The Global Market for Biofuels to 2033 - Nanotechnology Market Research

January 2023 | 297 pages, 72 tables, 78 figures | Download table of contents

Renewable energy sources can be converted directly into biofuels. There has been a huge growth in the production and usage of biofuels as substitutes for fossil fuels. Due to the declining reserve of fossil resources as well as environmental concerns, and essential energy security, it is important to develop renewable and sustainable energy and chemicals.

The use of biofuels manufactured from plant-based biomass as feedstock would reduce fossil fuel consumption and consequently the negative impact on the environment. Renewable energy sources cover a broad raw material base, including cellulosic biomass (fibrous and inedible parts of plants), waste materials, algae, and biogas.

The Global Market for Biofuels covers biobased fuels, bio-diesel, renewable diesel, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), biogas, electrofuels (e-fuels), green ammonia based on utilization of:

First-Generation Feedstocks (food-based) e.g. Waste oils including used cooking oil, animal fats, and other fatty acids.
Second-Generation Feedstocks (non-food based) e.g. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues, Energy crops, Agricultural residues, Forestry residues, Biogenic fraction of municipal and industrial waste.
Third-Generation Feedstocks e.g. algal biomass
Fourth-Generation Feedstocks e.g. genetically modified (GM) algae and cyanobacteria.

Report contents include:

Market trends and drivers.
Market challenges.
Biofuels costs, now and estimated to 2033.
Biofuel consumption to 2033.
Market analysis including key players, end use markets, production processes, costs, production capacities, market demand for biofuels, bio-jet fuels, biodiesel, bio-naphtha, biobased alcohol fuels, biofuel from plastic waste & used tires, biofules from carbon capture renewable diesel, biogas, electrofuels, green ammonia and other relevant technologies.
Production and synthesis methods.
Biofuel industry developments and investments 2020-2023.
153 company profiles including BTG Bioliquids, Byogy Renewables, Caphenia, Enerkem, Infinium. Eni S.p.A., Ensyn, FORGE Hydrocarbons Corporation, Fulcrum Bioenergy, Genecis Bioindustries, Gevo, Haldor Topsoe, Opera Bioscience, Steeper Energy, SunFire GmbH and Vertus Energy .

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 18

2.1 Market drivers 18
2.2 Market challenges 19
2.3 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2033, by type and production 20

3 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-2023 24

4 BIOFUELS 28

4.1 The global biofuels market 28
- 4.1.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives 28
- 4.1.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives 30
4.2 Comparison of biofuel costs 2022, by type 30
4.3 Types 31
- 4.3.1 Solid Biofuels 31
- 4.3.2 Liquid Biofuels 32
- 4.3.3 Gaseous Biofuels 32
- 4.3.4 Conventional Biofuels 33
- 4.3.5 Advanced Biofuels 33
4.4 Feedstocks 34
- 4.4.1 First-generation (1-G) 36
- 4.4.2 Second-generation (2-G) 37
  - 4.4.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues 38
  - 4.4.2.2 Biorefinery lignin 39
- 4.4.3 Third-generation (3-G) 43
  - 4.4.3.1 Algal biofuels 43
- 4.4.4 Fourth-generation (4-G) 46
- 4.4.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation 46

5 HYDROCARBON BIOFUELS 48

5.1 Biodiesel 48
- 5.1.1 Biodiesel by generation 49
- 5.1.2 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels 50
  - 5.1.2.1 Pyrolysis of biomass 51
  - 5.1.2.2 Vegetable oil transesterification 54
  - 5.1.2.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO) 55
  - 5.1.2.4 Biodiesel from tall oil 57
  - 5.1.2.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel 57
  - 5.1.2.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass 59
  - 5.1.2.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) 59
  - 5.1.2.8 Dymethyl ether (DME) 60
- 5.1.3 Global production and consumption 60
5.2 Renewable diesel 63
- 5.2.1 Production 63
- 5.2.2 Global consumption 64
5.3 Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels 66
- 5.3.1 Description 66
- 5.3.2 Global market 66
- 5.3.3 Production pathways 67
- 5.3.4 Costs 69
- 5.3.5 Biojet fuel production capacities 70
- 5.3.6 Challenges 70
- 5.3.7 Global consumption 71
5.4 Syngas 72
5.5 Biogas and biomethane 73
- 5.5.1 Feedstocks 75
5.6 Bio-naphtha 77
- 5.6.1 Overview 77
- 5.6.2 Markets and applications 77
- 5.6.3 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned 79
- 5.6.4 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned 80

6 ALCOHOL FUELS 81

6.1 Biomethanol 81
- 6.1.1 Methanol-to gasoline technology 82
  - 6.1.1.1 Production processes 83
6.2 Bioethanol 86
- 6.2.1 Technology description 86
- 6.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol 86
- 6.2.3 Ethanol to jet fuel technology 87
- 6.2.4 Methanol from pulp & paper production 88
- 6.2.5 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation 88
- 6.2.6 Gasification 89
  - 6.2.6.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation 89
  - 6.2.6.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion 89
- 6.2.7 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis 90
- 6.2.8 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation 90
  - 6.2.8.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation 90
  - 6.2.8.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) 91
  - 6.2.8.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) 91
  - 6.2.8.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) 91
  - 6.2.8.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP) 92
- 6.2.9 Global ethanol consumption 93
6.3 Biobutanol 94
- 6.3.1 Production 96

7 BIOFUEL FROM PLASTIC WASTE AND USED TIRES 97

7.1 Plastic pyrolysis 97
7.2 Used tires pyrolysis 98
- 7.2.1 Conversion to biofuel 99

8 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS) 101

8.1 Introduction 101
- 8.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels 103
8.2 Feedstocks 104
- 8.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis 104
- 8.2.2 CO2 capture 105
8.3 Production 105
8.4 Electrolysers 107
- 8.4.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs) 109
- 8.4.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC) 109
- 8.4.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs) 109
8.5 Costs 109
8.6 Market challenges 113
8.7 Companies 113

9 ALGAE-DERIVED BIOFUELS 115

9.1 Technology description 115
9.2 Production 115

10 GREEN AMMONIA 117

10.1 Production 117
- 10.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production 119
- 10.1.2 Green ammonia projects 120
10.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods 120
- 10.2.1 Haber-Bosch process 120
- 10.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation 121
- 10.2.3 Electrochemical production 122
- 10.2.4 Chemical looping processes 122
10.3 Blue ammonia 122
- 10.3.1 Blue ammonia projects 122
10.4 Markets and applications 123
- 10.4.1 Chemical energy storage 123
  - 10.4.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells 123
- 10.4.2 Marine fuel 124
10.5 Costs 126
10.6 Estimated market demand 128
10.7 Companies and projects 128

11 BIOFUELS FROM CARBON CAPTURE 130

11.1 Overview 131
11.2 CO2 capture from point sources 133
11.3 Production routes 134
11.4 Direct air capture (DAC) 135
- 11.4.1 Description 135
- 11.4.2 Deployment 137
- 11.4.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture 137
- 11.4.4 Technologies 138
  - 11.4.4.1 Solid sorbents 140
  - 11.4.4.2 Liquid sorbents 142
  - 11.4.4.3 Liquid solvents 142
  - 11.4.4.4 Airflow equipment integration 143
  - 11.4.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) 143
  - 11.4.4.6 Direct conversion 144
  - 11.4.4.7 Co-product generation 144
  - 11.4.4.8 Low Temperature DAC 144
  - 11.4.4.9 Regeneration methods 144
- 11.4.5 Commercialization and plants 145
- 11.4.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC 146
- 11.4.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned 146
- 11.4.8 Markets for DAC 153
- 11.4.9 Costs 154
- 11.4.10 Challenges 159
- 11.4.11 Players and production 160
11.5 Methanol 160
11.6 Algae based biofuels 161
11.7 CO₂-fuels from solar 162
11.8 Companies 164
11.9 Challenges 166

12 COMPANY PROFILES 167 (153 company profiles)

13 REFERENCES 287

List of Tables

Table 1. Market drivers for biofuels. 18
Table 2. Market challenges for biofuels. 19
Table 3. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2033, by type and production. 22
Table 4. Industry developments in biofuels 2020-2023. 24
Table 5. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2022, by type. 30
Table 6. Categories and examples of solid biofuel. 31
Table 7. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity. 33
Table 8. Classification of biomass feedstock. 34
Table 9. Biorefinery feedstocks. 35
Table 10. Feedstock conversion pathways. 35
Table 11. First-Generation Feedstocks. 36
Table 12. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 38
Table 13. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 39
Table 14. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 40
Table 15. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol. 42
Table 16. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae. 44
Table 17. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops. 45
Table 18. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation. 46
Table 19. Biodiesel by generation. 49
Table 20. Biodiesel production techniques. 51
Table 21. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions. 51
Table 22. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield. 53
Table 23. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 53
Table 24. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel. 55
Table 25. Main producers of HVO and capacities. 56
Table 26. Example commercial Development of BtL processes. 57
Table 27. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes. 58
Table 28. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year). 62
Table 29. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year). 64
Table 30. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel 66
Table 31. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel. 67
Table 32. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities. 70
Table 33. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year). 71
Table 34. Biogas feedstocks. 75
Table 35. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications. 78
Table 36. Bio-naphtha market value chain. 78
Table 37. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer. 79
Table 38. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas. 84
Table 39. Processes in bioethanol production. 90
Table 40. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic. 92
Table 41. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres). 93
Table 42. Applications of e-fuels, by type. 102
Table 43. Overview of e-fuels. 103
Table 44. Benefits of e-fuels. 103
Table 45. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies. 108
Table 46. Market challenges for e-fuels. 113
Table 47. E-fuels companies. 113
Table 48. Green ammonia projects (current and planned). 120
Table 49. Blue ammonia projects. 122
Table 50. Ammonia fuel cell technologies. 123
Table 51. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel. 124
Table 52. Summary of marine alternative fuels. 125
Table 53. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia. 127
Table 54. Main players in green ammonia. 128
Table 55. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels. 131
Table 56. Point source examples. 133
Table 57. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 136
Table 58. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC. 143
Table 59. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies. 143
Table 60. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies. 145
Table 61. DAC companies and technologies. 145
Table 62. DAC technology developers and production. 147
Table 63. DAC projects in development. 152
Table 64. Markets for DAC. 153
Table 65. Costs summary for DAC. 154
Table 66. Cost estimates of DAC. 157
Table 67. Challenges for DAC technology. 159
Table 68. DAC companies and technologies. 160
Table 69. Microalgae products and prices. 162
Table 70. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches. 163
Table 71. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products. 164
Table 72. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 218

List of Figures

Figure 1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021. 21
Figure 2. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2021. 22
Figure 3. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends. 29
Figure 4. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 40
Figure 5. Hydrolytic lignin powder. 43
Figure 6. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres). 49
Figure 7. Flow chart for biodiesel production. 54
Figure 8. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2033 (M litres/year). 61
Figure 9. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year). 64
Figure 10. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year). 71
Figure 11. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021. 72
Figure 12. Overview of biogas utilization. 74
Figure 13. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 75
Figure 14. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 81
Figure 15. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks. 83
Figure 16. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading. 84
Figure 17. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation. 85
Figure 18. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process. 86
Figure 19. Ethanol consumption 2010-2033 (million litres). 93
Figure 20. Properties of petrol and biobutanol. 95
Figure 21. Biobutanol production route. 95
Figure 22. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline 97
Figure 23. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires. 99
Figure 24. Used tires conversion process. 100
Figure 25. Process steps in the production of electrofuels. 101
Figure 26. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics. 102
Figure 27. Production process for green hydrogen. 105
Figure 28. E-liquids production routes. 106
Figure 29. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products. 106
Figure 30. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production. 107
Figure 31. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels. 111
Figure 32. Cost breakdown for e-fuels. 112
Figure 33. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels. 115
Figure 34. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production. 116
Figure 35. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production. 117
Figure 36. Green ammonia production and use. 119
Figure 37. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction. 121
Figure 38. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation. 121
Figure 39. Estimated production cost of green ammonia. 127
Figure 40. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons. 128
Figure 41. CO2 capture and separation technology. 130
Figure 42. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates. 132
Figure 43. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel. 133
Figure 44. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse. 135
Figure 45. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario. 136
Figure 46. DAC technologies. 139
Figure 47. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system. 140
Figure 48. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland. 141
Figure 49. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC. 141
Figure 50. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering. 142
Figure 51. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities. 147
Figure 52. Global map of DAC and CCS plants. 153
Figure 53. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies. 155
Figure 54. DAC cost breakdown and comparison. 156
Figure 55. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems. 158
Figure 56. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol. 161
Figure 57. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c 163
Figure 58. Audi synthetic fuels. 164
Figure 59. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 172
Figure 60. FBPO process 184
Figure 61. Direct Air Capture Process. 188
Figure 62. CRI process. 191
Figure 63. Colyser process. 198
Figure 64. Domsjö process. 202
Figure 65. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic. 204
Figure 66. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer. 205
Figure 67. FuelPositive system. 213
Figure 68. INERATEC unit. 227
Figure 69. Infinitree swing method. 228
Figure 70. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 254
Figure 71: Plantrose process. 259
Figure 72. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production. 273
Figure 73. O12 Reactor. 275
Figure 74. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials. 275
Figure 75. CO2 made car part. 276
Figure 76. The Velocys process. 278
Figure 77. Goldilocks process and applications. 281
Figure 78. The Proesa® Process. 282

The Global Market for Biofuels to 2033

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The Global Market for Biofuels to 2033

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