The Global Market for Biofuels to 2033 - Nanotechnology Market Research

November 2022 | 231 pages, 58 tables, 51 figures | Download table of contents

Renewable energy sources can be converted directly into biofuels. There has been a huge growth in the production and usage of biofuels as substitutes for fossil fuels. Due to the declining reserve of fossil resources as well as environmental concerns, and essential energy security, it is important to develop renewable and sustainable energy and chemicals.

The use of biofuels manufactured from plant-based biomass as feedstock would reduce fossil fuel consumption and consequently the negative impact on the environment. Renewable energy sources cover a broad raw material base, including cellulosic biomass (fibrous and inedible parts of plants), waste materials, algae, and biogas.

The Global Market for Biofuels covers biobased fuels, bio-diesel, renewable diesel, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), biogas, electrofuels (e-fuels), green ammonia based on utilization of:

First-Generation Feedstocks (food-based) e.g. Waste oils including used cooking oil, animal fats, and other fatty acids.
Second-Generation Feedstocks (non-food based) e.g. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues, Energy crops, Agricultural residues, Forestry residues, Biogenic fraction of municipal and industrial waste.
Third-Generation Feedstocks e.g. algal biomass
Fourth-Generation Feedstocks e.g. genetically modified (GM) algae and cyanobacteria.

Report contents include:

Market trends and drivers.
Market challenges.
Biofuels costs, now and estimated to 2033.
Biofuel consumption to 2033.
Market analysis including key players, end use markets, production processes, costs, production capacities, market demand for biofuels, bio-jet fuels, biodiesel, biobased alcohol fuels, renewable diesel, biogas, electrofuels, green ammonia and other relevant technologies.
Production and synthesis methods.
Biofuel industry developments and investments 2020-2022.
119 company profiles including BTG Bioliquids, Byogy Renewables, Caphenia, Enerkem, Infinium. Eni S.p.A., Ensyn, FORGE Hydrocarbons Corporation, Fulcrum Bioenergy, Genecis Bioindustries, Gevo, Haldor Topsoe, Opera Bioscience, Steeper Energy, SunFire GmbH, Vertus Energy and many more.

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 14

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15

2.1 Market drivers 15
2.2 Market challenges 16
2.3 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2033, by type and production 17

3 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-2022 20

4 BIOFUELS 24

4.1 The global biofuels market 24
- 4.1.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives 24
- 4.1.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives 26
4.2 Comparison of biofuel costs 2022, by type 26
4.3 Types 27
- 4.3.1 Solid Biofuels 27
- 4.3.2 Liquid Biofuels 28
- 4.3.3 Gaseous Biofuels 28
- 4.3.4 Conventional Biofuels 29
- 4.3.5 Advanced Biofuels 29
4.4 Feedstocks 30
- 4.4.1 First-generation (1-G) 32
- 4.4.2 Second-generation (2-G) 33
  - 4.4.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues 34
  - 4.4.2.2 Biorefinery lignin 35
- 4.4.3 Third-generation (3-G) 39
  - 4.4.3.1 Algal biofuels 39
- 4.4.4 Fourth-generation (4-G) 42
- 4.4.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation 42

5 HYDROCARBON BIOFUELS 44

5.1 Biodiesel 44
- 5.1.1 Biodiesel by generation 45
- 5.1.2 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels 46
  - 5.1.2.1 Pyrolysis of biomass 47
  - 5.1.2.2 Vegetable oil transesterification 50
  - 5.1.2.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO) 51
  - 5.1.2.4 Biodiesel from tall oil 53
  - 5.1.2.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel 53
  - 5.1.2.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass 55
  - 5.1.2.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) 55
  - 5.1.2.8 Dymethyl ether (DME) 56
- 5.1.3 Global production and consumption 56
5.2 Renewable diesel 59
- 5.2.1 Production 59
- 5.2.2 Global consumption 60
5.3 Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels 62
- 5.3.1 Description 62
- 5.3.2 Global market 62
- 5.3.3 Production pathways 63
- 5.3.4 Costs 65
- 5.3.5 Biojet fuel production capacities 66
- 5.3.6 Challenges 66
- 5.3.7 Global consumption ] 67
5.4 Syngas 68
5.5 Biogas and biomethane 69
- 5.5.1 Feedstocks 71

6 ALCOHOL FUELS 73

6.1 Biomethanol 73
- 6.1.1 Methanol-to gasoline technology 73
  - 6.1.1.1 Production processes 74
6.2 Bioethanol 77
- 6.2.1 Technology description 77
- 6.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol 77
- 6.2.3 Ethanol to jet fuel technology 78
- 6.2.4 Methanol from pulp & paper production 79
- 6.2.5 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation 79
- 6.2.6 Gasification 80
  - 6.2.6.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation 80
  - 6.2.6.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion 80
- 6.2.7 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis 81
- 6.2.8 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation 81
  - 6.2.8.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation 81
  - 6.2.8.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) 82
  - 6.2.8.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) 82
  - 6.2.8.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) 82
  - 6.2.8.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP) 83
- 6.2.9 Global ethanol consumption 84
6.3 Biobutanol 85
- 6.3.1 Production 87

7 BIOFUEL FROM PLASTIC WASTE AND USED TIRES 88

7.1 Plastic pyrolysis 88
7.2 Used tires pyrolysis 89
- 7.2.1 Conversion to biofuel 90

8 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS) 92

8.1 Introduction 92
- 8.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels 94
8.2 Feedstocks 95
- 8.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis 95
- 8.2.2 CO2 capture 96
8.3 Production 96
8.4 Electrolysers 98
- 8.4.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs) 100
- 8.4.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC) 100
- 8.4.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs) 100
8.5 Direct Air Capture (DAC) 100
- 8.5.1 Technologies 101
- 8.5.2 Markets for DAC 103
- 8.5.3 Costs 103
- 8.5.4 Challenges 104
- 8.5.5 Companies and production 105
- 8.5.6 CO2 capture from point sources 106
8.6 Costs 107
8.7 Market challenges 110
8.8 Companies 110

9 ALGAE-DERIVED BIOFUELS 112

9.1 Technology description 112
9.2 Production 112

10 GREEN AMMONIA 114

10.1 Production 114
- 10.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production 116
- 10.1.2 Green ammonia projects 117
10.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods 117
- 10.2.1 Haber-Bosch process 117
- 10.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation 118
- 10.2.3 Electrochemical production 119
- 10.2.4 Chemical looping processes 119
10.3 Blue ammonia 119
- 10.3.1 Blue ammonia projects 119
10.4 Markets and applications 120
- 10.4.1 Chemical energy storage 120
  - 10.4.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells 120
- 10.4.2 Marine fuel 121
10.5 Costs 123
10.6 Estimated market demand 125
10.7 Companies and projects 125

11 COMPANY PROFILES 127 (119 company profiles)

12 REFERENCES 220

List of Tables

Table 1. Market drivers for biofuels. 15
Table 2. Market challenges for biofuels. 16
Table 3. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2033, by type and production. 18
Table 4. Industry developments in biofuels 2020-2022. 20
Table 5. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2022, by type. 26
Table 6. Categories and examples of solid biofuel. 27
Table 7. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity. 29
Table 8. Classification of biomass feedstock. 30
Table 9. Biorefinery feedstocks. 31
Table 10. Feedstock conversion pathways. 31
Table 11. First-Generation Feedstocks. 32
Table 12. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 34
Table 13. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 35
Table 14. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 36
Table 15. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol. 38
Table 16. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae. 40
Table 17. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops. 41
Table 18. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation. 42
Table 19. Biodiesel by generation. 45
Table 20. Biodiesel production techniques. 47
Table 21. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions. 47
Table 22. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield. 49
Table 23. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 49
Table 24. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel. 51
Table 25. Main producers of HVO and capacities. 52
Table 26. Example commercial Development of BtL processes. 53
Table 27. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes. 54
Table 28. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year). 58
Table 29. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year). 60
Table 30. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel 62
Table 31. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel. 63
Table 32. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities. 66
Table 33. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year). 67
Table 34. Biogas feedstocks. 71
Table 35. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas. 75
Table 36. Processes in bioethanol production. 81
Table 37. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic. 83
Table 38. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres). 84
Table 39. Applications of e-fuels, by type. 93
Table 40. Overview of e-fuels. 94
Table 41. Benefits of e-fuels. 94
Table 42. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies. 99
Table 43. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 101
Table 44. DAC companies and technologies. 102
Table 45. Markets for DAC. 103
Table 46. Cost estimates of DAC. 103
Table 47. Challenges for DAC technology. 104
Table 48. DAC technology developers and production. 105
Table 49. Market challenges for e-fuels. 110
Table 50. E-fuels companies. 110
Table 51. Green ammonia projects (current and planned). 117
Table 52. Blue ammonia projects. 119
Table 53. Ammonia fuel cell technologies. 120
Table 54. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel. 121
Table 55. Summary of marine alternative fuels. 122
Table 56. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia. 124
Table 57. Main players in green ammonia. 125
Table 58. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 165

List of Figures

Figure 1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021. 17
Figure 2. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2021. 18
Figure 3. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends. 25
Figure 4. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 36
Figure 5. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 39
Figure 6. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres). 45
Figure 7. Flow chart for biodiesel production. 50
Figure 8. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year). 57
Figure 9. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year). 60
Figure 10. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year). 67
Figure 11. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021. 68
Figure 12. Overview of biogas utilization. 70
Figure 13. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 71
Figure 14. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks. 74
Figure 15. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading. 75
Figure 16. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation. 76
Figure 17. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process. 77
Figure 18. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres). 84
Figure 19. Properties of petrol and biobutanol. 86
Figure 20. Biobutanol production route. 86
Figure 21. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline 88
Figure 22. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires. 90
Figure 23. Used tires conversion process. 91
Figure 24. Process steps in the production of electrofuels. 92
Figure 25. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics. 93
Figure 26. Production process for green hydrogen. 96
Figure 27. E-liquids production routes. 97
Figure 28. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products. 97
Figure 29. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production. 98
Figure 30. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system. 102
Figure 31. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels. 108
Figure 32. Cost breakdown for e-fuels. 109
Figure 33. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels. 112
Figure 34. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production. 113
Figure 35. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production. 114
Figure 36. Green ammonia production and use. 116
Figure 37. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction. 118
Figure 38. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation. 118
Figure 39. Estimated production cost of green ammonia. 124
Figure 40. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons. 125
Figure 41. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 130
Figure 42. FBPO process 141
Figure 43. Direct Air Capture Process. 144
Figure 44. CRI process. 145
Figure 45. Domsjö process. 152
Figure 46. FuelPositive system. 160
Figure 47. Infinitree swing method. 171
Figure 48. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 192
Figure 49: Plantrose process. 196
Figure 50. The Velocys process. 211
Figure 51. Goldilocks process and applications. 214

The Global Market for Biofuels to 2033

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