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The Global Market for Bio-based Chemicals, Polymers and Materials

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Published December 2021 | 685 pages, 119 tables, 212 figures | Table of contents

Building new value chains through the utilisation of bio-based and biomass components for the development of innovative products will accelerate the transition from traditional production technologies to the concept of biorefineries. Developing bio-based chemicals, polymers and products in a sustainable manner allows for substantial new business opportunities. Bio-based chemicals are obtained through biological, chemical or physical transformation of plant or animal based feedstocks, which include sugar, starch, oils and fats, and lignocellulose from forestry, agricultural crops and organic waste.

The global opportunities offered by the transition to a more sustainable, low waste economy are vast, and the last decade has seen a substantial increase in interest in bio-based chemicals with many drop-in or novel bio-based chemicals being developed and introduced to the market.

New technologies and traditional methods coupled with biotechnologies applied to biomass feedstocks and waste streams from various sources, such as urban waste or agricultural residues or wastes from food and feed streams, will convert renewable resources into high added-value sustainable bioproducts.

Report contents include: 

  • Review of the bio-based plastics market in 2021.
  • Outlook for 2022. 
  • In depth market analysis of bio-based chemical feedstocks, biopolymers, bioplastics, natural fibers and lignin. 
  • Global production capacities, market demand and trends 2019-2025
  • Analysis of bio-based chemical including 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO), Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), Epichlorohydrin (ECH), Ethylene, Furan derivatives, 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA), Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME), Isosorbide,  Itaconic acid, 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), Lactic acid (D-LA), Lactic acid – L-lactic acid (L-LA), Lactide, Levoglucosenone, Levulinic acid, Monoethylene glycol (MEG), Monopropylene glycol (MPG), Muconic acid, Naphtha, 1,5-Pentametylenediamine (DN5), 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), Sebacic acid and Succinic acid.
  • Analysis of synthetic biopolymers market including Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA), Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET), Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT), Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF), Polyamides (Bio-PA), Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT), Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers, Polyethylene (Bio-PE), Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
  • Analysis of naturally produced bio-based polymers including Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Polysaccharides, Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), Cellulose nanocrystals, Cellulose nanofibers,  Protein-based bioplastics, Algal and fungal. 
  • Market segmentation analysis. 
  • Analysis of types of natural fibers including plant fibers, animal fibers including alternative leather, wool, silk fiber and down and polysaccharides. 
  • Markets for natural fibers, including composites, aerospace, automotive, construction & building, sports & leisure, textiles, consumer products and packaging.
  • Production capacities of lignin producers. 
  • In depth analysis of biorefinery lignin production. 
  • Profiles of over 500 companies. Companies profiled include NatureWorks, Total Corbion, Danimer Scientific, Novamont, Mitsubishi Chemicals, Indorama, Braskem, Avantium, Borealis, Cathay, Dupont, BASF, Arkema, DuPont, BASF ,  AMSilk GmbH, Notpla, Loliware, Bolt Threads, Ecovative, Kraig Biocraft Laboratories, Spiber, Bast Fiber Technologies Inc., Kelheim Fibres GmbH, BComp, Circular Systems, Evrnu, Natural Fiber Welding, Icytos, Versalis SpA, Clariant, MetGen Oy, Praj Industries Ltd., Bloom Biorenewables SA, FP Innovations, UPM, Klabin SA, RenCom AB and many more. 

 

Feedstocks, Intermediates, Bio-chemicals and Bio-Polymers covered include:

FeedstocksIntermediatesBio-chemicalsBio-Polymers
• Natural rubber
• Waste Oil
• Starch
• Plants Oils
• Non-edible milk
• Lignocellulose
• Naphtha
• Ethanol
• Fructose
• Isobutanol
• Glucose
• Lysine
• Casein
• Hemicellulose
• Ethylene
• Vinyl chloride
• Methyl methacrylate
• MEG
• 2,5-FDCA
• Itaconic acid
• Lactic acid
• Lactide acid
• Levulinic acid
• 5-HMF/5-CMF
• FDME
• 1,3 Propanediol
• Terephthalic acid
• p-Xylene
• THF
• 1,4-Butanediol
• Succinic acid
• Adipic acid
• 3-HP
• Acrylic acid
• Sorbitol
• Isosorbide
• DN5
• HMDA
• Caprolactame
• DDDA
• Sebacic acid
• 11-AA
• Castor oil
• Fatty acids
• Glycerol
• ECH
• MPG
• NOPs
• Furfural
• Furfuryl alcohol
• Propylene
• Aniline
• PVC
• PMMA
• PRF
• PET
• PTF
• PTT
• SBR
• PBT
PBAT
• PBS(x)
• Superabsorbent polymers
• ABS
• PLA
• APC
• PHA
• PA
• Epoxy resins
• Starch-containing polymers
• Casein polymers
• PFA
• Lignin-based polymers
• Cellulose-based polymers
• Natural rubber
• Polyurethanes
• Unsaturated polyester resins
• PE
• PP
• EPDM

 

 

1              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   34

  • 1.1          Market trends   35
  • 1.2          Global production to 2030            36
  • 1.3          Main producers and global production capacities               37
    • 1.3.1      Producers           37
    • 1.3.2      By biobased and sustainable plastic type               39
    • 1.3.3      By region             43
  • 1.4          Global demand for biobased and sustainable plastics 2020, by market     45
  • 1.5          Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the bioplastics market and future demand        48
  • 1.6          Challenges for the biobased and sustainable plastics market         48

 

2              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         50

 

3              THE GLOBAL PLASTICS MARKET 51

  • 3.1          Global production            51
  • 3.2          The importance of plastic              51
  • 3.3          Issues with plastics use  52

 

4              BIO-BASED CHEMICALS 53

  • 4.1          Types    53
  • 4.2          Production capacities     54
  • 4.3          Bio-based adipic acid      55
  • 4.4          11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)            55
  • 4.5          1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)              55
  • 4.6          Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)         56
  • 4.7          Epichlorohydrin (ECH)    57
  • 4.8          Ethylene              58
  • 4.9          Furfural 59
  • 4.10        5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF) 60
  • 4.11        2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA)     60
  • 4.12        Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME)  60
  • 4.13        Isosorbide           60
  • 4.14        Itaconic acid       61
  • 4.15        3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) 61
  • 4.16        5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) 61
  • 4.17        Lactic acid (D-LA)             62
  • 4.18        Lactic acid – L-lactic acid (L-LA)   62
  • 4.19        Lactide  63
  • 4.20        Levoglucosenone             63
  • 4.21        Levulinic acid      64
  • 4.22        Monoethylene glycol (MEG)       64
  • 4.23        Monopropylene glycol (MPG)    65
  • 4.24        Muconic acid      66
  • 4.25        Naphtha              66
  • 4.26        Pentamethylene diisocyanate    67
  • 4.27        1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)           68
  • 4.28        Sebacic acid        68
  • 4.29        Succinic acid (SA)             69

 

5              BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOPLASTICS              70

  • 5.1          Bio-based or renewable plastics 70
    • 5.1.1      Drop-in bio-based plastics            70
    • 5.1.2      Novel bio-based plastics                71
  • 5.2          Biodegradable and compostable plastics                72
    • 5.2.1      Biodegradability               72
    • 5.2.2      Compostability  73
  • 5.3          Advantages and disadvantages  73
  • 5.4          Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics              74
  • 5.5          Market leaders by biobased and/or biodegradable plastic types  76
  • 5.6          SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS            77
    • 5.6.1      Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 77
      • 5.6.1.1   Market analysis 77
      • 5.6.1.2   Producers           79
    • 5.6.2      Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)     80
      • 5.6.2.1   Market analysis 80
      • 5.6.2.2   Producers           81
    • 5.6.3      Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)             81
      • 5.6.3.1   Market analysis 81
      • 5.6.3.2   Producers           82
    • 5.6.4      Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)             82
      • 5.6.4.1   Market analysis 83
      • 5.6.4.2   Comparative properties to PET   84
    • 5.6.4.3   Producers           84
    • 5.6.5      Polyamides (Bio-PA)       85
      • 5.6.5.1   Market analysis 85
      • 5.6.5.2   Producers           86
    • 5.6.6      Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)        87
      • 5.6.6.1   Market analysis 87
      • 5.6.6.2   Producers           87
    • 5.6.7      Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers     88
      • 5.6.7.1   Market analysis 89
      • 5.6.7.2   Producers           89
    • 5.6.8      Polyethylene (Bio-PE)    90
      • 5.6.8.1   Market analysis 90
      • 5.6.8.2   Producers           90
    • 5.6.9      Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 91
      • 5.6.9.1   Market analysis 91
      • 5.6.9.2   Producers           91
  • 5.7          NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS               92
    • 5.7.1      Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)     92
      • 5.7.1.1   Market analysis 93
      • 5.7.1.2   Commercially available PHAs      94
      • 5.7.1.3   Producers           95
    • 5.7.2      Polysaccharides 96
      • 5.7.2.1   Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 96
      • 5.7.2.2   Cellulose nanocrystals    97
      • 5.7.2.3   Cellulose nanofibers       99
    • 5.7.3      Protein-based bioplastics             102
      • 5.7.3.1   Types, applications and producers            102
    • 5.7.4      Algal and fungal 104
      • 5.7.4.1   Algal      104
      • 5.7.4.2   Mycelium            107
    • 5.7.5      Chitosan              109
  • 5.8          PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND SUSTAINABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION      110
    • 5.8.1      North America   111
    • 5.8.2      Europe 111
    • 5.8.3      Asia-Pacific         112
      • 5.8.3.1   China     112
      • 5.8.3.2   Japan    112
      • 5.8.3.3   Thailand               113
      • 5.8.3.4   Indonesia            113
    • 5.8.4      Latin America    114
  • 5.9          MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS           115
    • 5.9.1      Packaging            117
    • 5.9.2      Consumer products        118
    • 5.9.3      Automotive        119
    • 5.9.4      Building & construction 120
    • 5.9.5      Textiles 121
    • 5.9.6      Electronics          122
    • 5.9.7      Agriculture and horticulture        123
  • 5.10        BIO-BASED CHEMCALS, BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOPLASTICS COMPANY PROFILES     125
    • 5.10.1    9Fiber, Inc.          125
    • 5.10.2    ADBioplastics     126
    • 5.10.3    Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd.             126
    • 5.10.4    AGRANA Staerke GmbH 127
    • 5.10.5    Algix LLC               128
    • 5.10.6    AlgiKnit 129
    • 5.10.7    AMSilk GmbH    130
    • 5.10.8    An Phát Bioplastics          130
    • 5.10.9    Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd.            131
    • 5.10.10  Anellotech, Inc. 131
    • 5.10.11  Anqing He Xing Chemical Co., Ltd.             132
    • 5.10.12  Applied Bioplastics           133
    • 5.10.13  Aquafil S.p.A.     133
    • 5.10.14  Aquapak Polymers Ltd   134
    • 5.10.15  Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM) 135
    • 5.10.16  Arctic Biomaterials Oy    136
    • 5.10.17  Arkema S.A         136
    • 5.10.18  Arlanxeo              137
    • 5.10.19  Arrow Greentech             138
    • 5.10.20  Arzeda Corp.      139
    • 5.10.21  Attis Innovations, llc        139
    • 5.10.22  AVA Biochem AG              140
    • 5.10.23  Avantium B.V.   140
    • 5.10.24  Avani Eco             142
    • 5.10.25  Ayas Renewables Inc.     142
    • 5.10.26  Azolla    143
    • 5.10.27  BASF SE 143
    • 5.10.28  BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd.           145
    • 5.10.29  Bcomp ltd.          145
    • 5.10.30  Bioextrax AB      146
    • 5.10.31  Bio Fab NZ           147
    • 5.10.32  Biofibre GmbH  147
    • 5.10.33  Biofine Technology, LLC 148
    • 5.10.34  BioLogiQ, Inc.     148
    • 5.10.35  Bio-on S.P.A.      150
    • 5.10.36  Bioextrax AB      150
    • 5.10.37  Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd.                151
    • 5.10.38  Biome Bioplastics             152
    • 5.10.39  BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG 152
    • 5.10.40  Biofiber Tech Sweden AB              153
    • 5.10.41  Bioplastech Ltd 154
    • 5.10.42  Biotrem                154
    • 5.10.43  BlockTexx Pty Ltd.            155
    • 5.10.44  BluCon Biotech GmbH    155
    • 5.10.45  Blue BioFuels, Inc.            156
    • 5.10.46  Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd.             157
    • 5.10.47  Bolt Threads       158
    • 5.10.48  Borealis AG         158
    • 5.10.49  Borregaard Chemcell      159
    • 5.10.50  Bosk Bioproducts Inc.     160
    • 5.10.51  B-PREG 160
    • 5.10.52  Braskem SA        161
    • 5.10.53  Bio Fab NZ           162
    • 5.10.54  Carbiolice            163
    • 5.10.55  Carbios 163
    • 5.10.56  Cardia Bioplastics Ltd.    164
    • 5.10.57  CARAPAC Company        165
    • 5.10.58  Cargill    165
    • 5.10.59  Catalyxx               166
    • 5.10.60  Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd.    167
    • 5.10.61  Celanese Corporation    167
    • 5.10.62  Cellucomp Ltd.  168
    • 5.10.63  Cellugy 169
    • 5.10.64  Cellutech AB (Stora Enso)             170
    • 5.10.65  CH-Bioforce Oy 171
    • 5.10.66  Checkerspot, Inc.             171
    • 5.10.67  Chempolis Oy    172
    • 5.10.68  Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.  173
    • 5.10.69  Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd.   174
    • 5.10.70  Circa Group        177
    • 5.10.71  CJ CheilJedang Corporation         177
    • 5.10.72  Corumat, Inc.     178
    • 5.10.73  Clariant AG         178
    • 5.10.74  Cristal Union Group        180
    • 5.10.75  Cruz Foam           180
    • 5.10.76  CuanTec Ltd.      181
    • 5.10.77  Daicel Polymer Ltd.         182
    • 5.10.78  Daio Paper Corporation 183
    • 5.10.79  DAK Americas LLC            186
    • 5.10.80  Danimer Scientific LLC    186
    • 5.10.81  Diamond Green Diesel LLC           187
    • 5.10.82  DIC Corporation 188
    • 5.10.83  Dongying Hebang Chemical Corp.             188
    • 5.10.84  Dow, Inc.             189
    • 5.10.85  Royal DSM N.V  189
    • 5.10.86  DuFor Resins B.V.             190
    • 5.10.87  DuPont 191
    • 5.10.88  DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products Co., LLC               192
    • 5.10.89  Eastman Chemical Ltd. Corporation          193
    • 5.10.90  Ecoshell                193
    • 5.10.91  Ecovia Renewables         194
    • 5.10.92  Ecovative Design LLC       195
    • 5.10.93  EggPlant Srl         196
    • 5.10.94  EMS-Grivory      197
    • 5.10.95  Eni S.p.A.             197
    • 5.10.96  Esbottle Oy         198
    • 5.10.97  Evolved By Nature           199
    • 5.10.98  Evonik Industries AG      200
    • 5.10.99  Fairbrics               200
    • 5.10.100               Far Eastern New Century Corporation     201
    • 5.10.101               Fiberlean Technologies  202
    • 5.10.102               Fiberight              203
    • 5.10.103               FKuR Kunststoff GmbH  204
    • 5.10.104               Floreon 205
    • 5.10.105               Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC       205
    • 5.10.106               Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF   206
    • 5.10.107               Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd.      206
    • 5.10.108               Full Cycle Bioplastics LLC               208
    • 5.10.109               Futerro 209
    • 5.10.110               Futuramat Sarl   210
    • 5.10.111               Gen3Bio               210
    • 5.10.112               Genecis Bioindustries, Inc.           211
    • 5.10.113               Genomatica       212
    • 5.10.114               Grabio Greentech Corporation  212
    • 5.10.115               Granbio Technologies    213
    • 5.10.116               GS Alliance Co. Ltd           215
    • 5.10.117               Guangzhou Bio-plus Materials Technology Co., Ltd.           217
    • 5.10.118               Haldor Topsoe A/S           217
    • 5.10.119               Hattori Shoten K.K.         218
    • 5.10.120               Hebei Casda Biomaterials Co., Ltd.            219
    • 5.10.121               Hebei Jiheng Chemical Co., Ltd.  220
    • 5.10.122               Hebei Xinhua Lactic Acid Co.        220
    • 5.10.123               Heilongjiang Chenneng Bioengineering Ltd.          221
    • 5.10.124               Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology Co., Ltd.      221
    • 5.10.125               Henan Xinghan Biological Technology Co., Ltd.    222
    • 5.10.126               Hengshui Jinghua Chemical Co., Ltd.        222
    • 5.10.127               Hengli Petrochemical     223
    • 5.10.128               Hokuetsu Toyo Fibre Co., Ltd.     224
    • 5.10.129               Hubei Guangshui National Chemical Co., Ltd.       226
    • 5.10.130               Humintech GmbH            226
    • 5.10.131               Hunan Anhua Lactic Acid Co        227
    • 5.10.132               India Glycols Ltd.              227
    • 5.10.133               Indochine Bio Plastiques (ICBP) Sdn Bhd 228
    • 5.10.134               Indorama Ventures Public Co. Ltd.            229
    • 5.10.135               Inovyn  229
    • 5.10.136               Inspidere B.V.    230
    • 5.10.137               Ioniqa   231
    • 5.10.138               Itaconix 231
    • 5.10.139               Jiangsu Anpon Electrochemical Co., Ltd  232
    • 5.10.140               Jiangsu Jinhe Hi-Tech Co., Ltd.    233
    • 5.10.141               Jiangsu Senda Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.      233
    • 5.10.142               Jiangsu Torise Biomaterials Co., Ltd          234
    • 5.10.143               Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Group Co., Ltd.          234
    • 5.10.144               Jiangsu Zhongzheng Biochemical Co., Ltd.              235
    • 5.10.145               Jilin COFCO Biomaterial Corporation        235
    • 5.10.146               JinHui ZhaoLang High Technology Co., Ltd.            236
    • 5.10.147               Jungbunzlauer Suisse AG              237
    • 5.10.148               Kaneka Corporation        238
    • 5.10.149               Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co. Ltd.           239
    • 5.10.150               Kolon Industries, Inc.      239
    • 5.10.151               Kraig Biocraft Laboratories           240
    • 5.10.152               LAM’ON               240
    • 5.10.153               Lactips S.A.         241
    • 5.10.154               LCY Biosciences 242
    • 5.10.155               Lean Orb              243
    • 5.10.156               Lenzing AG          243
    • 5.10.157               LEUNA-Harze GmbH       244
    • 5.10.158               Lingrove, Inc.     245
    • 5.10.159               Lixea Limited      245
    • 5.10.160               Locus Fermentation Solutions    246
    • 5.10.161               Loick Biowertstoff GmbH             246
    • 5.10.162               Loliware LLC       247
    • 5.10.163               LOTTE Chemical Corporation       247
    • 5.10.164               LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V.   248
    • 5.10.165               Made of Air GmbH          249
    • 5.10.166               Mango Materials, Inc.    250
    • 5.10.167               Marine Innovation Co., Ltd           250
    • 5.10.168               MedPHA Bio-Tech Co., Ltd.          251
    • 5.10.169               Meghmani Finechem Ltd.             252
    • 5.10.170               Mercurius Biorefining Inc              252
    • 5.10.171               METabolic EXplorer S.A. (METEX)              253
    • 5.10.172               Metgen Oy         253
    • 5.10.173               Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation              254
    • 5.10.174               Mitsubishi Polyester Film GmbH 255
    • 5.10.175               Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.     255
    • 5.10.176               Mobius 257
    • 5.10.177               Mogu S.r.l.          257
    • 5.10.178               Multibax Public Co., Ltd.                258
    • 5.10.179               Mura Technology Limited             259
    • 5.10.180               Musashino Chemical Laboratory, Ltd.      260
    • 5.10.181               MYCL     260
    • 5.10.182               MycoWorks        261
    • 5.10.183               Nabaco, Inc.       262
    • 5.10.184               Nafigate Corporation a.s.              263
    • 5.10.185               Nanollose Ltd     264
    • 5.10.186               Nantong Cellulose Fibers Co., Ltd              265
    • 5.10.187               Nantong Jiuding Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. 266
    • 5.10.188               NatPol  266
    • 5.10.189               Natural Fiber Welding, INc.          267
    • 5.10.190               NatureWorks LLC             268
    • 5.10.191               NefFa    268
    • 5.10.192               Neste Oyj            269
    • 5.10.193               Newlight Technologies LLC           270
    • 5.10.194               New Zealand Natural Fibers (NZNF)         271
    • 5.10.195               NEXE Innovations Inc.    271
    • 5.10.196               Ningbo Huanyang Chemical Co., Ltd.        272
    • 5.10.197               Ningbo Tianan Biologic Material 272
    • 5.10.198               Nippon Paper Industries               273
    • 5.10.199               Norske Skog AS 275
    • 5.10.200               Northern Technologies International       276
    • 5.10.201               Notpla  276
    • 5.10.202               Novamont S.p.A.              277
    • 5.10.203               Novomer             278
    • 5.10.204               NUREL S.A.          279
    • 5.10.205               Nxtlevvel             280
    • 5.10.206               Oakbio, Inc.        281
    • 5.10.207               Oimo     282
    • 5.10.208               Oleon N.V.          282
    • 5.10.209               Oji Paper Company         283
    • 5.10.210               Origin Materials                287
    • 5.10.211               Paques Biomaterials       288
    • 5.10.212               PHABuilder         288
    • 5.10.213               PHB Industrial S.A.           289
    • 5.10.214               Plafco Fibertech Oy         289
    • 5.10.215               Plantic Technologies Ltd.              290
    • 5.10.216               Plantics B.V.       290
    • 5.10.217               Polaris Renewables LLC 291
    • 5.10.218               Polyferm             292
    • 5.10.219               Pond Biomaterials            292
    • 5.10.220               PT Intera Lestari Polimer               293
    • 5.10.221               PTT MCC Biochem Co., Ltd.          294
    • 5.10.222               Qnature UG        294
    • 5.10.223               Radical Plastics  295
    • 5.10.224               Radici Group      295
    • 5.10.225               Red Avenue New Materials Group Co., Ltd.           296
    • 5.10.226               RenCom AB        297
    • 5.10.227               Relement BV      297
    • 5.10.228               Ripro Corporation            298
    • 5.10.229               Rodenburg Biopolymers B.V.      299
    • 5.10.230               Roquette S.A.    299
    • 5.10.231               RWDC Industries              300
    • 5.10.232               Samyang Corporation     301
    • 5.10.233               Saphium Biotechnology GMBH   302
    • 5.10.234               Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC)         302
    • 5.10.235               Sebacic Oman SAOC        303
    • 5.10.236               Seevix Material Sciences Ltd.       303
    • 5.10.237               Sebiplast s.r.l.    304
    • 5.10.238               S-EnPol Co., Ltd.                305
    • 5.10.239               Seiko PMC Corporation  305
    • 5.10.240               Shandong Baisheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.          307
    • 5.10.241               Shandong Fuwin New Material Co., Ltd. 307
    • 5.10.242               Shandong Landian Biological Technology Co., Ltd.              308
    • 5.10.243               Shandong Minji Chemical Co., Ltd.            309
    • 5.10.244               Shandong Siqiang Chemical Group Co., Ltd.          309
    • 5.10.245               Shanghai Tong-Jie-Liang Biomaterials Co., Ltd.     310
    • 5.10.246               Shanxi Leda Biochemical Co., Ltd.              310
    • 5.10.247               Shanxi Zhengang Chemical Co., Ltd.          311
    • 5.10.248               Shenghong Group           311
    • 5.10.249               Shenzhen Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd.          312
    • 5.10.250               Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co., Ltd.             312
    • 5.10.251               SK Chemicals Co., Ltd.    313
    • 5.10.252               Smartfiber AG   314
    • 5.10.253               Solvay SA             315
    • 5.10.254               Soma Bioworks/White Lemur Co.              316
    • 5.10.255               Spectrus Sustainable Solutions Pvt Ltd    317
    • 5.10.256               Spiber, Inc.          318
    • 5.10.257               Spidey Tek          318
    • 5.10.258               Spolchemie        320
    • 5.10.259               STORA ENSO OYJ              320
    • 5.10.260               Sulapac Oy          321
    • 5.10.261               Sulzer Chemtech AG       322
    • 5.10.262               Sunar Misir         323
    • 5.10.263               SUPLA Bioplastics             323
    • 5.10.264               TAIF-NK 324
    • 5.10.265               Tanin sevnica kemicna industrija               325
    • 5.10.266               TBM Co., Ltd.     325
    • 5.10.267               TECNARO GmbH               326
    • 5.10.268               TechnipFMC       327
    • 5.10.269               Teijin Ltd              328
    • 5.10.270               TerraVerdae BioWorks Inc            329
    • 5.10.271               Teysha Technologies Limited       330
    • 5.10.272               thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions AG      331
    • 5.10.273               Tianan Biologic Material Co., Ltd.              331
    • 5.10.274               Tianjin GreenBio Materials Co., Ltd           332
    • 5.10.275               Tianxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 333
    • 5.10.276               Tômtex 333
    • 5.10.277               Tongliao Xinghe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 334
    • 5.10.278               Toray Industries, Inc.      334
    • 5.10.279               Total Corbion PLA            335
    • 5.10.280               Toyobo Co., Ltd.                336
    • 5.10.281               Treemera GmbH              337
    • 5.10.282               TripleW 337
    • 5.10.283               UBQ Materials   338
    • 5.10.284               Unitika Ltd.         339
    • 5.10.285               UPM-Kymmene Oyj        339
    • 5.10.286               VEnvirotech Biotechnology SL     340
    • 5.10.287               Virent Inc.           341
    • 5.10.288               VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd       342
    • 5.10.289               Vynova 342
    • 5.10.290               WeylChem International GmbH 343
    • 5.10.291               Woodly Ltd.        344
    • 5.10.292               Wuhan Sanjiang Space Good Biotech Co., Ltd.     344
    • 5.10.293               Xampla 345
    • 5.10.294               Xinjiang Lanshan Tunhe 345
    • 5.10.295               Zhangjiagang Glory Chemical Industry Co., Ltd     346
    • 5.10.296               Zhejiang Hangzhou Xinfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.             346
    • 5.10.297               Zhejiang Hisun Biomaterials Co., Ltd.       347
    • 5.10.298               Zhejiang Youcheng New Materials Co., Ltd            347

 

6              NATURAL FIBERS              348

  • 6.1          Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers            348
  • 6.2          Advantages of natural fibers       350
  • 6.3          Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose) 351
    • 6.3.1      Seed fibers         351
      • 6.3.1.1   Cotton  351
      • 6.3.1.2   Kapok   352
      • 6.3.1.3   Luffa      353
    • 6.3.2      Bast fibers           354
      • 6.3.2.1   Jute       355
      • 6.3.2.2   Hemp    356
      • 6.3.2.3   Flax        358
      • 6.3.2.4   Ramie   360
      • 6.3.2.5   Kenaf    361
    • 6.3.3      Leaf fibers           363
      • 6.3.3.1   Sisal       363
      • 6.3.3.2   Abaca    364
    • 6.3.4      Fruit fibers          366
      • 6.3.4.1   Coir        366
      • 6.3.4.2   Banana 367
      • 6.3.4.3   Pineapple            369
    • 6.3.5      Stalk fibers from agricultural residues     370
      • 6.3.5.1   Rice fiber             370
      • 6.3.5.2   Corn      370
    • 6.3.6      Cane, grasses and reed  371
      • 6.3.6.1   Switch grass       371
      • 6.3.6.2   Sugarcane (agricultural residues)              372
      • 6.3.6.3   Bamboo               372
      • 6.3.6.4   Fresh grass (green biorefinery)  374
    • 6.3.7      Modified natural polymers          374
      • 6.3.7.1   Mycelium            374
      • 6.3.7.2   Chitosan              376
      • 6.3.7.3   Alginate               377
  • 6.4          Animal (fibrous protein) 378
    • 6.4.1      Wool     378
      • 6.4.1.1   Alternative wool materials           379
      • 6.4.1.2   Producers           379
    • 6.4.2      Silk fiber              379
      • 6.4.2.1   Alternative silk materials               380
    • 6.4.3      Leather 381
      • 6.4.3.1   Alternative leather materials       381
    • 6.4.4      Down    382
      • 6.4.4.1   Alternative down materials          382
  • 6.5          MARKETS FOR NATURAL FIBERS 383
    • 6.5.1      Composites        383
    • 6.5.2      Applications       383
    • 6.5.3      Natural fiber injection moulding compounds       384
      • 6.5.3.1   Properties           385
      • 6.5.3.2   Applications       385
    • 6.5.4      Non-woven natural fiber mat composites              385
      • 6.5.4.1   Automotive        385
      • 6.5.4.2   Applications       386
    • 6.5.5      Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites        386
    • 6.5.6      Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds         387
    • 6.5.7      Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats              388
      • 6.5.7.1   Flax        388
      • 6.5.7.2   Kenaf    388
    • 6.5.8      Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites       388
  • 6.6          Aerospace          389
    • 6.6.1      Market overview             389
  • 6.7          Automotive        389
    • 6.7.1      Market overview             389
    • 6.7.2      Applications of natural fibers      393
  • 6.8          Building/construction     394
    • 6.8.1      Market overview             394
    • 6.8.2      Applications of natural fibers      395
  • 6.9          Sports and leisure            396
    • 6.9.1      Market overview             396
  • 6.10        Textiles 396
    • 6.10.1    Market overview             396
  • 6.10.2    Consumer apparel           397
  • 6.10.3    Geotextiles        398
  • 6.11        Packaging            399
    • 6.11.1    Market overview             399
  • 6.12        NATURAL FIBERS GLOBAL PRODUCTION 401
    • 6.12.1    Overall global fibers market        401
    • 6.12.2    Plant-based fiber production      403
    • 6.12.3    Animal-based natural fiber production   404
  • 6.13        NATURAL FIBER COMPANY PROFILES      405
    • 6.13.1    3M         405
    • 6.13.2    9Fiber, Inc.          405
    • 6.13.3    Aeropowder Limited      406
    • 6.13.4    AHLSTROM-MUNKSJO Oyj           407
    • 6.13.5    Algix LLC               408
    • 6.13.6    AlgiKnit 409
    • 6.13.7    Amadou Mushroom Leather       410
    • 6.13.8    AMSilk GmbH    411
    • 6.13.9    Ananas Anam Ltd.            412
    • 6.13.10  ANPOLY, Inc.      413
    • 6.13.11  Arekapak GmbH               414
    • 6.13.12  Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation           415
    • 6.13.13  Avani Eco             419
    • 6.13.14  Bambooder Biobased Fibers B.V.               419
    • 6.13.15  BASF SE 420
    • 6.13.16  B-PREG 421
    • 6.13.17  Bast Fiber Technologies, Inc.       421
    • 6.13.18  Betulium Oy       422
    • 6.13.19  Beyond Leather Materials ApS    423
    • 6.13.20  Biotecam             423
    • 6.13.21  Bolt Threads       424
    • 6.13.22  Bcomp ltd.          425
    • 6.13.23  Biophilica             426
    • 6.13.24  BlockTexx Pty Ltd.            427
    • 6.13.25  Bucha Bio, Inc.   428
    • 6.13.26  Cellicon B.V.       428
    • 6.13.27  Cellucomp Ltd.  429
    • 6.13.28  Cellugy 430
    • 6.13.29  Cellutech AB (Stora Enso)             431
    • 6.13.30  Checkerspot, Inc.             432
    • 6.13.31  Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd.   433
    • 6.13.32  Circular Systems               436
    • 6.13.33  Daicel Corporation          436
    • 6.13.34  DaikyoNishikawa Corporation     437
    • 6.13.35  Daio Paper Corporation 438
    • 6.13.36  Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd.             441
    • 6.13.37  DENSO Corporation         442
    • 6.13.38  DIC Products, Inc.             442
    • 6.13.39  DKS Co. Ltd.        444
    • 6.13.40  Desserto              446
    • 6.13.41  Ecopel   446
    • 6.13.42  Ecoshell                447
    • 6.13.43  Ecovative Design LLC       448
    • 6.13.44  Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd.        449
    • 6.13.45  Evolved By Nature           450
    • 6.13.46  Enkev    451
    • 6.13.47  Evrnu    452
    • 6.13.48  Fillerbank Limited            452
    • 6.13.49  Flocus   453
    • 6.13.50  Fruit Leather Rotterdam               454
    • 6.13.51  Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd.      455
    • 6.13.52  Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd.           456
    • 6.13.53  Gelatex Technologies OÜ             457
    • 6.13.54  Grado Zero Innovation  458
    • 6.13.55  Granbio Technologies    459
    • 6.13.56  GS Alliance Co. Ltd           461
    • 6.13.57  Hattori Shoten K.K.         462
    • 6.13.58  Hexa Chemical Co. Ltd./Nature Gift          463
    • 6.13.59  Hide Biotech Ltd.              464
    • 6.13.60  Honext Material SL          464
    • 6.13.61  Hokuetsu Toyo Fibre Co., Ltd.     465
    • 6.13.62  Icytos    467
    • 6.13.63  Infinited Fiber Company Oy         468
    • 6.13.64  JeNaCell GmbH 468
    • 6.13.65  Kao Corporation               469
    • 6.13.66  Kami Shoji Company       472
    • 6.13.67  Kelheim Fibres GmbH     472
    • 6.13.68  Kraig Biocraft Laboratories           473
    • 6.13.69  KRI Inc. 474
    • 6.13.70  Kusano Sakko K.K.            475
    • 6.13.71  Lenzing 476
    • 6.13.72  Le Qara 477
    • 6.13.73  Lingrove, Inc.     477
    • 6.13.74  Living Ink             478
    • 6.13.75  Lixea      478
    • 6.13.76  Malai Biomaterials Design Pvt. Ltd. (Malai)            480
    • 6.13.77  Marine Nanofiber Co., Ltd.           481
    • 6.13.78  Marusumi Paper Company Limited           482
    • 6.13.79  Masuko Sangyo Co., Ltd.               483
    • 6.13.80  Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation              484
    • 6.13.81  Modern Meadow, Inc.   487
    • 6.13.82  Mogu S.r.l.          488
    • 6.13.83  Mori Machinery Co., Ltd.               489
    • 6.13.84  MYCL     490
    • 6.13.85  MycoWorks        491
    • 6.13.86  Nanollose Ltd.   492
    • 6.13.87  Natural Fiber Welding, INc.          494
    • 6.13.88  Nature Coatings, Inc.      494
    • 6.13.89  NefFa    495
    • 6.13.90  New Zealand Natural Fibers (NZNF)         496
    • 6.13.91  Nippon Paper Industries               496
    • 6.13.92  Nova Kaeru         499
    • 6.13.93  Oji Paper COmpany         500
    • 6.13.94  Organic Disposables        504
    • 6.13.95  Orange Fiber S.r.l.            505
    • 6.13.96  Plafco Fibertech Oy         506
    • 6.13.97  Pond Biomaterials            506
    • 6.13.98  Provenance Biofabrics, Inc.          507
    • 6.13.99  Qorium B.V.       508
    • 6.13.100               Rengo Co., Ltd.  508
    • 6.13.101               Re:newcell          510
    • 6.13.102               Ripro Corporation            510
    • 6.13.103               Risho Kogyo Co. Ltd.        511
    • 6.13.104               SaltyCo Textiles 512
    • 6.13.105               Seevix Material Sciences Ltd.       512
    • 6.13.106               Seiko PMC Corporation  513
    • 6.13.107               Sharp Chemical Ind. Co., Ltd.       515
    • 6.13.108               Smartfiber AG   516
    • 6.13.109               Spiber, Inc.          517
    • 6.13.110               Spidey Tek          518
    • 6.13.111               Sugino Machine Limited 520
    • 6.13.112               Sulapac Oy          523
    • 6.13.113               Tandem Repeat 524
    • 6.13.114               TECNARO GmbH               525
    • 6.13.115               Tenbro Bamboo Company            526
    • 6.13.116               Tômtex 527
    • 6.13.117               Toray     527
    • 6.13.118               Toyota Boshoku Corporation      528
    • 6.13.119               TreeToTextile AB              529
    • 6.13.120               TS Tech Co., Ltd.               530
    • 6.13.121               Unitika Co., Ltd. 530
    • 6.13.122               UPM Biocomposites       531
    • 6.13.123               Vegea srl              532
    • 6.13.124               VitroLabs Inc      533
    • 6.13.125               VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd       534
    • 6.13.126               Woodly Ltd.        536
    • 6.13.127               Worn Again Technologies             537
    • 6.13.128               Yoshikawakuni Plastics Industries Co., Ltd.            538
    • 6.13.129               Zaara Biotech     538
    • 6.13.130               Zelfo Technology              539

 

7              LIGNIN 542

  • 7.1          INTRODUCTION 542
    • 7.1.1      What is lignin?   542
      • 7.1.1.1   Lignin structure 543
    • 7.1.2      Types of lignin    544
      • 7.1.2.1   Sulfur containing lignin  546
      • 7.1.2.2   Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process            546
    • 7.1.3      Properties           547
    • 7.1.4      The lignocellulose biorefinery     549
    • 7.1.5      Markets and applications              550
    • 7.1.6      Challenges for using lignin            552
  • 7.2          LIGNIN PRODUCTON PROCESSES              552
    • 7.2.1      Lignosulphonates            554
    • 7.2.2      Kraft Lignin          554
      • 7.2.2.1   LignoBoost process         555
      • 7.2.2.2   LignoForce method         555
      • 7.2.2.3   Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification             556
      • 7.2.2.4   A-Recovery+      557
    • 7.2.3      Soda lignin          558
    • 7.2.4      Biorefinery lignin              558
      • 7.2.4.1   Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes    559
    • 7.2.5      Organosolv lignins            561
    • 7.2.6      Hydrolytic lignin                562
  • 7.3          MARKETS FOR LIGNIN    563
    • 7.3.1      Market drivers and trends for lignin         563
    • 7.3.2      Lignin industry developments 2020-2021               564
    • 7.3.3      Production capacities     565
      • 7.3.3.1   Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)    565
      • 7.3.3.2   Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)             566
    • 7.3.4      Estimated consumption of lignin                566
    • 7.3.5      Prices    568
    • 7.3.6      Heat and power energy 568
    • 7.3.7      Pyrolysis and syngas       568
    • 7.3.8      Aromatic compounds     568
      • 7.3.8.1   Benzene, toluene and xylene      569
      • 7.3.8.2   Phenol and phenolic resins          569
      • 7.3.8.3   Vanillin 570
    • 7.3.9      Plastics and polymers     570
    • 7.3.10    Hydrogels            571
      • 7.3.11    Carbon materials              572
        • 7.3.11.1                Carbon black      572
        • 7.3.11.2                Activated carbons            572
        • 7.3.11.3                Carbon fiber       573
    • 7.3.12    Concrete             574
    • 7.3.13    Rubber 575
    • 7.3.14    Biofuels 575
    • 7.3.15    Bitumen and Asphalt      575
    • 7.3.16    Oil and gas          576
    • 7.3.17    Energy storage  577
      • 7.3.17.1                Supercapacitors 577
      • 7.3.17.2                Anodes for lithium-ion batteries 577
      • 7.3.17.3                Gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries                578
      • 7.3.17.4                Binders for lithium-ion batteries 578
      • 7.3.17.5                Cathodes for lithium-ion batteries            578
      • 7.3.17.6                Sodium-ion batteries      579
    • 7.3.18    Binders, emulsifiers and dispersants        579
    • 7.3.19    Chelating agents              581
    • 7.3.20    Ceramics              582
    • 7.3.21    Automotive interiors      582
    • 7.3.22    Fire retardants  582
    • 7.3.23    Antioxidants      583
    • 7.3.24    Lubricants           583
    • 7.3.25    Dust control       584
  • 7.4          COMPANY PROFILES       585
    • 7.4.1      Key players         585
    • 7.4.2      Aemetis, Inc.      585
    • 7.4.3      Andritz AG          586
    • 7.4.4      Anellotech, Inc. 588
    • 7.4.5      Attis Innovations, llc        589
    • 7.4.6      Avantium NV     590
    • 7.4.7      Blue Biofuels, Inc.            592
    • 7.4.8      Bloom Biorenewables SA              593
    • 7.4.9      The Borregaard Group   594
    • 7.4.10    Burgo Group S.p.A.         595
    • 7.4.11    Cellicon B.V.       596
    • 7.4.12    CH-Bioforce Oy 596
    • 7.4.13    Chempolis Oy    598
    • 7.4.14    CIMV     599
    • 7.4.15    Clariant AG         599
    • 7.4.16    Domsjö Fabriker AB         601
    • 7.4.17    Domtar Paper Company LLC        603
    • 7.4.18    Enerkem, Inc.    603
    • 7.4.19    Enviral   604
    • 7.4.20    FP Innovations  605
    • 7.4.21    Fraunhofer Center for Chemical-Biotechnological Processes CBP 606
    • 7.4.22    Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF   607
    • 7.4.23    Futurity Bio-Ventures Ltd.            607
    • 7.4.24    G+E GETEC Holding GmbH            608
    • 7.4.25    Global Bioenergies SA    609
    • 7.4.26    Graanul Biotech OU        609
    • 7.4.27    Granbio Technologies    610
    • 7.4.28    exion Inc              613
    • 7.4.29    Ingevity 613
    • 7.4.30    Iogen Corporation           614
    • 7.4.31    Kanteleen Voima             615
    • 7.4.32    Klabin S.A.           615
    • 7.4.33    Leaf Resources Ltd.         616
    • 7.4.34    Lignin Industries               616
    • 7.4.35    LignoPure GmbH              617
    • 7.4.36    Lixea      618
    • 7.4.37    LXP Group GmbH             620
    • 7.4.38    Mehler Engineered Products GmbH         621
    • 7.4.39    Metgen Oy         622
    • 7.4.40    Mobius 624
    • 7.4.41    NewEnergyBlue LLC        625
    • 7.4.42    Nippon Paper Industries, Co. Ltd.              626
    • 7.4.43    Novozymes A/S 628
    • 7.4.44    ORLEN Południe               629
    • 7.4.45    Praj Industries Ltd.          629
    • 7.4.46    PRISMA Renewable Composites 631
    • 7.4.47    Pure Lignin Environmental Technology Ltd.           632
    • 7.4.48    Rayonier Advanced Materials     633
    • 7.4.49    Red Leaf Pulp Ltd.            633
    • 7.4.50    RenFuel               634
    • 7.4.51    Renmatix             635
    • 7.4.52    Resolute Forest Products, Inc.    637
    • 7.4.53    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB   637
    • 7.4.54    Sainc Energy Limited       638
    • 7.4.55    SAPPI Biotech    639
    • 7.4.56    Sekab E-Technology AB 640
    • 7.4.57    Soma Bioworks/White Lemur Co.              641
    • 7.4.58    Spero Renewables          641
    • 7.4.59    St1 Oy   642
    • 7.4.60    Stora Enso Oyj   643
    • 7.4.61    SunCoal Industries GmbH             644
    • 7.4.62    Suzano SA           645
    • 7.4.63    Sweetwater Energy        645
    • 7.4.64    TECNARO GmbH               646
    • 7.4.65    UPM Biochemicals           647
    • 7.4.66    Valmet Oyj          649
    • 7.4.67    Versalis SpA        650
    • 7.4.68    Vertoro 651
    • 7.4.69    West Fraser Timber Co Ltd.          652
    • 7.4.70    Xingzhenghe Chemical Co., Ltd.  653
    • 7.4.71    Yokogawa Electric Corporation   653

 

8              REFERENCES       654

 

Tables

  • Table 1. Market drivers and trends in biobased and sustainable plastics.  35
  • Table 2. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2018-2030, in 1,000 tons.          36
  • Table 3. Global production capacities, by producers.        37
  • Table 4. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019-2030, by type, in 1,000 tons.        39
  • Table 5. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019-2025, by region, tons.      43
  • Table 6. Issues related to the use of plastics.        52
  • Table 7. List of Bio-based chemicals.        53
  • Table 8. Biobased MEG producers capacities.       64
  • Table 9. Type of biodegradation.               73
  • Table 10. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics. 73
  • Table 11. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.               74
  • Table 12. Market leader by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.             76
  • Table 13. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.    77
  • Table 14. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.             79
  • Table 15. PLA producers and production capacities.          79
  • Table 16. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis.            80
  • Table 17. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers.              81
  • Table 18. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis. 81
  • Table 19. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.   82
  • Table 20. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis. 83
  • Table 21. PEF vs. PET.     84
  • Table 22. FDCA and PEF producers.          84
  • Table 23. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis.              85
  • Table 24. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.            86
  • Table 25. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis.            87
  • Table 26. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands.      87
  • Table 27. Bio-PBS market analysis.            89
  • Table 28. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.          89
  • Table 29. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis.           90
  • Table 30. Leading Bio-PE producers.        90
  • Table 31. Bio-PP market analysis.              91
  • Table 32. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.           91
  • Table 33. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 93
  • Table 34. Commercially available PHAs.  94
  • Table 35. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.           95
  • Table 36. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis.            96
  • Table 37. Leading MFC producers and capacities.               97
  • Table 38. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis.               97
  • Table 39: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.          99
  • Table 40. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis.   99
  • Table 41. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer.   101
  • Table 42. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.             102
  • Table 43. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies.             104
  • Table 44. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.          104
  • Table 45. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics. 106
  • Table 46. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          107
  • Table 47. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.      109
  • Table 48. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.         109
  • Table 49. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2025, by region, tons.              110
  • Table 50. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America. 111
  • Table 51. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.               112
  • Table 52. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific.       113
  • Table 53. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.  114
  • Table 54. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.         214
  • Table 55. Lactips plastic pellets. 241
  • Table 56. Oji Holdings CNF products.       285
  • Table 57. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.        349
  • Table 58. Typical properties of natural fibers.      350
  • Table 59. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 351
  • Table 60. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 352
  • Table 61. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    353
  • Table 62. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     355
  • Table 63. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  356
  • Table 64. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      358
  • Table 65. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 360
  • Table 66. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  361
  • Table 67. Overview of sisal fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     363
  • Table 68. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  364
  • Table 69. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      366
  • Table 70. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.               367
  • Table 71. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.         369
  • Table 72. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      370
  • Table 73. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    370
  • Table 74. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.             371
  • Table 75. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.           372
  • Table 76. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.             372
  • Table 77. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          375
  • Table 78. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.            376
  • Table 79. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.          377
  • Table 80. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.   378
  • Table 81. Alternative wool materials producers. 379
  • Table 82. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.       379
  • Table 83. Alternative silk materials producers.    380
  • Table 84. Alternative leather materials producers.            381
  • Table 85. Alternative down materials producers. 382
  • Table 86. Applications of natural fiber composites.           383
  • Table 87. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.       385
  • Table 88. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.               386
  • Table 89. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites. 386
  • Table 90. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.       387
  • Table 91. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.             388
  • Table 92. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.   389
  • Table 93. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market. 391
  • Table 94. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.  392
  • Table 95. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.           393
  • Table 96. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.                394
  • Table 97. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.           395
  • Table 98. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.    396
  • Table 99. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.        396
  • Table 100. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 399
  • Table 101. Oji Holdings CNF products.     502
  • Table 102. Technical lignin types and applications.             544
  • Table 103. Classification of technical lignins.         546
  • Table 104. Lignin content of selected biomass.   547
  • Table 105. Properties of lignins and their applications.     548
  • Table 106. Example markets and applications for lignin.  550
  • Table 107. Processes for lignin production.           552
  • Table 108. Biorefinery feedstocks.           558
  • Table 109. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.              558
  • Table 110. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes              559
  • Table 111. Market drivers and trends for lignin.  563
  • Table 112. Lignin industry developments 2020-2021.        564
  • Table 113. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.    565
  • Table 114. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers. 566
  • Table 115. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2031 (000 MT).             566
  • Table 116. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.          569
  • Table 117. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers. 570
  • Table 118. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries.     577
  • Table 119. Application of lignin in binders, emulsifiers and dispersants.   579

 

Figures

  • Figure 1. Total global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics, all types, 000 tons.        35
  • Figure 2. Global production capacities of bioplastics 2018-2030, in 1,000 tons by biodegradable/non-biodegradable types.   37
  • Figure 3. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2030, by type, in 1,000 tons.  41
  • Figure 4. Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2019-2025, by type.           41
  • Figure 5. Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2030, by type.       42
  • Figure 6. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2020. 43
  • Figure 7. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025. 44
  • Figure 8. Current and future applications of biobased and sustainable plastics.     45
  • Figure 9. Global demand for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market, 2020.                46
  • Figure 10. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019-2030, tons.                48
  • Figure 11. Challenges for the biobased and sustainable plastics market.   48
  • Figure 12. Global plastics production 1950-2018, millions of tons.              51
  • Figure 13. Bio-based chemicals production capacities, 2018-2025.               55
  • Figure 14. 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).         56
  • Figure 15. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).             57
  • Figure 16. Epichlorohydrin production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).    58
  • Figure 17. Ethylene production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).  59
  • Figure 18. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 62
  • Figure 19. Lactide production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).     63
  • Figure 20. Bio-MEG producers capacities.              65
  • Figure 21. Bio-MPG production capacities, 2018-2025.      66
  • Figure 22. Naphtha production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).  67
  • Figure 23. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 68
  • Figure 24. Sebacic acid production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).           69
  • Figure 25.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.           71
  • Figure 26. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.              71
  • Figure 27. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.               85
  • Figure 28. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.           105
  • Figure 29. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.     108
  • Figure 30. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.          108
  • Figure 31. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2020.              110
  • Figure 32. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025.              111
  • Figure 33. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019, 1,000 tons.                115
  • Figure 34. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2020, 1,000 tons.                116
  • Figure 35. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2030      117
  • Figure 36. PHA bioplastics products.        117
  • Figure 37. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in packaging 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.                118
  • Figure 38. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in consumer products 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.         119
  • Figure 39. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in automotive 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.                120
  • Figure 40. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in building and construction 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.     121
  • Figure 41. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in textiles 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.                122
  • Figure 42. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in electronics 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.                123
  • Figure 43. Biodegradable mulch films.     124
  • Figure 44. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in agriculture 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.                124
  • Figure 45. Algiknit yarn. 129
  • Figure 46. Bio-PA rear bumper stay.         144
  • Figure 47. formicobio™ technology.         173
  • Figure 48. nanoforest-S. 175
  • Figure 49. nanoforest-PDP.         175
  • Figure 50. nanoforest-MB.           176
  • Figure 51. CuanSave film.             181
  • Figure 52. ELLEX products.           184
  • Figure 53. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.            184
  • Figure 54. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 185
  • Figure 55. Mushroom leather.    196
  • Figure 56. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).  207
  • Figure 57. PHA production process.         208
  • Figure 58. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.                216
  • Figure 59. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 218
  • Figure 60. CNF gel.           224
  • Figure 61. Block nanocellulose material. 225
  • Figure 62. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.              225
  • Figure 63. Made of Air's HexChar panels.               249
  • Figure 64. IPA synthesis method.              256
  • Figure 65. MOGU-Wave panels. 258
  • Figure 66. Reishi.              262
  • Figure 67. Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers.             275
  • Figure 68. Compostable water pod.         277
  • Figure 69. CNF clear sheets.        285
  • Figure 70. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.          286
  • Figure 71. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.   306
  • Figure 72. Lyocell process.           315
  • Figure 73. Spider silk production.              319
  • Figure 74. Sulapac cosmetics containers.               321
  • Figure 75.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing. 322
  • Figure 76. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles.               329
  • Figure 77. Corbion FDCA production process.      336
  • Figure 78. Types of natural fibers.             348
  • Figure 79. Cotton production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT).     352
  • Figure 80. Kapok production volume 2018-2030 (MT).     353
  • Figure 81.  Luffa cylindrica fiber. 354
  • Figure 82. Jute production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT).          356
  • Figure 83. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT).            358
  • Figure 84. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).               359
  • Figure 85. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).          361
  • Figure 86. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).           362
  • Figure 87. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).              364
  • Figure 88. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).          365
  • Figure 89. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MILLION MT).            367
  • Figure 90. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).        368
  • Figure 91. Pineapple fiber.           369
  • Figure 92. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MILLION MT).    374
  • Figure 93. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.     374
  • Figure 94. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.          375
  • Figure 95. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.           378
  • Figure 96. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.         388
  • Figure 97. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.  390
  • Figure 98. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.               390
  • Figure 99. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.         398
  • Figure 100. Coir mats for erosion control.              398
  • Figure 101. Global fiber production in 2019, by fiber type, million MT and %.        401
  • Figure 102. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2030.     402
  • Figure 103. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2030, by fiber type, MT.   403
  • Figure 104. Animal based fiber production 2018-2030, by fiber type, million MT. 404
  • Figure 105. Pluumo.        407
  • Figure 106. Algiknit yarn.              409
  • Figure 107. Amadou leather shoes.          411
  • Figure 108. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.               413
  • Figure 109. MEDICELLU™.            414
  • Figure 110. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.               416
  • Figure 111. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.            416
  • Figure 112. CNF nonwoven fabric.            417
  • Figure 113. Roof frame made of natural fiber.     420
  • Figure 114. Beyond Leather Materials product.   423
  • Figure 115. Natural fibres racing seat.     426
  • Figure 116. Cellugy materials.     431
  • Figure 117. nanoforest-S.             434
  • Figure 118. nanoforest-PDP.       434
  • Figure 119. nanoforest-MB.        435
  • Figure 120. Celish.           437
  • Figure 121. Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 438
  • Figure 122. ELLEX products.         439
  • Figure 123. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.          440
  • Figure 124. Kirekira! toilet wipes.              440
  • Figure 125. Color CNF.   441
  • Figure 126. Rheocrysta spray.     444
  • Figure 127. DKS CNF products.   445
  • Figure 128. Mushroom leather. 448
  • Figure 129. CNF based on citrus peel.      449
  • Figure 130. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.    450
  • Figure 131. Filler Bank CNC products.      453
  • Figure 132. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.     454
  • Figure 133. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 456
  • Figure 134. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.              457
  • Figure 135. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.            461
  • Figure 136. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).              462
  • Figure 137. CNF gel.        465
  • Figure 138. Block nanocellulose material.              466
  • Figure 139. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.            466
  • Figure 140. Marine leather products.      467
  • Figure 141. Dual Graft System.   470
  • Figure 142. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.        471
  • Figure 143. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).           471
  • Figure 144. Kami Shoji CNF products.      472
  • Figure 145. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).     474
  • Figure 146. BioFlex process.        479
  • Figure 147. Chitin nanofiber product.      481
  • Figure 148. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.            483
  • Figure 149. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 484
  • Figure 150. Cellulomix production process.           485
  • Figure 151. Nanobase versus conventional products.       486
  • Figure 152. MOGU-Wave panels.              488
  • Figure 153. CNF slurries.                489
  • Figure 154. Range of CNF products.          489
  • Figure 155. Reishi.           492
  • Figure 156. Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers.          498
  • Figure 157. Leather made from leaves.   499
  • Figure 158. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.      500
  • Figure 159. CNF clear sheets.      502
  • Figure 160. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       504
  • Figure 161. XCNF.            509
  • Figure 162. CNF insulation flat plates.     511
  • Figure 163. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 514
  • Figure 164. Lyocell process.         516
  • Figure 165. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.          518
  • Figure 166. Spider silk production.            519
  • Figure 167. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.       520
  • Figure 168. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 521
  • Figure 169. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.          521
  • Figure 170. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       522
  • Figure 171. Sulapac cosmetics containers.             524
  • Figure 172. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.     528
  • Figure 173. CNF resin products. 531
  • Figure 174. Vegea production process.   533
  • Figure 175. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.     535
  • Figure 176. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film.        536
  • Figure 177. Worn Again products.             537
  • Figure 178. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.       540
  • Figure 179. High purity lignin.     543
  • Figure 180. Lignocellulose architecture. 543
  • Figure 181. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.                544
  • Figure 182. The lignocellulose biorefinery.            550
  • Figure 183. LignoBoost process. 555
  • Figure 184. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor.          556
  • Figure 185. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system.         556
  • Figure 186. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept.       558
  • Figure 187.  Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 559
  • Figure 188. Organosolv lignin.     562
  • Figure 189. Hydrolytic lignin powder.      562
  • Figure 190. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2031 (000 MT).            567
  • Figure 191. Schematic of WISA plywood home.   570
  • Figure 192. Lignin based activated carbon.            572
  • Figure 193. Lignin/celluose precursor.     574
  • Figure 194. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.    588
  • Figure 195. DAWN Technology Process. 591
  • Figure 196. BALI™ technology.   594
  • Figure 197. Pressurized Hot Water Extraction.     597
  • Figure 198. sunliquid® production process.           601
  • Figure 199. Domsjö process.       602
  • Figure 200.  TMP-Bio Process.    605
  • Figure 201. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.          606
  • Figure 202. AVAPTM process.     611
  • Figure 203. GreenPower+™ process.       612
  • Figure 204. BioFlex process.        619
  • Figure 205. LX Process.  621
  • Figure 206. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.              624
  • Figure 207. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.            630
  • Figure 208: Plantrose process.    635
  • Figure 209. Hansa lignin.               639
  • Figure 210. UPM biorefinery process.     648
  • Figure 211. The Proesa® Process.              650
  • Figure 212. Goldilocks process and applications. 651

 

 

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