The Global Market for Biofuels 2022-2032 - Nanotechnology Market Research

July 2022 | 230 pages, 45 tables, 43 figures | Download table of contents

Renewable energy sources can be converted directly into biofuels. There has been a huge growth in the production and usage of biofuels as substitutes for fossil fuels. Due to the declining reserve of fossil resources as well as environmental concerns, and essential energy security, it is important to develop renewable and sustainable energy and chemicals.

The use of biofuels manufactured from plant-based biomass as feedstock would reduce fossil fuel consumption and consequently the negative impact on the environment. Renewable energy sources cover a broad raw material base, including cellulosic biomass (fibrous and inedible parts of plants), waste materials, algae, and biogas.

The Global Market for Biofuels covers biobased fuels, bio-diesel, renewable diesel, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), biogas, electrofuels (e-fuels), green ammonia based on utilization of:

First-Generation Feedstocks (food-based) e.g. Waste oils including used cooking oil, animal fats, and other fatty acids.
Second-Generation Feedstocks (non-food based) e.g. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues, Energy crops, Agricultural residues, Forestry residues, Biogenic fraction of municipal and industrial waste.
Third-Generation Feedstocks e.g. algal biomass
Fourth-Generation Feedstocks e.g. genetically modified (GM) algae and cyanobacteria.

Report contents include:

Market trends and drivers.
Market challenges.
Biofuels costs, now and estimated to 2032.
Biofuel consumption to 2032.
Market analysis including key players, end use markets, production processes, costs, production capacities, market demand for biofuels, bio-jet fuels, biodiesel, biobased alcohol fuels, renewable diesel, biogas, electrofuels, green ammonia and other relevant technologies.
Production and synthesis methods.
Biofuel industry developments and investments 2020-2022.
114 company profiles including BTG Bioliquids, Byogy Renewables, Caphenia, Enerkem, Infinium. Eni S.p.A., Ensyn, FORGE Hydrocarbons Corporation, Fulcrum Bioenergy, Genecis Bioindustries, Gevo, Haldor Topsoe, Opera Bioscience, Steeper Energy, SunFire GmbH, Vertus Energy and many more.

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 13

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 14

2.1 Market drivers 14
2.2 Market challenges 15
2.3 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2032, by type and production 16

3 BIOFUELS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-2022 20

4 BIOFUELS 24

4.1 The global biofuels market 24
- 4.1.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives 25
- 4.1.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives 26
- 4.1.3 Alcohol fuels 27
4.2 Comparison of biofuel costs 2022, by type 29
4.3 Types 30
- 4.3.1 Solid Biofuels 30
- 4.3.2 Liquid Biofuels 31
- 4.3.3 Gaseous Biofuels 32
- 4.3.4 Conventional Biofuels 32
- 4.3.5 Advanced Biofuels 32
4.4 Feedstocks 34
- 4.4.1 First-generation (1-G) 35
- 4.4.2 Second-generation (2-G) 36
  - 4.4.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues 36
  - 4.4.2.2 Biorefinery lignin 37
- 4.4.3 Third-generation (3-G) 42
  - 4.4.3.1 Algal biofuels 42
- 4.4.4 Fourth-generation (4-G) 44
- 4.4.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation 44

5 HYDROCARBON BIOFUELS 48

5.1 Biodiesel 48
- 5.1.1 Biodiesel by generation 48
- 5.1.2 Production 49
  - 5.1.2.1 Pyrolysis of biomass 50
  - 5.1.2.2 Vegetable oil transesterification 51
  - 5.1.2.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO) 52
  - 5.1.2.4 Biodiesel from tall oil 53
  - 5.1.2.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel 53
  - 5.1.2.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass 54
  - 5.1.2.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) 55
  - 5.1.2.8 Dymethyl ether 56
- 5.1.3 Global market 57
5.2 Renewable diesel 58
- 5.2.1 Production 59
- 5.2.2 Global consumption to 2032 59
5.3 Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels 60
- 5.3.1 Description 60
- 5.3.2 Global market 61
- 5.3.3 Production pathways 62
- 5.3.4 Costs 64
- 5.3.5 Biojet fuel production capacities 64
- 5.3.6 Challenges 65
- 5.3.7 Global consumption to 2032 66
5.4 Syngas 67
5.5 Biogas and biomethane 68
- 5.5.1 Feedstocks 69

6 ALCOHOL FUELS 71

6.1 Biomethanol 71
- 6.1.1 Methanol-to gasoline technology 72
- 6.1.2 Gasification 73
6.2 Bioethanol 74
- 6.2.1 Technology description 74
- 6.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol 76
- 6.2.3 Ethanol to jet fuel technology 76
- 6.2.4 Methanol from pulp & paper production 77
- 6.2.5 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation 77
- 6.2.6 Gasification 78
  - 6.2.6.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation 78
  - 6.2.6.2 Biomass gasification and syngas conversion 79
- 6.2.7 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis 79
- 6.2.8 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation 81
- 6.2.9 Global ethanol consumption 82
- 6.2.10 Global bioethanol consumption to 2020-2032 82
6.3 Biobutanol 84
- 6.3.1 Production 85

7 BIOFUEL FROM PLASTIC WASTE AND USED TIREs 87

7.1 Plastic pyrolysis 87
7.2 Used tires pyrolysis 89

8 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS) 92

8.1 Introduction 92
- 8.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels 94
8.2 Feedstocks 95
- 8.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis 95
- 8.2.2 CO2 capture 96
8.3 Production 96
8.4 Electrolysers 98
- 8.4.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs) 100
- 8.4.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC) 100
- 8.4.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs) 100
8.5 Direct Air Capture (DAC) 100
- 8.5.1 Technologies 101
- 8.5.2 Markets for DAC 103
- 8.5.3 Costs 103
- 8.5.4 Challenges 104
- 8.5.5 Companies and production 105
- 8.5.6 CO2 capture from point sources 106
8.6 Costs 107
8.7 Market challenges 110
8.8 Companies 110

9 ALGAE-DERIVED BIOFUELS 112

9.1 Technology description 112
9.2 Production 114
9.3 Cost 116

10 GREEN AMMONIA 119

10.1 Production 119
- 10.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production 121
- 10.1.2 Green ammonia projects 122
10.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods 122
- 10.2.1 Haber-Bosch process 122
- 10.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation 123
- 10.2.3 Electrochemical production 124
- 10.2.4 Chemical looping processes 124
10.3 Blue ammonia 124
- 10.3.1 Blue ammonia projects 124
10.4 Markets and applications 125
- 10.4.1 Chemical energy storage 125
  - 10.4.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells 125
- 10.4.2 Marine fuel 126
10.5 Costs 128
10.6 Estimated market demand 129
10.7 Companies and projects 130

11 COMPANY PROFILES 132 (114 company profiles)

12 REFERENCES 222

List of Tables

Table 1. Market drivers for biofuels. 14
Table 2. Market challenges for biofuels. 15
Table 3. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2032, by type and production. 18
Table 4. Industry developments in biofuels 2020-2022. 20
Table 5. Categories and examples of solid biofuel. 31
Table 6. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity. 32
Table 7. Biorefinery feedstocks. 34
Table 8. Feedstock conversion pathways. 35
Table 9. First-Generation Feedstocks. 35
Table 10. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 36
Table 11. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 38
Table 12. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 39
Table 13. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol. 40
Table 14. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae. 42
Table 15. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops. 43
Table 16. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation. 44
Table 17. Biodiesel by generation. 48
Table 18. Biodiesel production techniques. 49
Table 19. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel 61
Table 20. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel. 62
Table 21. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities. 65
Table 22. Biogas feedstocks. 69
Table 23. Biomass gasification technologies and companies. 78
Table 24. Global bioethanol consumption to 2020-2032 (million liters). 82
Table 25. Applications of e-fuels, by type. 93
Table 26. Overview of e-fuels. 94
Table 27. Benefits of e-fuels. 94
Table 28. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies. 99
Table 29. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 101
Table 30. DAC companies and technologies. 102
Table 31. Markets for DAC. 103
Table 32. Cost estimates of DAC. 103
Table 33. Challenges for DAC technology. 104
Table 34. DAC technology developers and production. 105
Table 35. Market challenges for e-fuels. 110
Table 36. E-fuels companies. 110
Table 37. Advantages of algal biomass over lignocellulosic biomass. 112
Table 38. Green ammonia projects (current and planned). 122
Table 39. Blue ammonia projects. 124
Table 40. Ammonia fuel cell technologies. 125
Table 41. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel. 126
Table 42. Summary of marine alternative fuels. 127
Table 43. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia. 128
Table 44. Main players in green ammonia. 130
Table 45. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 170

List of Figures

Figure 1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021. 17
Figure 2. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2021. 18
Figure 3. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2032, by type and production. 19
Figure 4. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/gallon) 2022, by type. 29
Figure 5. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 38
Figure 6. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 41
Figure 7. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2027 (M litres/year). 58
Figure 8. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2032 (M litres/year). 60
Figure 9. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2032 (M litres/year). 66
Figure 10. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021. 67
Figure 11. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 69
Figure 12. Ethanol consumption 2010-2027 (million litres). 82
Figure 13. Global bioethanol consumption to 2020-2032 (million liters). 83
Figure 14. Properties of petrol and biobutanol. 84
Figure 15. Biobutanol production route. 85
Figure 16. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline 87
Figure 17. Process steps in the production of electrofuels. 92
Figure 18. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics. 93
Figure 19. Production process for green hydrogen. 96
Figure 20. E-liquids production routes. 97
Figure 21. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products. 97
Figure 22. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production. 98
Figure 23. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system. 102
Figure 24. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels. 108
Figure 25. Cost breakdown for e-fuels. 109
Figure 26. Algal gasification (step-wise) to produce biofuels. 118
Figure 27. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production. 120
Figure 28. Green ammonia production and use. 121
Figure 29. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction. 123
Figure 30. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation. 123
Figure 31. Estimated production cost of green ammonia. 129
Figure 32. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons. 130
Figure 33. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 135
Figure 34. FBPO process 146
Figure 35. Direct Air Capture Process. 149
Figure 36. CRI process. 150
Figure 37. Domsjö process. 157
Figure 38. FuelPositive system. 165
Figure 39. Infinitree swing method. 176
Figure 40. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 195
Figure 41: Plantrose process. 200
Figure 42. The Velocys process. 214
Figure 43. Goldilocks process and applications. 217

The Global Market for Biofuels 2022-2032

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