- Published: October 2024
- Pages: 446
- Tables: 147
- Figures: 110
Biofuels, derived from renewable biomass sources, have established a significant presence in the market, with ethanol and biodiesel leading the way. These conventional biofuels have benefited from supportive government policies and mandates, particularly in the United States, Brazil, and the European Union. However, concerns about food security and land use have prompted a shift towards advanced biofuels produced from non-food feedstocks and waste materials. Emerging as a promising complement to biofuels, e-fuels (also known as synthetic fuels or power-to-X fuels) are gaining attention for their potential to provide carbon-neutral liquid fuels. Produced by combining green hydrogen with captured carbon dioxide, e-fuels offer a way to store renewable electricity in a form compatible with existing infrastructure and engines.
The market for both biofuels and e-fuels is being shaped by a complex interplay of factors including technological advancements, policy support, and shifting consumer preferences. The aviation sector, in particular, is emerging as a key driver for sustainable fuel adoption, with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) becoming a focus for airlines and fuel producers alike. As production scales up and costs decrease, these sustainable fuels are expected to play an increasingly important role in decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors like long-distance transport and heavy industry.
This comprehensive market report provides an in-depth analysis of the global biofuels and e-fuels markets, covering the crucial period from 2025 to 2035. As the world seeks to decarbonize the transportation sector and reduce dependence on fossil fuels, biofuels and e-fuels are emerging as key players in the transition to sustainable energy. Report contents include:
- Role of biofuels and e-fuels in decarbonization efforts, their comparison to fossil fuels, and their place in the circular economy. Analysis of government policies, market drivers, and challenges shaping the industry.
- Comprehensive market forecasts for liquid biofuels from 2020 to 2035, broken down by type and production.
- Sustainability aspects of biofuels, addressing concerns about land use, food security, and lifecycle emissions.
- Key industry developments from 2022 to 2024, providing insight into recent technological advancements, policy changes, and market trends.
- Biofuel Types and Technologies: Detailed analysis of various biofuel types, including solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels, as well as conventional and advanced biofuels. The report covers production processes, feedstocks, and emerging technologies.
- Feedstock Analysis: biofuel feedstocks, from first-generation crops to advanced feedstocks like algae and waste materials. The report includes SWOT analyses for different feedstock categories.
- Hydrocarbon Biofuels: biodiesel, renewable diesel, sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), and bio-naphtha, including production processes, market trends, and key players.
- Alcohol Fuels: biomethanol, bioethanol, and biobutanol markets, including production pathways, applications, and market forecasts.
- Biomass-Based Gas: biogas, biomethane, biosyngas, and biohydrogen, including feedstocks, production processes, and market applications.
- Chemical Recycling for Biofuels: emerging technologies for converting plastic waste and used tires into biofuels, including pyrolysis and gasification processes.
- E-Fuels: electrofuels (e-fuels), covering production pathways, market challenges, and key players in this emerging sector.
- Algae-Derived Biofuels: potential for algae-based biofuels, including production pathways, market challenges, and key players.
- Green Ammonia: green ammonia as a potential energy carrier and fuel, including production methods, applications, and market projections.
- Carbon Capture for Biofuels: technologies and market potential for producing biofuels from captured carbon dioxide, including direct air capture (DAC) processes.
- Company Profiles: Over 230 detailed company profiles covering key players across the biofuels and e-fuels value chain, from feedstock providers to technology developers and fuel producers. Companies profiled include Aduro Clean Technologies, Aemetis, Agra Energy, Agilyx, Air Company, Aircela, Algenol, Alpha Biofuels, AM Green, Andritz, APChemi, Apeiron Bioenergy, Aperam BioEnergia, Applied Research Associates (ARA), Arcadia eFuels, ASB Biodiesel, Atmonia, Avalon BioEnergy, Avantium, Avioxx, BASF, BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid, BDI-BioEnergy International, BEE Biofuel, Benefuel, Bio2Oil, Bio-Oils, BIOD Energy, Biofy, Biofine Technology, BiogasClean, Biojet, Bloom Biorenewables, BlueAlp Technology, Blue BioFuels, Braven Environmental, Brightmark Energy, bse Methanol, BTG Bioliquids, Byogy Renewables, C1 Green Chemicals, Caphenia, Carbonade, CarbonBridge, Carbon Collect, Carbon Engineering, Carbon Infinity, Carbon Neutral Fuels, Carbon Recycling International, Carbon Sink, Carbyon, Cargill, Cassandra Oil, Casterra Ag, Celtic Renewables, Cereal Process Technologies (CPT), CERT Systems, CF Industries Holdings, Chitose Bio Evolution, Circla Nordic, CleanJoule, Climeworks, CNF Biofuel, Concord Blue Engineering, Cool Planet Energy Systems, Corsair Group International, Coval Energy, Crimson Renewable Energy, C-Zero, D-CRBN, Diamond Green Diesel, Dimensional Energy, Dioxide Materials, Dioxycle, Domsjö Fabriker, DuPont, EcoCeres, Eco Environmental, Eco Fuel Technology, Electro-Active Technologies, Emerging Fuels Technology (EFT), Encina Development Group, Enerkem, Eneus Energy, Enexor BioEnergy, Eni Sustainable Mobility, Ensyn, EnviTec Biogas, Euglena, Firefly Green Fuels, Forge Hydrocarbons, FuelPositive, Fuenix Ecogy, Fulcrum BioEnergy, Galp Energia, GenCell Energy, Genecis Bioindustries, Gevo, GIDARA Energy, Graforce Hydro, Granbio Technologies, Greenergy, Green COP, Green Earth Institute, Green Fuel, Hago Energetics, Haldor Topsoe, Handerek Technologies, Hero BX, Honeywell, HutanBio, Hyundai Oilbank, Hy2Gen, Hydrogenious LOHC, HYCO1, HydGene Renewables, Ineratec, Infinitree, Infinium Electrofuels, Innoltek, Jet Zero Australia, Jilin COFCO Biomaterial, Jupiter Ionics, Kaidi, Kanteleen Voima, Khepra, Klean Industries, Krajete, Kvasir Technologies, LanzaJet, Lanzatech, Lectrolyst, Licella, Liquid Wind, Lootah Biofuels, Lummus Technology, LXP Group, Manta Biofuel, Mash Energy, Mercurius Biorefining, MOFWORX, Mote, Neogen, NeoZeo, Neste, New Hope Energy, NewEnergyBlue, NextChem, Nexus Fuels, Nordic ElectroFuel, Nordsol, Norsk e-Fuel, Nova Pangaea Technologies, Novozymes, Obeo Biogas, Oberon Fuels, Obrist Group, Oceania Biofuels, O.C.O, OMV, Opus 12 and many more.
Key Topics Covered:
- Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel
- Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)
- Bio-naphtha
- Biomethanol and Bioethanol
- Biogas and Biomethane
- E-fuels and Power-to-X Technologies
- Algae-based Biofuels
- Green Ammonia
- Carbon Capture and Utilization in Fuel Production
- Chemical Recycling of Waste to Biofuels
- Pyrolysis Oil and Bio-oils
- Refuse-Derived Fuels (RDF)
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 25
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 26
- 2.1 Decarbonization 26
- 2.2 Comparison to fossil fuels 27
- 2.3 Role in the circular economy 27
- 2.4 Government policies 28
- 2.5 Market drivers 29
- 2.6 Market challenges 30
- 2.7 Liquid biofuels market 30
- 2.7.1 Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2022 30
- 2.7.2 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production. 32
- 2.8 Sustainability of biofuels 33
3 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2022-2024 37
4 BIOFUELS 41
- 4.1 Overview 41
- 4.2 The global biofuels market 42
- 4.2.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives 43
- 4.2.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives 44
- 4.3 SWOT analysis: Biofuels market 44
- 4.4 Comparison of biofuel costs 2024, by type 45
- 4.5 Types 45
- 4.5.1 Solid Biofuels 45
- 4.5.2 Liquid Biofuels 46
- 4.5.3 Gaseous Biofuels 47
- 4.5.4 Conventional Biofuels 47
- 4.5.5 Advanced Biofuels 48
- 4.6 Refineries 48
- 4.7 Feedstocks 50
- 4.7.1 First-generation (1-G) 51
- 4.7.2 Second-generation (2-G) 52
- 4.7.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues 53
- 4.7.2.2 Biorefinery lignin 54
- 4.7.3 Third-generation (3-G) 57
- 4.7.3.1 Algal biofuels 57
- 4.7.3.1.1 Properties 58
- 4.7.3.1.2 Advantages 58
- 4.7.3.1 Algal biofuels 57
- 4.7.4 Fourth-generation (4-G) 60
- 4.7.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation 60
- 4.7.6 Energy crops 61
- 4.7.6.1 Feedstocks 61
- 4.7.6.2 SWOT analysis 62
- 4.7.7 Agricultural residues 62
- 4.7.7.1 Feedstocks 62
- 4.7.7.2 SWOT analysis 63
- 4.7.8 Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste 64
- 4.7.8.1 Processing pathways 64
- 4.7.8.2 SWOT analysis 64
- 4.7.9 Forestry and wood waste 65
- 4.7.9.1 Feedstocks 65
- 4.7.9.2 SWOT analysis 66
- 4.7.10 Feedstock costs 67
5 HYDROCARBON BIOFUELS 68
- 5.1 Biodiesel 68
- 5.1.1 Biodiesel by generation 69
- 5.1.2 SWOT analysis 71
- 5.1.3 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels 72
- 5.1.3.1 Pyrolysis of biomass 72
- 5.1.3.2 Vegetable oil transesterification 75
- 5.1.3.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO) 76
- 5.1.3.3.1 Production process 76
- 5.1.3.4 Biodiesel from tall oil 77
- 5.1.3.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel 77
- 5.1.3.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass 79
- 5.1.3.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) 79
- 5.1.3.8 Dymethyl ether (DME) 80
- 5.1.4 Biodiesel Projects 81
- 5.1.5 Recent market developments 2023-2024 82
- 5.1.6 Prices 82
- 5.1.7 Companies 83
- 5.1.8 Global consumption 84
- 5.2 Renewable diesel 85
- 5.2.1 Production 86
- 5.2.2 SWOT analysis 86
- 5.2.3 Global consumption 87
- 5.2.4 Prices 89
- 5.3 Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) 89
- 5.3.1 Description 89
- 5.3.2 Recent market developments 90
- 5.3.3 SWOT analysis 92
- 5.3.4 Global production and consumption 93
- 5.3.5 Production pathways 93
- 5.3.6 Prices 95
- 5.3.7 Sustainable aviation fuel production capacities 95
- 5.3.8 Challenges 96
- 5.3.9 Companies 97
- 5.3.10 Global consumption 98
- 5.4 Bio-naphtha 99
- 5.4.1 Overview 99
- 5.4.2 SWOT analysis 100
- 5.4.3 Markets and applications 101
- 5.4.4 Prices 102
- 5.4.5 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned 103
- 5.4.6 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned 104
6 ALCOHOL FUELS 105
- 6.1 Biomethanol 105
- 6.1.1 SWOT analysis 106
- 6.1.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology 107
- 6.1.2.1 Production processes 108
- 6.1.2.1.1 Biomethanol from Biogas Reforming 109
- 6.1.2.1.2 Biomethanol from Hydrothermal Gasification 110
- 6.1.2.1.3 Anaerobic digestion 110
- 6.1.2.1.4 Biomass gasification 111
- 6.1.2.1.5 Power to Methane 112
- 6.1.2.1 Production processes 108
- 6.1.3 Methanol Synthesis Companies 112
- 6.2 Bioethanol 113
- 6.2.1 Technology description 113
- 6.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol 114
- 6.2.3 SWOT analysis 115
- 6.2.4 Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) & alcohol-to-gasoline (ATG): methanol & ethanol 115
- 6.2.4.1 ATJ and ATG processes 116
- 6.2.4.2 Ethanol Feedstocks 116
- 6.2.4.3 Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) and Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ) processes 118
- 6.2.4.4 Companies 119
- 6.2.5 Cellulosic Ethanol Production 120
- 6.2.6 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation 123
- 6.2.7 Gasification 124
- 6.2.7.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation 124
- 6.2.7.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion 124
- 6.2.8 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis 124
- 6.2.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation 125
- 6.2.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation 125
- 6.2.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) 126
- 6.2.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) 126
- 6.2.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) 126
- 6.2.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP) 126
- 6.2.10 Global ethanol consumption 127
- 6.3 Biobutanol 128
- 6.3.1 Production 129
- 6.3.2 Prices 130
7 BIOMASS-BASED GAS 131
- 7.1 Feedstocks 132
- 7.1.1 Biomethane 132
- 7.1.2 Production pathways 134
- 7.1.2.1 Landfill gas recovery 134
- 7.1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion 134
- 7.1.2.3 Thermal gasification 135
- 7.1.3 SWOT analysis 135
- 7.1.4 Global production 136
- 7.1.5 Prices 137
- 7.1.5.1 Raw Biogas 137
- 7.1.5.2 Upgraded Biomethane 137
- 7.1.6 Bio-LNG 138
- 7.1.6.1 Markets 138
- 7.1.6.1.1 Trucks 138
- 7.1.6.1.2 Marine 138
- 7.1.6.2 Production 139
- 7.1.6.3 Plants 139
- 7.1.6.1 Markets 138
- 7.1.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas) 140
- 7.1.8 Carbon capture from biogas 140
- 7.2 Biosyngas 141
- 7.2.1 Production 141
- 7.2.2 Prices 142
- 7.3 Biohydrogen 142
- 7.3.1 Description 142
- 7.3.2 SWOT analysis 143
- 7.3.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass 144
- 7.3.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes 144
- 7.3.3.1.1 Bio-photochemical Reaction 144
- 7.3.3.1.2 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion 144
- 7.3.3.2 Thermochemical conversion routes 145
- 7.3.3.2.1 Biomass Gasification 145
- 7.3.3.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis 145
- 7.3.3.2.3 Biomethane Reforming 145
- 7.3.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes 144
- 7.3.4 Applications 146
- 7.3.5 Prices 147
- 7.4 Biochar in biogas production 147
- 7.5 Bio-DME 147
8 CHEMICAL RECYCLING FOR BIOFUELS 148
- 8.1 Plastic pyrolysis 148
- 8.2 Used tires pyrolysis 149
- 8.2.1 Conversion to biofuel 150
- 8.3 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes 151
- 8.4 Gasification 151
- 8.4.1 Syngas conversion to methanol 152
- 8.4.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation 155
- 8.4.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion 156
- 8.5 Hydrothermal cracking 156
- 8.6 SWOT analysis 157
9 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS) 158
- 9.1 Introduction 158
- 9.1.1 Costs 160
- 9.1.2 Benefits of e-fuels 161
- 9.1.3 Production pathways 162
- 9.2 Green hydrogen 163
- 9.2.1 Electrolyzer Technologies 164
- 9.3 CO2 capture 165
- 9.3.1 Overview 165
- 9.3.2 CO₂ Capture Systems 166
- 9.3.3 Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology for e-fuel production 169
- 9.4 Syngas production 169
- 9.4.1 Overview 169
- 9.4.2 Syngas Production Technologies 170
- 9.4.2.1 Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) 170
- 9.4.2.2 Direct Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: CO₂ to Hydrocarbons 171
- 9.4.2.3 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction 171
- 9.4.2.4 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) 171
- 9.4.3 Solar power in E-Fuels 173
- 9.4.3.1 Overview 173
- 9.4.3.2 Key advantages 173
- 9.4.3.3 Projects 173
- 9.4.4 Companies 173
- 9.5 E-methane 177
- 9.5.1 Overview 177
- 9.5.2 Methanation 177
- 9.5.2.1 Thermocatalytic methanation 178
- 9.5.2.2 Biological methanation 178
- 9.5.2.3 Companies 180
- 9.6 E-methanol 181
- 9.6.1 Overview 181
- 9.6.2 E-Methanol Production 181
- 9.6.3 Direct methanol synthesis 184
- 9.6.4 Companies 185
- 9.7 SWOT analysis 186
- 9.8 Production 187
- 9.8.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned 189
- 9.9 Electrolysers 190
- 9.10 Prices 191
- 9.11 Market challenges 193
- 9.12 Companies 193
10 ALGAE-DERIVED BIOFUELS 195
- 10.1 Technology description 195
- 10.2 CO₂ capture and utilization 196
- 10.3 Conversion pathways 196
- 10.3.1 Macroalgae 197
- 10.3.2 Microalgae / Cyanobacteria 198
- 10.3.2.1 Microalgae cultivation for biofuel production 199
- 10.3.2.2 Open cultivation systems 200
- 10.3.2.3 Closed photobioreactors (PBRs) 201
- 10.3.3 Companies 202
- 10.3.4 Projects 203
- 10.4 SWOT analysis 205
- 10.5 Production 205
- 10.5.1 Algal Biofuel Production 206
- 10.6 Market challenges 207
- 10.7 Prices 208
- 10.8 Producers 209
11 GREEN AMMONIA 210
- 11.1 Production 210
- 11.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production 212
- 11.1.2 Green ammonia projects 212
- 11.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods 212
- 11.2.1 Haber-Bosch process 212
- 11.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation 213
- 11.2.3 Electrochemical production 213
- 11.2.4 Chemical looping processes 214
- 11.3 SWOT analysis 214
- 11.4 Blue ammonia 215
- 11.4.1 Blue ammonia projects 215
- 11.5 Markets and applications 215
- 11.5.1 Chemical energy storage 215
- 11.5.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells 215
- 11.5.2 Marine fuel 216
- 11.5.1 Chemical energy storage 215
- 11.6 Prices 218
- 11.7 Estimated market demand 219
- 11.8 Companies and projects 220
12 BIOFUELS FROM CARBON CAPTURE 221
- 12.1 Overview 222
- 12.2 CO2 capture from point sources 224
- 12.3 Production routes 224
- 12.4 SWOT analysis 225
- 12.5 Direct air capture (DAC) 226
- 12.5.1 Description 226
- 12.5.2 Deployment 227
- 12.5.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture 228
- 12.5.4 Technologies 228
- 12.5.4.1 Solid sorbents 230
- 12.5.4.2 Liquid sorbents 231
- 12.5.4.3 Liquid solvents 232
- 12.5.4.4 Airflow equipment integration 232
- 12.5.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) 232
- 12.5.4.6 Direct conversion 233
- 12.5.4.7 Co-product generation 233
- 12.5.4.8 Low Temperature DAC 233
- 12.5.4.9 Regeneration methods 233
- 12.5.5 Commercialization and plants 234
- 12.5.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC 235
- 12.5.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned 235
- 12.5.8 Markets for DAC 240
- 12.5.9 Costs 241
- 12.5.10 Challenges 245
- 12.5.11 Players and production 246
- 12.6 Carbon utilization for biofuels 246
- 12.6.1 Production routes 250
- 12.6.1.1 Electrolyzers 251
- 12.6.1.2 Low-carbon hydrogen 251
- 12.6.2 Products & applications 252
- 12.6.2.1 Vehicles 252
- 12.6.2.2 Shipping 253
- 12.6.2.3 Aviation 253
- 12.6.2.4 Costs 254
- 12.6.2.5 Ethanol 254
- 12.6.2.6 Methanol 255
- 12.6.2.7 Sustainable Aviation Fuel 258
- 12.6.2.8 Methane 258
- 12.6.2.9 Algae based biofuels 259
- 12.6.2.10 CO₂-fuels from solar 260
- 12.6.3 Challenges 262
- 12.6.4 SWOT analysis 263
- 12.6.5 Companies 263
- 12.6.1 Production routes 250
13 BIO-OILS (PYROLYSIS OIL) 266
- 13.1 Description 266
- 13.1.1 Advantages of bio-oils 266
- 13.2 Production 267
- 13.2.1 Biomass Pyrolysis 268
- 13.2.2 Plastic Waste Pyrolysis 269
- 13.2.3 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic 271
- 13.2.4 Costs of production 271
- 13.2.5 Upgrading 271
- 13.3 Pyrolysis reactors 273
- 13.4 SWOT analysis 274
- 13.5 Applications 275
- 13.6 Bio-oil producers 275
- 13.7 Prices 276
14 REFUSE-DERIVED FUELS (RDF) 277
- 14.1 Overview 277
- 14.2 Production 277
- 14.2.1 Production process 277
- 14.2.2 Mechanical biological treatment 278
- 14.3 Markets 278
15 COMPANY PROFILES 280 (238 company profiles)
16 REFERENCES 435
List of Tables
- Table 1. Market drivers for biofuels. 29
- Table 2. Market challenges for biofuels. 30
- Table 3. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production. 32
- Table 4. Industry developments in biofuels 2022-2024. 37
- Table 5. Comparison of biofuels. 41
- Table 6. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2024, by type. 45
- Table 7. Categories and examples of solid biofuel. 46
- Table 8. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity. 48
- Table 9. Classification of biomass feedstock. 50
- Table 10. Biorefinery feedstocks. 51
- Table 11. Feedstock conversion pathways. 51
- Table 12. First-Generation Feedstocks. 51
- Table 13. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities. 54
- Table 14. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins. 55
- Table 15. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes 55
- Table 16. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol. 57
- Table 17. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae. 58
- Table 18. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops. 59
- Table 19. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation. 60
- Table 20. Biodiesel by generation. 69
- Table 21. Comparison of Fossil Diesel, Biodiesel & Renewable Diesel. 70
- Table 22. Biodiesel production techniques. 72
- Table 23. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions. 73
- Table 24. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield. 74
- Table 25. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process. 74
- Table 26. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel. 75
- Table 27. Main producers of HVO and capacities. 77
- Table 28. Example commercial Development of BtL processes. 77
- Table 29. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes. 78
- Table 30. Comparison of Biodiesel vs Renewable Diesel: Properties & Engine Compatibility. 80
- Table 31. Biodiesel Projects by Scale, Company and Location. 81
- Table 32. Recent biodiesel market developments 2023-2024. 82
- Table 33. Recent company activity in Biodiesel. 83
- Table 34. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2035 (M litres/year). 84
- Table 35. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2020-2035 (M litres/year). 88
- Table 36. Renewable diesel price ranges. 89
- Table 37. Advantages and disadvantages of Sustainable aviation fuel. 90
- Table 38. Recent market developments in Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). 90
- Table 39. Production pathways for Sustainable aviation fuel. 93
- Table 40. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Projects by Scale, Company, Location, Technology Pathway, and Start Date. 95
- Table 41. Recent company activity in SAF. 97
- Table 42. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year). 98
- Table 43. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications. 101
- Table 44. Bio-naphtha market value chain. 101
- Table 45. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products. 102
- Table 46. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer. 103
- Table 47.Methanol Production & Colors 105
- Table 48. Main Pathways to Biomethanol Production 106
- Table 49. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas. 108
- Table 50. 1st Generation Bioethanol Production Processes. 114
- Table 51.Ethanol Feedstocks. 116
- Table 52. Methanol Feedstocks. 117
- Table 53. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process Overview. 117
- Table 54. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Process Steps. 118
- Table 55. MTG vs MTJ Process Comparison. 118
- Table 56. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Companies. 119
- Table 57. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Technology Companies. 120
- Table 58. Cellulosic Ethanol Production. 121
- Table 59. Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks. 121
- Table 60. Challenges in Breaking Down Lignocellulosic Biomass. 121
- Table 61. Processes in bioethanol production. 125
- Table 62. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic. 126
- Table 63. Ethanol consumption 2020-2035 (million litres). 127
- Table 64. Properties of petrol and biobutanol. 129
- Table 65. Biogas feedstocks. 132
- Table 66. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants. 139
- Table 67. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas. 140
- Table 68. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways. 144
- Table 69. Markets and applications for biohydrogen. 146
- Table 70. Summary of gasification technologies. 151
- Table 71. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling. 156
- Table 72. Technology & Process Developers in E-Fuels by End-Product. 159
- Table 73. E-Fuel Production Costs Breakdown. 160
- Table 74. Applications of e-fuels, by type. 160
- Table 75. Overview of e-fuels. 161
- Table 76. Benefits of e-fuels. 161
- Table 77. E-fuel production efficiencies. 162
- Table 78. Production Pathways for E-Fuels. 162
- Table 79. Electrolyzer Performance Metrics. 164
- Table 80. Overview of Electrolyzer Technologies. 164
- Table 81. Electrolyzer Technology Companies. 165
- Table 82. Main CO₂ Capture Systems. 166
- Table 83.Technologies for Carbon Capture 166
- Table 84. Syngas Production Technologies for E-Fuels. 170
- Table 85. Comparison of RWGS & SOEC Co-Electrolysis Routes. 172
- Table 86.Companies using Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) for E-Fuels 174
- Table 87. SOEC & SOFC System Suppliers. 175
- Table 88. Companies in CO₂ reduction technologies. 176
- Table 89. Comparison of Thermocatalytic vs Biocatalytic Methanation 179
- Table 90. Methanation Companies 180
- Table 91. Power-to-Methane Projects, 180
- Table 92. Methanol Production & Colors. 181
- Table 93. E-methanol production methods. 181
- Table 94. Main process steps, key equipment, and operating conditions. 183
- Table 95.Companies in Methanol Synthesis 185
- Table 96. eFuel production facilities, current and planned. 189
- Table 97. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies. 190
- Table 98. Market challenges for e-fuels. 193
- Table 99. E-fuels companies. 193
- Table 100. 3rd Generation Biofuel Production Feedstocks 195
- Table 101. Biofuel Production Process Using Macroalgae 197
- Table 102. Biofuel Production Process Using Microalgae / Cyanobacteria. 198
- Table 103. Open vs Closed Algae Cultivation Systems. 202
- Table 104. Microalgae Cultivation System Suppliers: Photobioreactors (PBRs) & Ponds. 202
- Table 105. Algal and Microbial Biofuel Processes & Projects. 203
- Table 106. Algae-derived biofuel producers. 209
- Table 107. Green ammonia projects (current and planned). 212
- Table 108. Blue ammonia projects. 215
- Table 109. Ammonia fuel cell technologies. 216
- Table 110. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel. 217
- Table 111. Summary of marine alternative fuels. 217
- Table 112. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia. 218
- Table 113. Main players in green ammonia. 220
- Table 114. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels. 222
- Table 115. Point source examples. 224
- Table 116. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC. 227
- Table 117. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC. 232
- Table 118. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies. 232
- Table 119. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies. 233
- Table 120. DAC companies and technologies. 234
- Table 121. DAC technology developers and production. 236
- Table 122. DAC projects in development. 239
- Table 123. Markets for DAC. 241
- Table 124. Costs summary for DAC. 241
- Table 125. Cost estimates of DAC. 243
- Table 126. Challenges for DAC technology. 245
- Table 127. DAC companies and technologies. 246
- Table 128. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels. 248
- Table 129. Main production routes and processes for manufacturing fuels from captured carbon dioxide. 250
- Table 130. CO₂-derived fuels projects. 252
- Table 131. Thermochemical methods to produce methanol from CO2. 256
- Table 132. Pilot plants for CO2-to-methanol conversion. 258
- Table 133. Microalgae products and prices. 260
- Table 134. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches. 261
- Table 135. Market challenges for CO2 derived fuels. 262
- Table 136. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products. 263
- Table 137. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils. 266
- Table 138. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil. 267
- Table 139. Comparison of Pyrolysis Technologies. 267
- Table 140. Pyrolysis Products & Market Applications. 269
- Table 141. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels. 272
- Table 142. Pyrolysis reactor companies. 273
- Table 143. Markets and applications for bio-oil. 275
- Table 144. Bio-oil producers. 275
- Table 145. Key resource recovery technologies 277
- Table 146. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF). 278
- Table 147. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 345
List of Figures
- Figure 1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2023. 31
- Figure 2. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2023. 32
- Figure 3. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends. 43
- Figure 4. SWOT analysis for biofuels. 45
- Figure 5. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 55
- Figure 6. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels. 62
- Figure 7. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels. 64
- Figure 8. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels. 65
- Figure 9. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels. 67
- Figure 10. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type. 67
- Figure 11. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres). 69
- Figure 12. SWOT analysis for biodiesel. 72
- Figure 13. Flow chart for biodiesel production. 75
- Figure 14. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre, 2012-2023. 83
- Figure 15. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2035 (M litres/year). 85
- Figure 16. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel. 87
- Figure 17. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year). 88
- Figure 18. SWOT analysis for Sustainable aviation fuel. 92
- Figure 19. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Production and Consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year). 99
- Figure 20. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha. 101
- Figure 21. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes). 104
- Figure 22. SWOT analysis biomethanol. 107
- Figure 23. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks. 108
- Figure 24. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading. 111
- Figure 25. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation. 111
- Figure 26. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process. 112
- Figure 27. SWOT analysis for ethanol. 115
- Figure 28. Ethanol consumption 2020-2035 (million litres). 128
- Figure 29. Biobutanol production route. 129
- Figure 30. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 132
- Figure 31. Overview of biogas utilization. 133
- Figure 32. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production. 135
- Figure 33. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production. 135
- Figure 34. SWOT analysis for biogas. 136
- Figure 35. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023. 141
- Figure 36. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen. 143
- Figure 37. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline 148
- Figure 38. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires. 149
- Figure 39. Used tires conversion process. 150
- Figure 40. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023. 152
- Figure 41. Overview of biogas utilization. 154
- Figure 42. Biogas and biomethane pathways. 155
- Figure 43. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels. 157
- Figure 44. Process steps in the production of electrofuels. 158
- Figure 45. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics. 159
- Figure 46. Production process for green hydrogen. 163
- Figure 47. SWOT analysis for E-fuels. 186
- Figure 48. E-liquids production routes. 187
- Figure 49. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products. 188
- Figure 50. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production. 188
- Figure 51. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels. 192
- Figure 52. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels. 197
- Figure 53. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels. 205
- Figure 54. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production. 206
- Figure 55. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production. 210
- Figure 56. Green ammonia production and use. 211
- Figure 57. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction. 213
- Figure 58. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation. 213
- Figure 59. SWOT analysis for green ammonia. 214
- Figure 60. Estimated production cost of green ammonia. 219
- Figure 61. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons to 2050. 220
- Figure 62. CO2 capture and separation technology. 221
- Figure 63. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates. 223
- Figure 64. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel. 223
- Figure 65. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture. 225
- Figure 66. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse. 226
- Figure 67. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario. 227
- Figure 68. DAC technologies. 229
- Figure 69. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system. 230
- Figure 70. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland. 231
- Figure 71. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC. 231
- Figure 72. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering. 232
- Figure 73. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities. 236
- Figure 74. Global map of DAC and CCS plants. 240
- Figure 75. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies. 242
- Figure 76. DAC cost breakdown and comparison. 243
- Figure 77. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems. 245
- Figure 78. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates. 249
- Figure 79. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel. 250
- Figure 80. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol. 257
- Figure 81. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2. 261
- Figure 82. SWOT analysis: CO2 utilization in fuels. 263
- Figure 83. Audi synthetic fuels. 264
- Figure 84. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques. 272
- Figure 85. SWOT analysis for bio-oils. 274
- Figure 86. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process. 286
- Figure 87. ChemCyclingTM prototypes. 293
- Figure 88. ChemCycling circle by BASF. 293
- Figure 89. FBPO process 304
- Figure 90. Direct Air Capture Process. 308
- Figure 91. CRI process. 310
- Figure 92. Cassandra Oil process. 313
- Figure 93. Colyser process. 321
- Figure 94. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic. 326
- Figure 95. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer. 327
- Figure 96. Domsjö process. 328
- Figure 97. FuelPositive system. 339
- Figure 98. INERATEC unit. 356
- Figure 99. Infinitree swing method. 357
- Figure 100. Audi/Krajete unit. 363
- Figure 101. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process. 391
- Figure 102: Plantrose process. 399
- Figure 103. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production. 415
- Figure 104. Takavator. 418
- Figure 105. O12 Reactor. 421
- Figure 106. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials. 421
- Figure 107. CO2 made car part. 422
- Figure 108. The Velocys process. 425
- Figure 109. Goldilocks process and applications. 427
- Figure 110. The Proesa® Process. 428
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