The Global Long Duration Energy Storage (LDES) Market 2026-2046 - Advanced and Emerging Technology Market Research

cover

Published: June 2026
Pages: 355
Tables: 90
Figures: 40
Companies profiled: 104
Series: Energy & Decarbonization, Batteries & Energy Storage
Table of Contents (PDF)

The global Long Duration Energy Storage (LDES) market represents one of the most rapidly evolving and strategically critical segments within the broader energy transition landscape. Defined as storage systems capable of discharging electricity for four or more hours, LDES technologies are emerging as essential infrastructure components for enabling high penetration levels of variable renewable energy sources while maintaining grid stability and reliability. Market growth is driven by accelerating renewable energy deployment, declining technology costs, and supportive policy frameworks across major markets. Total installed LDES capacity is expected to expand from 2.4 GW in 2024 to 18.5 GW by 2030, with project counts increasing from 145 to over 850 installations globally.

Pumped hydro storage currently dominates, however, emerging technologies are rapidly gaining traction, including compressed air energy storage, flow batteries, iron-air batteries, and liquid air energy storage. Gravity storage systems, green hydrogen, and thermal storage represent innovative approaches addressing specific market niches and duration requirements.

The LDES sector has attracted substantial investment flows, with $2.1 billion in venture capital, $1.8 billion in corporate investment, and $1.2 billion in government funding during 2024. This capital is fueling rapid technological advancement and commercial deployment across multiple technology pathways. Notable developments include Form Energy's iron-air systems achieving 100-hour duration capabilities, Energy Vault's gravity storage reaching commercial scale, and Highview Power's liquid air systems demonstrating utility-scale viability. Despite strong growth prospects, the LDES market faces significant challenges including high upfront capital costs, technology scalability concerns, and regulatory frameworks that inadequately compensate long-duration storage services. However, accelerating learning curves, improving economics of scale, and evolving market designs are progressively addressing these barriers. The sector's evolution toward technology hybridization and system integration is creating new opportunities for optimized performance across multiple grid services and applications.

The LDES market stands at an inflection point where technological maturation converges with urgent decarbonization imperatives, positioning it as a cornerstone technology for the global energy transition.

The Global Long Duration Energy Storage Market 2026-2046 provides an authoritative analysis of the LDES landscape from 2026 to 2046, examining market dynamics, technology evolution, competitive positioning, and investment opportunities across nine primary storage technologies. As variable renewable energy penetration increases globally, LDES solutions are becoming indispensable for maintaining grid stability, enabling seasonal energy storage, and supporting the integration of solar and wind power at unprecedented scales.

Contents include:

Market Definition and Technology Framework:
- Comprehensive LDES definition with duration thresholds and technical specifications
- Technology classification system covering nine primary LDES categories
- Value proposition analysis and economic drivers for each application segment
- Performance requirements mapping across grid-scale, commercial, and beyond-grid applications
- Market development constraints, limitations, and risk factor assessment
LDES Market Analysis and VRE Integration:
Variable renewable energy penetration analysis and storage duration requirements
Global VRE generation trends with regional breakdown and integration challenges
Market timing analysis for LDES technology adoption based on renewable deployment
Comprehensive market sizing with growth projections and capacity deployment forecasts
Regional project distribution analysis covering commercial and demonstration scale projects
Applications and Grid Integration:
- Energy storage applications across utility, behind-the-meter, and remote deployment scenarios
- Grid services analysis including ancillary services and grid support functions
- Supply-side and demand-side flexibility solutions with LDES integration strategies
- Renewable curtailment mitigation and system overbuild management approaches
- Vehicle-to-grid integration, smart charging, and distributed energy resource coordination
Hydrogen and Alternative Carriers:
- Hydrogen economy overview with duration advantages for long-term storage
- Salt cavern, subsea, and large-scale storage infrastructure analysis
- Hydrogen loss mechanisms, mitigation strategies, and hybrid system integration
- Alternative chemical carriers comparison (hydrogen vs methane vs ammonia)
- Underground storage technologies, interconnector systems, and safety considerations
Pumped Hydro Energy Storage:
- Conventional PHES analysis covering types, environmental impact, and global projects
- Advanced pumped hydro technologies including pressurized underground systems
- Mine storage applications, heavy liquid systems, and seawater pumped hydro
- Underwater energy storage solutions and brine storage in salt caverns
- Economic modeling, financial analysis, and SWOT assessment
Mechanical Energy Storage Technologies:
- Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) technology overview and market positioning
- CAES vs LAES comparison with thermodynamic cycle optimization analysis
- Solid Gravity Energy Storage (SGES) applications and market potential
- Liquefied Gas Energy Storage including liquid air and liquid CO₂ systems
- Technology-specific SWOT analyses and competitive positioning assessment
Battery Technologies for LDES:
- Advanced conventional construction batteries for beyond-grid applications
- Metal-air battery technologies including iron-air, zinc-air, and aluminum-air systems
- Rechargeable zinc batteries covering zinc-ion, zinc-bromine configurations
- High-temperature battery systems and advanced metal-ion technologies
- Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) market analysis with regular vs hybrid technology comparison
Thermal Energy Storage:
- Electro-thermal energy storage (ETES) fundamentals and application analysis
- Advanced ETES technologies with extreme temperature and photovoltaic conversion
- Combined heat and electricity systems with performance optimization strategies
- Technology SWOT analysis and market positioning assessment
Market Forecasts and Long-Term Evolution:
- Global LDES market value forecasts with regional capacity installation projections
- Grid vs beyond-grid market development analysis with technology-specific growth patterns
- Annual demand and installation forecasts by country, state, and technology category
- Long-term market evolution including technology convergence, hybridization trends
- Cost competitiveness timelines, market saturation analysis, and emerging applications

The report features comprehensive profiles of 104 companies across the LDES ecosystem including 1414 Degrees, ALCAES, Ambri, Antora Energy, Augwind Energy, AZA Battery, BASF, Battolyser Systems, Brenmiller Energy, Cavern Energy, CellCube, CGDG, Cheesecake Energy, CMBlu, Corre Energy, Dalian Rongke Power, e-Zinc, Echogen Power Systems, Electrified Thermal Solutions, Elestor, Energy Dome, Energy Vault, EnergyNest, Enerpoly, Enervenue, Enlighten Innovations, EnerVenue, EOS Energy Enterprises, Equinor, ESS Inc., Fluence, Form Energy, Fourth Power, Gelion, Glaciem Cooling Technologies, Gravitricity, Green Gravity, H2 Inc., Highview Power, InLyte Energy and more.....

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 19

1.1 Technology Pathways 19
1.2 Funding for LDES 19
1.3 Capacity 20
1.4 Roadmap 2026-2046 22
1.5 Market Forecasts and Projections 2026-2046 24
- 1.5.1 Total LDES Market Revenues 24
- 1.5.2 Regional Market 27

2 INTRODUCTION 29

2.1 Market Definition and Technology Classification 29
2.2 What is Long Duration Energy Storage? 30
- 2.2.1 Duration Thresholds and Technical Definitions 31
- 2.2.2 LDES vs Short Duration Storage Comparison 33
- 2.2.3 Value Proposition and Economic Drivers 35
- 2.2.4 Technology Performance Requirements 36
- 2.2.5 Maintaining Grid Stability 38
- 2.2.6 Applications 39
- 2.2.7 Market Segments: Grid-Scale, Commercial, Beyond-Grid 41
- 2.2.8 Market Development Constraints and Limitations 42
- 2.2.9 Technology Timeline 44

3 LDES MARKET 45

3.1 LDES and Variable Renewable Energy Integration 45
- 3.1.1 Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) Penetration and Storage Duration Requirements 45
- 3.1.2 Global VRE Generation Trends 48
- 3.1.3 Storage Duration vs VRE Penetration 52
- 3.1.4 Market Timing for LDES Technology Adoption 53
3.2 Market Size 54
- 3.2.1 Global LDES Market Size and Growth Projections 54
- 3.2.2 Capacity Deployment by Technology 58
- 3.2.3 Regional Project Distribution and Development 59
- 3.2.4 Commercial vs Demonstration Scale Projects 60
3.3 Applications 63
- 3.3.1 Energy Storage Applications 63
- 3.3.2 Grid Services and Utility 64
- 3.3.3 Behind-the-Meter 66
- 3.3.4 Beyond-Grid and Remote Applications 68
- 3.3.5 Ancillary Services and Grid Support Functions 70
3.4 Grid Stability, Flexibility and Integration 73
- 3.4.1 Grid Flexibility Requirements and Solutions 73
- 3.4.2 Supply-Side and Demand-Side Flexibility Options 74
- 3.4.3 Renewable Curtailment and System Overbuild 76
- 3.4.4 Interconnector Technologies 77
- 3.4.5 Vehicle-to-Grid Integration and Smart Charging 79
- 3.4.6 Distributed Energy Resources and Virtual Power Plants 80
- 3.4.7 Hydrogen Production for Grid Flexibility 83

4 HYDROGEN AND ALTERNATIVE CARRIERS 86

4.1 Hydrogen Economy Overview 86
4.2 Duration Advantages for Long-Term Storage 88
4.3 Salt Caverns, Subsea and Large-Scale Storage Options 89
4.4 Hydrogen Loss Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies 90
4.5 Hybrid Systems: Combining Hydrogen with Other Storage 92
4.6 Alternative Chemical Carriers 94
- 4.6.1 Hydrogen vs Methane vs Ammonia for LDES 94
- 4.6.2 Comparative Analysis of Chemical Storage Options 97
- 4.6.3 Synthesis and Reconversion Efficiency 100
4.7 Projects and Commercial Deployments 102
4.8 Mining Industry 103
4.9 Residential and Commercial Hydrogen 104
4.10 Industrial Hydrogen LDES Integration 105
4.11 Hydrogen Storage Technologies and Infrastructure 106
- 4.11.1 Storage Technology Options Overview 106
- 4.11.2 Underground Storage Choices for LDES Applications 111
- 4.11.3 Hydrogen Interconnectors for Energy Transmission 113
- 4.11.4 Surface Storage Systems and Safety Considerations 115
- 4.11.5 Metal Hydride and Alternative Storage Methods 116
4.12 Companies 119

5 PUMPED HYDRO ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES 121

5.1 Conventional Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) 121
- 5.1.1 PHES Types and Development Timescales 124
- 5.1.2 PHES Environmental Impact Mitigation Technologies 126
- 5.1.3 Global Projects and Development 127
- 5.1.4 Economics and Financial Modeling 129
- 5.1.5 Large-Scale Pumped Hydro Schemes Worldwide 130
- 5.1.6 SWOT Analysis 131
5.2 Advanced Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (APHES) 134
- 5.2.1 Technology Overview 134
- 5.2.2 Technologies 135
  - 5.2.2.1 Pressurized Underground Systems 136
  - 5.2.2.2 Underground Mine Pumped Storage 137
  - 5.2.2.3 Heavy Liquid Systems 139
  - 5.2.2.4 Seawater Pumped Hydro (S-PHES) 141
  - 5.2.2.5 Underwater Energy Storage 142
  - 5.2.2.6 Brine Storage in Salt Caverns 144
- 5.2.3 SWOT Analysis 145
- 5.2.4 Companies 146

6 MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES 149

6.1 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 149
- 6.1.1 Technology Overview 151
- 6.1.2 CAES vs LAES 153
- 6.1.3 Technology Options 154
- 6.1.4 Thermodynamic Cycles and Performance Optimization 155
- 6.1.5 Isochoric vs Isobaric Storage Systems 157
- 6.1.6 Adiabatic Systems and Cooling Options 157
- 6.1.7 Supercritical CAES 159
- 6.1.8 Companies 161
- 6.1.9 SWOT Analysis 163
6.2 Solid Gravity Energy Storage (SGES) 165
- 6.2.1 Technology Overview 165
- 6.2.2 Applications 167
- 6.2.3 SWOT Analysis 168
6.3 Liquefied Gas Energy Storage (LGES) 169
- 6.3.1 Technology Overview 169
- 6.3.2 Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) 170
  - 6.3.2.1 SWOT Analysis 172
- 6.3.3 Liquid Carbon Dioxide Energy Storage 173
  - 6.3.3.1 SWOT Analysis 174
6.4 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) 176
- 6.4.1 Overview 176

7 BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES FOR LDES 177

7.1 Advanced Conventional Construction Batteries (ACCB) 178
- 7.1.1 Technology Overview and Beyond-Grid Applications 178
- 7.1.2 SWOT Analysis 179
7.2 Metal-Air Battery Technologies 182
- 7.2.1 Air cathodes 182
- 7.2.2 Iron-Air Batteries 183
7.3 Rechargeable zinc batteries 185
- 7.3.1 Zinc-air (Zn-air) 186
  - 7.3.1.1 Overview 186
  - 7.3.1.2 Companies 187
- 7.3.2 Zn-ion 188
  - 7.3.2.1 Overview 188
  - 7.3.2.2 Companies 189
- 7.3.3 Zn-Br 190
  - 7.3.3.1 Overview 190
  - 7.3.3.2 Companies 191
7.4 High-Temperature Battery Systems 192
7.5 Sodium-Ion 196
- 7.5.1 Overview 196
- 7.5.2 Cathode materials 196
  - 7.5.2.1 Layered transition metal oxides 197
- 7.5.3 Anode materials 200
  - 7.5.3.1 Hard carbons 201
  - 7.5.3.2 Carbon black 202
  - 7.5.3.3 Graphite 203
  - 7.5.3.4 Carbon nanotubes 206
  - 7.5.3.5 Graphene 207
  - 7.5.3.6 Alloying materials 208
  - 7.5.3.7 Sodium Titanates 208
  - 7.5.3.8 Sodium Metal 209
- 7.5.4 Electrolytes 209
- 7.5.5 Comparative analysis with other battery types 210
- 7.5.6 Application in LDES 211
- 7.5.7 Large-scale lithium-sodium hybrid energy storage station 212
- 7.5.8 Companies 214
7.6 Sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries 215
- 7.6.1 Technology description 215
- 7.6.2 Applications 216
7.7 Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) 217
- 7.7.1 Market Overview 217
- 7.7.2 RFB for LDES Applications 221
- 7.7.3 Companies 224
- 7.7.4 Regular vs Hybrid RFB Technologies and Chemistries 226
7.8 Specialty Battery Technologies 228
- 7.8.1 Nickel Hydrogen Batteries 229

8 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 231

8.1 Technology Overview 232
8.2 ETES Fundamentals and Applications 233
8.3 Technology approaches 236
8.4 Advanced ETES Technologies 237
- 8.4.1 Extreme Temperature and Photovoltaic Conversion 237
- 8.4.2 Combined Heat and Electricity Systems 238
8.5 SWOT Analysis 239
8.6 Companies 242

9 MARKET FORECASTS AND TECHNOLOGY ROADMAPS 2026-2046 244

9.1 Global LDES Market Value Forecasts (2026-2046) 245
9.2 Capacity Installation Forecasts by Region 247
9.3 Grid vs Beyond-Grid Market Development 249
9.4 Annual Demand by Country/State (GWh) 2022-2046 252
9.5 Annual Installations by Technology (GWh) 2022-2046 253
9.6 Market Value by Technology ($B) 2026-2046 254
9.7 Regional Market Share Analysis 256
9.8 Duration Segment Growth Projections 256
9.9 Long-Term Market Evolution 258
- 9.9.1 Technology Convergence and Hybridization 258
- 9.9.2 Cost Competitiveness Timelines 260
- 9.9.3 Market Saturation and Replacement Cycles 261
- 9.9.4 Emerging Applications and Use Cases 263

10 COMPANY PROFILES 265

11 REFERENCES 351

List of Tables

Table 1. Global LDES Market Size, Capacity, and Growth (2024-2046) 21
Table 2. LDES Technology Market Share by Capacity (2024). 21
Table 3. LDES Technology Roadmap Timeline 2026-2046. 22
Table 4. Total LDES Market Value by Size Categories (% and $B) 2025-2045 25
Table 5. LDES Market Size Evolution by Application Segment. 26
Table 6. Regional LDES Market Share Analysis (Four Key Regions) 2025-2045. 27
Table 7. Storage Duration Categories and Technology Suitability. 31
Table 8. LDES vs Short Duration Storage Technical Comparison Matrix. 34
Table 9. LDES Value Proposition Framework by Application. 35
Table 10. LDES Performance Requirements by Application Segment. 38
Table 11. LDES Application Categories and Use Case Matrix. 39
Table 12. Market Segment Definitions: Grid-Scale, Commercial, Beyond-Grid. 41
Table 13. Market Development Constraints and Risk Factors. 42
Table 14. VRE Penetration vs Storage Duration Requirements by Region. 45
Table 15. Storage Duration Needs vs VRE Penetration Levels. 46
Table 16. Global VRE Generation Trends. 48
Table 17. Regional VRE Integration Challenges. 50
Table 18. Solar and Wind Deployment Targets by Country 2025-2035. 51
Table 19. Required Storage Duration by VRE Penetration Level 52
Table 20. LDES Market Timing vs Global VRE Penetration. 53
Table 21. Global LDES Market Size ($B) 2025-2046. 54
Table 22. LDES Market Size by Technology Segment 2024-2046. 56
Table 23. LDES Capacity Deployment by Technology (GWh). 58
Table 24. Regional LDES Project Distribution and Development Status. 59
Table 25. Commercial vs Demonstration Scale Projects. 60
Table 26. LDES Applications Across Grid Services. 63
Table 27. BTM Commercial LDES Applications. 66
Table 28. Beyond-Grid LDES Applications by Sector and Technology. 68
Table 29. LDES Suitability for Ancillary Services by Technology. 70
Table 30. Grid Flexibility Requirements by Technology Solution. 73
Table 31. V2G Market Potential by Region and Technology Readiness. 79
Table 32. DER and VPP Integration with LDES Technologies. 80
Table 33. Hydrogen Production for Grid Flexibility Applications. 83
Table 34. Storage Duration vs Technology Cost Crossover Analysis. 88
Table 35. Underground Hydrogen Storage Options Comparison Matrix 89
Table 36. Hydrogen Loss Mechanisms and Mitigation Technologies. 90
Table 37. Hybrid Hydrogen-Battery Systems Performance Analysis. 92
Table 38. Chemical Carrier LDES Comparison: H2 vs CH4 vs NH3 . 94
Table 39. Chemical Storage Options Technology Readiness vs Market Potential. 97
Table 40. Power-to-X Round-Trip Efficiency by Chemical Carrier. 100
Table 41. Projects and Commercial Deployments. 102
Table 42. Mining Industry LDES Applications by Technology , 103
Table 43. Residential and Commercial Hydrogen . 104
Table 44. Hydrogen Storage Technology Options . 107
Table 45. Underground Hydrogen Storage Method Comparison. 111
Table 46. Surface Hydrogen Storage Safety Requirements by Application. 115
Table 47. Metal Hydride vs Compressed vs Liquid Storage Comparison. 116
Table 48. PHES Type Classification and Development Timeline Comparison. 124
Table 49. PHES Environmental Impact Mitigation Technologies 2024. 126
Table 50.Global PHES Project Pipeline by Region and Status. 127
Table 51. PHES Capital Cost vs Capacity Analysis. 129
Table 52. PHES Capital Cost vs Capacity Analysis 131
Table 53. Underwater Energy Storage Technology Comparison. 142
Table 54. CAES vs LAES Technical and Economic Comparison. 153
Table 55. CAES Technology Classification and Performance Matrix. 154
Table 56. Isochoric vs Isobaric CAES System Comparison. 157
Table 57. Alternative Gravity Storage Technologies. 167
Table 58. Liquefied Gas Storage Technology Classification. 169
Table 59. LAES Technology Fundamentals and System Components. 172
Table 60. Metal-air battery options for LDES. 182
Table 61. Multi-Metal Air Battery Technology Comparison. 185
Table 62. High-Temperature Battery Technology Performance Matrix. 192
Table 63. Comparison of cathode materials. 196
Table 64. Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. 197
Table 65. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials. 198
Table 66. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials. 200
Table 67. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes. 201
Table 68. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes. 202
Table 69. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite. 204
Table 70. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof. 207
Table 71. Comparison of carbon based anodes. 208
Table 72. Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries. 208
Table 73. Na-ion electrolyte formulations. 209
Table 74. Pros and cons compared to other battery types. 210
Table 75. Summary of main flow battery types. 218
Table 76. RFB Companies. 224
Table 77. Regular vs Hybrid RFB Technology. 227
Table 78. ETES Technology Applications. 233
Table 79. Extreme Temperature ETES Technology Comparison. 237
Table 80. Global LDES Market Value Evolution ($B) 2026-2046. 245
Table 81. Regional LDES Capacity Installation Forecasts (GWh) 2026-2046. 247
Table 82. Grid vs Beyond-Grid LDES Market Development Forecasts. 249
Table 83. Annual LDES Demand Forecasts by Key Country/State (GWh). 252
Table 84. Annual LDES Installation Forecasts by Technology (GWh). 253
Table 85. LDES Market Value Forecasts by Technology ($B) 2026-2046. 254
Table 86. Regional LDES Market Share Evolution 2026-2046. 256
Table 87. LDES Duration Segment Growth Projections by Technology. 256
Table 88. LDES Technology Cost Competitiveness Timeline Matrix. 260
Table 89. LDES Market Saturation and Technology Replacement Cycles. 261
Table 90. Emerging LDES Applications and Market Potential Assessment. 263

List of Figures

Figure 1. LDES Technology Pathways. 19
Figure 2. Cumulative funding and annual deal count by LDES technology (2018-2025 YTD). 20
Figure 3. Technology Commercialization Timeline by LDES Category. 45
Figure 4. Global LDES Market Size ($B) 2025-2046.. 55
Figure 5. LDES Market Size by Technology Segment 2024-2046. 57
Figure 6. Hydrogen Economy Evolution. 88
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of a pumped hydro storage system. 122
Figure 8. PHES Environmental Impact Assessment Framework. 123
Figure 9. Conventional PHES SWOT Analysis Matrix. 132
Figure 10. Quidnet Geomechanical Pumped Storage Technology Diagram. 136
Figure 11. Underground Mine Pumped Storage Concept and Implementation. 139
Figure 12. Seawater Pumped Hydro Configuration . 142
Figure 13. Advanced Pumped Hydro SWOT Analysis by Technology Type. 145
Figure 14;. Schematic of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) operation. 150
Figure 15. CAES Thermodynamic Cycle Efficiency Analysis. 156
Figure 16. Adiabatic CAES System Design and Heat Management. 158
Figure 17. Schematic diagram of SC-CAES system, where air is pressurized into a supercritical state at high temperature and pressure, and then expanded when required. 160
Figure 18. Supercritical CAES operation. 160
Figure 19. CAES Technology SWOT Analysis for LDES. 163
Figure 20. Gravity Storage SWOT Analysis. 168
Figure 21. Schematic diagram of liquid air energy storage (LAES) system, where air is liquefied under pressure and stored at low temperature, and then expanded into gaseous form again at high temperature . 171
Figure 22. LAES Technology SWOT Analysis for LDES. 173
Figure 23. Liquid CO₂ SWOT Analysis for LDES Applications. 174
Figure 24. (a) Flywheel energy storage system where energy is stored as rotational kinetic energy of a cylinder in vacuum; (b) schematic diagram of flywheel energy storage (FES), also called accumulator. 177
Figure 25. ACCB SWOT Analysis for Beyond-Grid LDES Applications. 180
Figure 26. Iron-Air Battery Technology Roadmap and Performance Metrics. 183
Figure 27. Form Energy USA Iron-Air Technology Architecture. 184
Figure 28. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG). 203
Figure 29. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications. 205
Figure 30. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). 206
Figure 31. Schematic of a Na–S battery. 215
Figure 32. Scheme of a redox flow battery. 218
Figure 33. Combined Heat and Electricity ETES System Architectures. 239
Figure 34. ETES Technology SWOT Analysis for LDES Applications. 239
Figure 35. Global LDES Market Value Evolution ($B) 2026-2046. 247
Figure 36. Market Map for LDES companies. 265
Figure 37. Ambri’s Liquid Metal Battery. 272
Figure 38. ESS Iron Flow Chemistry. 298
Figure 39. Form Energy's iron-air batteries. 300
Figure 40. Highview Power- Liquid Air Energy Storage Technology. 310

The Global Long Duration Energy Storage Market 2026-2046

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