
  • 10.3.1  Fermentation               231
  • 10.3.2  Recombinant DNA technology        234
  • 10.3.3  ell-Free Protein Synthesis   234
  • 10.3.4  Extraction from Natural Sources    235
  • 10.3.5  Solid-State Fermentation    235
• 10.4  Emerging technologies and innovations in biocatalysis      236
  • 10.4.1  Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering        236
  • 10.4.2  Generative biology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) 242
  • 10.4.3  Genome engineering              245
  • 10.4.4  Immobilization and encapsulation techniques     246
  • 10.4.5  Biomimetics 247
  • 10.4.6  Nanoparticle-based biocatalysts  247
  • 10.4.7  Biocatalytic cascades and multi-enzyme systems            248
  • 10.4.8  Microfluidics               248
• 10.5  Companies       249

11. Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering 253

• 11.1  Metabolic engineering               253
• 11.2  Gene and DNA synthesis         255
• 11.3  Gene Synthesis and Assembly             256
• 11.4  Genome engineering  257
  • 11.4.1  CRISPR            257
• 11.5  Protein/Enzyme Engineering  260
• 11.6  Synthetic genomics    261
  • 11.6.1  Principles of Synthetic Genomics  261
  • 11.6.2  Synthetic Chromosomes and Genomes   262
• 11.7  Strain construction and optimization              263
• 11.8  Smart bioprocessing  263
• 11.9  Chassis organisms      264
• 11.10  Biomimetics  265
• 11.11  Sustainable materials             266
• 11.12  Robotics and automation     266
  • 11.12.1  Robotic cloud laboratories              266
  • 11.12.2  Automating organism design         267
  • 11.12.3  Artificial intelligence and machine learning         267
• 11.13  Bioinformatics and computational tools    267
  • 11.13.1  Role of Bioinformatics in Synthetic Biology          267
  • 11.13.2  Computational Tools for Design and Analysis    268
• 11.14  Xenobiology and expanded genetic alphabets       269
• 11.15  Biosensors and bioelectronics          270
• 11.16  Feedstocks     271
  • 11.16.1  C1 feedstocks          273
  • 11.16.2  C2 feedstocks          275
  • 11.16.3  Biological conversion of CO2        276
  • 11.16.4  Food processing wastes   278
  • 11.16.5  Marine biotechnology         287

12. Green Solvents and Alternative Reaction Media 303

• 12.1  Bio-based Solvents      303
• 12.2  Switchable Solvents    303
• 12.3  Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES)               304
• 12.4  Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Applications           304
• 12.5  Solvent-free Reactions and Mechanochemistry      305
• 12.6  Solvent Selection Tools and Frameworks     306
• 12.7  Companies       307

13. Waste Valorization and Resource Recovery 309

• 13.1  Municipal Solid Waste to Chemicals               309
• 13.2  Agricultural and Food Waste Valorization     310
• 13.3  Critical Material Extraction Technology          311
  • 13.3.1  Recovery of critical materials from secondary sources (e.g., end-of-life products, industrial waste) 314
  • 13.3.2  Critical rare-earth element recovery from secondary sources   315
  • 13.3.3  Li-ion battery technology metal recovery  315
  • 13.3.4  Critical semiconductor materials recovery             316
  • 13.3.5  Critical semiconductor materials recovery             317
  • 13.3.6  Critical platinum group metal recovery      318
  • 13.3.7  Critical platinum Group metal recovery     318
• 13.4  Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery       319
  • 13.4.1  Bio-based Flocculants and Coagulants    319
  • 13.4.2  Green Oxidants and Disinfectants 320
  • 13.4.3  Sustainable Membrane Materials  321
  • 13.4.4  Advanced Adsorbents for Contaminant Removal               323
  • 13.4.5  Nutrient Recovery Technologies     325
  • 13.4.6  Resource Recovery from Industrial Wastewater   326
  • 13.4.7  Bioelectrochemical Systems            326
  • 13.4.8  Green Solvents in Extraction Processes    327
  • 13.4.9  Photocatalytic Materials      327
  • 13.4.10  Biodegradable Chelating Agents 328
  • 13.4.11  Biocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment   329
  • 13.4.12  Advanced Adsorption Materials   329
  • 13.4.13  Sustainable pH Adjustment Chemicals  330
• 13.5  Mining Waste Valorization       331
  • 13.5.1  Bioleaching and Biooxidation           331
  • 13.5.2  Green Lixiviants for Metal Extraction           331
  • 13.5.3  Phytomining and Phytoremediation             332
  • 13.5.4  Sustainable Flotation Chemicals   332
  • 13.5.5  Electrochemical Recovery Methods            332
  • 13.5.6  Geopolymers and Mine Tailings Utilization              333
  • 13.5.7  CO2 Mineralization 333
  • 13.5.8  Sustainable Remediation Technologies     334
  • 13.5.9  Waste-to-Energy Technologies        335
  • 13.5.10  Advanced Separation Techniques               335
• 13.6  Companies       336

14. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Integration 345

• 14.1  Energy Efficiency Measures in Chemical Plants       345
• 14.2  Heat Recovery and Pinch Analysis    345
• 14.3  Renewable Energy Sources in Chemical Production             346
• 14.4  Energy Storage Technologies for Process Industries              346
• 14.5  Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems 347
• 14.6  Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Integration               348

15. Safety and Sustainability Assessment 350

• 15.1  Green Chemistry Metrics and Sustainability Indicators      350
• 15.2  Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Chemical Processes           351
• 15.3  Safety by Design Principles    352
• 15.4  Risk Assessment and Management in New Chemical Technologies           352
• 15.5  Environmental Impact Assessment 353
• 15.6  Social and Ethical Considerations in the New Era of Chemicals   354

16. Regulations and Policy 356

• 16.1  Global Chemical Regulations and Their Evolution  356
• 16.2  Environmental Policies Driving Sustainable Chemistry       356
• 16.3  Incentives and Support Mechanisms for Green Chemistry               357
• 16.4  Challenges in Regulating Emerging Technologies    358
• 16.5  International Cooperation and Harmonization Efforts         358

17. Markets and Products 360

• 17.1.  Sustainable Materials and Polymers 360
  • 17.1.1  Bioplastics and Biodegradable Polymers 360
    • 17.1.1.1  Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 360
    • 17.1.1.2  Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)     363
    • 17.1.1.3  Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)            364
    • 17.1.1.4  Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)              365
    • 17.1.1.5  Bio-PA          366
    • 17.1.1.6  Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters         367
    • 17.1.1.7  Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers 368
    • 17.1.1.8  Polypropylene (Bio-PP)     369
    • 17.1.1.9  Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)      370
    • 17.1.1.10  Starch-based blends       371
    • 17.1.1.11  Cellulose 372
    • 17.1.1.12  Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)              373
    • 17.1.1.13  Nanocellulose     374
    • 17.1.1.14  Protein-based bioplastics in packaging             384
    • 17.1.1.15  Alginate    386
    • 17.1.1.16  Mycelium                388
    • 17.1.1.17  Chitosan 389
    • 17.1.1.18  Bio-naphtha         391
  • 17.1.2  Recycled and Upcycled Plastics    393
  • 17.1.3  High-Performance Bio-based Materials    394
  • 17.1.4  Companies  394
• 17.2.  Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals  430
  • 17.2.1  Overview        430
  • 17.2.2  Biopesticides and Biocontrol Agents          430
  • 17.2.3  Precision Agriculture Chemicals    430
  • 17.2.4  Controlled-Release Fertilizers          431
  • 17.2.5  Biostimulants             431
  • 17.2.6  Microbials     435
    • 17.2.6.1  Overview    435
    • 17.2.6.2  Microbial biostimulants and biofertilizers            435
    • 17.2.6.3  Microbiome manipulation              436
    • 17.2.6.4  Prebiotics  436
  • 17.2.7  Biochemicals              436
  • 17.2.8  Semiochemicals       437
  • 17.2.9  Macrobials   440
  • 17.2.10  Biopesticides           440
    • 17.2.10.1  Natural herbicides and insecticides     441
  • 17.2.11  Companies 442
• 17.3.  Sustainable Construction Materials 455
  • 17.3.1  Established bio-based construction materials     455
  • 17.3.2  Hemp-based Materials         457
    • 17.3.2.1  Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)       457
    • 17.3.2.2  Hemp Fiberboard 457
    • 17.3.2.3  Hemp Insulation   457
  • 17.3.3  Mycelium-based Materials 457
    • 17.3.3.1  Insulation  459
    • 17.3.3.2  Structural Elements           459
    • 17.3.3.3  Acoustic Panels    459
    • 17.3.3.4  Decorative Elements          459
  • 17.3.4  Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives  459
    • 17.3.4.1  Geopolymer Concrete       459
    • 17.3.4.2  Recycled Aggregate Concrete      460
    • 17.3.4.3  Lime-Based Materials       460
    • 17.3.4.4  Self-healing concrete         460
    • 17.3.4.5  Microalgae biocement      463
    • 17.3.4.6  Carbon-negative concrete              465
    • 17.3.4.7  Biomineral binders              465
  • 17.3.5  Natural Fiber Composites  466
    • 17.3.5.1  Types of Natural Fibers     466
    • 17.3.5.2  Properties  466
    • 17.3.5.3  Applications in Construction        466
  • 17.3.6  Cellulose nanofibers              467
    • 17.3.6.1  Sandwich composites      467
    • 17.3.6.2  Cement additives 467
    • 17.3.6.3  Pump primers         467
    • 17.3.6.4  Insulation materials           468
  • 17.3.7  Sustainable Insulation Materials    468
  • 17.3.7.1  Types of sustainable insulation materials            468
  • 17.3.7.2  Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)        469
  • 17.3.8  Companies  470
• 17.4.  Sustainable Packaging              481
  • 17.4.1  Paper and board packaging               481
  • 17.4.2  Food packaging         481
    • 17.4.2.1  Bio-Based films and trays               482
    • 17.4.2.2  Bio-Based pouches and bags      482
    • 17.4.2.3  Bio-Based textiles and nets           482
    • 17.4.2.4  Bioadhesives          482
    • 17.4.2.5  Barrier coatings and films              483
    • 17.4.2.6  Active and Smart Food Packaging            485
    • 17.4.2.7  Antimicrobial films and agents   487
    • 17.4.2.8  Bio-based Inks and Dyes 488
    • 17.4.2.9  Edible films and coatings                488
    • 17.4.2.10  Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging  491
  • 17.4.3  Carbon capture derived materials for packaging 501
    • 17.4.3.1  Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks   502
    • 17.4.3.2  CO₂-derived polymers and plastics         503
    • 17.4.3.3  CO2 utilization products 504
  • 17.4.4  Companies  505
• 17.5.  Green Cosmetics and Personal Care               521
  • 17.5.1  Natural and Bio-based Ingredients               521
  • 17.5.2  Microplastic Alternatives     522
    • 17.5.2.1  Natural hard materials      523
    • 17.5.2.2  Polysaccharides   523
    • 17.5.2.3  Proteins      526
    • 17.5.2.4  Polyesters 526
    • 17.5.2.5  Other natural polymers    528
  • 17.5.3  Waterless Formulations       532
  • 17.5.4  Companies  533
• 17.6.  Bio-based and Eco-Friendly Paints and Coatings    536
  • 17.6.1  UV-cure           536
  • 17.6.2  Waterborne coatings              536
  • 17.6.3  Treatments with less or no solvents             537
  • 17.6.4  Hyperbranched polymers for coatings        537
  • 17.6.5  Powder coatings        537
  • 17.6.6  High solid (HS) coatings       538
  • 17.6.7  Use of bio-based materials in coatings      539
    • 17.6.7.1  Biopolymers            539
    • 17.6.7.2  Coatings based on agricultural waste     539
    • 17.6.7.3  Vegetable oils and fatty acids      539
    • 17.6.7.4  Proteins      540
    • 17.6.7.5  Cellulose   540
    • 17.6.7.6  Plant-Based wax coatings               540
  • 17.6.8  Barrier coatings          541
    • 17.6.8.1  Polysaccharides   542
    • 17.6.8.2  Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)       543
    • 17.6.8.3  Poly(butylene Succinate  543
    • 17.6.8.4  Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings 543
  • 17.6.9  Alkyd coatings             543
    • 17.6.9.1  Alkyd resin properties        544
    • 17.6.9.2  Bio-based alkyd coatings                544
    • 17.6.9.3  Products    545
  • 17.6.10  Polyurethane coatings        546
    • 17.6.10.1  Properties               546
    • 17.6.10.2  Bio-based polyurethane coatings           546
    • 17.6.10.3  Products  548
  • 17.6.11  Epoxy coatings         548
    • 17.6.11.1  Properties               548
    • 17.6.11.2  Bio-based epoxy coatings            548
    • 17.6.11.3  Products  549
  • 17.6.12  Acrylate resins         550
    • 17.6.12.1  Properties               550
    • 17.6.12.2  Bio-based acrylates         550
    • 17.6.12.3  Products  551
  • 17.6.13  Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)   551
    • 17.6.13.1  Bio-PLA coatings and films         552
  • 17.6.14  Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)        552
  • 17.6.15  Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)   553
  • 17.6.16  Cellulose nanofibers           553
  • 17.6.17  Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)    556
  • 17.6.18  Rosins           556
  • 17.6.19  Bio-based carbon black    556
    • 17.6.19.1  Lignin-based        556
    • 17.6.19.2  Algae-based          556
  • 17.6.20  Lignin             557
  • 17.6.21  Antimicrobial films and agents     557
    • 17.6.21.1  Natural     557
    • 17.6.21.2  Inorganic nanoparticles 558
    • 17.6.21.3  Biopolymers         558
  • 17.6.22  Nanocoatings           558
  • 17.6.23  Protein-based biomaterials for coatings 559
    • 17.6.23.1  Plant derived proteins    559
    • 17.6.23.2  Animal origin proteins    560
  • 17.6.24  Algal coatings           560
  • 17.6.25  Polypeptides             562
  • 17.6.26  Companies 563
• 17.7.  Green Electronics         573
  • 17.7.1  Biodegradable Electronics 573
  • 17.7.2  Recycled and Recoverable Electronic Materials  573
  • 17.7.3  Conventional electronics manufacturing 574
  • 17.7.4  Benefits of Green Electronics manufacturing       574
  • 17.7.5  Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing           575
  • 17.7.6  Green Electronics Manufacturing 575
  • 17.7.7  Sustainability in PCB manufacturing           576
    • 17.7.7.1  Sustainable cleaning of PCBs      577
  • 17.7.8  Design of PCBs for sustainability   577
    • 17.7.8.1  Rigid             579
    • 17.7.8.2  Flexible        579
    • 17.7.8.3  Additive manufacturing   580
    • 17.7.8.4  In-mold elctronics (IME)  581
  • 17.7.9  Materials        581
    • 17.7.9.1  Metal cores              581
    • 17.7.9.2  Recycled laminates            582
    • 17.7.9.3  Conductive inks    582
    • 17.7.9.4  Green and lead-free solder            583
    • 17.7.9.5  Biodegradable substrates              584
    • 17.7.9.6  Biobased inks         591
  • 17.7.10  Substrates  591
    • 17.7.10.1  Halogen-free FR4              591
    • 17.7.10.2  Metal-core PCBs               594
    • 17.7.10.3  Biobased PCBs   594
    • 17.7.10.4  Paper-based PCBs           597
    • 17.7.10.5  PCBs without solder mask          597
    • 17.7.10.6  Thinner dielectrics            597
    • 17.7.10.7  Recycled plastic substrates       597
    • 17.7.10.8  Flexible substrates           597
  • 17.7.11  Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing          598
    • 17.7.11.1  Introduction          598
    • 17.7.11.2  Issues with sustainability            598
    • 17.7.11.3  Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals               599
    • 17.7.11.4  Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning   599
    • 17.7.11.5  Print-and-plate    599
    • 17.7.11.6  Approaches          600
  • 17.7.12  Sustainable attachment and integration of components            609
    • 17.7.12.1  Conventional component attachment materials         609
    • 17.7.12.2  Materials 610
    • 17.7.12.3  Processes               614
  • 17.7.13  Sustainable integrated circuits     620
    • 17.7.13.1  IC manufacturing              620
    • 17.7.13.2  Sustainable IC manufacturing 621
    • 17.7.13.3  Wafer production              621
    • 17.7.13.4  Oxidation methods          623
    • 17.7.13.5  Patterning and doping    625
    • 17.7.13.6  Metallization         626
  • 17.7.14  End of life    628
    • 17.7.14.1  Hazardous waste               628
    • 17.7.14.2  Emissions              629
    • 17.7.14.3  Water Usage         629
    • 17.7.14.4  Recycling 630
  • 17.7.15  Green Certification               632
  • 17.7.16  Companies 633
• 17.8.  Sustainable Textiles and Fibers            637
  • 17.8.1  Types of bio-based fibres    637
    • 17.8.1.1  Natural fibres          638
    • 17.8.1.2  Main-made bio-based fibres        639
  • 17.8.2  Bio-based synthetics             639
  • 17.8.3  Recyclability of bio-based fibres    640
  • 17.8.4  Lyocell             641
  • 17.8.5  Bacterial cellulose   641
  • 17.8.6  Algae textiles               641
  • 17.8.7  Bio-based leather     642
    • 17.8.7.1  Properties of bio-based leathers                645
    • 17.8.7.2  Comparison with conventional leathers               646
    • 17.8.7.3  Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers      648
    • 17.8.7.4  Plant-based leather             649
    • 17.8.7.5  Mycelium leather  653
    • 17.8.7.6  Microbial leather   657
    • 17.8.7.7  Lab grown leather 662
    • 17.8.7.8  Protein-based leather        663
    • 17.8.7.9  Sustainable textiles coatings and dyes  665
  • 17.8.8  Companies  667
• 17.9.  Alternative Fuels and Lubricants        671
  • 17.9.1  Biofuels and Synthetic Fuels             671
  • 17.9.2  Biodiesel        671
    • 17.9.2.1  Biodiesel by generation    672
    • 17.9.2.2  Production of biodiesel and other biofuels         673
    • 17.9.2.3  Prices           680
    • 17.9.2.4  Global production and consumption      681
  • 17.9.3  Renewable diesel     682
    • 17.9.3.1  Production                682
    • 17.9.3.2  SWOT analysis       683
    • 17.9.3.3  Global consumption          683
    • 17.9.3.4  Prices           685
  • 17.9.4  Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel)                685
    • 17.9.4.1  Description              685
    • 17.9.4.2  SWOT analysis       686
    • 17.9.4.3  Global production and consumption      686
    • 17.9.4.4  Production pathways         687
    • 17.9.4.5  Prices           688
    • 17.9.4.6  Bio-aviation fuel production capacities 688
    • 17.9.4.7  Market challenges               689
    • 17.9.4.8  Global consumption          689
  • 17.9.5  Bio-naphtha 690
    • 17.9.5.1  Overview    690
    • 17.9.5.2  SWOT analysis       691
    • 17.9.5.3  Markets and applications               691
    • 17.9.5.4  Prices           692
    • 17.9.5.5  Production capacities, by producer, current and planned        693
  • 17.9.6  Biomethanol               694
    • 17.9.6.1  SWOT analysis       694
    • 17.9.6.2  Methanol-to gasoline technology              695
  • 17.9.7  Ethanol           697
    • 17.9.7.1  Technology description    697
    • 17.9.7.2  1G Bio-Ethanol      698
    • 17.9.7.3  SWOT analysis       698
    • 17.9.7.4  Ethanol to jet fuel technology       699
    • 17.9.7.5  Methanol from pulp & paper production               699
    • 17.9.7.6  Sulfite spent liquor fermentation               699
    • 17.9.7.7  Gasification             699
    • 17.9.7.8  CO~2~ capture and alcohol synthesis   700
    • 17.9.7.9  Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation    700
    • 17.9.7.10  Global ethanol consumption    702
  • 17.9.8  Biobutanol    703
    • 17.9.8.1  Production                704
    • 17.9.8.2  Prices           705
  • 17.9.9  Biomass-based Gas               705
    • 17.9.9.1  Biomethane             706
    • 17.9.9.2  Production pathways         708
    • 17.9.9.3  SWOT analysis       710
    • 17.9.9.4  Global production               710
    • 17.9.9.5  Prices           710
    • 17.9.9.6  Bio-LNG      710
    • 17.9.9.7  bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)           712
    • 17.9.9.8  Carbon capture from biogas        712
  • 17.9.10  Biosyngas   713
    • 17.9.10.1  Production             713
    • 17.9.10.2  Prices        713
  • 17.9.11  Biohydrogen              714
    • 17.9.11.1  Description            714
    • 17.9.11.2  SWOT analysis    714
    • 17.9.11.3  Production of biohydrogen from biomass         715
    • 17.9.11.4  Applications         717
    • 17.9.11.5  Prices        717
  • 17.9.12  Biochar in biogas production         717
  • 17.9.13  Bio-DME      718
  • 17.9.14  Chemical recycling for biofuels    718
    • 17.9.14.1  Plastic pyrolysis 718
    • 17.9.14.2  Used tires pyrolysis          719
    • 17.9.14.3  Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes   721
    • 17.9.14.4  Gasification          721
    • 17.9.14.5  Hydrothermal cracking  726
  • 17.9.15  Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)           726
    • 17.9.15.1  Introduction          726
    • 17.9.15.2  Benefits of e-fuels             729
    • 17.9.15.3  Feedstocks            729
    • 17.9.15.4  CO~2~ capture   730
    • 17.9.15.5  Production             730
    • 17.9.15.6  Companies           733
  • 17.9.16  Algae-derived biofuels       733
    • 17.9.16.1  Technology description 733
    • 17.9.16.2  Production             734
    • 17.9.16.3  Market challenges            735
    • 17.9.16.4  Prices        736
    • 17.9.16.5  Producers               736
  • 17.9.17  Green Ammonia     737
    • 17.9.17.1  Production             737
    • 17.9.17.2  Green ammonia synthesis methods    739
    • 17.9.17.3  Blue ammonia    740
    • 17.9.17.4  Companies and projects              744
  • 17.9.18  Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils)       745
    • 17.9.18.1  Description            745
    • 17.9.18.2  Production             747
    • 17.9.18.3  Applications         748
    • 17.9.18.4  Bio-oil producers               748
    • 17.9.18.5  Prices        749
  • 17.9.19  Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)            749
    • 17.9.19.1  Overview 749
    • 17.9.19.2  Production             750
    • 17.9.19.3  Markets    750
  • 17.9.20  Bio-based Lubricants         751
  • 17.9.21  Companies 751
• 17.10.  Green Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare     766
  • 17.10.1  Green Pharmaceutical Synthesis                766
    • 17.10.1.1  Green Solvents   766
    • 17.10.1.2  Catalysis 767
    • 17.10.1.3  Continuous Flow Chemistry      769
    • 17.10.1.4  Alternative Energy Sources         770
    • 17.10.1.5  Green Oxidation and Reduction Methods         771
    • 17.10.1.6  Atom-Economical Reactions    772
    • 17.10.1.7  Bio-based Starting Materials     772
    • 17.10.1.8  Process Intensification  773
    • 17.10.1.9  Green Analytical Techniques     773
    • 17.10.1.10  Sustainable Purification Methods       774
  • 17.10.2  Bio-based Drug Delivery Systems               774
    • 17.10.2.1  Natural polymers               774
    • 17.10.2.2  Protein-based Materials                776
    • 17.10.2.3  Polysaccharide-based Systems              777
    • 17.10.2.4  Lipid-based Carriers        779
    • 17.10.2.5  Plant-derived Materials 780
    • 17.10.2.6  Microbial-derived Polymers        782
    • 17.10.2.7  Stimuli-responsive Biopolymers             784
    • 17.10.2.8  Bioconjugation Techniques         785
    • 17.10.2.9  Sustainable Particle Formation                786
  • 17.10.3  Sustainable Medical Devices         788
  • 17.10.4  Personalized Chemistry in Medicine         789
    • 17.10.4.1  Tailored Drug Delivery Systems                789
    • 17.10.4.2  Personalized Diagnostic Materials         789
    • 17.10.4.3  Custom-synthesized Therapeutics        790
    • 17.10.4.4  Biocompatible Materials for Implants 790
    • 17.10.4.5  3D-printed Pharmaceuticals     790
    • 17.10.4.6  Personalized Nutrient Formulations     790
  • 17.10.5  Companies 791
• 17.11.  Advanced Materials for 3D Printing 796
  • 17.11.1  Bio-based 3D Printing Resins        796
  • 17.11.2  Recyclable and Reusable 3D Printing Materials 797
  • 17.11.3  Functional and Smart 3D Printing Materials         797
  • 17.11.4  Companies 798
• 17.12.  Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Design   800
  • 17.12.1  Machine Learning for Molecular Design 800
  • 17.12.2  AI-driven Retrosynthesis Planning             801
  • 17.12.3  Predictive Modelling of Chemical Properties       801
  • 17.12.4  AI in Process Optimization              801
  • 17.12.5  Automated Lab Systems and Robotics   802
  • 17.12.6  AI for Materials Discovery and Development       802
• 17.13.  Quantum Chemistry Applications  804
  • 17.13.1  Quantum Computing for Molecular Simulations              804
  • 17.13.2  Quantum Sensors in Chemical Analysis 804
  • 17.13.3  Quantum-inspired Algorithms for Property Prediction  805
  • 17.13.4  Quantum Approaches to Catalyst Design             805
  • 17.13.5  Quantum Chemistry in Drug Discovery   805
  • 17.13.6  Quantum Effects in Nanomaterials           806
  • 17.13.7  Companies 806

18. Economic Aspects and Business Models 808

• 18.1  Cost Competitiveness of Sustainable Chemical Technologies      808
• 18.2  Investment Trends in Green Chemistry          808
• 18.3  New Business Models in the Circular Economy       809
• 18.4  Market Dynamics and Consumer Preferences           810
• 18.5  Intellectual Property Considerations               811
• 18.6  Case Studies    812
  • 18.6.1  Bio-based Production of Bulk Chemicals 812
  • 18.6.2  CO2 to Polymers: Innovating in Materials 812
  • 18.6.3  Waste Plastic to Fuels and Chemicals       812
  • 18.6.4  Green Pharmaceutical Manufacturing       812
  • 18.6.5  Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals              813
  • 18.6.6  Circular Economy in Action: Closing the Loop in Packaging        813
  • 18.6.7  Revolutionizing Textiles: From Petrochemicals to Bio-based Fibers       813

19. Future Outlook and Emerging Trends 814

• 19.1  Convergence of Bio, Nano, and Information Technologies 814
• 19.2  Quantum Computing in Chemical Research and Development    814
• 19.3  Space-based Manufacturing of Chemicals 815
• 19.4  Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels      815
• 19.5  Personalized and On-demand Chemical Manufacturing   816
• 19.6  The Role of Chemistry in Achieving Net-Zero Emissions    816
• 19.7  Circular Economy Solutions  817
• 19.8  Artificial Intelligence and Digitalization Impact         818
• 19.9  Quantum Chemistry Prospects           818

20. Appendices 820

• 20.1  Glossary of Terms         820
• 20.2  List of Abbreviations    820
• 20.3  Research Methodology             821

References      822

List of Tables

• Table 1. Factors influencing global drivers and trends.      28
• Table 2. The role of digitalization and industry 4.0 technologies and processes.              34
• Table 3. Sustainable agriculture chemicals: types and applications.       34
• Table 4. Green cosmetics and personal care: types and applications.   35
• Table 5. Sustainable packaging: types and applications. 35
• Table 6. Eco-friendly paints and coatings: types and applications.           36
• Table 7. Alternative fuels and lubricants: types and applications.              36
• Table 8. Pharmaceuticals and healthcare: types and applications.          37
• Table 9. Water treatment and purification: types and applications.          37
• Table 10. Carbon capture and utilization products: types and applications.       38
• Table 11. Advanced materials for 3D printing: types and applications.   39
• Table 12. Sustainable mining and metallurgy technologies and processes.        39
• Table 13. Overview of sustainable feedstock options.       40
• Table 14. Types of biomass and their chemical compositions.    41
• Table 15. Pretreatment and conversion technologies.       41
• Table 16. Challenges in scaling up biomass utilization.    42
• Table 17. Wood-based feedstocks. 43
• Table 18. Agricultural waste.               44
• Table 19. Energy crops.           45
• Table 20. Agricultural waste (non-lignocellulosic agricultural waste).     46
• Table 21. Algae based feedstocks: types and applications.            47
• Table 22. CO2 capture technologies.             48
• Table 23. Chemical conversion pathways for CO2.              48
• Table 24. Challenges and barriers in economic and technical barriers to co2 utilization.          50
• Table 25. Types of industrial waste streams and by-products.      51
• Table 26. Electrolysis technologies.               52
• Table 27. Applications of feedstock transition pathways for industry.     55
• Table 28. Types of biocatalysis and enzyme engineering. 60
• Table 29. Heterogeneous catalysis advancements.             60
• Table 30. Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis.        61
• Table 31. Types of feedstock-specific green chemistry approaches.        63
• Table 32. Chemical recycling technologies.              66
• Table 33. Types of non-catalytic.       68
• Table 34. Types of catalytic.  69
• Table 35. Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel.           71
• Table 36. Types of pyrolysis for production of bio fuel.       72
• Table 37. Types of pyrolysis for production of bio fuel (biomass type).    72
• Table 38. Companies and capacities: companies and production capacities.  75
• Table 39. Types of technology overview.      76
• Table 40. Companies and capacities (current and planned): companies and production capacities.                79
• Table 41. Types of technology overview.      80
• Table 42. Companies and capacities (current and planned): companies and production capacities (company).     80
• Table 43. Types of depolymerisation.             82
• Table 44. Types of technology overview.      83
• Table 45. Types of technology overview.      84
• Table 46. Types of technology overview.      84
• Table 47. Types of technology overview.      85
• Table 48. Types of technology overview.      85
• Table 49. Companies and capacities (current and planned): companies and production capacities.                86
• Table 50. Types of hydrothermal cracking. 87
• Table 51. Types of pyrolysis with in-line reforming.               87
• Table 52. Types of microwave-assisted pyrolysis. 88
• Table 53. Types of plasma pyrolysis.              88
• Table 54. Types of plasma gasification.        89
• Table 55. Upcycling of chemical waste technologies and processes.      90
• Table 56. Circular business models in the chemical sector.           91
• Table 57. Challenges and opportunities in implementing circularity.       92
• Table 58. Companies active in circular economy in the chemical industry.         102
• Table 59. Types of electrochemical synthesis.        104
• Table 60. Integration of Power-to-X technologies in chemical production.           107
• Table 61. Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning applications.      109
• Table 62. Digital twins in chemical plant operations: components and description.     111
• Table 63. Challenges and barriers in cybersecurity challenges in the digitalized chemical industry.  112
• Table 64. Advanced manufacturing technologies. 113
• Table 65. Microreactors and process intensification.         114
• Table 66. Advantages in pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.    115
• Table 67. Challenges in scale-up and implementation.     115
• Table 68. Advantages of modular and distributed manufacturing.            116
• Table 69. Challenges and barriers in modular and distributed manufacturing. 116
• Table 70. Direct ink writing and reactive printing.  117
• Table 71. Applications in custom synthesis and formulation.       118
• Table 72. Flexible and adaptable production systems: components and description. 119
• Table 73. Types of biorefinery classifications.          120
• Table 74. Biorefinery classifications.             120
• Table 75. Types of biorefinery classifications (product focus).     121
• Table 76. Integration and process intensification. 123
• Table 77. Lignocellulosic biomass processing: companies and production capacities.              124
• Table 78. Types of algal biorefineries.            124
• Table 79. Types of cell culture systems.       125
• Table 80. Factors affecting cell culture performance.         126
• Table 81. Types of fermentation processes.              127
• Table 82. Factors affecting fermentation performance.     128
• Table 83. Advances in fermentation technology.    128
• Table 84. Types of purification methods.     129
• Table 85. Factors affecting purification performance.        129
• Table 86. Advances in purification technology.        130
• Table 87. Types of formulation methods.    131
• Table 88. Factors affecting formulation performance.       132
• Table 89. Advances in formulation technology.       132
• Table 90. Factors affecting scale-up performance.              134
• Table 91. Scale-up strategies technologies and processes.           134
• Table 92. Factors affecting optimization performance.      135
• Table 93. Optimization strategies technologies and processes.  136
• Table 94. Types of quality control tests.       137
• Table 95. Factors influencing characterization.      138
• Table 96. Types of characterization methods.          139
• Table 97. Factors affecting characterization performance.             140
• Table 98. Batch production: parameters and description.               145
• Table 99. Types of cell factories for biomanufacturing.     149
• Table 100. Hybrid systems.  152
• Table 101. Host organisms. 153
• Table 102. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology.        155
• Table 103. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology (concrete).               156
• Table 104. Carbon utilization business models.     159
• Table 105. Benefits of carbon utilization technologies and processes.   160
• Table 106. Applications of market challenges.        161
• Table 107. Co2 utilization pathways.              162
• Table 108. Process overview.              164
• Table 109. Process overview (co2 derived product).            167
• Table 110. Biological conversion of CO2.    170
• Table 111. Companies active in copolymerization of co2.               171
• Table 112. Companies active in mineral carbonation.        173
• Table 113. Applications of mineral carbonation.    174
• Table 114. Fuels: types and applications.   175
• Table 115. Types of fuels.       175
• Table 116. Production routes: types and applications.      178
• Table 117. Costs.        181
• Table 118. Types of algae based biofuels.   183
• Table 119. CO₂-fuels from solar technologies and processes.      184
• Table 120. Companies active in fuels.           186
• Table 121. Types of scalability.           189
• Table 122. Companies active in chemicals and polymers.              191
• Table 123. CCUS technologies.         196
• Table 124. Additives during mixing. 198
• Table 125. Market trends and business models.    200
• Table 126. Companies active in construction materials.  202
• Table 127. Applications of construction materials.              203
• Table 128. Companies active in co2 utilization in biological yield-boosting.       207
• Table 129. Applications of co₂ utilization in enhanced oil recovery.           208
• Table 130. Challenges and barriers in enhanced mineralization. 212
• Table 131. Types of biocatalysts.      214
• Table 132. Microorganisms: types and applications.          215
• Table 133. Fungi.         216
• Table 134. Yeast.         216
• Table 135. Algae.         217
• Table 136. Cyanobacteria.    218
• Table 137. Cyanobacteria (aspect). 218
• Table 138. Engineered biocatalysts.               219
• Table 139. Types of detergent enzymes.       222
• Table 140. Food processing enzymes: types and applications.    222
• Table 141. Textile processing enzymes: types and applications. 223
• Table 142. Paper and pulp processing enzymes: types and applications.             223
• Table 143. Leather processing enzymes: types and applications.              224
• Table 144. Types of biofuel production enzymes.  224
• Table 145. Types of animal feed enzymes.  225
• Table 146. Pharmaceutical and diagnostic enzymes: types and applications.  225
• Table 147. Waste management and bioremediation enzymes: types and applications.              226
• Table 148. Agriculture and crop improvement enzymes: types and applications.           227
• Table 149. Agriculture and crop improvement enzymes.  229
• Table 150. Other types.           230
• Table 151. Types of production methods and processes. 231
• Table 152. Types of fermentation.    232
• Table 153. Types of fermentation (waste-based feedstock).           233
• Table 154. Fermentation.       234
• Table 155. Ell-Free protein synthesis.            235
• Table 156. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering technologies and processes.               237
• Table 157. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering. 238
• Table 158. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering: parameters and description.               238
• Table 159. Batch biomanufacturing: parameters and description.            239
• Table 160. Fermentation processes.              240
• Table 161. Cell-free synthesis.           241
• Table 162. Applications of genome engineering.    246
• Table 163. Immobilization and encapsulation techniques technologies and processes.            247
• Table 164. Nanoparticle-based biocatalysts.           248
• Table 165. Biocatalytic cascades and multi-enzyme systems.    248
• Table 166. Microfluidics.        249
• Table 167. Companies active in advanced catalysts for sustainable chemistry.               252
• Table 168. Metabolic engineering.   254
• Table 169. Metabolic engineering (a pplication).    255
• Table 170. Gene and DNA synthesis technologies and processes.            256
• Table 171. Gene synthesis and assembly technologies and processes. 257
• Table 172. Applications of zfns.         260
• Table 173. Applications of protein/enzyme engineering.   261
• Table 174. Principles of synthetic genomics.           262
• Table 175. Synthetic chromosomes and genomes.              262
• Table 176. Applications of synthetic chromosomes and genomes.           262
• Table 177. Computational tools for design and analysis. 268
• Table 178. Types of feedstocks.         273
• Table 179. Types of non-methane c1 feedstocks.  275
• Table 180. Types of c2 feedstocks.  276
• Table 181. Biological conversion of CO2.    278
• Table 182. Starch.       284
• Table 183. Blue hydrogen production technologies and processes.          286
• Table 184. Blue hydrogen production technologies and processes (pathway).  287
• Table 185. Types of marine biotechnology. 288
• Table 186. Companies active in marine biotechnology.    302
• Table 187. Bio-based solvents: types and applications.   303
• Table 188. Types of solvent selection tools and frameworks.        307
• Table 189. Companies active in green solvents and alternative reaction media.              308
• Table 190. Municipal solid waste to chemicals technologies and processes.    309
• Table 191. Agricultural and food waste valorization: types and applications.     310
• Table 192. Critical material extraction technology.               312
• Table 193. Critical material extraction technology (technology). 313
• Table 194. Critical material extraction technology (extraction method). 314
• Table 195. Critical rare-earth element recovery from secondary sources technologies and processes.                315
• Table 196. Types of li-ion battery technology metal recovery.        316
• Table 197. Critical semiconductor materials recovery: types and applications.               317
• Table 198. Types of critical semiconductor materials recovery.   318
• Table 199. Types of critical platinum group metal recovery.            319
• Table 200. Types of bio-based flocculants and coagulants.           320
• Table 201. Bio-based polymer membranes.             321
• Table 202. Ceramic membranes from recycled materials.              322
• Table 203. Advanced adsorbents for contaminant removal.          324
• Table 204. Nutrient recovery technologies.               325
• Table 205. Resource recovery from industrial wastewater.              326
• Table 206. Bioelectrochemical systems.     327
• Table 207. Green solvents in extraction processes: types and applications.       327
• Table 208. Biodegradable chelating agents.              329
• Table 209. Biocatalysts for wastewater treatment.               329
• Table 210. Advanced adsorption materials.              330
• Table 211. Sustainable pH adjustment chemicals: types and applications.       331
• Table 212. Bioleaching and biooxidation technologies and processes.  331
• Table 213. Green lixiviants for metal extraction.     331
• Table 214. Types of sustainable flotation chemicals.          332
• Table 215. Electrochemical recovery methods.      333
• Table 216. Applications of geopolymers and mine tailings utilization.     333
• Table 217. Sustainable remediation technologies.               334
• Table 218. Waste-to-Energy technologies. 335
• Table 219. Advanced separation techniques technologies and processes.         335
• Table 220. Companies active in waste valorization and resource recovery.         344
• Table 221. Energy efficiency measures in chemical plants.            345
• Table 222. Renewable energy sources in chemical production.  346
• Table 223. Energy storage technologies for process industries.   347
• Table 224. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems.      347
• Table 225. Green chemistry metrics and sustainability indicators: metrics and description.  351
• Table 226. Safety by design principles: principles and description.           352
• Table 227. Risk assessment and management in new chemical technologies: steps and description.                353
• Table 228. Environmental impact assessment: components and description.  354
• Table 229. Environmental policies driving sustainable chemistry.             357
• Table 230. Incentives and support mechanisms for green chemistry.     357
• Table 231. Challenges in regulating emerging technologies.          358
• Table 232. International cooperation and harmonization efforts.               359
• Table 233. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA).              361
• Table 234. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) (p roperties). 361
• Table 235. Applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates (pha). 371
• Table 236. Types of microfibrillated cellulose (mfc).           373
• Table 237. Applications of cellulose nanocrystals.              375
• Table 238. Types of cellulose nanofibers.   379
• Table 239. Applications in packaging.           384
• Table 240. Feedstocks: types and applications.     385
• Table 241. Types of alginate. 387
• Table 242. Companies active in producers.               388
• Table 243. Types of mycelium.           389
• Table 244. Types of chitosan.              390
• Table 245. Companies active in commercial examples.   391
• Table 246. Companies active in markets and applications.            392
• Table 247. Types of markets and applications.        392
• Table 248. Companies active in commercial examples (company).         393
• Table 249. Companies active in sustainable materials and polymers.    429
• Table 250. Types of biopesticides and biocontrol agents. 430
• Table 251. Types of controlled-release fertilizers.  431
• Table 252. Biostimulants.     434
• Table 253. Types of microbial biostimulants and biofertilizers.    436
• Table 254. Biochemicals: types and applications. 437
• Table 255. Types of biopesticides.   441
• Table 256. Companies active in sustainable agriculture chemicals.        453
• Table 257. Types of established bio-based construction materials.          456
• Table 258. Self-healing concrete technologies and processes.    461
• Table 259. Types of biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels). 469
• Table 260. Companies active in sustainable construction materials.      479
• Table 261. Types of food packaging.               481
• Table 262. Intelligent and smart food packaging.  486
• Table 263. Intelligent and smart food packaging (function).           487
• Table 264. Types of edible films and coatings.         489
• Table 265. Polyurethane coatings.   491
• Table 266. Companies active in bio-based polyurethane coatings.           492
• Table 267. Companies active in polyurethane coatings.   493
• Table 268. Companies active in acrylate resins.    494
• Table 269. Types of polylactic acid (bio-pla).            495
• Table 270. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings.               496
• Table 271. Types of cellulose nanofibers.   498
• Table 272. Companies active in cellulose nanofibers.       500
• Table 273. Animal origin proteins: types and applications.             501
• Table 274. Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks technologies and processes.              503
• Table 275. Companies active in co2 utilization products. 505
• Table 276. Companies active in sustainable packaging.  520
• Table 277. Types of natural and bio-based ingredients.     522
• Table 278. Microplastic alternatives.              523
• Table 279. Cellulose nanocrystals. 525
• Table 280. Types of polyhydroxyalkanoates.             527
• Table 281. Lignin.        529
• Table 282. Lignin: types and applications. 530
• Table 283. Lignin: companies and production capacities.               531
• Table 284. Lignin: companies and production capacities (company).     531
• Table 285. Types of waterless formulations.             533
• Table 286. Companies active in green cosmetics and personal care.      535
• Table 287. Types of bio-based and eco-friendly paints and coatings.      536
• Table 288. Plant-Based wax coatings: types and applications.    541
• Table 289. Types of alkyd resin properties. 544
• Table 290. Types of bio-based alkyd coatings.         545
• Table 291. Companies active in alkyd coatings.      546
• Table 292. Polyurethane coatings.   546
• Table 293. Companies active in bio-based polyols.             547
• Table 294. Companies active in polyurethane coatings.   548
• Table 295. Types of bio-based epoxy coatings.        549
• Table 296. Companies active in epoxy coatings.    550
• Table 297. Companies active in acrylate resins.    551
• Table 298. Types of polylactic acid (bio-pla).            552
• Table 299. Types of cellulose nanofibers.   555
• Table 300. Companies active in cellulose nanofibers.       556
• Table 301. Animal origin proteins: types and applications.             560
• Table 302. Types of algal coatings.   561
• Table 303. Companies active in algal coatings.       562
• Table 304. Companies active in bio-based and eco-friendly paints and coatings.           572
• Table 305. Biodegradable electronics: types and applications.   573
• Table 306. Benefits of green electronics manufacturing. 575
• Table 307. Advantages of challenges in adopting green electronics manufacturing.     575
• Table 308. Sustainability in PCB manufacturing.   577
• Table 309. Design of PCBs for sustainability technologies and processes.          578
• Table 310. Design of PCBs for sustainability.           579
• Table 311. Additive manufacturing. 581
• Table 312. Companies active in conductive inks.  583
• Table 313. Companies active in green and lead-free solder.          584
• Table 314. Biodegradable substrates.           584
• Table 315. Types of mycelium.           586
• Table 316. Applications of lignin.      587
• Table 317. Lignin: types and applications. 588
• Table 318. Cellulose nanofibers.      589
• Table 319. Companies active in cellulose nanofibers.       590
• Table 320. PHAs.         591
• Table 321. Challenges and barriers in fr4 limitations.         592
• Table 322. Companies active in bio-polyimide.      594
• Table 323. Biobased PCBs: propertys and description.     595
• Table 324. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide pcbs.  596
• Table 325. Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing technologies and processes.       598
• Table 326. Issues with sustainability.            598
• Table 327. Advantages of print-and-plate.  600
• Table 328. Plating resist alternatives.             603
• Table 329. Applications of laser-induced forward transfer.             604
• Table 330. Laser-Induced forward transfer: parameters and description.             604
• Table 331. Laser-Induced forward transfer technologies and processes.              605
• Table 332. Types of electrically conductive adhesives (ecas.        606
• Table 333. Advantages of green electroless plating.            606
• Table 334. Types of conventional component attachment materials.      609
• Table 335. Types of conventional component attachment materials (category).              610
• Table 336. Shape memory polymers: properties and description.             612
• Table 337. Conductive biopolymers: propertys and description. 614
• Table 338. Sustainable attachment and integration of components technologies and processes.      614
• Table 339. Types of low temperature solder.             615
• Table 340. Types of low temperature solder (material).     616
• Table 341. IC manufacturing.             621
• Table 342. Sustainable IC manufacturing. 621
• Table 343. Sustainable oxidation.    624
• Table 344. Metal oxides.         624
• Table 345. Surface doping technologies and processes.  626
• Table 346. Mechanical recycling.      631
• Table 347. Chemical recycling technologies and processes.         632
• Table 348. Electrochemical processes.       632
• Table 349. Thermal recycling technologies and processes.            632
• Table 350. Companies active in green electronics.               636
• Table 351. Natural fibres.       638
• Table 352. Types of bio-based leather.          644
• Table 353. Types of properties of bio-based leathers.         645
• Table 354. Types of comparison with conventional leathers.         647
• Table 355. Types of comparison with conventional leathers (material). 648
• Table 356. Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers.   649
• Table 357. Production processes.    650
• Table 358. Plant-based leather: types and applications.  652
• Table 359. Companies active in plant-based leather.          653
• Table 360. Types of mycelium leather.           653
• Table 361. Companies active in mycelium leather.               657
• Table 362. Types of microbial leather.            659
• Table 363. Companies active in microbial leather.                662
• Table 364. Companies active in lab grown leather.               663
• Table 365. Types of protein-based leather. 664
• Table 366. Companies active in commercial activity.         665
• Table 367. Companies active in commercial activity (company).               666
• Table 368. Companies active in sustainable textiles and fibers.  670
• Table 369. Biodiesel by generation. 673
• Table 370. Types of production of biodiesel and other biofuels.  673
• Table 371. Pyrolysis of biomass.      674
• Table 372. Types of pyrolysis of biomass.   675
• Table 373. Types of pyrolysis of biomass (biomass type). 675
• Table 374. Vegetable oil transesterification.             677
• Table 375. Production process: companies and production capacities.                678
• Table 376. Companies active in fischer-tropsch biodiesel.             678
• Table 377. Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel.          679
• Table 378. Global production and consumption, 2010–2035.      682
• Table 379. SWOT assessment for swot analysis.   683
• Table 380. Global consumption, 2010–2035.          685
• Table 381. Prices.        685
• Table 382. Advantages of bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel).         686
• Table 383. SWOT assessment for swot analysis (strengths).         686
• Table 384. Production pathways.      688
• Table 385. Companies active in bio-aviation fuel production capacities.              689
• Table 386. Global consumption, 2019–2035.          690
• Table 387. SWOT assessment for swot analysis     691
• Table 388. Companies active in markets and applications.            692
• Table 389. Types of markets and applications.        692
• Table 390. Types of prices.    693
• Table 391. Companies active in production capacities, by producer, current and planned.     694
• Table 392. SWOT assessment for swot analysis (part 4).  694
• Table 393. Production processes.    696
• Table 394. SWOT assessment for swot analysis (part 5).  698
• Table 395. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation technologies and processes.               701
• Table 396. Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP).           702
• Table 397. Global ethanol consumption, 2010–2035.        703
• Table 398. Biobutanol.            704
• Table 399. Types of biomass-based gas.     706
• Table 400. SWOT assessment for swot analysis (part 6).  710
• Table 401. Companies active in plants.       712
• Table 402. Carbon capture from biogas technologies and processes.    712
• Table 403. SWOT assessment for swot analysis (part 7).  715
• Table 404. Production of biohydrogen from biomass.        715
• Table 405. Applications of biohydrogen.      717
• Table 406. Types of gasification.       722
• Table 407. Types of hydrothermal cracking.              726
• Table 408. Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels).       728
• Table 409. Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels) ().  729
• Table 410. Benefits of e-fuels.             729
• Table 411. EFuel production facilities, current and planned.         733
• Table 412. Companies active in electrofuels (e-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels).       733
• Table 413. Companies active in producers.               736
• Table 414. Green ammonia projects: companies and production capacities.   739
• Table 415. Companies active in blue ammonia projects. 741
• Table 416. Ammonia fuel cells technologies and processes.         741
• Table 417. Types of marine fuel.        742
• Table 418. Types of marine fuel (fuel type). 743
• Table 419. Prices ().   743
• Table 420. Companies active in companies and projects.               745
• Table 421. Advantages of bio-oils.   746
• Table 422. Advantages of bio-oils (characteristic).               746
• Table 423. Upgrading technologies and processes.             748
• Table 424. Applications of bio-oils (pyrolysis oils).               748
• Table 425. Companies active in bio-oil producers.               749
• Table 426. Production process.         750
• Table 427. Applications of refuse derived fuels (rdf).           751
• Table 428. Bio-based lubricants: types and applications.               751
• Table 429. Companies active in alternative fuels and lubricants.               764
• Table 430. Types of green solvents. 766
• Table 431. Catalysis. 768
• Table 432. Alternative energy sources.         770
• Table 433. Hydrogen peroxide as green oxidant technologies and processes.   771
• Table 434. Atom-Economical reactions.      772
• Table 435. Types of bio-based starting materials.  773
• Table 436. Process intensification. 773
• Table 437. Green analytical techniques technologies and processes.    773
• Table 438. Sustainable purification methods.         774
• Table 439. Cellulose and its derivatives: types and applications.               776
• Table 440. Gelatin hydrogels: types and applications.       777
• Table 441. Pullulan.   779
• Table 442. Nanostructured lipid carriers.    780
• Table 443. Starch-based materials: types and applications.         782
• Table 444. Xanthan gum: types and applications. 783
• Table 445. Xanthan gum technologies and processes.      784
• Table 446. Enzyme-responsive materials.  785
• Table 447. Photo-initiated crosslinking technologies and processes.      786
• Table 448. Supercritical fluid-assisted particle formation technologies and processes.             788
• Table 449. Types of sustainable medical devices. 788
• Table 450. Companies active in green pharmaceuticals and healthcare.             795
• Table 451. Bio-based 3D printing resins: types and applications.              797
• Table 452. Types of recyclable and reusable 3d printing materials.           797
• Table 453. Types of functional and smart 3d printing materials.  798
• Table 454. Companies active in advanced materials for 3d printing.        799
• Table 455. Companies active in quantum chemistry applications.           807
• Table 456. Cost competitiveness of sustainable chemical technologies.             808
• Table 457. Investment trends in green chemistry. 809
• Table 458. New business models in the circular economy.             809
• Table 459. Applications of market dynamics and consumer preferences.            810
• Table 460. Intellectual property considerations.    811
• Table 461. Companies active in quantum computing in chemical research and development.             814
• Table 462. Applications of space-based manufacturing of chemicals.   815
• Table 463. Artificial photosynthesis and solar fuels technologies and processes.          815
• Table 464. Applications of personalized and on-demand chemical manufacturing.     816
• Table 465. The role of chemistry in achieving Net-Zero emissions.           817
• Table 466. Circular economy solutions.      817
• Table 467. Applications of artificial intelligence and digitalization impact.          818
• Table 468. Applications of quantum chemistry prospects.             819
• Table 469. Glossary of terms.              820
• Table 470. List of abbreviations.        821

List of Figures

• Figure 1. CO2 emissions reduction pathway for the chemical sector.      49
• Figure 2. Water extraction methods for natural products. 58
• Figure 3. Circular economy model for the chemical industry.       64
• Figure 4. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant.      67
• Figure 5. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline         70
• Figure 6. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.    73
• Figure 7. Used tires conversion process.     74
• Figure 8. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas.             77
• Figure 9. Overview of biogas utilization.       77
• Figure 10. Biogas and biomethane pathways.          78
• Figure 11. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA.    81
• Figure 12. Applications for CO2.       156
• Figure 13. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector.   156
• Figure 14. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.          160
• Figure 15. Co2 utilization pathways and products.               163
• Figure 16. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion.     165
• Figure 17. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction products.          166
• Figure 18. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process.   168
• Figure 19. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels. 169
• Figure 20. Econic catalyst systems.                171
• Figure 21. Mineral carbonation processes. 172
• Figure 22. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.            176
• Figure 23. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.         177
• Figure 24. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.         182
• Figure 25. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c           184
• Figure 26. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways.               188
• Figure 27. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials   190
• Figure 28. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.        192
• Figure 29. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector.  193
• Figure 30. Carbon8 Systems' ACT process.               196
• Figure 31. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process       197
• Figure 32. Algal cultivation in the desert.     204
• Figure 33. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria. 206
• Figure 34. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR.        208
• Figure 35. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry.          210
• Figure 36. Carbon mineralization pathways.             211
• Figure 37. Cell-free and cell-based protein synthesis systems.   242
• Figure 38. The design-make-test-learn loop of generative biology.             243
• Figure 39. CRISPR/Cas9 & Targeted Genome Editing.        258
• Figure 40. Genetic Circuit-Assisted Smart Microbial Engineering.             264
• Figure 41. Microbial Chassis Development for Natural Product Biosynthesis.  265
• Figure 42. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process.   276
• Figure 43. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels. 277
• Figure 44. Overview of biogas utilization.    280
• Figure 45. Biogas and biomethane pathways.          281
• Figure 46. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production.   282
• Figure 47. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.               288
• Figure 48. TRL of critical material extraction technologies.             312
• Figure 49. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms.      373
• Figure 50. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes 382
• Figure 51. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.               387
• Figure 52. Luum Temple, constructed from Bamboo.         455
• Figure 53. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.      458
• Figure 54. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.    458
• Figure 55. Self-healing concrete test study with cracked concrete (left) and self-healed concrete after 28 days (right).              461
• Figure 56. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete.  462
• Figure 57. Self-healing bio concrete.              463
• Figure 58. Microalgae based biocement masonry bloc.    465
• Figure 59. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application.  487
• Figure 60. Water soluble packaging by Notpla.        490
• Figure 61. Examples of edible films in food packaging.     491
• Figure 62. Applications for CO2.       502
• Figure 63. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.          503
• Figure 64. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials   504
• Figure 65. Schematic of production of powder coatings.  538
• Figure 66. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms.      540
• Figure 67. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application.  557
• Figure 68. Vapor degreasing.               577
• Figure 69. Multi-layered PCB.              578
• Figure 70. 3D printed PCB.    580
• Figure 71. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products. 581
• Figure 72. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.      586
• Figure 73. Dell's Concept Luna laptop.         596
• Figure 74. Direct-write, precision dispensing, and 3D printing platform for 3D printed electronics.     601
• Figure 75. 3D printed circuit boards from Nano Dimension.          601
• Figure 76. Photonic sintering.             602
• Figure 77. Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT).  603
• Figure 78. Material jetting 3d printing.           608
• Figure 79. Material jetting 3d printing product.        609
• Figure 80. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli.     613
• Figure 81. Supercooled Soldering™ Technology.     617
• Figure 82. Reflow soldering schematic.        618
• Figure 83. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow.             619
• Figure 84. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films.                623
• Figure 85. Types of PCBs after dismantling waste computers and monitors.      630
• Figure 86. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.       642
• Figure 87. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials. 643
• Figure 88. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.      654
• Figure 89. Hermès bag made of MycoWorks' mycelium leather.  656
• Figure 90. Ganni blazer made from bacterial cellulose.     660
• Figure 91. Bou Bag by GANNI and Modern Synthesis.         661
• Figure 92. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres).              672
• Figure 93. Flow chart for biodiesel production.       676
• Figure 94. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre.       680
• Figure 95. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year).      681
• Figure 97. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year).    684
• Figure 99. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2019-2035 (Million litres/year).   689
• Figure 102. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks.    695
• Figure 103. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading.     696
• Figure 104. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation.            697
• Figure 105. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process.               697
• Figure 107. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.    704
• Figure 108. Biobutanol production route.   704
• Figure 109. Biogas and biomethane pathways.       706
• Figure 110. Overview of biogas utilization. 707
• Figure 111. Biogas and biomethane pathways.       708
• Figure 112. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production. 709
• Figure 113. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production. 709
• Figure 115. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021.         713
• Figure 117. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline   719
• Figure 118. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.              720
• Figure 119. Used tires conversion process.               721
• Figure 120. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas.       723
• Figure 121. Overview of biogas utilization. 724
• Figure 122. Biogas and biomethane pathways.       725
• Figure 123. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.          727
• Figure 124. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics.               728
• Figure 125. Production process for green hydrogen.            730
• Figure 126. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.              731
• Figure 127. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.         732
• Figure 128. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels.  734
• Figure 129. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production.   735
• Figure 130. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production.     737
• Figure 131. Green ammonia production and use. 738
• Figure 132. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction.            739
• Figure 133. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation.            740
• Figure 134. Estimated production cost of green ammonia.            744
• Figure 135. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques.   747

The Global Market for Sustainable Chemical Feedstocks 2027-2035

PDF download.

The Global Market for Sustainable Chemical Feedstocks 2027-2035

PDF + Print Edition (including delivery).

Payment methods: Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Bank Transfer. To order by Bank Transfer (Invoice) select this option from the payment methods menu after adding to cart, or contact info@futuremarketsinc.com