Published March 2023 | 1220 pages, 338 figures, 234 tables | Download table of contents
With the need to supplement global plastics production with sustainable alternatives, and the dearth of available recycled plastic (~9% of the world's plastic is recycled), many producers are turning to bio-based alternatives. Bio-based materials refer to products that mainly consist of a substance (or substances) derived from living matter (biomass) and either occur naturally or are synthesized, or it may refer to products made by processes that use biomass. Materials from biomass sources include bulk chemicals, platform chemicals, solvents, polymers, and biocomposites. The many processes to convert biomass components to value-added products and fuels can be classified broadly as biochemical or thermochemical. In addition, biotechnological processes that rely mainly on plant breeding, fermentation, and conventional enzyme isolation also are used. New bio-based materials that may compete with conventional materials are emerging continually, and the opportunities to use them in existing and novel products are explored in this publication.
There is growing consumer demand and regulatory push for bio-based chemicals, materials, polymers, plastics, paints, coatings and fuels with high performance, good recyclability and biodegradable properties to underpin transition towards more sustainable manufacturing and products.
The Global Market for Bio-based Materials 2023-2033 presents a complete picture of the current market and future outlooks, covering bio-based chemicals and feedstocks, materials, polymers, bio-plastics, bio-fuels and bio-based paints and coatings. Contents include:
- In depth market analysis of bio-based chemical feedstocks, biopolymers, bioplastics, natural fibers and lignin, biofuels and bio-based coatings and paints.
- Global production capacities, market volumes and trends, current and forecast to 2033.
- Analysis of bio-based chemical including 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO), Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), Epichlorohydrin (ECH), Ethylene, Furan derivatives, 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA), Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME), Isosorbide, Itaconic acid, 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), Lactic acid (D-LA), Lactic acid – L-lactic acid (L-LA), Lactide, Levoglucosenone, Levulinic acid, Monoethylene glycol (MEG), Monopropylene glycol (MPG), Muconic acid, Naphtha, 1,5-Pentametylenediamine (DN5), 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), Sebacic acid and Succinic acid.
- Analysis of synthetic bio-polymers and bio-plastics market including Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA), Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET), Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT), Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF), Polyamides (Bio-PA), Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT), Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers, Polyethylene (Bio-PE), Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
- Analysis of naturally produced bio-based polymers including Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Polysaccharides, Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), Cellulose nanocrystals, Cellulose nanofibers, Protein-based bioplastics, Algal and fungal materials.
- Analysis of market for bio-fuels.
- Analysis of types of natural fibers including plant fibers, animal fibers including alternative leather, wool, silk fiber and down and polysaccharides.
- Markets for natural fibers, including composites, aerospace, automotive, construction & building, sports & leisure, textiles, consumer products and packaging.
- Production capacities of lignin producers.
- In depth analysis of biorefinery lignin production.
- Analysis of the market for bio-based, sustainable paints and coatings.
- Analysis of types of bio-coatings and paints market. Including Alkyd coatings, Polyurethane coatings, Epoxy coatings, Acrylate resins, Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA), Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Cellulose, Rosins, Biobased carbon black, Lignin, Edible coatings, Protein-based biomaterials for coatings, Alginate etc.
- Profiles of over 800 companies. Companies profiled include Algal Bio, AMSilk GmbH, Arkema, Avantium, BASF, Bioform Technologies, Bolt Threads, Borealis, Braskem, B’ZEOS, Cathay, CJ Biomaterials, Danimer Scientific, Dupont, Ecovative, Full Cycle Bioplastics, Genecis, Humble Bee Bio, Indorama, Loliware, Keel Labs, Kraig Biocraft Laboratories, Mitsubishi Chemicals, MycoWorks, Natrify, NatureWorks, Notpla, Novamont, PILI, Plastus, Smartfiber, Spiber, Stora Enso Oyj, Traceless Materials GmbH, Total Corbion and Venvirotech.
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 58
2 BIO-BASED CHEMICALS AND FEEDSTOCKS 60
- 2.1 Types 60
- 2.2 Production capacities 61
- 2.3 Bio-based adipic acid 62
- 2.3.1 Applications and production 63
- 2.4 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA) 63
- 2.4.1 Applications and production 64
- 2.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO) 65
- 2.5.1 Applications and production 65
- 2.6 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) 66
- 2.6.1 Applications and production 66
- 2.7 Epichlorohydrin (ECH) 67
- 2.7.1 Applications and production 67
- 2.8 Ethylene 68
- 2.8.1 Applications and production 69
- 2.9 Furfural 69
- 2.9.1 Applications and production 70
- 2.10 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 70
- 2.10.1 Applications and production 71
- 2.11 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF) 71
- 2.11.1 Applications and production 71
- 2.12 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) 71
- 2.12.1 Applications and production 72
- 2.13 Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME) 72
- 2.14 Isosorbide 72
- 2.14.1 Applications and production 73
- 2.15 Itaconic acid 73
- 2.15.1 Applications and production 73
- 2.16 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) 73
- 2.16.1 Applications and production 74
- 2.17 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) 74
- 2.17.1 Applications and production 75
- 2.18 Lactic acid (D-LA) 75
- 2.18.1 Applications and production 76
- 2.19 Lactic acid – L-lactic acid (L-LA) 76
- 2.19.1 Applications and production 76
- 2.20 Lactide 77
- 2.20.1 Applications and production 78
- 2.21 Levoglucosenone 79
- 2.21.1 Applications and production 80
- 2.22 Levulinic acid 80
- 2.22.1 Applications and production 80
- 2.23 Monoethylene glycol (MEG) 80
- 2.23.1 Applications and production 81
- 2.24 Monopropylene glycol (MPG) 81
- 2.24.1 Applications and production 82
- 2.25 Muconic acid 82
- 2.25.1 Applications and production 83
- 2.26 Bio-Naphtha 83
- 2.26.1 Applications and production 84
- 2.26.2 Production capacities 84
- 2.26.3 Bio-naptha producers 85
- 2.27 Pentamethylene diisocyanate 86
- 2.27.1 Applications and production 87
- 2.28 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) 87
- 2.28.1 Applications and production 87
- 2.29 Sebacic acid 88
- 2.29.1 Applications and production 88
- 2.30 Succinic acid (SA) 89
- 2.30.1 Applications and production 90
3 BIO-BASED MATERIALS, PLASTICS AND POLYMERS 90
- 3.1 Global production of plastics 90
- 3.2 The importance of plastic 91
- 3.3 Issues with plastics use 91
- 3.4 Policy and regulations 92
- 3.5 The circular economy 93
- 3.6 Bio-based or renewable plastics 94
- 3.6.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics 95
- 3.6.2 Novel bio-based plastics 96
- 3.7 Biodegradable and compostable plastics 97
- 3.7.1 Biodegradability 97
- 3.7.2 Compostability 98
- 3.8 Advantages and disadvantages 98
- 3.9 Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics 99
- 3.10 Market leaders by biobased and/or biodegradable plastic types 101
- 3.11 Regional/country production capacities, by main types 102
- 3.11.1 Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities, by country 104
- 3.11.2 Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities, by country 105
- 3.11.3 Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities, by country 106
- 3.11.4 Bio-based Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities, by country 107
- 3.11.5 Bio-based Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) production capacities, by country 108
- 3.11.6 Bio-based Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production capacities, by country 109
- 3.11.7 Bio-based Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities, by country 110
- 3.11.8 Bio-based Polylactic acid (PLA) production capacities, by country 111
- 3.11.9 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production capacities, by country 112
- 3.11.10 Starch blends production capacities, by country 113
- 3.12 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS 114
- 3.12.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 114
- 3.12.1.1 Market analysis 114
- 3.12.1.2 Production 116
- 3.12.1.3 Producers and production capacities, current and planned 116
- 3.12.1.3.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities 116
- 3.12.1.3.2 PLA producers and production capacities 117
- 3.12.1.3.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons) 118
- 3.12.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) 119
- 3.12.2.1 Market analysis 119
- 3.12.2.2 Producers and production capacities 120
- 3.12.2.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons) 121
- 3.12.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) 122
- 3.12.3.1 Market analysis 122
- 3.12.3.2 Producers and production capacities 122
- 3.12.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons) 123
- 3.12.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) 124
- 3.12.4.1 Market analysis 124
- 3.12.4.2 Comparative properties to PET 125
- 3.12.4.3 Producers and production capacities 126
- 3.12.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities 126
- 3.12.4.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons). 127
- 3.12.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA) 128
- 3.12.5.1 Market analysis 129
- 3.12.5.2 Producers and production capacities 130
- 3.12.5.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons) 130
- 3.12.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) 131
- 3.12.6.1 Market analysis 131
- 3.12.6.2 Producers and production capacities 132
- 3.12.6.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons) 133
- 3.12.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers 134
- 3.12.7.1 Market analysis 134
- 3.12.7.2 Producers and production capacities 135
- 3.12.7.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons) 135
- 3.12.8 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) 136
- 3.12.8.1 Market analysis 136
- 3.12.8.2 Producers and production capacities 137
- 3.12.8.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons). 137
- 3.12.9 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 138
- 3.12.9.1 Market analysis 139
- 3.12.9.2 Producers and production capacities 139
- 3.12.9.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons) 139
- 3.12.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 114
- 3.13 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS 141
- 3.13.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 141
- 3.13.1.1 Technology description 141
- 3.13.1.2 Types 143
- 3.13.1.2.1 PHB 145
- 3.13.1.2.2 PHBV 146
- 3.13.1.3 Synthesis and production processes 147
- 3.13.1.4 Market analysis 150
- 3.13.1.5 Commercially available PHAs 151
- 3.13.1.6 Markets for PHAs 152
- 3.13.1.6.1 Packaging 154
- 3.13.1.6.2 Cosmetics 155
- 3.13.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres 155
- 3.13.1.6.3 Medical 156
- 3.13.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering 156
- 3.13.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery 156
- 3.13.1.6.4 Agriculture 156
- 3.13.1.6.4.1 Mulch film 156
- 3.13.1.6.4.2 Grow bags 156
- 3.13.1.7 Producers and production capacities 157
- 3.13.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons) 159
- 3.13.2 Cellulose 160
- 3.13.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 160
- 3.13.2.1.1 Market analysis 160
- 3.13.2.1.2 Producers and production capacities 161
- 3.13.2.2 Nanocellulose 161
- 3.13.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals 161
- 3.13.2.2.1.1 Synthesis 162
- 3.13.2.2.1.2 Properties 164
- 3.13.2.2.1.3 Production 165
- 3.13.2.2.1.4 Applications 165
- 3.13.2.2.1.5 Market analysis 167
- 3.13.2.2.1.6 Producers and production capacities 168
- 3.13.2.2.2 Cellulose nanofibers 169
- 3.13.2.2.2.1 Applications 169
- 3.13.2.2.2.2 Market analysis 170
- 3.13.2.2.2.3 Producers and production capacities 172
- 3.13.2.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 173
- 3.13.2.2.3.1 Production 173
- 3.13.2.2.3.2 Applications 176
- 3.13.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals 161
- 3.13.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 160
- 3.13.3 Protein-based bioplastics 177
- 3.13.3.1 Types, applications and producers 178
- 3.13.4 Algal and fungal 179
- 3.13.4.1 Algal 179
- 3.13.4.1.1 Advantages 179
- 3.13.4.1.2 Production 181
- 3.13.4.1.3 Producers 181
- 3.13.4.2 Mycelium 182
- 3.13.4.2.1 Properties 182
- 3.13.4.2.2 Applications 183
- 3.13.4.2.3 Commercialization 184
- 3.13.4.1 Algal 179
- 3.13.5 Chitosan 185
- 3.13.5.1 Technology description 185
- 3.13.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 141
- 3.14 PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION 186
- 3.14.1 North America 187
- 3.14.2 Europe 188
- 3.14.3 Asia-Pacific 188
- 3.14.3.1 China 188
- 3.14.3.2 Japan 189
- 3.14.3.3 Thailand 189
- 3.14.3.4 Indonesia 189
- 3.14.4 Latin America 190
- 3.15 MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS 191
- 3.15.1 Packaging 192
- 3.15.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging 192
- 3.15.1.2 Applications 193
- 3.15.1.3 Flexible packaging 194
- 3.15.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2033 196
- 3.15.1.4 Rigid packaging 196
- 3.15.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2033 198
- 3.15.2 Consumer products 199
- 3.15.2.1 Applications 199
- 3.15.3 Automotive 200
- 3.15.3.1 Applications 200
- 3.15.3.2 Production capacities 200
- 3.15.4 Building & construction 201
- 3.15.4.1 Applications 201
- 3.15.4.2 Production capacities 201
- 3.15.5 Textiles 202
- 3.15.5.1 Apparel 202
- 3.15.5.2 Footwear 203
- 3.15.5.3 Medical textiles 205
- 3.15.5.4 Production capacities 205
- 3.15.6 Electronics 206
- 3.15.6.1 Applications 206
- 3.15.6.2 Production capacities 206
- 3.15.7 Agriculture and horticulture 207
- 3.15.7.1 Production capacities 208
- 3.15.1 Packaging 192
- 3.16 NATURAL FIBERS 208
- 3.16.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers 212
- 3.16.2 Advantages of natural fibers 213
- 3.16.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products 214
- 3.16.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers 217
- 3.16.5 Challenges 219
- 3.16.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose) 220
- 3.16.6.1 Seed fibers 220
- 3.16.6.1.1 Cotton 220
- 3.16.6.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2033 221
- 3.16.6.1.2 Kapok 221
- 3.16.6.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2033 222
- 3.16.6.1.3 Luffa 223
- 3.16.6.1.1 Cotton 220
- 3.16.6.2 Bast fibers 224
- 3.16.6.2.1 Jute 224
- 3.16.6.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2033 225
- 3.16.6.2.2.1 Hemp 226
- 3.16.6.2.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2033 226
- 3.16.6.2.3 Flax 227
- 3.16.6.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2033 228
- 3.16.6.2.4 Ramie 229
- 3.16.6.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2033 229
- 3.16.6.2.5 Kenaf 230
- 3.16.6.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2033 231
- 3.16.6.3 Leaf fibers 232
- 3.16.6.3.1 Sisal 232
- 3.16.6.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2033 233
- 3.16.6.3.2 Abaca 233
- 3.16.6.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2033 234
- 3.16.6.3.1 Sisal 232
- 3.16.6.4 Fruit fibers 235
- 3.16.6.4.1 Coir 235
- 3.16.6.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2033 235
- 3.16.6.4.2 Banana 236
- 3.16.6.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2033 237
- 3.16.6.4.3 Pineapple 238
- 3.16.6.4.1 Coir 235
- 3.16.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues 239
- 3.16.6.5.1 Rice fiber 239
- 3.16.6.5.2 Corn 240
- 3.16.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed 241
- 3.16.6.6.1 Switch grass 241
- 3.16.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues) 241
- 3.16.6.6.3 Bamboo 242
- 3.16.6.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2033 243
- 3.16.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery) 243
- 3.16.6.7 Modified natural polymers 244
- 3.16.6.7.1 Mycelium 244
- 3.16.6.7.2 Chitosan 246
- 3.16.6.7.3 Alginate 247
- 3.16.6.1 Seed fibers 220
- 3.16.7 Animal (fibrous protein) 249
- 3.16.7.1 Wool 249
- 3.16.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials 250
- 3.16.7.1.2 Producers 250
- 3.16.7.2 Silk fiber 250
- 3.16.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials 251
- 3.16.7.2.1.1 Producers 251
- 3.16.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials 251
- 3.16.7.3 Leather 252
- 3.16.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials 253
- 3.16.7.3.1.1 Producers 253
- 3.16.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials 253
- 3.16.7.4 Fur 255
- 3.16.7.4.1 Producers 255
- 3.16.7.5 Down 255
- 3.16.7.5.1 Alternative down materials 255
- 3.16.7.5.1.1 Producers 255
- 3.16.7.5.1 Alternative down materials 255
- 3.16.7.1 Wool 249
- 3.16.8 MARKETS FOR NATURAL FIBERS 256
- 3.16.8.1 Composites 256
- 3.16.8.2 Applications 256
- 3.16.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds 257
- 3.16.8.3.1 Properties 258
- 3.16.8.3.2 Applications 258
- 3.16.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites 258
- 3.16.8.4.1 Automotive 258
- 3.16.8.4.2 Applications 259
- 3.16.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites 259
- 3.16.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds 260
- 3.16.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats 261
- 3.16.8.7.1 Flax 261
- 3.16.8.7.2 Kenaf 261
- 3.16.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites 261
- 3.16.8.9 Aerospace 262
- 3.16.8.9.1 Market overview 262
- 3.16.8.10 Automotive 262
- 3.16.8.10.1 Market overview 262
- 3.16.8.10.2 Applications of natural fibers 267
- 3.16.8.11 Building/construction 268
- 3.16.8.11.1 Market overview 268
- 3.16.8.11.2 Applications of natural fibers 268
- 3.16.8.12 Sports and leisure 269
- 3.16.8.12.1 Market overview 269
- 3.16.8.13 Textiles 270
- 3.16.8.13.1 Market overview 270
- 3.16.8.13.2 Consumer apparel 271
- 3.16.8.13.3 Geotextiles 271
- 3.16.8.14 Packaging 272
- 3.16.8.14.1 Market overview 273
- 3.16.9 NATURAL FIBERS GLOBAL PRODUCTION 275
- 3.16.9.1 Overall global fibers market 275
- 3.16.9.2 Plant-based fiber production 277
- 3.16.9.3 Animal-based natural fiber production 278
- 3.17 LIGNIN 279
- 3.17.1 INTRODUCTION 279
- 3.17.1.1 What is lignin? 279
- 3.17.1.1.1 Lignin structure 280
- 3.17.1.2 Types of lignin 281
- 3.17.1.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin 283
- 3.17.1.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process 283
- 3.17.1.3 Properties 284
- 3.17.1.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery 286
- 3.17.1.5 Markets and applications 287
- 3.17.1.6 Challenges for using lignin 289
- 3.17.1.1 What is lignin? 279
- 3.17.2 LIGNIN PRODUCTON PROCESSES 289
- 3.17.2.1 Lignosulphonates 291
- 3.17.2.2 Kraft Lignin 291
- 3.17.2.2.1 LignoBoost process 292
- 3.17.2.2.2 LignoForce method 292
- 3.17.2.2.3 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification 293
- 3.17.2.2.4 A-Recovery+ 294
- 3.17.2.3 Soda lignin 295
- 3.17.2.4 Biorefinery lignin 295
- 3.17.2.4.1 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 296
- 3.17.2.5 Organosolv lignins 298
- 3.17.2.6 Hydrolytic lignin 299
- 3.17.3 MARKETS FOR LIGNIN 300
- 3.17.3.1 Market drivers and trends for lignin 300
- 3.17.3.2 Production capacities 301
- 3.17.3.2.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y) 301
- 3.17.3.2.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery) 302
- 3.17.3.3 Estimated consumption of lignin 302
- 3.17.3.4 Prices 304
- 3.17.3.5 Heat and power energy 304
- 3.17.3.6 Pyrolysis and syngas 304
- 3.17.3.7 Aromatic compounds 305
- 3.17.3.7.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene 305
- 3.17.3.7.2 Phenol and phenolic resins 305
- 3.17.3.7.3 Vanillin 306
- 3.17.3.8 Plastics and polymers 306
- 3.17.3.9 Hydrogels 307
- 3.17.3.10 Carbon materials 308
- 3.17.3.10.1 Carbon black 308
- 3.17.3.10.2 Activated carbons 308
- 3.17.3.10.3 Carbon fiber 309
- 3.17.3.11 Concrete 310
- 3.17.3.12 Rubber 311
- 3.17.3.13 Biofuels 311
- 3.17.3.14 Bitumen and Asphalt 311
- 3.17.3.15 Oil and gas 312
- 3.17.3.16 Energy storage 313
- 3.17.3.16.1 Supercapacitors 313
- 3.17.3.16.2 Anodes for lithium-ion batteries 313
- 3.17.3.16.3 Gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries 314
- 3.17.3.16.4 Binders for lithium-ion batteries 314
- 3.17.3.16.5 Cathodes for lithium-ion batteries 314
- 3.17.3.16.6 Sodium-ion batteries 315
- 3.17.3.17 Binders, emulsifiers and dispersants 315
- 3.17.3.18 Chelating agents 317
- 3.17.3.19 Ceramics 318
- 3.17.3.20 Automotive interiors 318
- 3.17.3.21 Fire retardants 319
- 3.17.3.22 Antioxidants 319
- 3.17.3.23 Lubricants 319
- 3.17.3.24 Dust control 320
- 3.17.1 INTRODUCTION 279
- 3.18 BIO-BASED MATERIALS, PLASTICS AND POLYMERS COMPANY PROFILES 321 (519 company profiles)
4 BIO-BASED FUELS 753
- 4.1 The global biofuels market 754
- 4.1.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives 754
- 4.1.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives 755
- 4.2 Comparison of biofuel costs 2022, by type 756
- 4.3 Types 757
- 4.3.1 Solid Biofuels 757
- 4.3.2 Liquid Biofuels 757
- 4.3.3 Gaseous Biofuels 758
- 4.3.4 Conventional Biofuels 758
- 4.3.5 Advanced Biofuels 759
- 4.4 Feedstocks 760
- 4.4.1 First-generation (1-G) 761
- 4.4.2 Second-generation (2-G) 763
- 4.4.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues 764
- 4.4.2.2 Biorefinery lignin 765
- 4.4.3 Third-generation (3-G) 769
- 4.4.3.1 Algal biofuels 769
- 4.4.3.1.1 Properties 770
- 4.4.3.1.2 Advantages 770
- 4.4.3.1 Algal biofuels 769
- 4.4.4 Fourth-generation (4-G) 772
- 4.4.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation 772
- 4.5 HYDROCARBON BIOFUELS 774
- 4.5.1 Biodiesel 774
- 4.5.1.1 Biodiesel by generation 775
- 4.5.1.2 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels 776
- 4.5.1.2.1 Pyrolysis of biomass 777
- 4.5.1.2.2 Vegetable oil transesterification 780
- 4.5.1.2.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO) 781
- 4.5.1.2.3.1 Production process 782
- 4.5.1.2.4 Biodiesel from tall oil 783
- 4.5.1.2.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel 783
- 4.5.1.2.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass 785
- 4.5.1.2.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) 786
- 4.5.1.2.8 Dymethyl ether (DME) 786
- 4.5.1.3 Global production and consumption 787
- 4.5.2 Renewable diesel 789
- 4.5.2.1 Production 789
- 4.5.2.2 Global consumption 790
- 4.5.3 Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels 792
- 4.5.3.1 Description 792
- 4.5.3.2 Global market 793
- 4.5.3.3 Production pathways 793
- 4.5.4 Costs 796
- 4.5.4.1 Biojet fuel production capacities 796
- 4.5.4.2 Challenges 797
- 4.5.4.3 Global consumption 797
- 4.5.5 Syngas 798
- 4.5.6 Biogas and biomethane 799
- 4.5.6.1 Feedstocks 802
- 4.5.7 Bio-naphtha 803
- 4.5.7.1 Overview 803
- 4.5.7.2 Markets and applications 804
- 4.5.7.3 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned 805
- 4.5.7.4 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned 807
- 4.5.1 Biodiesel 774
- 4.6 ALCOHOL FUELS 808
- 4.6.1 Biomethanol 808
- 4.6.1.1 Methanol-to gasoline technology 808
- 4.6.1.1.1 Production processes 809
- 4.6.1.1.1.1 Anaerobic digestion 810
- 4.6.1.1.1.2 Biomass gasification 810
- 4.6.1.1.1.3 Power to Methane 811
- 4.6.1.1.1 Production processes 809
- 4.6.1.1 Methanol-to gasoline technology 808
- 4.6.2 Bioethanol 812
- 4.6.2.1 Technology description 812
- 4.6.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol 813
- 4.6.2.3 Ethanol to jet fuel technology 813
- 4.6.2.4 Methanol from pulp & paper production 814
- 4.6.2.5 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation 814
- 4.6.2.6 Gasification 815
- 4.6.2.6.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation 815
- 4.6.2.7 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion 815
- 4.6.2.8 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis 816
- 4.6.2.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation 816
- 4.6.2.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation 816
- 4.6.2.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) 817
- 4.6.2.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) 817
- 4.6.2.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) 818
- 4.6.2.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP) 818
- 4.6.2.10 Global ethanol consumption 819
- 4.6.3 Biobutanol 820
- 4.6.3.1 Production 822
- 4.6.1 Biomethanol 808
- 4.7 BIOFUEL FROM PLASTIC WASTE AND USED TIRES 823
- 4.7.1 Plastic pyrolysis 823
- 4.7.2 Used tires pyrolysis 824
- 4.7.2.1 Conversion to biofuel 825
- 4.8 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS) 827
- 4.8.1 Introduction 827
- 4.8.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels 829
- 4.8.2 Feedstocks 830
- 4.8.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis 830
- 4.8.2.2 CO2 capture 831
- 4.8.3 Production 831
- 4.8.3.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned 834
- 4.8.4 Electrolysers 835
- 4.8.4.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs) 836
- 4.8.4.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC) 836
- 4.8.4.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs) 837
- 4.8.5 Costs 837
- 4.8.6 Market challenges 840
- 4.8.7 Companies 841
- 4.8.1 Introduction 827
- 4.9 ALGAE-DERIVED BIOFUELS 842
- 4.9.1 Technology description 842
- 4.9.2 Production 842
- 4.10 GREEN AMMONIA 844
- 4.10.1 Production 844
- 4.10.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production 846
- 4.10.1.2 Green ammonia projects 847
- 4.10.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods 847
- 4.10.2.1 Haber-Bosch process 847
- 4.10.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation 848
- 4.10.2.3 Electrochemical production 849
- 4.10.2.3.1 Chemical looping processes 849
- 4.10.3 Blue ammonia 849
- 4.10.3.1 Blue ammonia projects 849
- 4.10.4 Markets and applications 850
- 4.10.4.1 Chemical energy storage 850
- 4.10.4.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells 850
- 4.10.4.2 Marine fuel 851
- 4.10.4.1 Chemical energy storage 850
- 4.10.5 Costs 853
- 4.10.6 Estimated market demand 855
- 4.10.7 Companies and projects 855
- 4.10.1 Production 844
- 4.11 BIOFUELS FROM CARBON CAPTURE 857
- 4.11.1 Overview 858
- 4.11.2 CO2 capture from point sources 860
- 4.11.3 Production routes 861
- 4.11.4 Direct air capture (DAC) 862
- 4.11.4.1 Description 862
- 4.11.4.2 Deployment 864
- 4.11.4.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture 865
- 4.11.4.4 Technologies 866
- 4.11.4.4.1 Solid sorbents 867
- 4.11.4.4.2 Liquid sorbents 869
- 4.11.4.4.3 Liquid solvents 870
- 4.11.4.4.4 Airflow equipment integration 871
- 4.11.4.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) 871
- 4.11.4.5 Direct conversion 872
- 4.11.4.5.1 Co-product generation 872
- 4.11.4.5.2 Low Temperature DAC 872
- 4.11.4.5.3 Regeneration methods 872
- 4.11.4.6 Commercialization and plants 873
- 4.11.4.7 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC 874
- 4.11.4.8 DAC plants and projects-current and planned 874
- 4.11.4.9 Markets for DAC 881
- 4.11.4.10 Costs 882
- 4.11.4.11 Challenges 887
- 4.11.4.12 Players and production 888
- 4.11.5 Methanol 888
- 4.11.6 Algae based biofuels 889
- 4.11.7 CO₂-fuels from solar 890
- 4.11.8 Companies 892
- 4.11.9 Challenges 894
- 4.12 BIO-BASED FUELS COMPANY PROFILES 895 (164 company profiles)
5 BIO-BASED PAINTS AND COATINGS 1027
- 5.1 The global paints and coatings market 1027
- 5.2 Bio-based paints and coatings 1027
- 5.3 Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings 1028
- 5.4 Types of bio-based coatings and materials 1029
- 5.4.1 Alkyd coatings 1029
- 5.4.1.1 Alkyd resin properties 1029
- 5.4.1.2 Biobased alkyd coatings 1030
- 5.4.1.3 Products 1031
- 5.4.2 Polyurethane coatings 1032
- 5.4.2.1 Properties 1032
- 5.4.2.2 Biobased polyurethane coatings 1033
- 5.4.2.3 Products 1034
- 5.4.3 Epoxy coatings 1035
- 5.4.3.1 Properties 1035
- 5.4.3.2 Biobased epoxy coatings 1036
- 5.4.3.3 Products 1037
- 5.4.4 Acrylate resins 1038
- 5.4.4.1 Properties 1039
- 5.4.4.2 Biobased acrylates 1039
- 5.4.4.3 Products 1039
- 5.4.5 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 1040
- 5.4.5.1 Properties 1042
- 5.4.5.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films 1043
- 5.4.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 1043
- 5.4.6.1 Properties 1045
- 5.4.6.2 PHA coatings 1047
- 5.4.6.3 Commercially available PHAs 1048
- 5.4.7 Cellulose 1050
- 5.4.7.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 1056
- 5.4.7.1.1 Properties 1056
- 5.4.7.1.2 Applications in paints and coatings 1057
- 5.4.7.2 Cellulose nanofibers 1058
- 5.4.7.2.1 Properties 1058
- 5.4.7.2.2 Product developers 1060
- 5.4.7.3 Cellulose nanocrystals 1062
- 5.4.7.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 1064
- 5.4.7.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 1056
- 5.4.8 Rosins 1064
- 5.4.9 Biobased carbon black 1065
- 5.4.9.1 Lignin-based 1065
- 5.4.9.2 Algae-based 1065
- 5.4.10 Lignin 1065
- 5.4.10.1 Application in coatings 1066
- 5.4.11 Edible coatings 1066
- 5.4.12 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings 1068
- 5.4.12.1 Plant derived proteins 1068
- 5.4.12.2 Animal origin proteins 1068
- 5.4.13 Alginate 1070
- 5.4.1 Alkyd coatings 1029
- 5.5 Market for bio-based paints and coatings 1072
- 5.5.1 Global market revenues to 2033, total 1072
- 5.5.2 Global market revenues to 2033, by market 1073
- 5.6 BIO-BASED PAINTS AND COATINGS COMPANY PROFILES 1077 (130 company profiles)
6 REFERENCES 1198
List of Tables
- Table 1. List of Bio-based chemicals. 60
- Table 2. Lactide applications. 78
- Table 3. Biobased MEG producers capacities. 81
- Table 4. Bio-naphtha market value chain. 83
- Table 5. Bio-naptha producers and production capacities. 85
- Table 6. Issues related to the use of plastics. 92
- Table 7. Type of biodegradation. 97
- Table 8. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics. 98
- Table 9. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications. 99
- Table 10. Market leader by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types. 101
- Table 11. Bioplastics regional production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033. 102
- Table 12. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 114
- Table 13. Lactic acid producers and production capacities. 116
- Table 14. PLA producers and production capacities. 117
- Table 15. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China. 117
- Table 16. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 119
- Table 17. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities (tons). 120
- Table 18. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 122
- Table 19. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers. 122
- Table 20. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 124
- Table 21. PEF vs. PET. 125
- Table 22. FDCA and PEF producers. 126
- Table 23. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 129
- Table 24. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities. 130
- Table 25. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 131
- Table 26. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands. 132
- Table 27. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 134
- Table 28. Leading PBS producers and production capacities. 135
- Table 29. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 136
- Table 30. Leading Bio-PE producers. 137
- Table 31. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 139
- Table 32. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities. 139
- Table 33.Types of PHAs and properties. 144
- Table 34. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers. 146
- Table 35. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods. 148
- Table 36. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 150
- Table 37. Commercially available PHAs. 151
- Table 38. Markets and applications for PHAs. 153
- Table 39. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging. 154
- Table 40. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers. 157
- Table 41. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications. 160
- Table 42. Leading MFC producers and capacities. 161
- Table 43. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). 162
- Table 44. CNC sources, size and yield. 163
- Table 45. CNC properties. 164
- Table 46. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials. 165
- Table 47. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). 166
- Table 48. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis. 167
- Table 49: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer. 168
- Table 50. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). 169
- Table 51. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis. 170
- Table 52. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes. 172
- Table 53. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). 176
- Table 54. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies. 178
- Table 55. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies. 179
- Table 56. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 180
- Table 57. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics. 181
- Table 58. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 182
- Table 59. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics. 184
- Table 60. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 185
- Table 61. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2033, by region, tons. 186
- Table 62. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America. 187
- Table 63. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe. 188
- Table 64. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific. 189
- Table 65. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America. 190
- Table 66. Processes for bioplastics in packaging. 192
- Table 67. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging. 194
- Table 68. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging. 195
- Table 69. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging. 197
- Table 70. Types of next-gen natural fibers. 209
- Table 71. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers. 212
- Table 72. Typical properties of natural fibers. 214
- Table 73. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products. 214
- Table 74. Market drivers for natural fibers. 217
- Table 75. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 220
- Table 76. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 221
- Table 77. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 223
- Table 78. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 224
- Table 79. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 226
- Table 80. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 227
- Table 81. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 229
- Table 82. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 230
- Table 83. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 232
- Table 84. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 233
- Table 85. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 235
- Table 86. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 236
- Table 87. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 238
- Table 88. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 239
- Table 89. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 240
- Table 90. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications. 241
- Table 91. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size. 241
- Table 92. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 242
- Table 93. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 246
- Table 94. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 247
- Table 95. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 248
- Table 96. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 249
- Table 97. Alternative wool materials producers. 250
- Table 98. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size. 251
- Table 99. Alternative silk materials producers. 252
- Table 100. Alternative leather materials producers. 253
- Table 101. Next-gen fur producers. 255
- Table 102. Alternative down materials producers. 255
- Table 103. Applications of natural fiber composites. 256
- Table 104. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites. 258
- Table 105. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites. 259
- Table 106. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites. 260
- Table 107. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds. 260
- Table 108. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats. 261
- Table 109. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 262
- Table 110. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market. 264
- Table 111. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 265
- Table 112. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry. 267
- Table 113. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 268
- Table 114. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector. 268
- Table 115. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 269
- Table 116. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 270
- Table 117. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 273
- Table 118. Technical lignin types and applications. 281
- Table 119. Classification of technical lignins. 283
- Table 120. Lignin content of selected biomass. 284
- Table 121. Properties of lignins and their applications. 285
- Table 122. Example markets and applications for lignin. 287
- Table 123. Processes for lignin production. 289
- Table 124. Biorefinery feedstocks. 295
- Table 125. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 295
- Table 126. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 296
- Table 127. Market drivers and trends for lignin. 300
- Table 128. Production capacities of technical lignin producers. 301
- Table 129. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers. 302
- Table 130. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2033 (000 MT). 303
- Table 131. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives. 305
- Table 132. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers. 306
- Table 133. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries. 313
- Table 134. Application of lignin in binders, emulsifiers and dispersants. 315
- Table 135. Lactips plastic pellets. 539
- Table 136. Oji Holdings CNF products. 614
- Table 137. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2022, by type. 756
- Table 138. Categories and examples of solid biofuel. 757
- Table 139. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity. 759
- Table 140. Classification of biomass feedstock. 760
- Table 141. Biorefinery feedstocks. 760
- Table 142. Feedstock conversion pathways. 761
- Table 143. First-Generation Feedstocks. 761
- Table 144. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 764
- Table 145. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 765
- Table 146. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 766
- Table 147. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol. 768
- Table 148. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae. 770
- Table 149. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops. 771
- Table 150. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation. 772
- Table 151. Biodiesel by generation. 775
- Table 152. Biodiesel production techniques. 777
- Table 153. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions. 777
- Table 154. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield. 779
- Table 155. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 779
- Table 156. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel. 781
- Table 157. Main producers of HVO and capacities. 782
- Table 158. Example commercial Development of BtL processes. 783
- Table 159. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes. 784
- Table 160. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year). 788
- Table 161. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year). 791
- Table 162. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel 792
- Table 163. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel. 794
- Table 164. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities. 796
- Table 165. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year). 798
- Table 166. Biogas feedstocks. 802
- Table 167. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications. 804
- Table 168. Bio-naphtha market value chain. 804
- Table 169. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer. 805
- Table 170. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas. 809
- Table 171. Processes in bioethanol production. 817
- Table 172. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic. 818
- Table 173. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres). 819
- Table 174. Applications of e-fuels, by type. 828
- Table 175. Overview of e-fuels. 829
- Table 176. Benefits of e-fuels. 829
- Table 177. eFuel production facilities, current and planned. 834
- Table 178. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies. 835
- Table 179. Market challenges for e-fuels. 840
- Table 180. E-fuels companies. 841
- Table 181. Green ammonia projects (current and planned). 847
- Table 182. Blue ammonia projects. 849
- Table 183. Ammonia fuel cell technologies. 850
- Table 184. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel. 851
- Table 185. Summary of marine alternative fuels. 852
- Table 186. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia. 854
- Table 187. Main players in green ammonia. 855
- Table 188. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels. 858
- Table 189. Point source examples. 861
- Table 190. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 864
- Table 191. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC. 871
- Table 192. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies. 871
- Table 193. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies. 872
- Table 194. DAC companies and technologies. 873
- Table 195. DAC technology developers and production. 875
- Table 196. DAC projects in development. 880
- Table 197. Markets for DAC. 881
- Table 198. Costs summary for DAC. 882
- Table 199. Cost estimates of DAC. 885
- Table 200. Challenges for DAC technology. 887
- Table 201. DAC companies and technologies. 888
- Table 202. Microalgae products and prices. 890
- Table 203. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches. 891
- Table 204. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products. 892
- Table 205. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 948
- Table 206. Types of alkyd resins and properties. 1029
- Table 207. Market summary for biobased alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers. 1031
- Table 208. Biobased alkyd coating products. 1031
- Table 209. Types of polyols. 1033
- Table 210. Polyol producers. 1034
- Table 211. Biobased polyurethane coating products. 1034
- Table 212. Market summary for biobased epoxy resins. 1036
- Table 213. Biobased polyurethane coating products. 1038
- Table 214. Biobased acrylate resin products. 1039
- Table 215. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis. 1040
- Table 216. PLA producers and production capacities. 1042
- Table 217. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 1044
- Table 218.Types of PHAs and properties. 1047
- Table 219. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers. 1048
- Table 220. Commercially available PHAs. 1049
- Table 221. Properties of micro/nanocellulose, by type. 1052
- Table 222. Types of nanocellulose. 1055
- Table 223: MFC production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes. 1057
- Table 224. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 1058
- Table 225. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings. 1060
- Table 226. CNC properties. 1062
- Table 227: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes. 1063
- Table 228. Edible coatings market summary. 1067
- Table 229. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies. 1069
- Table 230. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 1070
- Table 231. Global market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD). 1072
- Table 232. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033(billions USD), conservative estimate. 1073
- Table 233. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), high estimate. 1075
- Table 234. Oji Holdings CNF products. 1162
List of Figures
- Figure 1. Bio-based chemicals and feedstocks production capacities, 2018-2033. 62
- Figure 2. Overview of Toray process. Overview of process 63
- Figure 3. Production capacities for 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA) 64
- Figure 4. 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 66
- Figure 5. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 67
- Figure 6. Epichlorohydrin production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 68
- Figure 7. Ethylene production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 69
- Figure 8. Potential industrial uses of 3-hydroxypropanoic acid. 74
- Figure 9. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 77
- Figure 10. Lactide production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 79
- Figure 11. Bio-MEG production capacities, 2018-2033. 81
- Figure 12. Bio-MPG production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 82
- Figure 13. Biobased naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 85
- Figure 14. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 88
- Figure 15. Sebacic acid production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 89
- Figure 16. Global plastics production 1950-2020, million metric tons. 91
- Figure 17. The circular plastic economy. 94
- Figure 18. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®. 96
- Figure 19. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics. 96
- Figure 20. Bioplastics regional production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033. 103
- Figure 21. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE), 1,000 tons, 2019-2033. 104
- Figure 22. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033 105
- Figure 23. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033. 106
- Figure 24. Bio-based Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033. 107
- Figure 25. Bio-based Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033. 108
- Figure 26. Bio-based Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033. 109
- Figure 27. Bio-based Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033. 110
- Figure 28. Bio-based Polylactic acid (PLA) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033. 111
- Figure 29. PHA production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033. 112
- Figure 30. Starch blends production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033. 113
- Figure 31. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons). 119
- Figure 32. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons) 121
- Figure 33. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons). 123
- Figure 34. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025. 126
- Figure 35. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons). 128
- Figure 36. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons). 131
- Figure 37. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons). 133
- Figure 38. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons). 136
- Figure 39. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons). 138
- Figure 40. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons). 140
- Figure 41. PHA family. 144
- Figure 42. PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons). 159
- Figure 43. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals. 162
- Figure 44. CNC preparation. 162
- Figure 45. Extracting CNC from trees. 163
- Figure 46. CNC slurry. 166
- Figure 47. CNF gel. 169
- Figure 48. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes 175
- Figure 49. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix. 181
- Figure 50. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam. 183
- Figure 51. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials. 184
- Figure 52. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2020. 186
- Figure 53. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025. 187
- Figure 54. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019-2033, 1,000 tons. 191
- Figure 55. PHA bioplastics products. 193
- Figure 56. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019–2033 (‘000 tonnes). 196
- Figure 57. Bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019–2033 (‘000 tonnes). 198
- Figure 58. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons. 199
- Figure 59. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons. 200
- Figure 60. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in building and construction 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons. 201
- Figure 61. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel. 203
- Figure 62. Reebok's [REE]GROW running shoes. 203
- Figure 63. Camper Runner K21. 205
- Figure 64. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in textiles 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons. 205
- Figure 65. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons. 206
- Figure 66. Biodegradable mulch films. 207
- Figure 67. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in agriculture 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons. 208
- Figure 68. Types of natural fibers. 212
- Figure 69. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap. 215
- Figure 70. Adidas algae-ink tees. 215
- Figure 71. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle. 215
- Figure 72. Miratex watch bands. 215
- Figure 73. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22. 215
- Figure 74. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker 216
- Figure 75. Cotton production volume 2018-2033 (Million MT). 221
- Figure 76. Kapok production volume 2018-2033 (MT). 222
- Figure 77. Luffa cylindrica fiber. 223
- Figure 78. Jute production volume 2018-2033 (Million MT). 225
- Figure 79. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2033 ( MT). 227
- Figure 80. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT). 228
- Figure 81. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT). 230
- Figure 82. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT). 231
- Figure 83. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT). 233
- Figure 84. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT). 234
- Figure 85. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MILLION MT). 236
- Figure 86. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT). 237
- Figure 87. Pineapple fiber. 238
- Figure 88. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019. 239
- Figure 89. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MILLION MT). 243
- Figure 90. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam. 244
- Figure 91. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials. 245
- Figure 92. Frayme Mylo™️. 245
- Figure 93. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix. 249
- Figure 94. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials. 253
- Figure 95. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel. 262
- Figure 96. Car door produced from Hemp fiber. 263
- Figure 97. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers. 264
- Figure 98. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel. 271
- Figure 99. Coir mats for erosion control. 272
- Figure 100. Global fiber production in 2021, by fiber type, million MT and %. 275
- Figure 101. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2033. 276
- Figure 102. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2033, by fiber type, MT. 277
- Figure 103. Animal based fiber production 2018-2033, by fiber type, million MT. 278
- Figure 104. High purity lignin. 280
- Figure 105. Lignocellulose architecture. 280
- Figure 106. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins. 281
- Figure 107. The lignocellulose biorefinery. 287
- Figure 108. LignoBoost process. 292
- Figure 109. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor. 293
- Figure 110. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system. 293
- Figure 111. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept. 295
- Figure 112. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 296
- Figure 113. Organosolv lignin. 299
- Figure 114. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 299
- Figure 115. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2033 (000 MT). 304
- Figure 116. Schematic of WISA plywood home. 306
- Figure 117. Lignin based activated carbon. 308
- Figure 118. Lignin/celluose precursor. 310
- Figure 119. Pluumo. 325
- Figure 120. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 336
- Figure 121. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel. 339
- Figure 122. MEDICELLU™. 339
- Figure 123. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 349
- Figure 124. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. 350
- Figure 125. CNF nonwoven fabric. 351
- Figure 126. Roof frame made of natural fiber. 361
- Figure 127. Beyond Leather Materials product. 365
- Figure 128. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA. 372
- Figure 129. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc. 373
- Figure 130. Fiber-based screw cap. 386
- Figure 131. formicobio™ technology. 408
- Figure 132. nanoforest-S. 411
- Figure 133. nanoforest-PDP. 411
- Figure 134. nanoforest-MB. 412
- Figure 135. sunliquid® production process. 420
- Figure 136. CuanSave film. 424
- Figure 137. Celish. 424
- Figure 138. Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 426
- Figure 139. ELLEX products. 428
- Figure 140. CNF-reinforced PP compounds. 428
- Figure 141. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 429
- Figure 142. Color CNF. 430
- Figure 143. Rheocrysta spray. 436
- Figure 144. DKS CNF products. 437
- Figure 145. Domsjö process. 439
- Figure 146. Mushroom leather. 449
- Figure 147. CNF based on citrus peel. 451
- Figure 148. Citrus cellulose nanofiber. 451
- Figure 149. Cosmetics packaging from barley dregs form beer production. 460
- Figure 150. Filler Bank CNC products. 465
- Figure 151. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing. 468
- Figure 152. TMP-Bio Process. 470
- Figure 153. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna. 471
- Figure 154. Water-repellent cellulose. 473
- Figure 155. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 475
- Figure 156. PHA production process. 477
- Figure 157. CNF products from Furukawa Electric. 478
- Figure 158. AVAPTM process. 489
- Figure 159. GreenPower+™ process. 489
- Figure 160. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials. 493
- Figure 161. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 496
- Figure 162. CNF gel. 504
- Figure 163. Block nanocellulose material. 504
- Figure 164. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 505
- Figure 165. Marine leather products. 508
- Figure 166. Inner Mettle Milk products. 512
- Figure 167. Kami Shoji CNF products. 526
- Figure 168. Dual Graft System. 528
- Figure 169. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 529
- Figure 170. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended). 530
- Figure 171. Kel Labs yarn. 531
- Figure 172. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side). 535
- Figure 173. Lignin gel. 546
- Figure 174. BioFlex process. 550
- Figure 175. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee. 551
- Figure 176. LX Process. 555
- Figure 177. Made of Air's HexChar panels. 557
- Figure 178. TransLeather. 558
- Figure 179. Chitin nanofiber product. 564
- Figure 180. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products. 565
- Figure 181. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 566
- Figure 182. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology. 570
- Figure 183. IPA synthesis method. 573
- Figure 184. MOGU-Wave panels. 577
- Figure 185. CNF slurries. 578
- Figure 186. Range of CNF products. 578
- Figure 187. Reishi. 582
- Figure 188. Compostable water pod. 602
- Figure 189. Leather made from leaves. 603
- Figure 190. Nike shoe with beLEAF™. 604
- Figure 191. CNF clear sheets. 614
- Figure 192. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product. 615
- Figure 193. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 631
- Figure 194. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk. 636
- Figure 195. XCNF. 644
- Figure 196: Plantrose process. 646
- Figure 197. LOVR hemp leather. 650
- Figure 198. CNF insulation flat plates. 652
- Figure 199. Hansa lignin. 659
- Figure 200. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 663
- Figure 201. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 667
- Figure 202. 3D printed cellulose shoe. 676
- Figure 203. Lyocell process. 679
- Figure 204. North Face Spiber Moon Parka. 684
- Figure 205. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie. 685
- Figure 206. Spider silk production. 686
- Figure 207. Stora Enso lignin battery materials. 691
- Figure 208. 2 wt.% CNF suspension. 692
- Figure 209. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 693
- Figure 210. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet. 693
- Figure 211. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material. 694
- Figure 212. Sulapac cosmetics containers. 696
- Figure 213. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing. 697
- Figure 214. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins. 698
- Figure 215. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles. 707
- Figure 216. Corbion FDCA production process. 715
- Figure 217. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF. 717
- Figure 218. CNF resin products. 721
- Figure 219. UPM biorefinery process. 723
- Figure 220. Vegea production process. 728
- Figure 221. The Proesa® Process. 729
- Figure 222. Goldilocks process and applications. 731
- Figure 223. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process. 735
- Figure 224. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 738
- Figure 225. Worn Again products. 743
- Figure 226. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process. 748
- Figure 227. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends. 755
- Figure 228. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 766
- Figure 229. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 769
- Figure 230. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres). 775
- Figure 231. Flow chart for biodiesel production. 780
- Figure 232. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year). 788
- Figure 233. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year). 791
- Figure 234. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year). 797
- Figure 235. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021. 799
- Figure 236. Overview of biogas utilization. 800
- Figure 237. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 801
- Figure 238. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 807
- Figure 239. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks. 809
- Figure 240. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading. 810
- Figure 241. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation. 811
- Figure 242. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process. 812
- Figure 243. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres). 819
- Figure 244. Properties of petrol and biobutanol. 821
- Figure 245. Biobutanol production route. 821
- Figure 246. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline 823
- Figure 247. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires. 825
- Figure 248. Used tires conversion process. 826
- Figure 249. Process steps in the production of electrofuels. 827
- Figure 250. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics. 828
- Figure 251. Production process for green hydrogen. 831
- Figure 252. E-liquids production routes. 832
- Figure 253. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products. 833
- Figure 254. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production. 833
- Figure 255. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels. 838
- Figure 256. Cost breakdown for e-fuels. 840
- Figure 257. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels. 842
- Figure 258. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production. 843
- Figure 259. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production. 844
- Figure 260. Green ammonia production and use. 846
- Figure 261. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction. 848
- Figure 262. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation. 848
- Figure 263. Estimated production cost of green ammonia. 854
- Figure 264. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons. 855
- Figure 265. CO2 capture and separation technology. 858
- Figure 266. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates. 859
- Figure 267. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel. 860
- Figure 268. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse. 863
- Figure 269. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario. 864
- Figure 270. DAC technologies. 866
- Figure 271. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system. 867
- Figure 272. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland. 868
- Figure 273. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC. 869
- Figure 274. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering. 870
- Figure 275. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities. 875
- Figure 276. Global map of DAC and CCS plants. 881
- Figure 277. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies. 883
- Figure 278. DAC cost breakdown and comparison. 884
- Figure 279. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems. 886
- Figure 280. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol. 889
- Figure 281. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c 891
- Figure 282. Audi synthetic fuels. 892
- Figure 283. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 901
- Figure 284. FBPO process 914
- Figure 285. Direct Air Capture Process. 918
- Figure 286. CRI process. 920
- Figure 287. Colyser process. 927
- Figure 288. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic. 931
- Figure 289. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer. 932
- Figure 290. Domsjö process. 933
- Figure 291. FuelPositive system. 942
- Figure 292. INERATEC unit. 957
- Figure 293. Infinitree swing method. 958
- Figure 294. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 988
- Figure 295: Plantrose process. 995
- Figure 296. O12 Reactor. 1013
- Figure 297. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials. 1014
- Figure 298. CO2 made car part. 1014
- Figure 299. The Velocys process. 1017
- Figure 300. The Proesa® Process. 1019
- Figure 301. Goldilocks process and applications. 1021
- Figure 302. Paints and coatings industry by market segmentation 2019-2020. 1027
- Figure 303. PHA family. 1046
- Figure 304: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit. 1051
- Figure 305: Scale of cellulose materials. 1052
- Figure 306. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials. 1053
- Figure 307: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses. 1055
- Figure 308. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 1062
- Figure 309: CNC slurry. 1063
- Figure 310. High purity lignin. 1066
- Figure 311. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix. 1071
- Figure 312. Global market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD). 1073
- Figure 313. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), conservative estimate. 1074
- Figure 314. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), high 1076
- Figure 315. Dulux Better Living Air Clean Biobased. 1078
- Figure 316: NCCTM Process. 1100
- Figure 317: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include: 1100
- Figure 318. Cellugy materials. 1102
- Figure 319. EcoLine® 3690 (left) vs Solvent-Based Competitor Coating (right). 1106
- Figure 320. Rheocrysta spray. 1112
- Figure 321. DKS CNF products. 1113
- Figure 322. Domsjö process. 1114
- Figure 323. CNF gel. 1130
- Figure 324. Block nanocellulose material. 1130
- Figure 325. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 1131
- Figure 326. BioFlex process. 1144
- Figure 327. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products. 1147
- Figure 328: Fluorene cellulose ® powder. 1166
- Figure 329. XCNF. 1171
- Figure 330. Spider silk production. 1180
- Figure 331. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite. 1182
- Figure 332. 2 wt.% CNF suspension. 1186
- Figure 333. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 1186
- Figure 334. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet. 1187
- Figure 335. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material. 1187
- Figure 336. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 1192
- Figure 337. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film. 1193
- Figure 338. Bioalkyd products. 1197
Payment methods: Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Paypal.
To purchase by invoice (bank transfer) contact info@futuremarketsinc.com