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Advanced Carbon Materials: Global Market 2027-2037

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  • Published: June 2026
  • Pages: 1,210
  • Tables: 339
  • Figures: 93

 

The global advanced carbon materials market encompasses one of the most structurally diverse product families in modern industrial chemistry. Though united by their elemental composition, advanced carbon materials range from the macroscopic — continuous carbon fibers woven into aerospace composite structures — to the atomic, with single-layer graphene sheets just one carbon atom thick. Each allotrope exploits carbon's extraordinary versatility differently, producing materials that can be simultaneously the hardest known substance and one of the softest, the best electrical conductor or an insulator, ultra-lightweight or structurally superior to steel.

The market has undergone a fundamental shift over the past decade, moving advanced carbon materials from predominantly laboratory and niche industrial settings into mainstream production at scale. This transition has been driven by the convergence of several structural megatrends that show no sign of abating. The global electrification of transport has placed carbon nanotubes at the heart of lithium-ion battery electrode formulations, where they form conductive networks that improve cell performance and longevity. The expansion of renewable energy — particularly offshore wind — continues to pull demand for large-tow carbon fiber, as turbine blade engineers push ever-greater lengths to capture more energy per installation. Aerospace recovery and growth from both commercial aviation and the rapidly expanding defence and space sectors sustain demand for high-modulus carbon fiber grades. Meanwhile, the exponential growth of artificial intelligence and data centre infrastructure has made thermal management a critical engineering challenge, opening substantial markets for graphene and carbon nanotube-based heat dissipation solutions.

Beyond these established drivers, several emerging forces are reshaping the market's long-term trajectory. The hydrogen economy is creating new demand for carbon fiber in composite overwrapped pressure vessels for fuel cell vehicles and industrial hydrogen storage. The voluntary carbon market has elevated biochar from an agricultural soil amendment to a certified carbon removal tool, attracting corporate sustainability investment and creating a dual-revenue model for producers. Perhaps most significantly, the ability to synthesise advanced carbon materials directly from captured carbon dioxide is beginning to transform waste emissions into feedstock — a development with potentially profound implications for both the economics of carbon capture and the supply chains of nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes and graphene.

The regulatory environment has also become a meaningful tailwind. Carbon pricing mechanisms, automotive emissions standards, renewable energy mandates, and supply chain localisation policies in North America and Europe are collectively creating durable structural demand across the materials family. The result is a market that spans commodity volumes — carbon black measured in millions of tonnes annually — through to research-scale quantities of graphene quantum dots sold by the milligram, with an increasingly interconnected set of growth drivers binding the entire category together.

This report examines sixteen advanced carbon material categories across a ten-year forecast horizon: carbon fibers, carbon black, graphite, biochar, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, graphene quantum dots, carbon foam, diamond-like carbon coatings, activated carbon, carbon aerogels and xerogels, carbon nano-onions, and CO₂-derived carbon materials. Together these categories span an unusually wide spectrum of commercial maturity — from carbon black and activated carbon, which are mature, high-volume commodity industries, through to carbon nano-onions and CO₂-derived nanomaterials, which remain in early-stage commercialisation with limited but growing validated applications.

The report provides pricing, demand volume, revenue and growth forecasts for all sixteen materials, supported by detailed company profiles, supply chain analysis, regulatory overviews, and application roadmaps.

Key coverage areas include:
  • Pricing trends, cost structures and 2037 price forecasts for all sixteen materials and their principal commercial grade variants
  • Demand volume forecasts by application and region through 2037
  • Revenue forecasts by end-use market and material type
  • Purity grade classifications and application-specific purity requirements for all sixteen materials
  • Carbon nanotube market segmentation by wall number, purity tier and end-use application
  • Graphite battery anode market analysis, including natural versus synthetic anode dynamics, Chinese market structure and ex-China supply chain development
  • Biochar market by feedstock, production technology, application and carbon credit market integration
  • Graphene market by form type, including GNP, GO, rGO, CVD film and battery-grade variants
  • Recovered carbon black, plasma carbon black and bio-based carbon black as emerging segments within the broader carbon black market
  • CO₂-derived carbon materials as an emerging category covering electrolytic CNT synthesis, plasma carbon black, flash-Joule graphene and CO₂-derived activated carbon
  • Diamond-like carbon coating classification by sp³ content and market segmentation by deposition technology and application sector
  • Activated carbon by form, feedstock and application grade including electrode-grade and pharmaceutical grades
  • Company profiles covering carbon fiber producers, composite manufacturers and recyclers; carbon black producers and recovered CB specialists; natural and synthetic graphite producers and anode material processors; biochar producers across all major feedstock categories; graphene producers across all commercial forms; carbon nanotube producers covering MWCNT and SWCNT; carbon nanofiber producers; fullerene suppliers; nanodiamond producers; graphene quantum dot developers; carbon foam manufacturers; DLC coating service providers; activated carbon producers; carbon aerogel and xerogel manufacturers; and CO₂-derived carbon materials developers

 

The following companies are profiled in this report: 4M Carbon Fiber Corporation, 9T Labs AG, A Healthier Earth, Aben Resources, ACG Composites Co. Ltd., Acros Organics, ADA Carbon Solutions, Adamas Nanotechnologies Inc., Adeka Corporation, Advanced Material Development (AMD), AdvEn Inc., AerNos Inc., Aerogel Core Ltd, Agar Scientific, AirMembrane Corporation, Airex Energy, Akkolab, Aksa Carbon, Alba Mineral Resources plc, Albany Engineered Composites Inc., Aldila Inc., Alfa Aesar, Aligned Carbon Inc., AlterBiota, Amalyst, Amata Green SL, American Boronite Corporation, American Dye Source Inc., AMO GmbH, Anaphite Limited, Anson Resources, Aperam BioEnergia, ApNano Materials Inc., Appear Inc., Applied Nanolayers BV, ApplyNanosolutions S.L., APS Tech Solutions, AquaGreen Holding ApS, AR Brown Co. Ltd, arbitex, ArborX, Archer Materials Ltd., AREVO, Argo Graphene Solutions, Arkema France SA, Armadale Capital, Arq Inc., Arris Composites, Art Beam Co. Ltd., Asahi Carbon Co Ltd, Aspen Aerogels Inc., Atlas Carbon LLC, Atomic Mechanics Ltd., Atrago, Attis Innovations LLC, Australian Advanced Materials, Avadain Inc., AVANCO GmbH, Avanzare Innovacion Tecnologica S.L., Awn Nanotech Inc., Aztrong Inc., Balkrishna Industries Limited, Baotailong New Materials Co. Ltd., BASF AG, BASF SE, Bass Metals Limited, Battelle Memorial Institute, BC Biocarbon, Bcircular, Bedimensional S.p.A, Bee Graphene, Beijing Grish Hitech Co. Ltd., Bella Biochar Corporation, Bergen Carbon Solutions AS, BestGraphene, Betterial, BGT Materials Ltd., Bikanta Inc., Bio C&C, Bio Graphene Solutions Inc., Bio-Pact LLC, Bio365, Biochar GmbH & Co. KG, Biochar Latium, Biochar Now, Biochar Supreme, Bioenergie Frauenfeld, Bioforcetech, BioGraph Sense Inc., BioGraph Solutions, Biographene Inc., Biolin Scientific AB, Biomacon GmbH, Biomass Energy Techniques Inc., Biomassehof Allgäu eG, BioMed X GmbH, bionero GmbH, Bionika AG, Biosorra, Birla Carbon, Black Bear Carbon BV, Black Rock Mining Ltd., Black Swan Graphene, Blackleaf SAS, Blencowe Resources, Blueshift Materials Inc., BNNano, BNNano Inc., BNNT LLC, Bolder Industries, Boomatech, Boston Materials LLC, Boyce Carbon, Brain Scientific, Braskem S.A., Breton spa, Brewer Science, Bright Day Graphene AB, British Columbia (BC) Biocarbon Ltd, BTR New Material Group Co. Ltd., Buxton Resources Limited, Bygen, C's Techno Inc., C-Bond Systems LLC, C2CNT LLC, C2CNT LLC/Capital Power, Cabot Corporation, Cabuna AG, Cambridge Raman Imaging Limited, CamGraphIC Ltd., Canatu Oy, Cancarb Limited, Capchar Ltd., Carba, Carbo Culture, Carbo Tech AC GmbH, Carbo-Link AG, Carbodeon Ltd. Oy, Carbofex Oy, Carboforce GmbH, Carboganic, Carbon Activated Corporation (CAC), Carbon CANTONNE, Carbon Cell, Carbon Conversions Inc., Carbon Corp, Carbon Fiber Recycling LLC, Carbon Fly, Carbon Hexa, Carbon Meta Research, Carbon Mobile GmbH, Carbon Research and Development Company (CRDC), Carbon Revolution, Carbon Rivers Inc., Carbon Waters, Carbon-2D Graphene Inc., Carbonics Inc., CarbonMeta Research Ltd, Carbonova, Carbons Finland Oy, CarbonUP, CarbonX B.V., Carbonxt Group Limited, Carborundum Universal Ltd (CUMI), CarboVerte GmbH, Carestream Health Inc., CarStorCan, Catack-H, CEAD B.V., Cealtech AS, Cellicon B.V., CellsX, Cemex, CENS Materials Ltd., Ceylon Graphite Corp., CharGrow, Charline GmbH, Charm Graphene Co. Ltd., Charm Industrial, Chasm Advanced Materials Inc., Cheaptubes Inc., Chemviron Carbon, Chengdu Organic Chemicals (TimesNano), Christoph Fischer GmbH, Circle Soil, Circular Carbon, CN Energy Development, CNF Biofuel AS, Cocan (Hubei) Graphite Mill Inc., Colloids Ltd., Comet Resources Ltd., Concrene Limited, COnovate, Cool Planet Energy Systems, Corigin Solutions Inc., CPL/Puragen Activated Carbons, CrayoNano AS, CRRC Corporation, Cymaris Labs, Daicel Corporation, Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Manufacturing, Danubia NanoTech s.r.o., DarkBlack Carbon, Das-Nano, Datong Coal Industry Jinding Activated Carbon Co. Ltd., Delta-Energy Group LLC, DEMIO, Denka Company Limited, Desktop Metal Inc., Desotec NV, DexMat Inc., Diamonex, Directa Plus plc, DJ Nanotech Inc., Donau Carbon GmbH, Doncarb Graphite LLC (EM Group), Dotz Nano Ltd., Dreamfly Innovations, Dycotec Materials Ltd., Dynalene, Eagle Graphite, Earthasia International Holdings Ltd, Earthdas, Earthly Biochar, ECO INFINIC CO. LTD., EcoCera, EcoGraf Limited, EcoLocked GmbH, Ecolomondo, Ecoworth Tech Pte. Ltd., EGoS, Elcora Advanced Materials Corp., Elysium Nordic, Emberion Oy, ENano Tec Co. Ltd., ENanotec, EnergieWerk Ilg GmbH, Enersens SAS, Enrestec, Envigas AB, EnyGy, EOX International BV, Epic Advanced Materials, Epsilon Carbon, Essentium Inc., Eurocarb, Evercloak Inc., Evion Group Pty. Ltd., Evolution Energy Minerals, Evove, Exomad Green, Explocom GK SRL, Extracthive-Industry, Extrativa Metalquimica SA Grafite do Brasil, Faber Industrie SpA, Fairmat, Fangda Carbon New Material Co. Ltd., Faurecia S.A., FGV Cambridge Nanosystems, First Graphene, First Graphene Ltd., FlexeGRAPH, Flextrapower, FND Biotech Inc., Focus Graphite, Formosa Plastics Corporation, Fortify Inc., Freres Biochar, Frontier Carbon Corporation, Fuji Pigment Co. Ltd., Fujian Huafeng Industry Co. Ltd., Fujitsu Laboratories, FunktioMat Oy, Garmor Inc., Gen 2 Carbon, General Biochar Systems (GBS), General Graphene, Geotech International B.V., Gerdau Graphene, Glanris, Glaren, Gnanomat S.L., Golden Formula, GoLeafe, Goodfellow Corporation, GQenergy srl, Grafentek, Grafine Ltd., Grafintec Oy, Grafoid Inc., Grafren AB, GRAFTA Nanotech, GrafTech International, Granode Materials, GraphAudio, Grapheal, Graphenall Co. Ltd., Graphenano s.l., Graphene Composites Limited and more....

 

Purchasers will receive the following:

  • PDF report download/by email. 
  • Comprehensive Excel spreadsheet of all data.
  • Mid-year Update

 

Advanced Carbon Materials: Global Market 2027-2037
Advanced Carbon Materials: Global Market 2027-2037
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1             THE ADVANCED CARBON MATERIALS MARKET     57

  • 1.1        Market overview           60
  • 1.2        Market Landscape and Evolution     60
  • 1.3        Key Market Drivers      61
    • 1.3.1    Electrification and Energy Storage   61
    • 1.3.2    Hydrogen Economy   61
    • 1.3.3    Renewable Energy Expansion            62
    • 1.3.4    Aerospace Recovery and Growth     62
    • 1.3.5    Digital Infrastructure and Electronics            62
    • 1.3.6    Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) 62
    • 1.3.7    Carbon Removal and Sustainability Mandates       62
  • 1.4        Main Applications       63
  • 1.5        Role of Advanced Carbon Materials in the Green Transition          63
  • 1.6        Main applications       64
    • 1.6.1    Thermal management             64
      • 1.6.1.1 Commercialization    65
    • 1.6.2    Conductive Battery Additives and Electrodes          68
    • 1.6.3    Composites    70
  • 1.7        Role of advanced carbon materials in the green transition             72
  • 1.8        Pricing Overview Across Advanced Carbon Materials,       72
  • 1.9        Price Trajectory Forecasts     75
  • 1.10     Comparative Growth Rates by Application 78

 

2             CARBON FIBERS         82

  • 2.1        Competitive landscape and production capacity  82
  • 2.2        Properties of carbon fibers   82
    • 2.2.1    Types by modulus       84
    • 2.2.2    Types by the secondary processing 84
  • 2.3        Precursor material types        85
    • 2.3.1    PAN: Polyacrylonitrile               86
      • 2.3.1.1 Spinning            86
      • 2.3.1.2 Stabilizing        87
      • 2.3.1.3 Carbonizing    87
      • 2.3.1.4 Surface treatment       87
      • 2.3.1.5 Sizing  87
      • 2.3.1.6 Pitch-based carbon fibers     88
      • 2.3.1.7 Isotropic pitch               88
      • 2.3.1.8 Mesophase pitch         89
      • 2.3.1.9 Viscose (Rayon)-based carbon fibers            89
    • 2.3.2    Bio-based and alternative precursors           90
      • 2.3.2.1 Lignin  90
      • 2.3.2.2 Polyethylene   93
      • 2.3.2.3 Vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF)     94
      • 2.3.2.4 Textile PAN       94
    • 2.3.3    Recycled carbon fibers (r-CF)             94
      • 2.3.3.1 The market for rCF      94
      • 2.3.3.2 Recycling processes 95
      • 2.3.3.3 Recycled Carbon Fiber Market Size and Forecast (2025–2036)   98
      • 2.3.3.4 Companies     98
    • 2.3.4    Carbon Fiber 3D Printing        99
    • 2.3.5    Plasma oxidation        101
    • 2.3.6    Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)      101
      • 2.3.6.1 Applications   102
  • 2.4        Markets and applications      103
    • 2.4.1    Aerospace        103
      • 2.4.1.1 Overview           103
      • 2.4.1.2 2025/2026 Market Update     104
    • 2.4.2    Wind energy    105
      • 2.4.2.1 Overview           105
      • 2.4.2.2 2025/2026 Market Update     105
    • 2.4.3    Sports & leisure            106
      • 2.4.3.1 Overview           106
  • 2.4.4    Automotive      107
      • 2.4.4.1 Overview           107
      • 2.4.4.2 2025/2026 Market Update     108
  • 2.4.5    Pressure vessels          109
    • 2.4.5.1 Hydrogen Economy   110
  • 2.4.6    Oil and gas      111
  • 2.4.7    Civil Engineering and Infrastructure                112
  • 2.4.8    Emerging and High-Growth Application Markets    113
    • 2.4.8.1 Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and eVTOL Aircraft             113
    • 2.4.8.2 Space and Satellite Launch 113
    • 2.4.8.3 Marine and Shipbuilding        114
    • 2.4.8.4 Medical Devices and Prosthetics     114
    • 2.4.8.5 Electrical and Electronics      114
  • 2.5        Market analysis            114
    • 2.5.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   114
    • 2.5.2    Regulations     115
    • 2.5.3    Price and Costs Analysis       116
    • 2.5.4    Carbon Fiber Classification by Modulus Grade and Carbon Content       116
    • 2.5.5    Supply Chain 117
    • 2.5.6    Competitive Landscape         117
      • 2.5.6.1 Annual capacity, by producer              118
    • 2.5.7    Future Outlook             119
    • 2.5.8    Addressable Market Size        120
    • 2.5.9    Risks and Opportunities         121
    • 2.5.10 Global Carbon Fiber Demand 2020–2036  122
      • 2.5.10.1            By Industry (Thousand Metric Tonnes)          122
      • 2.5.10.2            By Region (Thousand Metric Tonnes)             123
      • 2.5.10.3            Revenues by Industry (Billions USD)              124
  • 2.6        Company profiles       125
    • 2.6.1    Carbon fiber producers           125 (29 company profiles)
    • 2.6.2    Carbon Fiber composite producers                143 (65 company profiles)
    • 2.6.3    Carbon fiber recyclers              178 (17 company profiles)

 

3             CARBON BLACK          192

  • 3.1        Commercially available carbon black           192
  • 3.2        Properties         193
    • 3.2.1    Particle size distribution         194
    • 3.2.2    Structure-Aggregate size        195
    • 3.2.3    Surface chemistry      195
    • 3.2.4    Agglomerates 195
    • 3.2.5    Colour properties        196
    • 3.2.6    Porosity             196
    • 3.2.7    Physical form 196
  • 3.3        Manufacturing processes      196
  • 3.4        Markets and applications      198
    • 3.4.1    Tires and automotive 198
    • 3.4.2    Non-Tire Rubber (Industrial rubber) 201
    • 3.4.3    Lithium-Ion Batteries and Energy Storage   202
      • 3.4.3.1 Role of Carbon Black in Battery Electrodes                202
      • 3.4.3.2 Carbon Black vs. Carbon Nanotubes in Battery Applications       202
      • 3.4.3.3 Key Conductive Carbon Black Grades for Batteries              202
      • 3.4.3.4 Market Size and Forecast       203
    • 3.4.4    Other markets               203
  • 3.5        Specialty carbon black            204
    • 3.5.1    Applications   204
    • 3.5.2    Global market size for specialty CB 205
  • 3.6        Recovered carbon black (rCB)           206
    • 3.6.1    Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires (ELT)   207
    • 3.6.2    Discontinuous (“batch”) pyrolysis   207
    • 3.6.3    Semi-continuous pyrolysis   208
    • 3.6.4    Continuous pyrolysis                208
    • 3.6.5    Key players      208
    • 3.6.6    Global market size for Recovered Carbon Black    209
  • 3.7        Plasma-Produced Carbon Black      210
    • 3.7.1    Technology Overview                210
    • 3.7.2    Key Players      211
    • 3.7.3    Market Outlook            211
  • 3.8        Bio-based and Alternarive Carbon Black    212
    • 3.8.1    Overview           212
    • 3.8.2    Key Players and Technologies             213
    • 3.8.3    Market Assessment  213
    • 3.8.4    Market analysis            215
      • 3.8.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   215
      • 3.8.4.2 Regulations     215
      • 3.8.4.3 Supply chain  216
      • 3.8.4.4 Price and Costs Analysis       217
    • 3.8.5    Carbon Black Classification by Grade, Purity and Carbon Content           218
      • 3.8.5.1 Competitive Landscape         220
      • 3.8.5.2 Future Outlook             222
      • 3.8.5.3 Customer Segmentation        222
      • 3.8.5.4 Addressable Market Size        223
      • 3.8.5.5 Risks and Opportunities         224
      • 3.8.5.6 Global market                224
  • 3.9  Company profiles       226 (59 company profiles)

 

4             GRAPHITE        262

  • 4.1        Types of graphite         264
    • 4.1.1    Natural vs synthetic graphite               264
  • 4.2        Natural graphite           265
    • 4.2.1    Classification 266
    • 4.2.2    Processing       267
    • 4.2.3    Flake    268
      • 4.2.3.1 Grades               268
      • 4.2.3.2 Applications   268
      • 4.2.3.3 Spherical graphite      269
      • 4.2.3.4 Expandable graphite 270
    • 4.2.4    Amorphous graphite 270
      • 4.2.4.1 Applications   270
    • 4.2.5    Crystalline vein graphite         271
      • 4.2.5.1 Applications   271
  • 4.3        Synthetic graphite      272
    • 4.3.1    Classification 272
      • 4.3.1.1 Primary synthetic graphite    273
      • 4.3.1.2 Secondary synthetic graphite             273
    • 4.3.2    Processing       273
      • 4.3.2.1 Processing for battery anodes            274
    • 4.3.3    Issues with synthetic graphite production  274
    • 4.3.4    Isostatic Graphite       275
      • 4.3.4.1 Description     275
      • 4.3.4.2 Markets              275
      • 4.3.4.3 Producers and production capacities           276
    • 4.3.5    Graphite electrodes   276
    • 4.3.6    Extruded Graphite      276
    • 4.3.7    Vibration Molded Graphite    277
    • 4.3.8    Die-molded graphite 278
  • 4.4        New technologies       279
  • 4.5        Recycling of graphite materials          279
  • 4.6        Markets and applications      280
  • 4.7        Graphite pricing (ton)               281
    • 4.7.1    Pricing 2020-2025      281
      • 4.7.1.1 Fine Flake Graphite Prices     282
      • 4.7.1.2 Spherical Graphite Prices      283
      • 4.7.1.3 +32 Mesh Natural Flake Graphite Prices      283
      • 4.7.1.4 Large Flake      284
    • 4.7.2    Graphite Classification by Purity Grade and Form 285
  • 4.8        Global production of graphite             287
    • 4.8.1    Market Dynamics and Demand Drivers (2024-2025)          287
      • 4.8.1.1 Steel Sector Weakness           288
      • 4.8.1.2 Inventory Overhang Impact  288
      • 4.8.1.3 Substitution Dynamics           289
      • 4.8.1.4 Ex-China Markets Maintain Natural Preference       289
    • 4.8.2    China dominance       289
      • 4.8.2.1 Domestic Market Competition Structure     290
      • 4.8.2.2 Strategic Cost Optimization (2021-2024)   290
      • 4.8.2.3 Government Support and Subsidy Structures          292
      • 4.8.2.4 China's Strategic Export Control Framework            293
      • 4.8.2.5 Practical Impact of Export Controls                293
    • 4.8.3    United States Subsidies, Loans, and Tariff Policy Evolution            293
      • 4.8.3.1 Federal Loan Guarantee Programs  294
      • 4.8.3.2 The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Clean Vehicle Credit (CVC)              294
      • 4.8.3.3 FEOC Restrictions and Timeline Extensions             295
      • 4.8.3.4 Political Uncertainty - "One Big Beautiful Bill" and CVC Expiration            295
      • 4.8.3.5 Tariff Policy Evolution               296
      • 4.8.3.6 July 2025 - Preliminary AD Determination   296
      • 4.8.3.7 Chinese Retaliatory Measures           297
      • 4.8.3.8 Policy Sustainability Analysis             298
    • 4.8.4    Global mine production and reserves of natural graphite 298
    • 4.8.5    Global graphite production in tonnes, 2024-2037 299
      • 4.8.5.1 Natural Graphite          299
      • 4.8.5.2 Synthetic Graphite     300
    • 4.8.6    Western Market Cost Competitiveness Analysis   300
      • 4.8.6.1 Ex-China Natural Anode Cost Structure       300
      • 4.8.6.2 Chinese Pricing as Competitive Floor            302
      • 4.8.6.3 Policy Support Mechanisms Bridging the Gap         302
      • 4.8.6.4 Alternative Competitive Strategies  303
  • 4.9        Global market demand for graphite by end use market 2016-2037, tonnes        307
    • 4.9.1    Battery Market Dominance  308
    • 4.9.2    Steel/Refractories Sector       308
    • 4.9.3    Mature Industrial Markets     308
    • 4.9.4    Global Graphite Revenues by End-Use Market        309
  • 4.10     Demand by region      310
    • 4.10.1 Asia-Pacific    311
    • 4.10.2 North America              312
    • 4.10.3 Europe                313
    • 4.10.4 Brazil   314
  • 4.11     Factors that aid graphite market growth      315
  • 4.12     Factors that hinder graphite market growth              316
  • 4.13     Main market players  317
    • 4.13.1 Natural graphite           317
    • 4.13.2 Synthetic graphite      317
  • 4.14     Market supply chain  318
  • 4.15     Lithium-ion batteries 320
    • 4.15.1 Gigafactories 322
    • 4.15.2 Anode material in electric vehicles  324
      • 4.15.2.1            Properties         325
      • 4.15.2.2            Market demand            326
      • 4.15.2.3            Global Anode Market Structure and Competitive Dynamics          326
    • 4.15.3 Recent trends in the automotive market and EVs  330
    • 4.15.4 Higher costs and tight supply              331
    • 4.15.5 Forecast for EVs           331
  • 4.16     Refractory manufacturing (Steel market)    331
    • 4.16.1 Steel market trends and graphite growth    332
    • 4.16.2 Carbon Sources for refractories        332
    • 4.16.3 Electric arc furnaces in steelmaking              332
    • 4.16.4 Recarburising 333
  • 4.17     Graphite Shapes          334
  • 4.18     Electronics      335
    • 4.18.1 Thermal management             335
  • 4.19     Fuel Cells         335
  • 4.20     Nuclear              336
  • 4.21     Lubricants       336
  • 4.22     Friction materials        337
  • 4.23     Flame retardants         337
  • 4.24     Solar and wind turbines          337
  • 4.25     Company profiles       338 (103 company profiles)

 

5             BIOCHAR          407

  • 5.1        What is biochar?         407
  • 5.2        Carbon sequestration              408
  • 5.3        Properties of biochar 409
  • 5.4        Markets and applications      411
    • 5.4.1    Biochar Classification by Carbon Content and Production Route              416
  • 5.5        Feedstocks      417
  • 5.6        Production processes              418
    • 5.6.1    Sustainable production          418
    • 5.6.2    Pyrolysis            419
      • 5.6.2.1 Slow pyrolysis               419
      • 5.6.2.2 Fast pyrolysis 420
    • 5.6.3    Gasification    420
    • 5.6.4    Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)  421
    • 5.6.5    Torrefaction     421
    • 5.6.6    Equipment manufacturers   422
  • 5.7        Carbon credits              423
    • 5.7.1    Overview           423
    • 5.7.2    Removal and reduction credits          423
    • 5.7.3    The advantage of biochar      423
    • 5.7.4    Price     424
    • 5.7.5    Buyers of biochar credits       424
    • 5.7.6    Competitive materials and technologies    424
      • 5.7.6.1 Geologic carbon sequestration         424
      • 5.7.6.2 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)       425
      • 5.7.6.3 Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS)   425
      • 5.7.6.4 Enhanced mineral weathering with mineral carbonation 426
      • 5.7.6.5 Ocean alkalinity enhancement          426
      • 5.7.6.6 Forest preservation and afforestation           427
  • 5.8        Markets for biochar   427
    • 5.8.1    Agriculture & livestock farming          427
      • 5.8.1.1 Market drivers and trends      427
      • 5.8.1.2 Applications   427
    • 5.8.2    Construction materials           431
      • 5.8.2.1 Market drivers and trends      431
      • 5.8.2.2 Applications   431
    • 5.8.3    Wastewater treatment             434
      • 5.8.3.1 Market drivers and trends      434
      • 5.8.3.2 Applications   435
    • 5.8.4    Filtration            436
      • 5.8.4.1 Market drivers and trends      436
      • 5.8.4.2 Applications   436
    • 5.8.5    Carbon capture            436
      • 5.8.5.1 Market drivers and trends      436
      • 5.8.5.2 Applications   437
    • 5.8.6    Cosmetics       437
      • 5.8.6.1 Market drivers and trends      437
      • 5.8.6.2 Applications   437
    • 5.8.7    Textiles               438
      • 5.8.7.1 Market drivers and trends      438
      • 5.8.7.2 Applications   438
    • 5.8.8    Additive manufacturing          439
      • 5.8.8.1 Market drivers and trends      439
      • 5.8.8.2 Applications   439
    • 5.8.9    Ink         440
      • 5.8.9.1 Market drivers and trends      440
      • 5.8.9.2 Applications   440
    • 5.8.10 Polymers           440
      • 5.8.10.1            Market drivers and trends      440
      • 5.8.10.2            Applications   441
    • 5.8.11 Packaging        441
      • 5.8.11.1            Market drivers and trends      441
      • 5.8.11.2            Applications   442
    • 5.8.12 Steel and metal            443
      • 5.8.12.1            Market drivers and trends      443
      • 5.8.12.2            Applications   443
    • 5.8.13 Energy 444
      • 5.8.13.1            Market drivers and trends      444
      • 5.8.13.2            Applications   444
  • 5.9        Market analysis            448
    • 5.9.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   448
    • 5.9.2    Regulations     448
    • 5.9.3    Price and Costs Analysis       448
    • 5.9.4    Supply Chain 449
    • 5.9.5    Competitive Landscape         450
    • 5.9.6    Future Outlook             450
    • 5.9.7    Customer Segmentation        450
    • 5.9.8    Addressable Market Size        451
    • 5.9.9    Risks and Opportunities         452
    • 5.10     Global market                452
      • 5.10.1 By end use market      453
      • 5.10.2 By region           453
      • 5.10.3 By feedstocks 454
        • 5.10.3.1            China and Asia-Pacific            454
        • 5.10.3.2            North America              456
        • 5.10.3.3            Europe                456
        • 5.10.3.4            South America              457
        • 5.10.3.5            Africa   458
        • 5.10.3.6            Middle East     459
  • 5.11     Company profiles       460 (147 company profiles)

 

6             GRAPHENE      544

  • 6.1        Types of graphene      544
  • 6.2        Properties         546
  • 6.3        Market analysis            547
    • 6.3.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   547
    • 6.3.2    Regulations     549
    • 6.3.3    Price and Costs Analysis       549
      • 6.3.3.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene      552
      • 6.3.3.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 552
      • 6.3.3.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing        553
      • 6.3.3.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing             554
      • 6.3.3.5 Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing 555
      • 6.3.3.6 Graphene ink 556
    • 6.3.4    Graphene Classification by Form, Purity and Production Route  556
    • 6.3.5    Markets and applications      558
      • 6.3.5.1 Batteries            558
      • 6.3.5.2 Supercapacitors          559
      • 6.3.5.3 Polymer additives       561
      • 6.3.5.4 Sensors             562
      • 6.3.5.5 Conductive inks           564
      • 6.3.5.6 Transparent conductive films             565
      • 6.3.5.7 Transistors and integrated circuits   567
      • 6.3.5.8 Filtration            569
      • 6.3.5.9 Thermal management             571
      • 6.3.5.10            Additive Manufacturing/3D printing 572
      • 6.3.5.11            Adhesives         574
      • 6.3.5.12            Aerospace        576
      • 6.3.5.13            Automotive      578
      • 6.3.5.14            Fuel cells          580
      • 6.3.5.15            Biomedical and healthcare  582
      • 6.3.5.16            Building and Construction    584
      • 6.3.5.17            Paints and coatings   587
      • 6.3.5.18            Photovoltaics 589
    • 6.3.6    Supply Chain 590
    • 6.3.7    Production Capacities             592
    • 6.3.8    Future Outlook             599
    • 6.3.9    Addressable Market Size        602
    • 6.3.10 Risks and Opportunities         608
    • 6.3.11 Global demand 2018-2037, tons     609
      • 6.3.11.1            Global demand by graphene material (tons)             609
      • 6.3.11.2            Global demand by end user market                610
      • 6.3.11.3            Graphene market, by region 610
      • 6.3.11.4            Revenue by End-Use Application     611
  • 6.4        Company profiles       612 (360 company profiles)

 

7             CARBON NANOTUBES            844

  • 7.1        Properties         844
    • 7.1.1    Comparative properties of CNTs       845
  • 7.2        Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)               846
    • 7.2.1    Properties         846
    • 7.2.2    Markets and applications      846
  • 7.3        Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)             850
    • 7.3.1    Properties         850
    • 7.3.2    Markets and applications      850
  • 7.4        Market Overview          852
    • 7.4.1    Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)            852
    • 7.4.2    Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs)           853
    • 7.4.3    Market Demand by End-Use Market (2020-2037) 853
    • 7.4.4    Revenue by End-Use Application     854
  • 7.5        Carbon Nanotube Classification by Type, Wall Number and Purity           855
  • 7.6        Markets for Carbon Nanotubes         856
    • 7.6.1    Energy Storage              856
    • 7.6.2    Polymer Composites 857
    • 7.6.3    Electronics      858
    • 7.6.4    Thermal interface materials 859
    • 7.6.5    Construction  860
    • 7.6.6    Coatings            860
    • 7.6.7    Automotive      861
    • 7.6.8    Aerospace        862
    • 7.6.9    Others (Filtration, Sensors, Medical Devices, Lubricants, and Emerging Applications)               863
  • 7.7        Company profiles       864 (154 company profiles)
  • 7.8        Other types     963
    • 7.8.1    Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)              963
      • 7.8.1.1 Properties         963
      • 7.8.1.2 Applications   963
    • 7.8.2    Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs)     964
      • 7.8.2.1 Properties         964
      • 7.8.2.2 Applications   964
    • 7.8.3    Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)      965
      • 7.8.3.1 Properties         965
      • 7.8.3.2 Applications   966
    • 7.8.4    Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)  966
      • 7.8.4.1 Properties         966
      • 7.8.4.2 Applications   967
    • 7.8.5    Carbon Nano-Onions              968
      • 7.8.5.1 Properties         968
      • 7.8.5.2 Applications   969
      • 7.8.5.3 Production and Pricing            969
      • 7.8.5.4 Market Analysis           969
  • 7.8.6    Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)    971
    • 7.8.6.1 Properties         971
    • 7.8.6.2 Applications   972
    • 7.8.6.3 Production       972
  • 7.8.7    Companies     972 (7 company profiles)

 

8             CARBON NANOFIBERS           977

  • 8.1        Properties         977
  • 8.2        Synthesis          977
    • 8.2.1    Chemical vapor deposition  977
    • 8.2.2    Electrospinning            977
    • 8.2.3    Template-based           978
    • 8.2.4    From biomass               978
  • 8.3        Markets              978
    • 8.3.1    Energy storage              978
      • 8.3.1.1 Batteries            978
      • 8.3.1.2 Supercapacitors          979
      • 8.3.1.3 Fuel cells          979
    • 8.3.2    CO2 capture   979
    • 8.3.3    Composites    980
    • 8.3.4    Filtration            980
    • 8.3.5    Catalysis           980
    • 8.3.6    Sensors             980
    • 8.3.7    Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding          981
    • 8.3.8    Biomedical      981
    • 8.3.9    Concrete           981
  • 8.4        Market analysis            982
    • 8.4.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   982
    • 8.4.2    Price and Costs Analysis       982
    • 8.4.3    Carbon Nanofiber Classification by Structure and Purity 983
    • 8.4.4    Supply Chain 983
    • 8.4.5    Future Outlook             984
    • 8.4.6    Addressable Market Size        985
    • 8.4.7    Risks and Opportunities         985
  • 8.5        Global market revenues          986
  • 8.6        Companies     987 (12 company profiles)

 

9             FULLERENES 995

  • 9.1        Properties         995
  • 9.2        Markets and applications      997
  • 9.3        Technology Readiness Level (TRL)   997
  • 9.4        Market analysis            998
    • 9.4.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   998
    • 9.4.2    Price and Costs Analysis       998
    • 9.4.3    Fullerene Classification by Molecule, Purity and Derivative Form               999
    • 9.4.4    Supply Chain 1000
    • 9.4.5    Future Outlook             1000
    • 9.4.6    Customer Segmentation        1001
    • 9.4.7    Addressable Market Size        1001
    • 9.4.8    Risks and Opportunities         1002
    • 9.4.9    Global market demand (tons)            1002
    • 9.4.10 Global Fullerene Revenues by End-Use Market       1003
  • 9.5        Producers         1004 (20 company profiles)

 

10          NANODIAMONDS       1014

  • 10.1     Introduction    1014
  • 10.2     Types   1014
    • 10.2.1 Detonation Nanodiamonds 1015
    • 10.2.2 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs)               1017
    • 10.2.3 Diamond semiconductors    1017
  • 10.3     Markets and applications      1017
  • 10.4     Market analysis            1020
    • 10.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1020
    • 10.4.2 Regulations     1021
    • 10.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis       1022
    • 10.4.4 Nanodiamond Classification by Production Route and Purity       1024
    • 10.4.5 Supply Chain 1024
    • 10.4.6 Future Outlook             1025
    • 10.4.7 Risks and Opportunities         1026
    • 10.4.8 Global demand 2018-2037, tonnes 1027
    • 10.4.9 Global Nanodiamond Revenues by End-Use Market           1028
  • 10.5     Company profiles       1028 (30 company profiles)

 

11          GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS              1054

  • 11.1     Comparison to quantum dots            1055
  • 11.2     Properties         1056
  • 11.3     Synthesis          1056
    • 11.3.1 Top-down method      1056
    • 11.3.2 Bottom-up method    1057
  • 11.4     Applications   1059
  • 11.5     Graphene quantum dots pricing       1059
    • 11.5.1 GQD Classification by Purity, Size and Surface Functionalisation              1060
    • 11.5.2 Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast        1061
  • 11.6     Graphene quantum dot producers  1062 (9 company profiles)

 

12          CARBON FOAM            1069

  • 12.1     Types   1069
    • 12.1.1 Carbon aerogels          1069
      • 12.1.1.1            Carbon-based aerogel composites 1070
  • 12.2     Properties         1070
  • 12.3     Markets and Applications      1071
    • 12.3.1 Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast        1073
    • 12.3.2 Carbon Foam Classification by Precursor and Purity          1074
  • 12.4     Company profiles       1075 (10 company profiles)

 

13          DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON (DLC) COATINGS               1082

  • 13.1     Properties         1083
  • 13.2     Applications and markets      1084
    • 13.2.1 DLC Coating Classification by sp³ Content and Hydrogen Content           1085
  • 13.3     Global market size     1086
  • 13.4     Company profiles       1087 (9 company profiles)

 

14          ACTIVATED CARBON 1093

  • 14.1     Overview           1093
  • 14.2     Types   1093
    • 14.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)  1095
    • 14.2.2 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)    1095
    • 14.2.3 Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC)    1095
    • 14.2.4 Impregnated Activated Carbon          1096
    • 14.2.5 Bead Activated Carbon (BAC               1096
    • 14.2.6 Polymer Coated Carbon         1096
    • 14.2.7 Specialty Forms           1096
  • 14.3     Production       1097
    • 14.3.1 Coal-based Activated Carbon            1097
    • 14.3.2 Wood-based Activated Carbon         1097
    • 14.3.3 Coconut Shell-based Activated Carbon      1097
    • 14.3.4 Fruit Stone and Nutshell-based Activated Carbon                1097
    • 14.3.5 Polymer-based Activated Carbon    1097
    • 14.3.6 Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs)         1098
  • 14.4     Markets and applications      1098
    • 14.4.1 Water Treatment          1099
    • 14.4.2 Air Purification              1099
    • 14.4.3 Food and Beverage Processing          1099
    • 14.4.4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications 1099
    • 14.4.5 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries     1099
    • 14.4.6 Mining and Precious Metal Recovery              1099
    • 14.4.7 Environmental Remediation 1099
    • 14.4.8 Energy Storage              1100
      • 14.4.8.1            Supercapacitor Technology and Activated Carbon's Role                1100
      • 14.4.8.2            Lead-carbon batteries             1102
      • 14.4.8.3            Lithium-ion Batteries and Lithium-ion Capacitors 1103
      • 14.4.8.4            Flow Batteries                1104
      • 14.4.8.5            Zinc-Air and Metal-Air Batteries         1104
      • 14.4.8.6            Fuel Cell Components            1104
      • 14.4.8.7            Solid-State Batteries 1104
    • 14.4.9 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries     1104
    • 14.4.10              Automotive and Vehicle Applications            1105
    • 14.4.11              Personal Care, Consumer Products, and Other Specialty Applications 1105
  • 14.5     Market analysis            1106
    • 14.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1106
    • 14.5.2 Regulations     1107
    • 14.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis       1107
    • 14.5.4 Activated Carbon Classification by Form, Purity and Application Grade                1108
    • 14.5.5 Supply Chain 1109
    • 14.5.6 Future Outlook             1110
    • 14.5.7 Customer Segmentation        1112
    • 14.5.8 Addressable Market Size        1112
    • 14.5.9 Risks and Opportunities         1114
  • 14.6     Global market revenues 2020-2037               1114
    • 14.6.1 Global activated carbon production capacity          1115
      • 14.6.1.1            Reactivation Capacity              1116
  • 14.7     Companies     1117 (24 company profiles)

 

15          CARBON AEROGELS AND XEROGELS          1137

  • 15.1     Overview           1137
  • 15.2     Types   1137
    • 15.2.1 Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (RF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels     1137
    • 15.2.2 Phenolic-Furfural (PF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels        1137
    • 15.2.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels     1138
    • 15.2.4 Biomass-derived Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels   1138
    • 15.2.5 Doped Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels           1138
    • 15.2.6 Composite Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1138
  • 15.3     Markets and applications      1138
    • 15.3.1 Energy Storage              1139
    • 15.3.2 Thermal Insulation     1139
    • 15.3.3 Catalysis           1139
    • 15.3.4 Environmental Remediation 1140
    • 15.3.5 Other Applications     1140
  • 15.4     Market analysis            1140
    • 15.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1140
    • 15.4.2 Regulations     1141
    • 15.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis       1142
    • 15.4.4 Carbon Aerogel and Xerogel Classification by Drying Method and Purity               1142
    • 15.4.5 Supply Chain 1143
    • 15.4.6 Future Outlook             1144
    • 15.4.7 Customer Segmentation        1144
    • 15.4.8 Addressable Market Size        1145
    • 15.4.9 Risks and Opportunities         1145
  • 15.5     Global market forecast           1146
  • 15.6     Companies     1147 (10 company profiles)

 

16          CARBON MATERIALS FROM CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION          1157

  • 16.1     CO2 capture from point sources      1158
    • 16.1.1 Transportation              1159
    • 16.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities           1159
  • 16.2     Main carbon capture processes        1161
    • 16.2.1 Materials           1161
    • 16.2.2 Post-combustion        1163
    • 16.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion                1164
    • 16.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle  1165
    • 16.2.5 Pre-combustion           1165
  • 16.3     Carbon separation technologies       1166
    • 16.3.1 Absorption capture    1168
    • 16.3.2 Adsorption capture    1171
    • 16.3.3 Membranes    1173
    • 16.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture    1175
    • 16.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture  1176
    • 16.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner        1176
    • 16.3.7 Other technologies    1177
      • 16.3.7.1            Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)          1178
    • 16.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies             1179
    • 16.3.9 Electrochemical conversion of CO2               1179
      • 16.3.9.1            Process overview        1180
    • 16.3.10              CO₂-Derived Carbon Classification by Conversion Route and Purity        1182
  • 16.4     Direct air capture (DAC)         1183
    • 16.4.1 Description     1183
  • 16.5     Market Analysis           1185
  • 16.6     Companies     1187 (4 company profiles)

 

17          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              1190

 

18          REFERENCES 1191

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Advanced Carbon Materials Market 2024–2036 (Billions USD) 57
  • Table 2. Consolidated Pricing Comparison for Advanced Carbon Materials        57
  • Table 3. Price Forecast Trends 2020–2037 59
  • Table 4. The advanced carbon materials market.  60
  • Table 5. Applications and Properties of Carbon Materials in Thermal Management for IC/Chip Manufacturing.            64
  • Table 6. Companies and Products Utilizing Carbon Materials in Thermal Management for IC/Chip Manufacturing.            65
  • Table 7.Carbon-Based Thermal Management Materials   67
  • Table 8. Carbon-Based Battery Additives    68
  • Table 9. Price Forecast Trends for All Materials 2020–2037            75
  • Table 10. Cross-Material CAGR Comparison by Application (Revenue CAGR 2024–2036, %) 78
  • Table 11. Cross-Material Purity Grade Summary — Lowest to Highest Commercial Grade       80
  • Table 12. Classification and types of the carbon fibers.    82
  • Table 13. Summary of carbon fiber properties.        83
  • Table 14. Modulus classifications of carbon fiber. 84
  • Table 15. Comparison of main precursor fibers.     85
  • Table 16. Properties of lignins and their applications.        91
  • Table 17. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries.          92
  • Table 18. Fiber properties of polyolefin-based CFs.             93
  • Table 19. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages.       96
  • Table 20. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.       97
  • Table 21. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.    98
  • Table 22. Methods for direct fiber integration.         99
  • Table 23. Continuous fiber 3D printing producers.                100
  • Table 24. Summary of markets and applications for CFRPs.          102
  • Table 25. Comparison of CFRP to competing materials.   104
  • Table 26. The market for carbon fibers in wind energy-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.           106
  • Table 27. The market for carbon fibers in sports & leisure-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 106
  • Table 28. The market for carbon fibers in automotive-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.           107
  • Table 29. Carbon fiber automotive applications by component and adoption stage     109
  • Table 30. The market for carbon fibers in pressure vessels-market drivers, desirable properties of CF, applications, pricing, key players.    109
  • Table 31. Key Type IV Pressure Vessel Manufacturers         111
  • Table 32. Hydrogen economy carbon fiber demand forecast         111
  • Table 33. The market for carbon fibers in oil and gas-market drivers, desirable properties, applications, pricing and key players.           112
  • Table 34. Carbon fiber demand from UAM/eVTOL sector — key parameters       113
  • Table 35. Market drivers and trends in carbon fibers.          114
  • Table 36. Regulations pertaining to carbon fibers  115
  • Table 37. Price and costs analysis for carbon fibers.           116
  • Table 38. Carbon Fiber Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimated Price and Primary Applications   116
  • Table 39. Carbon fibers supply chain.           117
  • Table 40. Production capacities of carbon fiber producers, in metric tonnes, current and planned.  118
  • Table 41. Future Outlook by End-Use Market.          119
  • Table 42. Addressable market size for carbon fibers by market.  121
  • Table 43. Market challenges in the CF and CFRP market. 121
  • Table 44. Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2037, by industry (MT).       122
  • Table 45. Global Carbon Fiber Demand 2020–2036, by Region (Thousand Metric Tonnes)        123
  • Table 46. Global Carbon Fiber Revenues 2020–2036, by Industry (Billions USD)              124
  • Table 47. Toray production sites        140
  • Table 48. Commercially available carbon black grades.   192
  • Table 49. Properties of carbon black and influence on performance.      194
  • Table 50. Carbon black compounds.             196
  • Table 51. Carbon black manufacturing processes, advantages and disadvantages.    197
  • Table 52: Market drivers for carbon black in the tire industry.        199
  • Table 53.  Global market for carbon black in tires (Million metric tons), 2018 to 2037. 200
  • Table 54. Carbon black non-tire applications.         201
  • Table 55. Conductive Carbon Black Demand in Batteries (000s Tons)    203
  • Table 56. Specialty carbon black demand, 2018-2037 (000s Tons), by market. 205
  • Table 57. Categories for recovered carbon black (rCB) based on key properties and intended applications.  206
  • Table 58. rCB post-treatment technologies.             207
  • Table 59. Recovered carbon black producers.         208
  • Table 60. Recovered carbon black demand, 2018–2037 (000s Tons), by market               210
  • Table 61.  Plasma-Produced Carbon Black — Applications and Demand, 2020–2037 (000s Metric Tons).                211
  • Table 62. Bio-Based and Alternative Carbon Black — Applications and Demand, 2020–2037 (000s Metric Tons)    213
  • Table 63. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Black.      215
  • Table 64. Regulations pertaining to carbon black. 215
  • Table 65. Market supply chain for carbon black.    216
  • Table 66 Pricing of carbon black.      217
  • Table 67. Carbon Black Grade Classification — Purity, Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Primary Applications 218
  • Table 68. Carbon Black — Required Purity by Application Segment          220
  • Table 69. Carbon black capacities, by producer.    220
  • Table 70. Future outlook for carbon black by end use market.      222
  • Table 71. Customer Segmentation: Carbon Black.               223
  • Table 72. Addressable market size for carbon black by market.   223
  • Table 73. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Black.            224
  • Table 74. Global market for carbon black 2018–2037, by end-user market (100,000 tons)       224
  • Table 75. Global market for carbon black 2018–2037, by end-user market (billion USD)            225
  • Table 76. Global market for carbon black 2018–2037, by region (100,000 tons)               225
  • Table 77. Selected physical properties of graphite.              262
  • Table 78. Characteristics of natural and synthetic graphite.          263
  • Table 79. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite.               264
  • Table 80. Natural graphite size categories, their advantages, average prices, and applications.            266
  • Table 81. Classification of natural graphite with its characteristics.         266
  • Table 82. Applications of flake graphite.      268
  • Table 83. Amorphous graphite applications.            271
  • Table 84. Crystalline vein graphite applications.    271
  • Table 85. Characteristics of synthetic graphite.      272
  • Table 86: Main markets and applications of isostatic graphite.    275
  • Table 87. Current or planned production capacities for isostatic graphite.          276
  • Table 88. Main graphite electrode producers and capacities (MT/year). 276
  • Table 89. Extruded graphite applications.   277
  • Table 90. Applications of Vibration Molded Graphite.         277
  • Table 91. Applicaitons of Die-molded graphite.      278
  • Table 92. Recycled refractory graphite applications.           279
  • Table 93. Markets and applications of graphite.     280
  • Table 94. Pricing by Graphite Type, 2020-2025.      281
  • Table 95. Fine Flake Graphite Prices (-100 mesh, 90-97% C).        282
  • Table 96. Spherical Graphite Prices (99.95% C).    283
  • Table 97. Spherical Graphite Quality Grades and Applications.   283
  • Table 98. +32 Mesh Natural Flake Graphite Prices (>500μm, 94-97% C).              283
  • Table 99. Large Flake Premium Analysis.    284
  • Table 100. Graphite Pricing Compression Analysis 2022-2024.  284
  • Table 101. Graphite Purity Grades — Classification, Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Primary Applications 285
  • Table 102. Spherical Graphite — Required Purity by Battery Chemistry  287
  • Table 103.Chinese Battery AAM Mix Evolution.       289
  • Table 104. Chinese Graphite Anode Market Structure.       290
  • Table 105. Chinese Graphitisation Cost Evolution.               292
  • Table 106. Chinese Feedstock Cost Dynamics.      292
  • Table 107. Examples of Graphite-Related Federal Support.            294
  • Table 108. Potential Final Combined Tariffs (if affirmative final determinations).             297
  • Table 109. Estimated global mine Production of natural graphite 2020-2025, by country (tons).          298
  • Table 110. Global graphite production in tonnes, 2024-2037.      299
  • Table 111. Natural Graphite Breakdown (2024 & 2036).    299
  • Table 112. Synthetic Graphite Breakdown (2024 & 2036). 300
  • Table 113. Typical cost breakdown for ex-China natural graphite AAM production (per tonne).              300
  • Table 114. Synthetic Anode Cost Dynamics.            301
  • Table 115. Ex-China Natural Anode Cost Structure Analysis.        301
  • Table 116. Current and potential tariff structures. 302
  • Table 117. US Graphite Tariff Evolution and Impact Analysis.       303
  • Table 118. Landed Cost Impact (Chinese AAM @ US$5,000-7,000/t DDP China).           303
  • Table 119. Competitive Positioning Analysis.          307
  • Table 120. Global Graphite Demand by End-Use Market 2020-2037 (tonnes).  308
  • Table 121. End Use Market Share Evolution.             309
  • Table 122. Global Graphite Revenues by End-Use Market                309
  • Table 123. Global Graphite Demand by Regional Market 2020-2037 (tonnes).  311
  • Table 124. Asia-Pacific Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes). 311
  • Table 125. North America Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes)            312
  • Table 126. North America Supply vs Demand Balance (AAM only).           313
  • Table 127. Europe Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes)             313
  • Table 128. Europe Supply vs Demand Gap (AAM, kt):         314
  • Table 129. Brazil Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes) 315
  • Table 130. Brazil Supply-Demand Balance:               315
  • Table 131. Main natural graphite producers.             317
  • Table 132. Main synthetic graphite producers.        318
  • Table 133. Key minerals in an EV battery.     321
  • Table 134. Global Battery Demand by Chemistry and Anode Type (2024-2030).              321
  • Table 135. Current and planned gigafactories.       322
  • Table 136. Key Battery Anode Specifications.          329
  • Table 137. Historical Anode Pricing Trends (DDP China). 329
  • Table 138. Major Anode Producer Profiles and Competitive Positioning 330
  • Table 139. Overview of thermal management materials. 335
  • Table 140. Graphite production capacities by producer.   338
  • Table 141. Next Resources graphite flake products.            381
  • Table 142. Summary of key properties of biochar. 409
  • Table 143. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties         409
  • Table 144. Markets and applications for biochar.  411
  • Table 145. Biochar Purity Grades — Carbon Content, Production Route, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications         417
  • Table 146. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics.    417
  • Table 147. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages.    418
  • Table 148. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass.  420
  • Table 149. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production.                421
  • Table 150. Biochar production equipment manufacturers.            422
  • Table 151. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits.              424
  • Table 152.  Biochar applications in agriculture and livestock farming.    427
  • Table 153. Effect of biochar on different soil properties.   428
  • Table 154.  Fertilizer products and their associated N, P, and K content.               429
  • Table 155. Application of biochar in construction.                431
  • Table 156. Process and benefits of biochar as an amendment in cement .          432
  • Table 157. Application of biochar in asphalt.           433
  • Table 158. Biochar applications for wastewater treatment.            435
  • Table 159. Biochar in carbon capture overview.     437
  • Table 160. Biochar in cosmetic products.   438
  • Table 161. Biochar in textiles.             439
  • Table 162. Biochar in additive manufacturing.        439
  • Table 163. Biochar in ink.       440
  • Table 164. Biochar in packaging.      442
  • Table 165. Companies using biochar in packaging.             442
  • Table 166. Biochar in steel and metal.          443
  • Table 167. Summary of applications of biochar in energy.               444
  • Table 168. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in biochar. 448
  • Table 169. Regulations pertaining to biochar.          448
  • Table 170. Biochar supply chain.      449
  • Table 171. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets.      450
  • Table 172. Future outlook for biochar by end use market.                450
  • Table 173. Customer Segmentation for Biochar.    450
  • Table 174. Addressable market size for biochar by market.            451
  • Table 175. Risk and opportunities in Biochar.          452
  • Table 176. Global demand for biochar 2018-2037 (1,000 tons), by market.         453
  • Table 177. Global demand for biochar 2018-2037 (1,000 tons), by region.           453
  • Table 178. Biochar production by feedstocks in China (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.             454
  • Table 179. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.               455
  • Table 180. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (excluding China) (1,000 tons), 2023–2036.                455
  • Table 181. Biochar production by feedstocks in North America (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.         456
  • Table 182. Biochar production by feedstocks in Europe (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.          457
  • Table 183. Biochar production by feedstocks in Africa (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.             458
  • Table 184. Biochar production by feedstocks in the Middle East (tons), 2023–2036      459
  • Table 185. Various Forms of Graphene and Related Materials      544
  • Table 186. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.  546
  • Table 187. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in graphene.            547
  • Table 188. Regulations pertaining to graphene.      549
  • Table 189. Types of graphene and typical prices.   549
  • Table 190. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer.   552
  • Table 191. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.            553
  • Table 192. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer.  553
  • Table 193. Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Pricing by Producer (2025 Updated)           554
  • Table 194. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer.          555
  • Table 195. Graphene ink pricing by producer.           556
  • Table 196. Graphene Forms and Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications   557
  • Table 197. Market and applications for graphene in automotive  580
  • Table 198. Graphene supply chain. 591
  • Table 199. Graphene producer production capacities.      592
  • Table 200. Future outlook for graphene by end use market.            599
  • Table 201. Addressable market size for graphene by market.        603
  • Table 202. Risks and Opportunities in Graphene.  608
  • Table 203. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2037 (tons). 609
  • Table 204. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2037 (tons).          610
  • Table 205. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2037 (tons).          611
  • Table 206. Graphene Revenue by End-Use Application 2020–2037          611
  • Table 207. Performance criteria of energy storage devices.            839
  • Table 208. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT.       844
  • Table 209. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              845
  • Table 210. Applications of MWCNTs.             846
  • Table 211. Comparative properties of MWCNT and SWCNT.          850
  • Table 212. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.   851
  • Table 213. Updated MWCNT Production Capacity Table (2024/2025)     853
  • Table 214. SWCNT Production Capacity (2024)     853
  • Table 215. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by end-use market, 2020-2037 (metric tons)           854
  • Table 216. Carbon Nanotube Revenue by End-Use Application (Millions USD) 854
  • Table 217. Carbon Nanotube CAGR by End-Use Application         855
  • Table 218. Carbon Nanotube Purity Grades — Classification, Specification, 2025 Pricing and 2037E Estimate            855
  • Table 219. Purity Requirements by Application       856
  • Table 220. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in energy storage, 2025-2037. 857
  • Table 221. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in polymer composites, 2025-2037.  857
  • Table 222. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in electronics, 2025-2037.       858
  • Table 223. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in thermal interface materials, 2025-2037.   859
  • Table 224. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in construction, 2025-2037.   860
  • Table 225. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in coatings, 2025-2037.             861
  • Table 226. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in automotive, 2025-2037.       861
  • Table 227. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in aerospace, 2025-2037.         862
  • Table 228. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in other end-use markets, 2025-2037.             863
  • Table 229. Chasm SWCNT products.             885
  • Table 230. Thomas Swan SWCNT production.         949
  • Table 231. Properties of carbon nanotube paper.  952
  • Table 232. Applications of Double-walled carbon nanotubes.     963
  • Table 233. Markets and applications for Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs).        964
  • Table 234. Markets and applications for few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs).           966
  • Table 235. Markets and applications for carbon nanohorns.         967
  • Table 236. Carbon Nano-Onions Revenue by End-Use Application 2020–2037 970
  • Table 237. Carbon Nano-Onion Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications   970
  • Table 238. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs.  971
  • Table 239. Applications of BNNTs.   972
  • Table 240. Carbon Nanofibers from Biomass Analysis.    978
  • Table 241. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanofibers.      982
  • Table 242. Price and Cost Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers.            982
  • Table 243. Carbon Nanofiber Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications   983
  • Table 244. Carbon nanofibers supply chain.            983
  • Table 245. Future outlook for CNFs by end use market.    984
  • Table 246. Addressable market size for CNFs by market. 985
  • Table 247. Risks and Opportunities Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers.      985
  • Table 248. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2037 (millions USD), by market          986
  • Table 249. Market overview for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications.              995
  • Table 250. Types of fullerenes and applications.    996
  • Table 251. Products incorporating fullerenes.          996
  • Table 252. Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes.         997
  • Table 253. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Fullerenes.          998
  • Table 254. Price and costs analysis for Fullerenes.               998
  • Table 255. Fullerene Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications                999
  • Table 256. Fullerenes supply chain.               1000
  • Table 257. Future outlook for Fullerenes by end use market.         1000
  • Table 258. Addressable market size for Fullerenes by market.      1001
  • Table 259. Risks and Opportunities Analysis.          1002
  • Table 260. Global market demand for  fullerenes, 2018-2037 (tons).      1002
  • Table 261. Global Fullerene Revenues by End-Use Market              1003
  • Table 262. Properties of nanodiamonds.    1015
  • Table 263. Summary of types of NDS and production methods-advantages and disadvantages.        1016
  • Table 264. Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds.             1018
  • Table 265. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Nanodiamonds.              1020
  • Table 266. Regulations pertaining to Nanodiamonds.       1021
  • Table 267. Price and costs analysis for Nanodiamonds.  1022
  • Table 268. Nanodiamond Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications                1024
  • Table 269. Nanodiamonds supply chain.    1024
  • Table 270. Future outlook for Nanodiamonds by end use market.              1026
  • Table 271. Risks and Opportunities in Nanodiamonds.    1026
  • Table 272. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2037.       1027
  • Table 273. Global Nanodiamond Revenues by End-Use Market   1028
  • Table 274. Production methods, by main ND producers. 1028
  • Table 275. Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc. nanodiamond product list. 1030
  • Table 276. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list.              1034
  • Table 277. Daicel nanodiamond product list.           1036
  • Table 278. FND Biotech Nanodiamond product list.            1038
  • Table 279. JSC Sinta nanodiamond product list.    1042
  • Table 280. Plasmachem product list and applications.     1049
  • Table 281. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list.         1051
  • Table 282. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis.      1051
  • Table 283. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.         1055
  • Table 284. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs.      1058
  • Table 285. Applications of graphene quantum dots.           1059
  • Table 286. Graphene Quantum Dot Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications   1060
  • Table 287. Graphene Quantum Dots Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast     1061
  • Table 288. Properties of carbon foam materials.    1071
  • Table 289. Applications of carbon foams.  1072
  • Table 290. Carbon Foam Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast 2020–2037    1073
  • Table 291. Carbon Foam Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications                1074
  • Table 292. Properties of Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings.     1083
  • Table 293. Applications and markets for Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 1085
  • Table 294. DLC Coating Purity Grades — sp³ Content, Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications   1086
  • Table 295. Global revenues for DLC coatings, 2018-2037 (Billion USD). 1086
  • Table 296. Activated Carbon Product Type Comparison (Updated 2026)              1096
  • Table 297. Markets and Applications for Activated Carbon.           1098
  • Table 298. Supercapacitor Performance Specifications for Activated Carbon   1100
  • Table 299. Producers of Supercapacitor-Grade Activated Carbon             1101
  • Table 300. Types of Carbon Used in Lead-Carbon Batteries           1102
  • Table 301. Lead-Carbon Battery Applications          1102
  • Table 302. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Activated Carbon.          1106
  • Table 303. Regulations pertaining to Activated Carbon.    1107
  • Table 304. Price and costs analysis for Activated Carbon.              1108
  • Table 305. Activated Carbon Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications   1108
  • Table 306. Activated Carbon — Required Purity by Application    1109
  • Table 307. Activated Carbon supply chain.                1110
  • Table 308. Future outlook for Activated Carbon by end use market.         1111
  • Table 309. Addressable market size for Activated Carbon by market.      1112
  • Table 310. Risks and Opportunities in Activated Carbon. 1114
  • Table 311. Global market revenues for Activated Carbon 2020-2037 (millions USD), by market.          1115
  • Table 312. Global Activated Carbon Production Capacity by Region (2025-2026)          1116
  • Table 313. Markets and Applications for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.              1138
  • Table 314. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.             1140
  • Table 315. Regulations pertaining to Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.       1141
  • Table 316. Price and costs analysis for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.  1142
  • Table 317. Carbon Aerogel and Xerogel Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications         1142
  • Table 318. Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels supply chain.   1143
  • Table 319. Future outlook for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by end use market.            1144
  • Table 320. Addressable market size for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by market.         1145
  • Table 321. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Aerogels.   1145
  • Table 322. Global market revenues for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 2020-2037 (millions USD), by market.              1146
  • Table 323. Point source examples.  1158
  • Table 324.Historical Growth of Global Operational CCS Capacity (2010–2025)               1160
  • Table 325.Global CCS Project Pipeline Status (2025)         1160
  • Table 326.Major Operational CCS Facilities Worldwide (2025)    1160
  • Table 327. Assessment of carbon capture materials           1161
  • Table 328. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 1163
  • Table 329. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.      1166
  • Table 330. Main capture processes and their separation technologies. 1166
  • Table 331. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview.            1168
  • Table 332. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption. 1170
  • Table 333. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview.            1171
  • Table 334. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview.             1174
  • Table 335. Comparison of main separation technologies.               1179
  • Table 336. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.            1180
  • Table 337. CO₂-Derived Carbon Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Target Applications   1182
  • Table 338. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.              1185
  • Table 339. CO₂-Derived Carbon Materials Revenue by End-Use Application 2020–2037           1186

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1.  Manufacturing process of PAN type carbon fibers.         86
  • Figure 2. Production processes for pitch-based carbon fibers.    89
  • Figure 4. Process of preparing CF from lignin.          91
  • Figure 5. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam.          187
  • Figure 6. Electron microscope image of carbon black.      193
  • Figure 7. Different shades of black, depending on the surface of Carbon Black.              195
  • Figure 8. Structure- Aggregate Size/Shape Distribution.   195
  • Figure 9 Break-down of raw materials (by weight) used in a tire.  198
  • Figure 11. Applications of specialty carbon black.               204
  • Figure 16. Die-molded graphite products.  278
  • Figure 17. Graphite market supply chain (battery market).              320
  • Figure 18. 2 Graphite: Content and share of total cell weight, for common types of lithium-ion cells for battery-powered electric vehicles. 325
  • Figure 19. Graphite as active anode material in lithium-ion cell. 325
  • Figure 20.  Schematic illustration of an EAF.              333
  • Figure 21. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures.      407
  • Figure 22. Compressed biochar.       411
  • Figure 23. Biochar production by feedstocks in South America (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.         457
  • Figure 24. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln.             477
  • Figure 25. Made of Air's HexChar panels.   513
  • Figure 26. Takavator.  536
  • Figure 27. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 546
  • Figure 28. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Batteries          559
  • Figure 29. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Supercapacitors         560
  • Figure 30. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Polymer Additives      562
  • Figure 31. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Sensors            563
  • Figure 32. Applications roadmap for graphene in conductive inks (2025-2037).              565
  • Figure 33. Applications roadmap for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays  567
  • Figure 34. Applications roadmap for graphene transistors              569
  • Figure 35. Applications roadmap for graphene filtration membranes      570
  • Figure 36. Applications roadmap for graphene in thermal management (2025-2037). 572
  • Figure 37. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in additive manufacturing.        574
  • Figure 38. Applications roadmap for graphene in adhesives (2025-2037).           576
  • Figure 39. Applications roadmap for graphene in aerospace (2205-2037).          578
  • Figure 40. Applications roadmap for graphene in fuel cells             582
  • Figure 41. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in biomedical and healthcare        584
  • Figure 42. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in building and construction           587
  • Figure 43. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in paints and coatings         588
  • Figure 44. Applications roadmap for graphene in in photovoltaics.           590
  • Figure 45. Graphene heating films. 612
  • Figure 46. Graphene flake products.              618
  • Figure 47. Printed graphene biosensors.     627
  • Figure 48. Prototype of printed memory device.     632
  • Figure 49. Brain Scientific electrode schematic.    647
  • Figure 50. Graphene battery schematic.      671
  • Figure 51. Dotz Nano GQD products.            673
  • Figure 52. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.           679
  • Figure 53. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production.         688
  • Figure 54.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.     720
  • Figure 55. BioStamp nPoint. 750
  • Figure 56. Nanotech Energy battery.               767
  • Figure 57. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.              770
  • Figure 58. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.  771
  • Figure 59. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.    772
  • Figure 60. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.          773
  • Figure 61. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model.      963
  • Figure 62. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment.        965
  • Figure 63. TEM image of FWNTs.       966
  • Figure 64. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns.          967
  • Figure 65. TEM image of carbon onion.         968
  • Figure 66. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red.             971
  • Figure 67. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet.           975
  • Figure 68. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes.           998
  • Figure 69. Detonation Nanodiamond.          1015
  • Figure 70. NBD battery.           1044
  • Figure 71. Neomond dispersions.    1046
  • Figure 72. Visual representation of graphene oxide sheets (black layers) embedded with nanodiamonds (bright white points). 1048
  • Figure 73. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots.     1054
  • Figure 74. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4).  1055
  • Figure 75. Graphene quantum dots.               1057
  • Figure 76. Top-down and bottom-up methods.       1058
  • Figure 77. Schematic of typical microstructure of carbon foam: (a) open-cell, (b) closed-cell.              1069
  • Figure 78. Classification of DLC coatings.  1082
  • Figure 79. CO2 capture and separation technology.            1158
  • Figure 80. Post-combustion carbon capture process.        1163
  • Figure 81. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.         1164
  • Figure 82. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.  1165
  • Figure 83. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.          1166
  • Figure 84. Amine-based absorption technology.    1169
  • Figure 85. Pressure swing absorption technology. 1173
  • Figure 86. Membrane separation technology.           1175
  • Figure 87. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation.      1175
  • Figure 88. Process schematic of chemical looping.             1176
  • Figure 89. Calix advanced calcination reactor.        1177
  • Figure 90. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram.               1178
  • Figure 91. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction products.          1180
  • Figure 92. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.        1184
  • Figure 93. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.            1185

 

 

 

 

 

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