Advanced Carbon Materials: Global Market 2027-2037

1             THE ADVANCED CARBON MATERIALS MARKET     56

• 1.1        Market overview           60
• 1.2        Market Landscape and Evolution     60
• 1.3        Key Market Drivers      61
  • 1.3.1    Electrification and Energy Storage   61
  • 1.3.2    Hydrogen Economy   61
  • 1.3.3    Renewable Energy Expansion            62
  • 1.3.4    Aerospace Recovery and Growth     62
  • 1.3.5    Digital Infrastructure and Electronics            62
  • 1.3.6    Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) 62
  • 1.3.7    Carbon Removal and Sustainability Mandates       62
• 1.4        Main Applications       63
• 1.5        Role of Advanced Carbon Materials in the Green Transition          63
• 1.6        Main applications       63
  • 1.6.1    Thermal management             63
    • 1.6.1.1 Commercialization    65
  • 1.6.2    Conductive Battery Additives and Electrodes          68
  • 1.6.3    Composites    70
• 1.7        Role of advanced carbon materials in the green transition             72
• 1.8        Pricing Overview Across Advanced Carbon Materials,       72
• 1.9        Price Trajectory Forecasts     75
• 1.10     Comparative Growth Rates by Application 78

 

2             CARBON FIBERS         82

• 2.1        Competitive landscape and production capacity  82
• 2.2        Properties of carbon fibers   82
  • 2.2.1    Types by modulus       84
  • 2.2.2    Types by the secondary processing 84
• 2.3        Precursor material types        85
  • 2.3.1    PAN: Polyacrylonitrile               86
    • 2.3.1.1 Spinning            86
    • 2.3.1.2 Stabilizing        87
    • 2.3.1.3 Carbonizing    87
    • 2.3.1.4 Surface treatment       87
    • 2.3.1.5 Sizing  87
    • 2.3.1.6 Pitch-based carbon fibers     88
    • 2.3.1.7 Isotropic pitch               88
    • 2.3.1.8 Mesophase pitch         89
    • 2.3.1.9 Viscose (Rayon)-based carbon fibers            89
  • 2.3.2    Bio-based and alternative precursors           90
    • 2.3.2.1 Lignin  90
    • 2.3.2.2 Polyethylene   93
    • 2.3.2.3 Vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF)     94
    • 2.3.2.4 Textile PAN       94
  • 2.3.3    Recycled carbon fibers (r-CF)             94
    • 2.3.3.1 The market for rCF      94
    • 2.3.3.2 Recycling processes 95
    • 2.3.3.3 Recycled Carbon Fiber Market Size and Forecast (2025–2036)   98
    • 2.3.3.4 Companies     98
  • 2.3.4    Carbon Fiber 3D Printing        99
  • 2.3.5    Plasma oxidation        101
  • 2.3.6    Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)      101
    • 2.3.6.1 Applications   102
• 2.4        Markets and applications      103
  • 2.4.1    Aerospace        103
    • 2.4.1.1 Overview           103
    • 2.4.1.2 2025/2026 Market Update     104
  • 2.4.2    Wind energy    105
    • 2.4.2.1 Overview           105
    • 2.4.2.2 2025/2026 Market Update     105
  • 2.4.3    Sports & leisure            106
    • 2.4.3.1 Overview           106
  • 2.4.4    Automotive      107
    • 2.4.4.1 Overview           107
    • 2.4.4.2 2025/2026 Market Update     108
  • 2.4.5    Pressure vessels          109
    • 2.4.5.1 Hydrogen Economy   110
  • 2.4.6    Oil and gas      111
  • 2.4.7    Civil Engineering and Infrastructure                112
  • 2.4.8    Emerging and High-Growth Application Markets    113
    • 2.4.8.1 Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and eVTOL Aircraft             113
    • 2.4.8.2 Space and Satellite Launch 113
    • 2.4.8.3 Marine and Shipbuilding        114
    • 2.4.8.4 Medical Devices and Prosthetics     114
    • 2.4.8.5 Electrical and Electronics      114
• 2.5        Market analysis            114
  • 2.5.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   114
  • 2.5.2    Regulations     115
  • 2.5.3    Price and Costs Analysis       116
  • 2.5.4    Carbon Fiber Classification by Modulus Grade and Carbon Content       116
  • 2.5.5    Supply Chain 117
  • 2.5.6    Competitive Landscape         117
    • 2.5.6.1 Annual capacity, by producer              118
  • 2.5.7    Future Outlook             119
  • 2.5.8    Addressable Market Size        120
  • 2.5.9    Risks and Opportunities         121
  • 2.5.10 Global Carbon Fiber Demand 2020–2036  122
    • 2.5.10.1            By Industry (Thousand Metric Tonnes)          122
    • 2.5.10.2            By Region (Thousand Metric Tonnes)             123
    • 2.5.10.3            Revenues by Industry (Billions USD)              124
• 2.6        Company profiles       125
  • 2.6.1    Carbon fiber producers           125 (29 company profiles)
  • 2.6.2    Carbon Fiber composite producers                143 (65 company profiles)
  • 2.6.3    Carbon fiber recyclers              178 (17 company profiles)

 

3             CARBON BLACK          192

• 3.1        Commercially available carbon black           192
• 3.2        Properties         193
  • 3.2.1    Particle size distribution         194
  • 3.2.2    Structure-Aggregate size        195
  • 3.2.3    Surface chemistry      195
  • 3.2.4    Agglomerates 195
  • 3.2.5    Colour properties        196
  • 3.2.6    Porosity             196
  • 3.2.7    Physical form 196
• 3.3        Manufacturing processes      196
• 3.4        Markets and applications      198
  • 3.4.1    Tires and automotive 198
  • 3.4.2    Non-Tire Rubber (Industrial rubber) 201
  • 3.4.3    Lithium-Ion Batteries and Energy Storage   202
    • 3.4.3.1 Role of Carbon Black in Battery Electrodes                202
    • 3.4.3.2 Carbon Black vs. Carbon Nanotubes in Battery Applications       202
    • 3.4.3.3 Key Conductive Carbon Black Grades for Batteries              202
    • 3.4.3.4 Market Size and Forecast       203
  • 3.4.4    Other markets               203
• 3.5        Specialty carbon black            204
  • 3.5.1    Applications   204
  • 3.5.2    Global market size for specialty CB 205
• 3.6        Recovered carbon black (rCB)           206
  • 3.6.1    Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires (ELT)   207
  • 3.6.2    Discontinuous (“batch”) pyrolysis   207
  • 3.6.3    Semi-continuous pyrolysis   208
  • 3.6.4    Continuous pyrolysis                208
  • 3.6.5    Key players      208
  • 3.6.6    Global market size for Recovered Carbon Black    209
• 3.7        Plasma-Produced Carbon Black      210
  • 3.7.1    Technology Overview                210
  • 3.7.2    Key Players      211
  • 3.7.3    Market Outlook            211
• 3.8        Bio-based and Alternarive Carbon Black    212
  • 3.8.1    Overview           212
  • 3.8.2    Key Players and Technologies             213
  • 3.8.3    Market Assessment  213
• 3.8.4    Market analysis            215
  • 3.8.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   215
  • 3.8.4.2 Regulations     215
  • 3.8.4.3 Supply chain  216
  • 3.8.4.4 Price and Costs Analysis       217
• 3.8.5    Carbon Black Classification by Grade, Purity and Carbon Content           218
  • 3.8.5.1 Competitive Landscape         220
  • 3.8.5.2 Future Outlook             222
  • 3.8.5.3 Customer Segmentation        222
  • 3.8.5.4 Addressable Market Size        223
  • 3.8.5.5 Risks and Opportunities         224
  • 3.8.5.6 Global market                224
• 3.8.6    Company profiles       226 (59 company profiles)

 

4             GRAPHITE        262

• 4.1        Types of graphite         264
  • 4.1.1    Natural vs synthetic graphite               264
• 4.2        Natural graphite           265
  • 4.2.1    Classification 266
  • 4.2.2    Processing       267
  • 4.2.3    Flake    268
    • 4.2.3.1 Grades               268
    • 4.2.3.2 Applications   268
    • 4.2.3.3 Spherical graphite      269
    • 4.2.3.4 Expandable graphite 270
  • 4.2.4    Amorphous graphite 270
    • 4.2.4.1 Applications   270
  • 4.2.5    Crystalline vein graphite         271
    • 4.2.5.1 Applications   271
• 4.3        Synthetic graphite      272
  • 4.3.1    Classification 272
    • 4.3.1.1 Primary synthetic graphite    273
    • 4.3.1.2 Secondary synthetic graphite             273
  • 4.3.2    Processing       273
    • 4.3.2.1 Processing for battery anodes            274
  • 4.3.3    Issues with synthetic graphite production  274
  • 4.3.4    Isostatic Graphite       275
    • 4.3.4.1 Description     275
    • 4.3.4.2 Markets              275
    • 4.3.4.3 Producers and production capacities           276
  • 4.3.5    Graphite electrodes   276
  • 4.3.6    Extruded Graphite      276
  • 4.3.7    Vibration Molded Graphite    277
  • 4.3.8    Die-molded graphite 278
• 4.4        New technologies       279
• 4.5        Recycling of graphite materials          279
• 4.6        Markets and applications      280
• 4.7        Graphite pricing (ton)               281
  • 4.7.1    Pricing 2020-2025      281
    • 4.7.1.1 Fine Flake Graphite Prices     282
    • 4.7.1.2 Spherical Graphite Prices      283
    • 4.7.1.3 +32 Mesh Natural Flake Graphite Prices      283
    • 4.7.1.4 Large Flake      284
  • 4.7.2    Graphite Classification by Purity Grade and Form 285
• 4.8        Global production of graphite             287
  • 4.8.1    Market Dynamics and Demand Drivers (2024-2025)          287
    • 4.8.1.1 Steel Sector Weakness           288
    • 4.8.1.2 Inventory Overhang Impact  288
    • 4.8.1.3 Substitution Dynamics           289
    • 4.8.1.4 Ex-China Markets Maintain Natural Preference       289
  • 4.8.2    China dominance       289
    • 4.8.2.1 Domestic Market Competition Structure     290
    • 4.8.2.2 Strategic Cost Optimization (2021-2024)   290
    • 4.8.2.3 Government Support and Subsidy Structures          292
    • 4.8.2.4 China's Strategic Export Control Framework            293
    • 4.8.2.5 Practical Impact of Export Controls                293
  • 4.8.3    United States Subsidies, Loans, and Tariff Policy Evolution            293
    • 4.8.3.1 Federal Loan Guarantee Programs  294
    • 4.8.3.2 The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and Clean Vehicle Credit (CVC)              294
    • 4.8.3.3 FEOC Restrictions and Timeline Extensions             295
    • 4.8.3.4 Political Uncertainty - "One Big Beautiful Bill" and CVC Expiration            295
    • 4.8.3.5 Tariff Policy Evolution               296
    • 4.8.3.6 July 2025 - Preliminary AD Determination   296
    • 4.8.3.7 Chinese Retaliatory Measures           297
    • 4.8.3.8 Policy Sustainability Analysis             298
  • 4.8.4    Global mine production and reserves of natural graphite 298
  • 4.8.5    Global graphite production in tonnes, 2024-2037 299
    • 4.8.5.1 Natural Graphite          300
    • 4.8.5.2 Synthetic Graphite     300
  • 4.8.6    Western Market Cost Competitiveness Analysis   300
    • 4.8.6.1 Ex-China Natural Anode Cost Structure       300
    • 4.8.6.2 Chinese Pricing as Competitive Floor            302
    • 4.8.6.3 Policy Support Mechanisms Bridging the Gap         302
    • 4.8.6.4 Alternative Competitive Strategies  304
• 4.9        Global market demand for graphite by end use market 2016-2037, tonnes        308
  • 4.9.1    Battery Market Dominance  308
  • 4.9.2    Steel/Refractories Sector       308
  • 4.9.3    Mature Industrial Markets     308
  • 4.9.4    Global Graphite Revenues by End-Use Market        310
• 4.10     Demand by region      311
  • 4.10.1 Asia-Pacific    312
  • 4.10.2 North America              313
  • 4.10.3 Europe                314
  • 4.10.4 Brazil   316
• 4.11     Factors that aid graphite market growth      317
• 4.12     Factors that hinder graphite market growth              318
• 4.13     Main market players  318
  • 4.13.1 Natural graphite           318
  • 4.13.2 Synthetic graphite      319
• 4.14     Market supply chain  320
• 4.15     Lithium-ion batteries 322
  • 4.15.1 Gigafactories 323
  • 4.15.2 Anode material in electric vehicles  326
    • 4.15.2.1            Properties         327
    • 4.15.2.2            Market demand            328
    • 4.15.2.3            Global Anode Market Structure and Competitive Dynamics          328
  • 4.15.3 Recent trends in the automotive market and EVs  332
  • 4.15.4 Higher costs and tight supply              332
  • 4.15.5 Forecast for EVs           333
• 4.16     Refractory manufacturing (Steel market)    333
  • 4.16.1 Steel market trends and graphite growth    333
  • 4.16.2 Carbon Sources for refractories        334
  • 4.16.3 Electric arc furnaces in steelmaking              334
  • 4.16.4 Recarburising 335
• 4.17     Graphite Shapes          336
• 4.18     Electronics      336
  • 4.18.1 Thermal management             337
• 4.19     Fuel Cells         337
• 4.20     Nuclear              338
• 4.21     Lubricants       338
• 4.22     Friction materials        339
• 4.23     Flame retardants         339
• 4.24     Solar and wind turbines          339
• 4.25     Company profiles       340 (103 company profiles)

 

5             BIOCHAR          409

• 5.1        What is biochar?         409
• 5.2        Carbon sequestration              410
• 5.3        Properties of biochar 411
• 5.4        Markets and applications      413
  • 5.4.1    Biochar Classification by Carbon Content and Production Route              418
• 5.5        Feedstocks      419
• 5.6        Production processes              420
  • 5.6.1    Sustainable production          420
  • 5.6.2    Pyrolysis            421
    • 5.6.2.1 Slow pyrolysis               421
    • 5.6.2.2 Fast pyrolysis 422
  • 5.6.3    Gasification    423
  • 5.6.4    Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)  423
  • 5.6.5    Torrefaction     423
  • 5.6.6    Equipment manufacturers   424
• 5.7        Carbon credits              425
  • 5.7.1    Overview           425
  • 5.7.2    Removal and reduction credits          425
  • 5.7.3    The advantage of biochar      425
  • 5.7.4    Price     426
  • 5.7.5    Buyers of biochar credits       426
  • 5.7.6    Competitive materials and technologies    426
    • 5.7.6.1 Geologic carbon sequestration         426
    • 5.7.6.2 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)       427
    • 5.7.6.3 Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS)   427
    • 5.7.6.4 Enhanced mineral weathering with mineral carbonation 428
    • 5.7.6.5 Ocean alkalinity enhancement          428
    • 5.7.6.6 Forest preservation and afforestation           429
• 5.8        Markets for biochar   429
  • 5.8.1    Agriculture & livestock farming          429
    • 5.8.1.1 Market drivers and trends      429
    • 5.8.1.2 Applications   429
  • 5.8.2    Construction materials           433
    • 5.8.2.1 Market drivers and trends      433
    • 5.8.2.2 Applications   433
  • 5.8.3    Wastewater treatment             436
    • 5.8.3.1 Market drivers and trends      436
    • 5.8.3.2 Applications   437
  • 5.8.4    Filtration            438
    • 5.8.4.1 Market drivers and trends      438
    • 5.8.4.2 Applications   438
  • 5.8.5    Carbon capture            439
    • 5.8.5.1 Market drivers and trends      439
    • 5.8.5.2 Applications   439
  • 5.8.6    Cosmetics       439
    • 5.8.6.1 Market drivers and trends      439
    • 5.8.6.2 Applications   440
  • 5.8.7    Textiles               440
    • 5.8.7.1 Market drivers and trends      440
    • 5.8.7.2 Applications   440
  • 5.8.8    Additive manufacturing          441
    • 5.8.8.1 Market drivers and trends      441
    • 5.8.8.2 Applications   441
  • 5.8.9    Ink         442
    • 5.8.9.1 Market drivers and trends      442
    • 5.8.9.2 Applications   442
  • 5.8.10 Polymers           442
    • 5.8.10.1            Market drivers and trends      442
    • 5.8.10.2            Applications   443
  • 5.8.11 Packaging        443
    • 5.8.11.1            Market drivers and trends      443
    • 5.8.11.2            Applications   444
  • 5.8.12 Steel and metal            445
    • 5.8.12.1            Market drivers and trends      445
    • 5.8.12.2            Applications   445
  • 5.8.13 Energy 446
    • 5.8.13.1            Market drivers and trends      446
    • 5.8.13.2            Applications   446
• 5.9        Market analysis            450
  • 5.9.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   450
  • 5.9.2    Regulations     450
  • 5.9.3    Price and Costs Analysis       450
  • 5.9.4    Supply Chain 451
  • 5.9.5    Competitive Landscape         452
  • 5.9.6    Future Outlook             452
  • 5.9.7    Customer Segmentation        452
  • 5.9.8    Addressable Market Size        453
  • 5.9.9    Risks and Opportunities         454
  • 5.10     Global market                454
    • 5.10.1 By end use market      455
    • 5.10.2 By region           456
    • 5.10.3 By feedstocks 456
      • 5.10.3.1            China and Asia-Pacific            456
      • 5.10.3.2            North America              459
      • 5.10.3.3            Europe                459
      • 5.10.3.4            South America              460
      • 5.10.3.5            Africa   460
      • 5.10.3.6            Middle East     461
• 5.11     Company profiles       462 (147 company profiles)

 

6             GRAPHENE      547

• 6.1        Types of graphene      547
• 6.2        Properties         549
• 6.3        Market analysis            550
  • 6.3.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   550
  • 6.3.2    Regulations     552
  • 6.3.3    Price and Costs Analysis       552
    • 6.3.3.1 Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene      555
    • 6.3.3.2 Few-Layer graphene pricing 555
    • 6.3.3.3 Graphene nanoplatelets pricing        556
    • 6.3.3.4 Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing             557
    • 6.3.3.5 Multi-Layer graphene (MLG) pricing 558
    • 6.3.3.6 Graphene ink 559
  • 6.3.4    Graphene Classification by Form, Purity and Production Route  559
  • 6.3.5    Markets and applications      560
    • 6.3.5.1 Batteries            560
    • 6.3.5.2 Supercapacitors          562
    • 6.3.5.3 Polymer additives       563
    • 6.3.5.4 Sensors             565
    • 6.3.5.5 Conductive inks           566
    • 6.3.5.6 Transparent conductive films             568
    • 6.3.5.7 Transistors and integrated circuits   570
    • 6.3.5.8 Filtration            572
    • 6.3.5.9 Thermal management             574
    • 6.3.5.10            Additive Manufacturing/3D printing 575
    • 6.3.5.11            Adhesives         577
    • 6.3.5.12            Aerospace        579
    • 6.3.5.13            Automotive      581
    • 6.3.5.14            Fuel cells          583
    • 6.3.5.15            Biomedical and healthcare  585
    • 6.3.5.16            Building and Construction    587
    • 6.3.5.17            Paints and coatings   590
    • 6.3.5.18            Photovoltaics 592
  • 6.3.6    Supply Chain 593
  • 6.3.7    Production Capacities             595
  • 6.3.8    Future Outlook             602
  • 6.3.9    Addressable Market Size        605
  • 6.3.10 Risks and Opportunities         611
  • 6.3.11 Global demand 2018-2037, tons     612
    • 6.3.11.1            Global demand by graphene material (tons)             612
    • 6.3.11.2            Global demand by end user market                613
    • 6.3.11.3            Graphene market, by region 613
    • 6.3.11.4            Revenue by End-Use Application     614
• 6.4        Company profiles       615 (360 company profiles)

 

7             CARBON NANOTUBES            847

• 7.1        Properties         848
  • 7.1.1    Comparative properties of CNTs       849
• 7.2        Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)               850
  • 7.2.1    Properties         850
  • 7.2.2    Markets and applications      850
• 7.3        Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)             853
  • 7.3.1    Properties         854
  • 7.3.2    Markets and applications      854
• 7.4        Market Overview          856
  • 7.4.1    Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)            856
  • 7.4.2    Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs)           857
  • 7.4.3    Market Demand by End-Use Market (2020-2037) 857
  • 7.4.4    Revenue by End-Use Application     858
• 7.5        Carbon Nanotube Classification by Type, Wall Number and Purity           859
• 7.6        Markets for Carbon Nanotubes         861
  • 7.6.1    Energy Storage              861
  • 7.6.2    Polymer Composites 862
  • 7.6.3    Electronics      862
  • 7.6.4    Thermal interface materials 863
  • 7.6.5    Construction  864
  • 7.6.6    Coatings            865
  • 7.6.7    Automotive      866
  • 7.6.8    Aerospace        866
  • 7.6.9    Others (Filtration, Sensors, Medical Devices, Lubricants, and Emerging Applications)               867
• 7.7        Company profiles       869 (1544 company profiles)
• 7.8        Other types     968
  • 7.8.1    Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)              968
    • 7.8.1.1 Properties         969
    • 7.8.1.2 Applications   969
  • 7.8.2    Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs)     970
    • 7.8.2.1 Properties         970
    • 7.8.2.2 Applications   970
  • 7.8.3    Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)      971
    • 7.8.3.1 Properties         971
    • 7.8.3.2 Applications   971
  • 7.8.4    Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)  972
    • 7.8.4.1 Properties         972
    • 7.8.4.2 Applications   972
  • 7.8.5    Carbon Nano-Onions              973
    • 7.8.5.1 Properties         973
    • 7.8.5.2 Applications   974
    • 7.8.5.3 Production and Pricing            975
    • 7.8.5.4 Market Analysis           975
  • 7.8.6    Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)    976
    • 7.8.6.1 Properties         976
    • 7.8.6.2 Applications   977
    • 7.8.6.3 Production       978
  • 7.8.7    Companies     978 (7 company profiles)

 

8             CARBON NANOFIBERS           983

• 8.1        Properties         983
• 8.2        Synthesis          983
  • 8.2.1    Chemical vapor deposition  983
  • 8.2.2    Electrospinning            983
  • 8.2.3    Template-based           984
  • 8.2.4    From biomass               984
• 8.3        Markets              985
  • 8.3.1    Energy storage              985
    • 8.3.1.1 Batteries            985
    • 8.3.1.2 Supercapacitors          985
    • 8.3.1.3 Fuel cells          985
  • 8.3.2    CO2 capture   986
  • 8.3.3    Composites    986
  • 8.3.4    Filtration            986
  • 8.3.5    Catalysis           986
  • 8.3.6    Sensors             987
  • 8.3.7    Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding          987
  • 8.3.8    Biomedical      987
  • 8.3.9    Concrete           987
• 8.4        Market analysis            988
  • 8.4.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   988
  • 8.4.2    Price and Costs Analysis       988
  • 8.4.3    Carbon Nanofiber Classification by Structure and Purity 989
  • 8.4.4    Supply Chain 990
  • 8.4.5    Future Outlook             990
  • 8.4.6    Addressable Market Size        991
  • 8.4.7    Risks and Opportunities         991
• 8.5        Global market revenues          992
• 8.6        Companies     993 (12 company profiles)

 

9             FULLERENES 1001

• 9.1        Properties         1002
• 9.2        Markets and applications      1003
• 9.3        Technology Readiness Level (TRL)   1003
• 9.4        Market analysis            1004
  • 9.4.1    Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1004
  • 9.4.2    Price and Costs Analysis       1004
  • 9.4.3    Fullerene Classification by Molecule, Purity and Derivative Form               1005
  • 9.4.4    Supply Chain 1006
  • 9.4.5    Future Outlook             1006
  • 9.4.6    Customer Segmentation        1007
  • 9.4.7    Addressable Market Size        1007
  • 9.4.8    Risks and Opportunities         1008
  • 9.4.9    Global market demand (tons)            1008
  • 9.4.10 Global Fullerene Revenues by End-Use Market       1009
• 9.5        Producers         1010 (20company profiles)

 

10          NANODIAMONDS       1020

• 10.1     Introduction    1020
• 10.2     Types   1021
  • 10.2.1 Detonation Nanodiamonds 1021
  • 10.2.2 Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs)               1023
  • 10.2.3 Diamond semiconductors    1024
• 10.3     Markets and applications      1024
• 10.4     Market analysis            1027
  • 10.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1027
  • 10.4.2 Regulations     1028
  • 10.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis       1029
  • 10.4.4 Nanodiamond Classification by Production Route and Purity       1031
  • 10.4.5 Supply Chain 1031
  • 10.4.6 Future Outlook             1032
  • 10.4.7 Risks and Opportunities         1033
  • 10.4.8 Global demand 2018-2037, tonnes 1034
  • 10.4.9 Global Nanodiamond Revenues by End-Use Market           1035
• 10.5     Company profiles       1036 (30 company profiles)

 

11          GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS              1061

• 11.1     Comparison to quantum dots            1062
• 11.2     Properties         1063
• 11.3     Synthesis          1063
  • 11.3.1 Top-down method      1064
  • 11.3.2 Bottom-up method    1064
• 11.4     Applications   1066
• 11.5     Graphene quantum dots pricing       1067
  • 11.5.1 GQD Classification by Purity, Size and Surface Functionalisation              1067
  • 11.5.2 Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast        1068
• 11.6     Graphene quantum dot producers  1069 (9 company profiles)

 

12          CARBON FOAM            1076

• 12.1     Types   1076
  • 12.1.1 Carbon aerogels          1077
    • 12.1.1.1            Carbon-based aerogel composites 1078
• 12.2     Properties         1078
• 12.3     Markets and Applications      1079
  • 12.3.1 Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast        1081
  • 12.3.2 Carbon Foam Classification by Precursor and Purity          1082
• 12.4     Company profiles       1083 (10 company profiles)

 

13          DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON (DLC) COATINGS               1090

• 13.1     Properties         1091
• 13.2     Applications and markets      1092
  • 13.2.1 DLC Coating Classification by sp³ Content and Hydrogen Content           1093
• 13.3     Global market size     1094
• 13.4     Company profiles       1095 (9 company profiles)

 

14          ACTIVATED CARBON 1101

• 14.1     Overview           1101
• 14.2     Types   1102
  • 14.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)  1103
  • 14.2.2 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)    1103
  • 14.2.3 Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC)    1104
  • 14.2.4 Impregnated Activated Carbon          1104
  • 14.2.5 Bead Activated Carbon (BAC               1104
  • 14.2.6 Polymer Coated Carbon         1104
  • 14.2.7 Specialty Forms           1104
• 14.3     Production       1106
  • 14.3.1 Coal-based Activated Carbon            1106
  • 14.3.2 Wood-based Activated Carbon         1106
  • 14.3.3 Coconut Shell-based Activated Carbon      1106
  • 14.3.4 Fruit Stone and Nutshell-based Activated Carbon                1106
  • 14.3.5 Polymer-based Activated Carbon    1106
  • 14.3.6 Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs)         1106
• 14.4     Markets and applications      1107
  • 14.4.1 Water Treatment          1107
  • 14.4.2 Air Purification              1108
  • 14.4.3 Food and Beverage Processing          1108
  • 14.4.4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications 1108
  • 14.4.5 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries     1108
  • 14.4.6 Mining and Precious Metal Recovery              1108
  • 14.4.7 Environmental Remediation 1108
  • 14.4.8 Energy Storage              1109
    • 14.4.8.1            Supercapacitor Technology and Activated Carbon's Role                1109
    • 14.4.8.2            Lead-carbon batteries             1111
    • 14.4.8.3            Lithium-ion Batteries and Lithium-ion Capacitors 1112
    • 14.4.8.4            Flow Batteries                1113
    • 14.4.8.5            Zinc-Air and Metal-Air Batteries         1113
    • 14.4.8.6            Fuel Cell Components            1113
    • 14.4.8.7            Solid-State Batteries 1113
  • 14.4.9 Chemical and Petrochemical Industries     1113
  • 14.4.10              Automotive and Vehicle Applications            1114
  • 14.4.11              Personal Care, Consumer Products, and Other Specialty Applications 1114
• 14.5     Market analysis            1115
  • 14.5.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1115
  • 14.5.2 Regulations     1116
  • 14.5.3 Price and Costs Analysis       1116
  • 14.5.4 Activated Carbon Classification by Form, Purity and Application Grade                1117
  • 14.5.5 Supply Chain 1118
  • 14.5.6 Future Outlook             1119
  • 14.5.7 Customer Segmentation        1121
  • 14.5.8 Addressable Market Size        1121
  • 14.5.9 Risks and Opportunities         1123
• 14.6     Global market revenues 2020-2037               1124
  • 14.6.1 Global activated carbon production capacity          1125
    • 14.6.1.1            Reactivation Capacity              1125
• 14.7     Companies     1126 (24 company profiles)

 

 

15          CARBON AEROGELS AND XEROGELS          1145

• 15.1     Overview           1146
• 15.2     Types   1146
  • 15.2.1 Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (RF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels     1146
  • 15.2.2 Phenolic-Furfural (PF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels        1146
  • 15.2.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF) Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels     1146
  • 15.2.4 Biomass-derived Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels   1147
  • 15.2.5 Doped Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels           1147
  • 15.2.6 Composite Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 1147
• 15.3     Markets and applications      1147
  • 15.3.1 Energy Storage              1148
  • 15.3.2 Thermal Insulation     1148
  • 15.3.3 Catalysis           1148
  • 15.3.4 Environmental Remediation 1149
  • 15.3.5 Other Applications     1149
• 15.4     Market analysis            1149
  • 15.4.1 Market Growth Drivers and Trends   1149
  • 15.4.2 Regulations     1150
  • 15.4.3 Price and Costs Analysis       1150
  • 15.4.4 Carbon Aerogel and Xerogel Classification by Drying Method and Purity               1151
  • 15.4.5 Supply Chain 1152
  • 15.4.6 Future Outlook             1152
  • 15.4.7 Customer Segmentation        1153
  • 15.4.8 Addressable Market Size        1153
  • 15.4.9 Risks and Opportunities         1154
• 15.5     Global market forecast           1155
• 15.6     Companies     1156 (10 company profiles)

 

16          CARBON MATERIALS FROM CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION          1165

• 16.1     CO2 capture from point sources      1167
  • 16.1.1 Transportation              1168
  • 16.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities           1168
• 16.2     Main carbon capture processes        1170
  • 16.2.1 Materials           1170
  • 16.2.2 Post-combustion        1172
  • 16.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion                1173
  • 16.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle  1174
  • 16.2.5 Pre-combustion           1174
• 16.3     Carbon separation technologies       1175
  • 16.3.1 Absorption capture    1177
  • 16.3.2 Adsorption capture    1180
  • 16.3.3 Membranes    1182
  • 16.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture    1184
  • 16.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture  1185
  • 16.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner        1185
  • 16.3.7 Other technologies    1186
    • 16.3.7.1            Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)          1187
  • 16.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies             1188
  • 16.3.9 Electrochemical conversion of CO2               1188
    • 16.3.9.1            Process overview        1189
    • 16.3.10              CO₂-Derived Carbon Classification by Conversion Route and Purity        1191
• 16.4     Direct air capture (DAC)         1192
  • 16.4.1 Description     1192
• 16.5     Market Analysis           1194
• 16.6     Companies     1196 (4 company profiles)

 

17          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              1199

 

18          REFERENCES 1200

 

List of Tables

• Table 1. Advanced Carbon Materials Market 2024–2036 (Billions USD) 57
• Table 2. Consolidated Pricing Comparison for Advanced Carbon Materials        57
• Table 3. Price Forecast Trends 2020–2037 59
• Table 4. The advanced carbon materials market.  60
• Table 5. Applications and Properties of Carbon Materials in Thermal Management for IC/Chip Manufacturing.            64
• Table 6. Companies and Products Utilizing Carbon Materials in Thermal Management for IC/Chip Manufacturing.            64
• Table 7.Carbon-Based Thermal Management Materials   67
• Table 8. Carbon-Based Battery Additives    68
• Table 9. Price Forecast Trends for All Materials 2020–2037            75
• Table 10. Cross-Material CAGR Comparison by Application (Revenue CAGR 2024–2036, %) 78
• Table 11. Cross-Material Purity Grade Summary — Lowest to Highest Commercial Grade       80
• Table 12. Classification and types of the carbon fibers.    82
• Table 13. Summary of carbon fiber properties.        83
• Table 14. Modulus classifications of carbon fiber. 84
• Table 15. Comparison of main precursor fibers.     85
• Table 16. Properties of lignins and their applications.        91
• Table 17. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries.          92
• Table 18. Fiber properties of polyolefin-based CFs.             93
• Table 19. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages.       96
• Table 20. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.       97
• Table 21. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.    98
• Table 22. Methods for direct fiber integration.         99
• Table 23. Continuous fiber 3D printing producers.                100
• Table 24. Summary of markets and applications for CFRPs.          102
• Table 25. Comparison of CFRP to competing materials.   104
• Table 26. The market for carbon fibers in wind energy-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.           106
• Table 27. The market for carbon fibers in sports & leisure-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players. 106
• Table 28. The market for carbon fibers in automotive-market drivers, applications, desirable properties, pricing and key players.           107
• Table 29. Carbon fiber automotive applications by component and adoption stage     109
• Table 30. The market for carbon fibers in pressure vessels-market drivers, desirable properties of CF, applications, pricing, key players.    109
• Table 31. Key Type IV Pressure Vessel Manufacturers         111
• Table 32. Hydrogen economy carbon fiber demand forecast         111
• Table 33. The market for carbon fibers in oil and gas-market drivers, desirable properties, applications, pricing and key players.           112
• Table 34. Carbon fiber demand from UAM/eVTOL sector — key parameters       113
• Table 35. Market drivers and trends in carbon fibers.          114
• Table 36. Regulations pertaining to carbon fibers  115
• Table 37. Price and costs analysis for carbon fibers.           116
• Table 38. Carbon Fiber Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimated Price and Primary Applications   116
• Table 39. Carbon fibers supply chain.           117
• Table 40. Production capacities of carbon fiber producers, in metric tonnes, current and planned.  118
• Table 41. Future Outlook by End-Use Market.          119
• Table 42. Addressable market size for carbon fibers by market.  121
• Table 43. Market challenges in the CF and CFRP market. 121
• Table 44. Global carbon fiber demand 2016-2037, by industry (MT).       122
• Table 45. Global Carbon Fiber Demand 2020–2036, by Region (Thousand Metric Tonnes)        123
• Table 46. Global Carbon Fiber Revenues 2020–2036, by Industry (Billions USD)              124
• Table 47. Toray production sites        140
• Table 48. Commercially available carbon black grades.   192
• Table 49. Properties of carbon black and influence on performance.      194
• Table 50. Carbon black compounds.             196
• Table 51. Carbon black manufacturing processes, advantages and disadvantages.    197
• Table 52: Market drivers for carbon black in the tire industry.        199
• Table 53.  Global market for carbon black in tires (Million metric tons), 2018 to 2037. 200
• Table 54. Carbon black non-tire applications.         201
• Table 55. Conductive Carbon Black Demand in Batteries (000s Tons)    203
• Table 56. Specialty carbon black demand, 2018-2037 (000s Tons), by market. 205
• Table 57. Categories for recovered carbon black (rCB) based on key properties and intended applications.  206
• Table 58. rCB post-treatment technologies.             207
• Table 59. Recovered carbon black producers.         208
• Table 60. Recovered carbon black demand, 2018–2037 (000s Tons), by market               210
• Table 61.  Plasma-Produced Carbon Black — Applications and Demand, 2020–2037 (000s Metric Tons).                211
• Table 62. Bio-Based and Alternative Carbon Black — Applications and Demand, 2020–2037 (000s Metric Tons)    213
• Table 63. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Black.      215
• Table 64. Regulations pertaining to carbon black. 215
• Table 65. Market supply chain for carbon black.    216
• Table 66 Pricing of carbon black.      217
• Table 67. Carbon Black Grade Classification — Purity, Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Primary Applications 218
• Table 68. Carbon Black — Required Purity by Application Segment          220
• Table 69. Carbon black capacities, by producer.    220
• Table 70. Future outlook for carbon black by end use market.      222
• Table 71. Customer Segmentation: Carbon Black.               223
• Table 72. Addressable market size for carbon black by market.   223
• Table 73. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Black.            224
• Table 74. Global market for carbon black 2018–2037, by end-user market (100,000 tons)       224
• Table 75. Global market for carbon black 2018–2037, by end-user market (billion USD)            225
• Table 76. Global market for carbon black 2018–2037, by region (100,000 tons)               225
• Table 77. Selected physical properties of graphite.              262
• Table 78. Characteristics of natural and synthetic graphite.          263
• Table 79. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite.               264
• Table 80. Natural graphite size categories, their advantages, average prices, and applications.            266
• Table 81. Classification of natural graphite with its characteristics.         266
• Table 82. Applications of flake graphite.      268
• Table 83. Amorphous graphite applications.            271
• Table 84. Crystalline vein graphite applications.    271
• Table 85. Characteristics of synthetic graphite.      272
• Table 86: Main markets and applications of isostatic graphite.    275
• Table 87. Current or planned production capacities for isostatic graphite.          276
• Table 88. Main graphite electrode producers and capacities (MT/year). 276
• Table 89. Extruded graphite applications.   277
• Table 90. Applications of Vibration Molded Graphite.         277
• Table 91. Applicaitons of Die-molded graphite.      278
• Table 92. Recycled refractory graphite applications.           279
• Table 93. Markets and applications of graphite.     280
• Table 94. Pricing by Graphite Type, 2020-2025.      281
• Table 95. Fine Flake Graphite Prices (-100 mesh, 90-97% C).        282
• Table 96. Spherical Graphite Prices (99.95% C).    283
• Table 97. Spherical Graphite Quality Grades and Applications.   283
• Table 98. +32 Mesh Natural Flake Graphite Prices (>500μm, 94-97% C).              283
• Table 99. Large Flake Premium Analysis.    284
• Table 100. Graphite Pricing Compression Analysis 2022-2024.  284
• Table 101. Graphite Purity Grades — Classification, Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Primary Applications 285
• Table 102. Spherical Graphite — Required Purity by Battery Chemistry  287
• Table 103.Chinese Battery AAM Mix Evolution.       289
• Table 104. Chinese Graphite Anode Market Structure.       290
• Table 105. Chinese Graphitisation Cost Evolution.               292
• Table 106. Chinese Feedstock Cost Dynamics.      292
• Table 107. Examples of Graphite-Related Federal Support.            294
• Table 108. Potential Final Combined Tariffs (if affirmative final determinations).             297
• Table 109. Estimated global mine Production of natural graphite 2020-2025, by country (tons).          298
• Table 110. Global graphite production in tonnes, 2024-2037.      299
• Table 111. Natural Graphite Breakdown (2024 & 2036).    300
• Table 112. Synthetic Graphite Breakdown (2024 & 2036). 300
• Table 113. Typical cost breakdown for ex-China natural graphite AAM production (per tonne).              300
• Table 114. Synthetic Anode Cost Dynamics.            301
• Table 115. Ex-China Natural Anode Cost Structure Analysis.        301
• Table 116. Current and potential tariff structures. 302
• Table 117. US Graphite Tariff Evolution and Impact Analysis.       303
• Table 118. Landed Cost Impact (Chinese AAM @ US$5,000-7,000/t DDP China).           303
• Table 119. Competitive Positioning Analysis.          307
• Table 120. Global Graphite Demand by End-Use Market 2020-2037 (tonnes).  308
• Table 121. End Use Market Share Evolution.             309
• Table 122. Global Graphite Revenues by End-Use Market                310
• Table 123. Global Graphite Demand by Regional Market 2020-2037 (tonnes).  311
• Table 124. Asia-Pacific Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes). 312
• Table 125. North America Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes)            313
• Table 126. North America Supply vs Demand Balance (AAM only).           314
• Table 127. Europe Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes)             315
• Table 128. Europe Supply vs Demand Gap (AAM, kt):         315
• Table 129. Brazil Graphite Demand by Application 2020-2037 (tonnes) 316
• Table 130. Brazil Supply-Demand Balance:               317
• Table 131. Main natural graphite producers.             318
• Table 132. Main synthetic graphite producers.        319
• Table 133. Key minerals in an EV battery.     322
• Table 134. Global Battery Demand by Chemistry and Anode Type (2024-2030).              323
• Table 135. Current and planned gigafactories.       324
• Table 136. Key Battery Anode Specifications.          330
• Table 137. Historical Anode Pricing Trends (DDP China). 331
• Table 138. Major Anode Producer Profiles and Competitive Positioning 331
• Table 139. Overview of thermal management materials. 337
• Table 140. Graphite production capacities by producer.   340
• Table 141. Next Resources graphite flake products.            383
• Table 142. Summary of key properties of biochar. 411
• Table 143. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties         411
• Table 144. Markets and applications for biochar.  413
• Table 145. Biochar Purity Grades — Carbon Content, Production Route, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications         418
• Table 146. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics.    419
• Table 147. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages.    420
• Table 148. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass.  422
• Table 149. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production.                423
• Table 150. Biochar production equipment manufacturers.            424
• Table 151. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits.              426
• Table 152.  Biochar applications in agriculture and livestock farming.    429
• Table 153. Effect of biochar on different soil properties.   430
• Table 154.  Fertilizer products and their associated N, P, and K content.               432
• Table 155. Application of biochar in construction.                433
• Table 156. Process and benefits of biochar as an amendment in cement .          434
• Table 157. Application of biochar in asphalt.           435
• Table 158. Biochar applications for wastewater treatment.            437
• Table 159. Biochar in carbon capture overview.     439
• Table 160. Biochar in cosmetic products.   440
• Table 161. Biochar in textiles.             441
• Table 162. Biochar in additive manufacturing.        441
• Table 163. Biochar in ink.       442
• Table 164. Biochar in packaging.      444
• Table 165. Companies using biochar in packaging.             444
• Table 166. Biochar in steel and metal.          445
• Table 167. Summary of applications of biochar in energy.               446
• Table 168. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in biochar. 450
• Table 169. Regulations pertaining to biochar.          450
• Table 170. Biochar supply chain.      451
• Table 171. Key players, manufacturing methods and target markets.      452
• Table 172. Future outlook for biochar by end use market.                452
• Table 173. Customer Segmentation for Biochar.    452
• Table 174. Addressable market size for biochar by market.            453
• Table 175. Risk and opportunities in Biochar.          454
• Table 176. Global demand for biochar 2018-2037 (1,000 tons), by market.         455
• Table 177. Global demand for biochar 2018-2037 (1,000 tons), by region.           456
• Table 178. Biochar production by feedstocks in China (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.             457
• Table 179. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.               457
• Table 180. Biochar production by feedstocks in Asia-Pacific (excluding China) (1,000 tons), 2023–2036.                458
• Table 181. Biochar production by feedstocks in North America (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.         459
• Table 182. Biochar production by feedstocks in Europe (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.          459
• Table 183. Biochar production by feedstocks in Africa (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.             461
• Table 184. Biochar production by feedstocks in the Middle East (tons), 2023–2036      461
• Table 185. Various Forms of Graphene and Related Materials      547
• Table 186. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.  549
• Table 187. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in graphene.            550
• Table 188. Regulations pertaining to graphene.      552
• Table 189. Types of graphene and typical prices.   552
• Table 190. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer.   555
• Table 191. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.            556
• Table 192. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer.  556
• Table 193. Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Pricing by Producer (2025 Updated)           557
• Table 194. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer.          558
• Table 195. Graphene ink pricing by producer.           559
• Table 196. Graphene Forms and Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications   560
• Table 197. Market and applications for graphene in automotive (20255-2037). 583
• Table 198. Graphene supply chain. 594
• Table 199. Graphene producer production capacities.      595
• Table 200. Future outlook for graphene by end use market.            602
• Table 201. Addressable market size for graphene by market.        606
• Table 202. Risks and Opportunities in Graphene.  611
• Table 203. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2037 (tons). 612
• Table 204. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2037 (tons).          613
• Table 205. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2037 (tons).          614
• Table 206. Graphene Revenue by End-Use Application 2020–2037          614
• Table 207. Performance criteria of energy storage devices.            843
• Table 208. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT.       848
• Table 209. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.              849
• Table 210. Applications of MWCNTs.             850
• Table 211. Comparative properties of MWCNT and SWCNT.          854
• Table 212. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.   855
• Table 213. Updated MWCNT Production Capacity Table (2024/2025)     856
• Table 214. SWCNT Production Capacity (2024)     857
• Table 215. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by end-use market, 2020-2037 (metric tons)           858
• Table 216. Carbon Nanotube Revenue by End-Use Application (Millions USD) 858
• Table 217. Carbon Nanotube CAGR by End-Use Application         859
• Table 218. Carbon Nanotube Purity Grades — Classification, Specification, 2025 Pricing and 2037E Estimate            860
• Table 219. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in energy storage, 2025-2037. 861
• Table 220. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in polymer composites, 2025-2037.  862
• Table 221. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in electronics, 2025-2037.       863
• Table 222. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in thermal interface materials, 2025-2037.   863
• Table 223. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in construction, 2025-2037.   864
• Table 224. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in coatings, 2025-2037.             865
• Table 225. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in automotive, 2025-2037.       866
• Table 226. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in aerospace, 2025-2037.         867
• Table 227. Application roadmap for carbon nanotubes in other end-use markets, 2025-2037.             867
• Table 228. Chasm SWCNT products.             890
• Table 229. Thomas Swan SWCNT production.         955
• Table 230. Properties of carbon nanotube paper.  957
• Table 231. Applications of Double-walled carbon nanotubes.     969
• Table 232. Markets and applications for Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs).        970
• Table 233. Markets and applications for few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs).           971
• Table 234. Markets and applications for carbon nanohorns.         973
• Table 235. Carbon Nano-Onions Revenue by End-Use Application 2020–2037 975
• Table 236. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs.  977
• Table 237. Applications of BNNTs.   977
• Table 238. Carbon Nanofibers from Biomass Analysis.    984
• Table 239. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Nanofibers.      988
• Table 240. Price and Cost Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers.            988
• Table 241. Carbon Nanofiber Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications   989
• Table 242. Carbon nanofibers supply chain.            990
• Table 243. Future outlook for CNFs by end use market.    990
• Table 244. Addressable market size for CNFs by market. 991
• Table 245. Risks and Opportunities Analysis for Carbon Nanofibers.      991
• Table 246. Global market revenues for carbon nanofibers 2020-2037 (millions USD), by market          992
• Table 247. Market overview for fullerenes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications.              1001
• Table 248. Types of fullerenes and applications.    1002
• Table 249. Products incorporating fullerenes.          1002
• Table 250. Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes.         1003
• Table 251. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Fullerenes.          1004
• Table 252. Price and costs analysis for Fullerenes.               1004
• Table 253. Fullerene Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications                1005
• Table 254. Fullerenes supply chain.               1006
• Table 255. Future outlook for Fullerenes by end use market.         1006
• Table 256. Addressable market size for Fullerenes by market.      1007
• Table 257. Risks and Opportunities Analysis.          1008
• Table 258. Global market demand for  fullerenes, 2018-2037 (tons).      1008
• Table 259. Global Fullerene Revenues by End-Use Market              1009
• Table 260. Properties of nanodiamonds.    1022
• Table 261. Summary of types of NDS and production methods-advantages and disadvantages.        1023
• Table 262. Markets, benefits and applications of nanodiamonds.             1024
• Table 263. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Nanodiamonds.              1027
• Table 264. Regulations pertaining to Nanodiamonds.       1028
• Table 265. Price and costs analysis for Nanodiamonds.  1029
• Table 266. Nanodiamond Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications                1031
• Table 267. Nanodiamonds supply chain.    1031
• Table 268. Future outlook for Nanodiamonds by end use market.              1033
• Table 269. Risks and Opportunities in Nanodiamonds.    1033
• Table 270. Demand for nanodiamonds (metric tonnes), 2018-2037.       1034
• Table 271. Global Nanodiamond Revenues by End-Use Market   1035
• Table 272. Production methods, by main ND producers. 1036
• Table 273. Adamas Nanotechnologies, Inc. nanodiamond product list. 1038
• Table 274. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list.              1042
• Table 275. Daicel nanodiamond product list.           1044
• Table 276. FND Biotech Nanodiamond product list.            1046
• Table 277. JSC Sinta nanodiamond product list.    1050
• Table 278. Plasmachem product list and applications.     1057
• Table 279. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list.         1058
• Table 280. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis.      1059
• Table 281. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.         1063
• Table 282. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs.      1065
• Table 283. Applications of graphene quantum dots.           1066
• Table 284. Graphene Quantum Dot Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications   1067
• Table 285. Graphene Quantum Dots Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast     1068
• Table 286. Properties of carbon foam materials.    1078
• Table 287. Applications of carbon foams.  1080
• Table 288. Carbon Foam Market Analysis and Revenue Forecast 2020–2037    1081
• Table 289. Carbon Foam Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications                1082
• Table 290. Properties of Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings.     1091
• Table 291. Applications and markets for Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. 1093
• Table 292. DLC Coating Purity Grades — sp³ Content, Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications   1094
• Table 293. Global revenues for DLC coatings, 2018-2037 (Billion USD). 1094
• Table 294. Activated Carbon Product Type Comparison (Updated 2026)              1104
• Table 295. Markets and Applications for Activated Carbon.           1107
• Table 296. Supercapacitor Performance Specifications for Activated Carbon   1109
• Table 297. Producers of Supercapacitor-Grade Activated Carbon             1110
• Table 298. Types of Carbon Used in Lead-Carbon Batteries           1111
• Table 299. Lead-Carbon Battery Applications          1111
• Table 300. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Activated Carbon.          1115
• Table 301. Regulations pertaining to Activated Carbon.    1116
• Table 302. Price and costs analysis for Activated Carbon.              1117
• Table 303. Activated Carbon Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications   1117
• Table 304. Activated Carbon supply chain.                1119
• Table 305. Future outlook for Activated Carbon by end use market.         1120
• Table 306. Addressable market size for Activated Carbon by market.      1121
• Table 307. Risks and Opportunities in Activated Carbon. 1123
• Table 308. Global market revenues for Activated Carbon 2020-2037 (millions USD), by market.          1124
• Table 309. Global Activated Carbon Production Capacity by Region (2025-2026)          1125
• Table 310. Markets and Applications for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.              1147
• Table 311. Market Growth Drivers and Trends in Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.             1149
• Table 312. Regulations pertaining to Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.       1150
• Table 313. Price and costs analysis for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels.  1150
• Table 314. Carbon Aerogel and Xerogel Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Applications         1151
• Table 315. Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels supply chain.   1152
• Table 316. Future outlook for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by end use market.            1153
• Table 317. Addressable market size for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels by market.         1154
• Table 318. Risks and Opportunities in Carbon Aerogels.   1154
• Table 319. Global market revenues for Carbon Aerogels and Xerogels 2020-2037 (millions USD), by market.              1155
• Table 320. Point source examples.  1167
• Table 321.Historical Growth of Global Operational CCS Capacity (2010–2025)               1169
• Table 322.Global CCS Project Pipeline Status (2025)         1169
• Table 323.Major Operational CCS Facilities Worldwide (2025)    1169
• Table 324. Assessment of carbon capture materials           1170
• Table 325. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion. 1172
• Table 326. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture.      1175
• Table 327. Main capture processes and their separation technologies. 1175
• Table 328. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview.            1177
• Table 329. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption. 1179
• Table 330. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview.            1180
• Table 331. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview.             1183
• Table 332. Comparison of main separation technologies.               1188
• Table 333. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.            1189
• Table 334. CO₂-Derived Carbon Purity Grades — Specification, 2025 Pricing, 2037E Estimate and Target Applications   1191
• Table 335. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.              1194
• Table 336. CO₂-Derived Carbon Materials Revenue by End-Use Application 2020–2037           1195

 

List of Figures

• Figure 1.  Manufacturing process of PAN type carbon fibers.         86
• Figure 2. Production processes for pitch-based carbon fibers.    89
• Figure 3. Process of preparing CF from lignin.          91
• Figure 4. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam.          187
• Figure 5. Electron microscope image of carbon black.      193
• Figure 6. Different shades of black, depending on the surface of Carbon Black.              195
• Figure 7. Structure- Aggregate Size/Shape Distribution.   195
• Figure 8 Break-down of raw materials (by weight) used in a tire.  198
• Figure 9. Applications of specialty carbon black.  204
• Figure 10. Die-molded graphite products.  278
• Figure 11. Graphite market supply chain (battery market).              322
• Figure 12. 2 Graphite: Content and share of total cell weight, for common types of lithium-ion cells for battery-powered electric vehicles. 327
• Figure 13. Graphite as active anode material in lithium-ion cell. 327
• Figure 14.  Schematic illustration of an EAF.              335
• Figure 15. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures.      409
• Figure 16. Compressed biochar.       413
• Figure 17. Biochar production by feedstocks in South America (1,000 tons), 2023-2037.         460
• Figure 18. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln.             480
• Figure 19. Made of Air's HexChar panels.   516
• Figure 20. Takavator.  539
• Figure 21. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 549
• Figure 22. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Batteries (2025–2036)            562
• Figure 23. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Supercapacitors (2025–2036)          563
• Figure 24. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Polymer Additives (2025–2036)       565
• Figure 25. Applications Roadmap for Graphene in Sensors (2025–2036)              566
• Figure 26. Applications roadmap for graphene in conductive inks (2025-2037).              568
• Figure 27. Applications roadmap for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (2025–2036)                570
• Figure 28. Applications roadmap for graphene transistors (2025-2037).               572
• Figure 29. Applications roadmap for graphene filtration membranes (2025–2036)        573
• Figure 30. Applications roadmap for graphene in thermal management (2025-2037). 575
• Figure 31. Applications roadmap to 2035 for graphene in additive manufacturing.        577
• Figure 32. Applications roadmap for graphene in adhesives (2025-2037).           579
• Figure 33. Applications roadmap for graphene in aerospace (2205-2037).          581
• Figure 34. Applications roadmap for graphene in fuel cells (2025–2036)              585
• Figure 35. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in biomedical and healthcare (2025-2037).                587
• Figure 36. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in building and construction (2025-2037).                590
• Figure 37. Applications roadmap for graphene in graphene in paints and coatings (2025-2037).         591
• Figure 38. Applications roadmap for graphene in in photovoltaics.           593
• Figure 39. Graphene heating films. 616
• Figure 40. Graphene flake products.              622
• Figure 41. Printed graphene biosensors.     631
• Figure 42. Prototype of printed memory device.     636
• Figure 43. Brain Scientific electrode schematic.    651
• Figure 44. Graphene battery schematic.      675
• Figure 45. Dotz Nano GQD products.            677
• Figure 46. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.           683
• Figure 47. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production.         692
• Figure 48.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.     724
• Figure 49. BioStamp nPoint. 754
• Figure 50. Nanotech Energy battery.               771
• Figure 51. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.              774
• Figure 52. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.  775
• Figure 53. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.    776
• Figure 54. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.          777
• Figure 55. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model.      969
• Figure 56. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment.        971
• Figure 57. TEM image of FWNTs.       971
• Figure 58. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns.          972
• Figure 59. TEM image of carbon onion.         974
• Figure 60. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red.             977
• Figure 61. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet.           981
• Figure 62. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for fullerenes.           1004
• Figure 63. Detonation Nanodiamond.          1022
• Figure 64. NBD battery.           1052
• Figure 65. Neomond dispersions.    1054
• Figure 66. Visual representation of graphene oxide sheets (black layers) embedded with nanodiamonds (bright white points). 1055
• Figure 67. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots.     1062
• Figure 68. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4).  1062
• Figure 69. Graphene quantum dots.               1064
• Figure 70. Top-down and bottom-up methods.       1065
• Figure 71. Schematic of typical microstructure of carbon foam: (a) open-cell, (b) closed-cell.              1077
• Figure 72. Classification of DLC coatings.  1090
• Figure 73. CO2 capture and separation technology.            1167
• Figure 74. Post-combustion carbon capture process.        1172
• Figure 75. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.         1173
• Figure 76. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.  1174
• Figure 77. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.          1175
• Figure 78. Amine-based absorption technology.    1178
• Figure 79. Pressure swing absorption technology. 1182
• Figure 80. Membrane separation technology.           1184
• Figure 81. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation.      1184
• Figure 82. Process schematic of chemical looping.             1185
• Figure 83. Calix advanced calcination reactor.        1186
• Figure 84. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram.               1187
• Figure 85. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction products.          1189
• Figure 86. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.        1193
• Figure 87. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.            1194

 

 

 

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• Comprehensive Excel spreadsheet of all data.
• Mid-year Update

 

 

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