The Global Market for Cellulose Nanofibers 2022 - Nanotechnology Market Research

Published January 2022 | 349 pages, 104 tables, 163 figures | Table of contents

Cellulose nanofibers (CNF), also called cellulose nanofibrils or nanofibrillated cellulose, are sustainable materials with high mechanical strength and stiffness (stronger than steel), high aspect ratios, high transparency, high chemical resistance and impressive rheological, optical and film-forming properties. They are also lightweight and have made a recent impact in industrial applications in biopolymers, bio-composites and hygiene and sanitary products.

Industrial products have been introduced to the market recently in packaging, composites and thermoplastics, biomedicine and hygiene, mainly in the Japanese market. Advanced applications in paper batteries and flexible electronics are also expected once current processing challenges have been overcome.

CNF production is now at the industrial scale, with numerous large paper manufacturers establishing multi-ton production facilities. Japanese chemicals manufacturers have also initiated cellulose nanofiber production capabilities. Facilities have also been established in Europe (mainly Scandinavia), Canada and the United States.

Report contents include:

Global production capacities, by CNF producer, current and planned.
Production volumes by region.
Commercialized products on the market incorporating CNFs.
Stage of commercialization for cellulose nanofiber applications by company (TRL).
CNF applications by industry.
Demand in tons per market, current and forecast to 2032.
Market drivers, trends and challenges, by end user markets.
Competitive landscape of CNF by market, volumes, key trends and growth. Potential for CNF to gain market share by market volume across all end user markets. Markets covered include Polymer composites, Automotive, Building & Construction, Packaging, Textiles, Biomedicine, Pharma, Healthcare, Sanitary and Hygiene Products, Paints & Coatings, Aerogels, Oil & Gas, Filtration, Cosmetics, Food Additives, Electronics, Batteries, Aerospace and 3D printing.
In-depth market assessment of opportunities for CNF including potential revenues, growth rates, pricing, most likely applications and market challenges.
In-depth analysis of market by applications including estimated market size, penetration and growth. Applications covered include: Polymer composite parts; Biodegradable and renewable nanocomposites; Automotive composites; Packaging films; Aerogels; Construction materials; Packaging fillers/additives; Paint and coatings additives; Deodorant sheets; Pharmaceutical additives; Renewable plastic parts/casings; Transparent films for electronics; Flexible and printed electronics; Batteries; Flexible and paper batteries; Filtration membranes.
In-depth key player profiles of 93 companies, including products, current capacities and plans for new capacities, production processes, prices per kg and commercial activities. Companies profiled in the report include Asahi Kasei, Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Daicel, Daiichi Kogyo, Daio Paper, GranBio Technologies, Nippon Paper, Oji Holdings, Sugino Machine, Seiko PMC and more.

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 23

1.1 The market for cellulose nanofibers 24
1.2 Industry developments 2020-22 25
1.3 Market outlook in 2022 and beyond 26
1.4 Global production of nanocellulose (cellulose nanofibers, microfibrillated cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals) 27
- 1.4.1 Global nanocellulose production capacities 2021, by type 28
- 1.4.2 Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) production capacities 2022, in metric tonnes by producer 29
- 1.4.3 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) production capacities 2022 30
- 1.4.4 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) production capacities 2022 33
1.5 Market challenges for cellulose nanofibers 34
1.6 Cellulose nanofibers commercial products 36
1.7 Cellulose nanofibers market by region 43
- 1.7.1 Japan 44
- 1.7.2 China 46
- 1.7.3 Malaysia 46
- 1.7.4 Western Europe 47
- 1.7.5 North America 47
1.8 Global government funding 48
1.9 Market impact from COVID-19 crisis 49

2 OVERVIEW OF NANOCELLULOSE 50

2.1 Cellulose 50
2.2 Nanocellulose 51
2.3 Properties of nanocellulose 51
2.4 Advantages of nanocellulose 53
2.5 Manufacture of nanocellulose 53
2.6 Production methods 54
2.7 Types of nanocellulose 55
- 2.7.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 58
- 2.7.2 Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) 59
  - 2.7.2.1 Applications 59
- 2.7.3 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) 60
  - 2.7.3.1 Synthesis 61
  - 2.7.3.2 Properties 63
  - 2.7.3.3 Applications 64
- 2.7.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 66
  - 2.7.4.1 Applications 66
2.8 Synthesis 67

3 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES IN CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS 70

4 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS 73

4.1 Standards 73
- 4.1.1 International Standards Organization (ISO) 73
- 4.1.2 American National Standards 73
- 4.1.3 CSA Group 73
4.2 Toxicity 74
4.3 Regulation 76

5 CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS SUPPLY CHAIN 77

6 CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS PRICING 80

7 MARKETS FOR CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS 82

7.1 Composites 82
- 7.1.1 Market overview 82
- 7.1.2 Applications 88
  - 7.1.2.1 Automotive composites 88
  - 7.1.2.2 Biocomposite films & packaging 89
  - 7.1.2.3 Barrier packaging 89
  - 7.1.2.4 Thermal insulation composites 89
  - 7.1.2.5 Construction composites 90
- 7.1.3 Global market in tons to 2032 90
- 7.1.4 Product developers 91
7.2 Automotive 94
- 7.2.1 Market overview 94
- 7.2.2 Applications 98
  - 7.2.2.1 Composites 98
  - 7.2.2.2 Air intake components 104
  - 7.2.2.3 Tires 104
- 7.2.3 Global market in tons to 2032 105
- 7.2.4 Product developers 106
7.3 Buildings and construction 109
- 7.3.1 Market overview 109
- 7.3.2 Applications 113
  - 7.3.2.1 Sandwich composites 113
  - 7.3.2.2 Cement additives 113
  - 7.3.2.3 Pump primers 114
  - 7.3.2.4 Thermal insulation and damping 114
- 7.3.3 Global market in tons to 2032 115
- 7.3.4 Product developers 116
7.4 Paper and board packaging 118
- 7.4.1 Market overview 118
- 7.4.2 Applications 124
  - 7.4.2.1 Reinforcement and barrier 124
  - 7.4.2.2 Biodegradable food packaging foil and films 125
  - 7.4.2.3 Paperboard coatings 125
- 7.4.3 Global market in tons to 2032 126
- 7.4.4 Product developers 127
7.5 Textiles and apparel 128
- 7.5.1 Market overview 128
- 7.5.2 Applications 132
  - 7.5.2.1 CNF deodorizer and odour reducer (antimicrobial) in adult and child diapers 133
  - 7.5.2.2 Footwear 133
- 7.5.3 Global market in tons to 2032 133
- 7.5.4 Product developer profiles 135
7.6 Biomedicine and healthcare 136
- 7.6.1 Market overview 136
- 7.6.2 Applications 142
  - 7.6.2.1 Wound dressings 142
  - 7.6.2.2 Drug delivery stabilizers 143
  - 7.6.2.3 Tissue engineering scaffolds 143
- 7.6.3 Global market in tons to 2032 143
- 7.6.4 Product developers 144
7.7 Hygiene and sanitary products 147
- 7.7.1 Market overview 147
- 7.7.2 Applications 147
- 7.7.3 Global market in tons to 2032 147
- 7.7.4 Product developers 148
7.8 Paints and coatings 150
- 7.8.1 Market overview 150
- 7.8.2 Applications 154
- 7.8.3 Global market in tons to 2032 154
- 7.8.4 Product developers 156
7.9 Aerogels 158
- 7.9.1 Market overview 158
- 7.9.2 Global market in tons to 2032 161
- 7.9.3 Product developers 162
7.10 Oil and gas 163
- 7.10.1 Market overview 163
- 7.10.2 Applications 166
  - 7.10.2.1 Oil recovery applications (fracturing fluid) 166
  - 7.10.2.2 CNF Membranes for separation 166
  - 7.10.2.3 Oil and gas fluids additives 167
- 7.10.3 Global market in tons to 2032 167
- 7.10.4 Product developers 168
7.11 Filtration 170
- 7.11.1 Market overview 170
- 7.11.2 Applications 175
  - 7.11.2.1 Membranes for selective absorption 176
- 7.11.3 Global market in tons to 2032 176
- 7.11.4 Product developers 177
7.12 Rheology modifiers 179
- 7.12.1 Market overview 179
- 7.12.2 Applications 182
  - 7.12.2.1 Food additives 182
  - 7.12.2.2 Pickering stabilizers 183
  - 7.12.2.3 Hydrogels 183
- 7.12.3 Global market in tons to 2032 184
- 7.12.4 Product developers 185
7.13 Other markets 188
- 7.13.1 Printed, stretchable and flexible electronics 188
  - 7.13.1.1 Market assessment 188
  - 7.13.1.2 Product developers 191
- 7.13.2 3D printing 192
  - 7.13.2.1 Market assessment 192
  - 7.13.2.2 Product developers 195
- 7.13.3 Aerospace 195
  - 7.13.3.1 Market assessment 195
  - 7.13.3.2 Product developers 196
- 7.13.4 Batteries 197
  - 7.13.4.1 Market assessment 197

8 CELLULOSE NANOFIBER COMPANY PROFILES 198

9 RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 336

9.1 Report scope 336
9.2 Research methodology 336

10 REFERENCES 338

List of Tables

Table 1. Markets and applications for cellulose nanofibers and TRL. 24
Table 2. Cellulose nanofibers market in 2020-2022-industry product and production activity. 25
Table 3. Classification of Cellulose nanofibers applications by type of industrial product ranged in terms of their potential of consumption. 27
Table 4. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes. 29
Table 5. MFC production capacities in metric tonnes and production process, by producer, metric tonnes. 30
Table 6. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers/MFC by market in metric tonnes, 2018-2032. 31
Table 7: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes. 33
Table 8. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2030. 33
Table 9. Market and technical challenges in Cellulose nanofibers. 35
Table 10. Cellulose nanofibers-based commercial products. 36
Table 11. Regional demand for cellulose nanofibers, 2020, tons (total excludes MFC). 44
Table 12. Cellulose nanofibers producers and product developers in Japan. 44
Table 13. Cellulose nanofibers research centres, universities and companies in China. 46
Table 14. Cellulose nanofibers producers and product developers in Europe. 47
Table 15. Cellulose nanofibers producers and product developers in North America. 48
Table 16. Assessment of impact from COVID-19 crisis by end user market. 49
Table 17. Properties and applications of nanocellulose. 52
Table 18. Properties of nanocellulose, by type. 53
Table 19. Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials. 54
Table 20. Types of nanocellulose. 55
Table 21. Types of nanocellulose. 57
Table 22. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). 59
Table 23. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). 61
Table 24. CNC sources, size and yield. 62
Table 25. CNC properties. 63
Table 26. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials. 64
Table 27. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). 65
Table 28. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). 66
Table 29. Market opportunity assessment for Cellulose nanofibers, by application. 70
Table 30. Safety of Micro/Nanofibrillated cellulose. 74
Table 31. Global Cellulose nanofibers market supply chain analysis. 77
Table 32. Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanofiber producers. 80
Table 33. Market overview for nanocellulose in composites. 82
Table 34. Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials. 83
Table 35. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in composites. 83
Table 36. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in composites-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global composites OEMs. 84
Table 37. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2032 (metric tonnes). 90
Table 38. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers composites. 91
Table 39. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in automotive. 94
Table 40. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in automotive. 95
Table 41. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in automotive-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global automotive OEMs. 95
Table 42. Components featured in the NCV. 99
Table 43. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector 2018-2032 (tons). 105
Table 44. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in the automotive industry. 106
Table 45. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in construction. 109
Table 46. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in construction 109
Table 47. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in construction-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global construction OEMs 110
Table 48: Market demand for cellulose nanofibers in construction, 2018-2032 (tons). 115
Table 49. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in construction. 116
Table 50. Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum-based materials and other polymers. 118
Table 51. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging. 118
Table 52. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paper and board packaging OEMs. 119
Table 53. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paper & board packaging, 2018-2032 (tons). 126
Table 54. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paper and board. 127
Table 55. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel. 128
Table 56. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel. 128
Table 57. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global textiles and apparel OEMs. 129
Table 58. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in textiles, 2018-2032 (tons). 133
Table 59. Companies developing nanocellulose products in textiles and apparel. 135
Table 60. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in medicine and healthcare. 136
Table 61. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in medicine and healthcare. 137
Table 62. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in medicine and healthcare-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global medicine and healthcare OEMs. 138
Table 63. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in medical and healthcare, 2018-2032 (tons). 143
Table 64. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in medicine and healthcare. 144
Table 65. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene and sanitary products market. 147
Table 66. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene, 2018-2032 (tons). 147
Table 67. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in hygiene and sanitary products. 149
Table 68. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 150
Table 69. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 150
Table 70. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs. 151
Table 71. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2032 (tons). 154
Table 72. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. 156
Table 73. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels. 158
Table 74. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels. 158
Table 75. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global aerogels OEMs. 159
Table 76. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels, 2018-2032 (tons). 161
Table 77. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in aerogels. 162
Table 78. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas. 163
Table 79. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas. 163
Table 80. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global oil and gas OEMs. 164
Table 81. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2032 (tons). 167
Table 82. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in oil and gas exploration. 168
Table 83. CNF membranes. 171
Table 84. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in filtration. 171
Table 85. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in filtration. 172
Table 86. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in filtration-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global filtration OEMs. 172
Table 87: Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2032 (tons). 176
Table 88. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in filtration. 177
Table 89. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 179
Table 90. Scorecard for cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 180
Table 91. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global rheology modifier OEMs. 180
Table 92. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2032 (tons). 184
Table 93. Commercial activity in cellulose nanofibers rheology modifiers. 185
Table 94. Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper). 188
Table 95. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in printed, stretchable and flexible electronics-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global printed, flexible and stretchable electronics OEMs. 189
Table 96. Companies developing cellulose nanofiber products in printed, stretchable and flexible electronics. 191
Table 97. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in 3D priniting-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global 3D printing OEMs. 192
Table 98. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers 3D printing products. 195
Table 99. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerospace-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading. 195
Table 100: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in aircraft and aerospace. 196
Table 101. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in Batteries-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks. 197
Table 102: Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 243
Table 103. Nippon Paper commercial CNF products. 278
Table 104: Oji Holdings CNF products. 287

List of Figures

Figure 1. Market segmentation by type of nanocellulose, capacities and demand 2021, metric tonnes. 28
Figure 2. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers/MFC in metric tonnes by market, 2018-2032. 32
Figure 3. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2032. 34
Figure 4. Dorayaki. 36
Figure 5. ENASAVE NEXT. 37
Figure 6. GEL-KAYANO™. 38
Figure 7. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 39
Figure 8. "Poise" series Super strong deodorant sheet. 40
Figure 9. SC-3 (B) speakers. 41
Figure 10. SE-MONITOR5 headphones. 41
Figure 11. "Skin Care Acty" series Adult diapers. 42
Figure 12. "SURISURI" Lotion. 42
Figure 13. Regional demand for cellulose nanofibers, 2020. 44
Figure 14. Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit. 50
Figure 15. Scale of cellulose materials. 51
Figure 16. Types of nanocellulose. 56
Figure 17. Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses. 57
Figure 18. CNF gel. 59
Figure 19. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals. 61
Figure 20. CNC preparation. 61
Figure 21. Extracting CNC from trees. 62
Figure 22. CNC slurry. 64
Figure 23. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials. 67
Figure 24. Various preparation methods for nanocellulose. 69
Figure 25. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in composites. 88
Figure 26. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2032 (metric tonnes). 91
Figure 27. CNF mixed PLA (Poly Lactic Acid). 92
Figure 28. CNF resin products. 93
Figure 29. Interior of NCV concept car. 94
Figure 30. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in automotive. 98
Figure 31. Interior of the NCV prototype. 99
Figure 32. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2032 (tons). 105
Figure 33: Daio Paper's cellulose nanofiber material in doors and hood of race car. 106
Figure 34: CNF composite. 107
Figure 35: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 107
Figure 36. CNF car engine cover developed in Japan Ministry of the Environment’s (MOE) Nano Cellulose Vehicle (NCV) Project. 108
Figure 37. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. 110
Figure 38. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in construction. 113
Figure 39. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in construction, 2018-2032 (tons). 116
Figure 40. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging. 124
Figure 41. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging, 2018-2032 (tons). 126
Figure 42. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel. 133
Figure 43. Asics GEL-KAYANO™ 25 running shoe. 133
Figure 44. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles, 2018-2032 (tons). 134
Figure 45. CNF deodorant products. 135
Figure 46. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in medicine and healthcare. 142
Figure 47. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in medical and healthcare, 2018-2032 (tons). 144
Figure 48. Fibnano. 146
Figure 49. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene, 2018-2032 (tons). 148
Figure 50. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 154
Figure 51. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2032 (tons). 155
Figure 52. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 157
Figure 53: Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels, 2018-2032 (tons). 162
Figure 54. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2032 (tons). 168
Figure 55. Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery. 169
Figure 56. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in filtration. 175
Figure 57. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2032 (tons). 177
Figure 58. Multi-layered cross section of CNF-nw. 178
Figure 59. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 182
Figure 60. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2032 (tons). 185
Figure 61. "SURISURI" products. 186
Figure 62. Foldable nanopaper antenna. 189
Figure 63: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF. 191
Figure 64. Oji CNF transparent sheets. 191
Figure 65. Electronic components using NFC as insulating materials. 192
Figure 66: Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel. 199
Figure 67. MEDICELLU™. 199
Figure 68: Ashai Kasei CNF production process. 201
Figure 69: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 202
Figure 70: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. 202
Figure 71. CNF nonwoven fabric. 203
Figure 72. Borregaard Chemcell CNF production process. 208
Figure 73. nanoforest products. 217
Figure 74. Chuetsu Pulp & Paper CNF production process. 218
Figure 75. nanoforest-S. 218
Figure 76. nanoforest-PDP. 219
Figure 77. nanoforest-MB. 219
Figure 78. Daicel Corporation CNF production process. 221
Figure 79. Celish. 221
Figure 80: Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 222
Figure 81. Daio Paper CNF production process. 224
Figure 82. ELLEX products. 225
Figure 83. CNF-reinforced PP compounds. 226
Figure 84. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 226
Figure 85. Color CNF. 227
Figure 86. DIC Products CNF production process. 229
Figure 87. DKS Co. Ltd. CNF production process. 231
Figure 88: Rheocrysta spray. 232
Figure 89. DKS CNF products. 232
Figure 90: CNF based on citrus peel. 234
Figure 91. Citrus cellulose nanofiber. 234
Figure 92. Imerys CNF production process. 236
Figure 93. Filler Bank CNC products. 238
Figure 94: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 239
Figure 95: CNF products from Furukawa Electric. 241
Figure 96. Granbio CNF production process. 244
Figure 97: Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials. 246
Figure 98. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 247
Figure 99: CNF gel. 249
Figure 100: Block nanocellulose material. 250
Figure 101: CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 250
Figure 102. Innventia CNF production process. 252
Figure 103: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant. 253
Figure 104. Kami Shoji CNF products. 255
Figure 105. Dual Graft System. 256
Figure 106: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 257
Figure 107. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended). 258
Figure 108: 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side). 259
Figure 109. Kruger Biomaterials, Inc. CNF production process. 261
Figure 110. CNF deodorant. 263
Figure 111. Chitin nanofiber product. 264
Figure 112. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products. 266
Figure 113. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 267
Figure 114. Cellulomix production process. 269
Figure 115. Nanobase versus conventional products. 270
Figure 116. Uni-ball Signo UMN-307. 270
Figure 117: CNF slurries. 271
Figure 118. Range of CNF products. 271
Figure 119: Nanocell serum product. 273
Figure 120: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp. 274
Figure 121: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic. 274
Figure 122. Nippon Paper CNF production process. 277
Figure 123: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers. 278
Figure 124. All-resin forceps incorporating CNF. 280
Figure 125. CNF paint product. 281
Figure 126: CNF wet powder. 283
Figure 127: CNF transparent film. 283
Figure 128: Transparent CNF sheets. 284
Figure 129. Oji Paper CNF production process. 285
Figure 130: CNF clear sheets. 287
Figure 131. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product. 289
Figure 132: Fluorene cellulose ® powder. 290
Figure 133. A vacuum cleaner part made of cellulose fiber (left) and the assembled vacuum cleaner. 291
Figure 134. Performance Biofilaments CNF production process. 292
Figure 135: XCNF. 293
Figure 136: CNF insulation flat plates. 295
Figure 137. Seiko PMC CNF production process. 298
Figure 138. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 299
Figure 139: Rubber soles incorporating CNF. 301
Figure 140. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite. 302
Figure 141. Stora Enso CNF production process. 303
Figure 142. Sugino Machine CNF production process. 305
Figure 143: High Pressure Water Jet Process. 305
Figure 144: 2 wt.％ CNF suspension. 306
Figure 145. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 306
Figure 146. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet. 307
Figure 147: Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material. 307
Figure 148: SVILOSA AD CNC products. 309
Figure 149: Silver / CNF composite dispersions. 314
Figure 150: CNF/nanosilver powder. 315
Figure 151: Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF. 316
Figure 152: CNF resin products. 318
Figure 153. University of Maine CNF production process. 319
Figure 154. UPM-Kymmene CNF production process. 321
Figure 155. FibDex® wound dressing. 322
Figure 156. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process. 324
Figure 157: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF. 325
Figure 158. VTT 100% bio-based stand-up pouches. 327
Figure 159. VTT CNF production process. 329
Figure 160: HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 330
Figure 161: Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film. 331
Figure 162. S-CNF in powder form. 332
Figure 163. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process. 334

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