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The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials 2024-2034

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The market for graphene has grown hugely in the past decade, with numerous products now on the market and more to come as graphene producers record steadily increasing revenues and OEMs witnessing significant returns in clothing, sportswear, footwear, tires, batteries etc. The market for graphene in batteries is witnessing large-scale investments. 

Graphene is attracting increasing attention from investors, researchers and industrial players due to exceptional mechanical, electronic, and thermal properties. Graphene is available in multi-ton quantities from many producers and has been identified by many industry sectors as a key materials that will drive future product development in flexible electronics, smart textiles, biosensors, drug delivery, water filtration, supercapacitors and more.

This in-depth graphene market report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global graphene industry. It examines the market size for graphene in both revenues and tons, with breakdowns by type of graphene material, world region, and end-user application.

The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials 2024-2034 is the most comprehensive and up-to date report on graphene and 2D materials currently available, from the world's leading market authority on graphene and publisher of Graphene Magazine. Profiling over 380 companies, the report provides key information for investors and executives to enable them to understand and take advantage of the opportunities provided by graphene and 2D materials. Detailed application roadmaps are provided, showing graphene adoption timelines in key sectors like batteries, sensors, automotive, aerospace, energy, electronics, biomedicine and more. Regional demand forecasts are given for Asia Pacific, North America, Europe and others. The competitive landscape is analyzed with SWOT assessments and revenue projections for graphene in each application sector. 

The report also covers graphene patents and research trends, pricing, production methods, regulations, commercial products, strategic collaborations, funding, and more. It provides historical data from 2018, estimates up to 2022, and market projections to 2034. Emerging graphene applications like quantum dots, fuel cells, filtration, coatings, polymer composites and lubricants are analyzed in depth.

The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials 2024-2034 contains:

  • Assessment of graphene by market including applications, key benefits, market megatrends, market drivers for graphene, technology drawbacks, competing materials, potential consumption of graphene to 2034 and main players.
  • Assessment of graphene materials (CVD graphene, graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, etc), intermediate products (graphene masterbatches, dispersions, etc) and final products with graphene embedded (e.g. headphones, tennis racquets, etc). Tabular data on current graphene products.
  • Graphical depictions of graphene applications by market.
  • In depth-assessment of graphene producer and distributor pricing in 2023.
  • Global market for graphene in tons, by sector, historical and forecast to 2034. Global graphene market size split by market in 2022 and for each application to 2034.
  • Full list of technology collaborations, strategic partnerships, and M&As in the global graphene market including collaboration dates. 
  • Applications roadmap, by market. 
  • In-depth profiles of more than 380 graphene and 2D materials producers and application/product developers including products, production capacities, manufacturing methods, collaborations, licensing, customers and target markets. Companies profiled include Anaphite Limited, CamGraPhic, Directa Plus, First Graphene, G6 Materials, Gerdau Graphene, Global Graphene Group, Graphjet Technology Sdn. Bhd., Grapheal, Graphex Group Ltd, Graphmatech, Haydale Graphene, Huvis, Lyten, NanoXplore, Paragraf, SafeLi LLC, Saint Jean Carbon, Skeleton Technologies, Versarien and Talga Resources.
  • List of ex-graphene producers. 
  • Detailed forecasts for key growth areas, opportunities and demand.
  • Market news and funding 2020-23. 
  • Unique market assessment tools to assess the viability of graphene, by market, and application.
  • Market assessment of other 2D materials.
  • Analysis of 2D materials market including Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), hexagonal boron-nitride (BNNS), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC), Mxenes, Borophene, Phosphorene, Graphitic carbon nitride, Germanene, Graphyne, graphane, Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2), silicene, Stanene/tinene, Tungsten diselenide, Antimonene, diamene and indium selenide. 

 

The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials 2024-2034
The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials 2024-2034
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Price: £1,000.00

The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials 2024-2034
The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials 2024-2034
Print edition (including tracked delivery) and PDF, plus 12 issue subscription to Graphene Magazine.
Price: £1,050.00

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1              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   44

  • 1.1          Advanced carbon materials          44
    • 1.1.1      Types    44
  • 1.2          Graphene and other 2D materials             45
  • 1.3          Commercialization           46
  • 1.4          The graphene market in 2023      47
  • 1.5          Graphene market developments 2020-June 2023               50
  • 1.6          Graphene funding and investments 2020-2023    59
  • 1.7          Publicly listed graphene companies         61
  • 1.8          Graphene global production capacities, in tons and by type          62
  • 1.9          Global market in tons and revenues        65
    • 1.9.1      Global demand by graphene material (tons)        65
    • 1.9.2      Global demand by end user market         68
    • 1.9.3      Graphene market, by region       69
    • 1.9.4      Global graphene revenues, by market, 2018-2034              71
      • 1.9.4.1   Asia-Pacific         72
        • 1.9.4.1.1               China     72
        • 1.9.4.1.2               Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific 72
      • 1.9.4.2   North America   73
        • 1.9.4.2.1               Main graphene producers in North America         74
      • 1.9.4.3   Europe 74
        • 1.9.4.3.1               Main graphene producers in Europe        75
  • 1.10        Graphene products         76
  • 1.11        Industrial collaborations and licence agreements              79
  • 1.12        Graphene market challenges      86

 

2              OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE            88

  • 2.1          History  88
  • 2.2          Properties           89
  • 2.3          Types of graphene           90
    • 2.3.1      Graphene materials        91
      • 2.3.1.1   CVD Graphene  91
        • 2.3.1.1.1               Applications       92
      • 2.3.1.2   Graphene nanoplatelets               93
      • 2.3.1.3   Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide    94
      • 2.3.1.4   Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)               95
        • 2.3.1.4.1               Composition      96
        • 2.3.1.4.2               Comparison to quantum dots     97
      • 2.3.1.4.3               Properties           97
      • 2.3.1.4.4               Synthesis             98
        • 2.3.1.4.4.1           Top-down method          98
        • 2.3.1.4.4.2           Bottom-up method         98
        • 2.3.1.4.4.3           Comparison of synthesis methods            99
      • 2.3.1.4.5               Applications       100
      • 2.3.1.4.6               Markets for graphene quantum dots       101
        • 2.3.1.4.6.1           Electronics and photonics             101
        • 2.3.1.4.6.2           Energy storage and conversion  102
        • 2.3.1.4.6.3           Sensors 103
        • 2.3.1.4.6.4           Biomedicine and life sciences     104
        • 2.3.1.4.6.5           Anti-counterfeiting         105
      • 2.3.1.4.7               Challenges          106
      • 2.3.1.4.8               Current and projected revenues 107
      • 2.3.1.4.9               Pricing   108
      • 2.3.1.4.10             Companies         109 (14 company profi
    • 2.3.2      Intermediate products  120
      • 2.3.2.1   Graphene masterbatches             120
      • 2.3.2.2   Graphene dispersions    120
  • 2.4          Graphene production    121
    • 2.4.1      Quality  123
    • 2.4.2      Graphene production methods 124
    • 2.4.3      Expanded graphite          127
    • 2.4.4      Reduced graphene oxide              128
    • 2.4.5      Direct liquid phase exfoliation process    129
    • 2.4.6      Electrochemical exfoliation          129
    • 2.4.7      Plasma exfoliation           129
    • 2.4.8      Chemical Vapour Deposited (CVD) Graphene      130
      • 2.4.8.1   Roll to roll (R2R) growth 130
      • 2.4.8.2   Novel strategies               130
      • 2.4.8.3   Epitaxial CVD graphene growth  131
  • 2.5          Regulations        132
    • 2.5.1      Environmental, health and safety regulation        132
      • 2.5.1.1   Europe 132
      • 2.5.1.2   United States     133
      • 2.5.1.3   Asia-Pacific         135
    • 2.5.2      Workplace exposure      135

 

3              PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS     137

 

4              PRODUCTION AND PRICING        139

  • 4.1          Commercial production capacities            139
  • 4.2          Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide production capacities        140
    • 4.2.1      By producer       140
  • 4.3          Graphene nanoplatelets production capacities   141
    • 4.3.1      By producer       142
  • 4.4          CVD graphene film           143
    • 4.4.1      By producer       143
  • 4.5          Graphene production issues and challenges         144
    • 4.5.1      Oversupply         144
    • 4.5.2      Quality  144
    • 4.5.3      Large-volume markets   145
    • 4.5.4      Commoditisation             145
    • 4.5.5      Industrial end-user perspective 146
  • 4.6          Graphene pricing 2023   146
    • 4.6.1      Pristine graphene flakes pricing/CVD graphene  147
    • 4.6.2      Few-Layer graphene pricing        149
    • 4.6.3      Graphene nanoplatelets pricing 150
    • 4.6.4      Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) pricing               151
    • 4.6.5      Multilayer graphene (MLG) pricing           153
    • 4.6.6      Graphene ink     153
  • 4.7          Graphene market players             155

 

5              MARKETS FOR GRAPHENE            165

  • 5.1          BATTERIES           165
    • 5.1.1      Market overview             166
      • 5.1.1.1   Market drivers and trends            167
      • 5.1.1.2   Applications       170
        • 5.1.1.2.1               Applications roadmap to 2034     172
      • 5.1.1.3   SWOT analysis   173
      • 5.1.1.4   Global market   174
        • 5.1.1.4.1               Revenues            174
        • 5.1.1.4.2               Tons, 2018-2034                175
    • 5.1.2      Market players  176
  • 5.2          SUPERCAPACITORS         183
    • 5.2.1      Market overview             183
      • 5.2.1.1   Applications       183
        • 5.2.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2034     186
      • 5.2.1.2   SWOT analysis   187
      • 5.2.1.3   Global market   188
        • 5.2.1.3.1               Revenues            188
        • 5.2.1.3.2               Tons      189
    • 5.2.2      Market players  190
  • 5.3          POLYMER ADDITIVES      193
    • 5.3.1      Market overview             193
      • 5.3.1.1   Applications       193
        • 5.3.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2034     193
      • 5.3.1.2   Fiber-based        193
        • 5.3.1.2.1               Applications       194
      • 5.3.1.3   Metal matrix composites (MMCs)             197
        • 5.3.1.3.1               Applications       197
      • 5.3.1.4   SWOT analysis   198
      • 5.3.1.5   Global market   199
        • 5.3.1.5.1               Revenues            199
        • 5.3.1.5.2               Tons      201
    • 5.3.2      Market players  202
  • 5.4          SENSORS             207
    • 5.4.1      Market overview             208
      • 5.4.1.1   Applications       209
        • 5.4.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2034     212
      • 5.4.1.2   SWOT analysis   213
      • 5.4.1.3   Global market   214
        • 5.4.1.3.1               Revenues            214
        • 5.4.1.3.2               Tons      215
    • 5.4.2      Market players  216
  • 5.5          CONDUCTIVE INKS          221
    • 5.5.1      Market overview             221
      • 5.5.1.1   Applications       222
        • 5.5.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2034     224
      • 5.5.1.2   SWOT analysis   226
      • 5.5.1.3   Global market   227
        • 5.5.1.3.1               Revenues            227
        • 5.5.1.3.2               Tons      228
    • 5.5.2      Market players  230
  • 5.6          TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS            232
    • 5.6.1      Market outlook 232
      • 5.6.1.1   Applications       233
        • 5.6.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2034     235
      • 5.6.1.2   SWOT analysis   235
      • 5.6.1.3   Global market   236
        • 5.6.1.3.1               Revenues            236
        • 5.6.1.3.2               Tons      238
    • 5.6.2      Market players  239
  • 5.7          TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS            242
    • 5.7.1      Market overview             242
      • 5.7.1.1   Applications       243
        • 5.7.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2034     245
      • 5.7.1.2   SWOT analysis   246
      • 5.7.1.3   Global market   247
        • 5.7.1.3.1               Revenues            247
        • 5.7.1.3.2               Tons      248
    • 5.7.2      Market players  250
  • 5.8          FILTRATION MEMBRANES            252
    • 5.8.1      Market overview             252
      • 5.8.1.1   Applications       253
        • 5.8.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2034     257
      • 5.8.1.2   SWOT analysis   257
      • 5.8.1.3   Global market   258
        • 5.8.1.3.1               Revenues            258
        • 5.8.1.3.2               Tons      259
    • 5.8.2      Market players  260
  • 5.9          THERMAL MANAGEMENT            264
    • 5.9.1      Market overview             264
      • 5.9.1.1   Applications       264
        • 5.9.1.1.1               Applications roadmap to 2034     264
      • 5.9.1.2   SWOT analysis   265
      • 5.9.1.3   Global market   266
        • 5.9.1.3.1               Revenues            266
        • 5.9.1.3.2               Tons      267
    • 5.9.2      Market players  268
  • 5.10        ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING       271
    • 5.10.1    Market overview             271
      • 5.10.1.1                Applications       272
        • 5.10.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     273
      • 5.10.1.2                SWOT analysis   274
      • 5.10.1.3                Global market   275
        • 5.10.1.3.1             Revenues            275
        • 5.10.1.3.2             Tons      277
    • 5.10.2    Market players  278
  • 5.11        ADHESIVES         280
    • 5.11.1    Market overview             280
      • 5.11.1.1                Applications       281
        • 5.11.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     283
      • 5.11.1.2                SWOT analysis   284
      • 5.11.1.3                Global market   285
        • 5.11.1.3.1             Revenues            285
        • 5.11.1.3.2             Tons      286
    • 5.11.2    Market players  288
  • 5.12        AEROSPACE        289
    • 5.12.1    Market overview             289
      • 5.12.1.1                Applications       289
        • 5.12.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     293
      • 5.12.1.2                SWOT analysis   293
      • 5.12.1.3                Global market   294
        • 5.12.1.3.1             Revenues            294
        • 5.12.1.3.2             Tons      295
    • 5.12.2    Market players  296
  • 5.13        AUTOMOTIVE   299
    • 5.13.1    Market overview             299
      • 5.13.1.1                Applications       300
        • 5.13.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     302
      • 5.13.1.2                SWOT analysis   303
      • 5.13.1.3                Global market   304
        • 5.13.1.3.1             Revenues            304
        • 5.13.1.3.2             Tons      305
    • 5.13.2    Market players  306
  • 5.14        CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS              311
    • 5.14.1    Market overview             311
      • 5.14.1.1                Applications       311
        • 5.14.1.1.1             Cement 313
        • 5.14.1.1.2             Asphalt bitumen               314
        • 5.14.1.1.3             Aerogels              315
          • 5.14.1.1.3.1         3D printed aerogels        315
          • 5.14.1.1.3.2         Carbon-based aerogel composites           316
        • 5.14.1.1.4             Applications roadmap to 2034     316
      • 5.14.1.2                SWOT analysis   317
      • 5.14.1.3                Global market   318
        • 5.14.1.3.1             Revenues            318
        • 5.14.1.3.2             Tons      319
    • 5.14.2    Market players  320
  • 5.15        MEMORY DEVICES           323
    • 5.15.1    Market overview             323
      • 5.15.1.1                Applications       324
        • 5.15.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     325
      • 5.15.1.2                SWOT analysis   325
      • 5.15.1.3                Global market   326
        • 5.15.1.3.1             Revenues            326
        • 5.15.1.3.2             Tons      328
    • 5.15.2    Market players  329
  • 5.16        FUEL CELLS          330
    • 5.16.1    Market overview             330
      • 5.16.1.1                Applications       331
        • 5.16.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     333
      • 5.16.1.2                SWOT analysis   334
      • 5.16.1.3                Global market   335
        • 5.16.1.3.1             Revenues            335
        • 5.16.1.3.2             Tons      336
    • 5.16.2    Market players  337
  • 5.17        BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE               339
    • 5.17.1    Market overview             340
      • 5.17.1.1                Applications       340
        • 5.17.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     344
      • 5.17.1.2                Drug delivery     344
      • 5.17.1.3                Imaging and diagnostics 345
      • 5.17.1.4                Implants              345
      • 5.17.1.5                Medical biosensors         346
      • 5.17.1.6                Woundcare        346
      • 5.17.1.7                Medical wearables          347
      • 5.17.1.8                Gene delivery    348
      • 5.17.1.9                SWOT analysis   349
      • 5.17.1.10              Global market   350
        • 5.17.1.10.1          Revenues            350
        • 5.17.1.10.2          Tons      351
    • 5.17.2    Market players  352
  • 5.18        LIGHTING            357
    • 5.18.1    Market overview             357
      • 5.18.1.1                Applications       357
        • 5.18.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     359
      • 5.18.1.2                SWOT analysis   360
      • 5.18.1.3                Global market   361
        • 5.18.1.3.1             Revenues            361
        • 5.18.1.3.2             Tons      362
    • 5.18.2    Market players  363
  • 5.19        LUBRICANTS      365
    • 5.19.1    Market overview             366
      • 5.19.1.1                Applications       366
      • 5.19.1.2                SWOT analysis   368
      • 5.19.1.3                Global market   369
        • 5.19.1.3.1             Revenues            369
        • 5.19.1.3.2             Tons      370
    • 5.19.2    Market players  372
  • 5.20        OIL AND GAS      374
    • 5.20.1    Market overview             374
      • 5.20.1.1                Applications       374
        • 5.20.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     377
      • 5.20.1.2                SWOT analysis   377
      • 5.20.1.3                Global market   378
        • 5.20.1.3.1             Revenues            378
        • 5.20.1.3.2             Tons      379
    • 5.20.2    Market players  381
  • 5.21        PAINTS AND COATINGS 382
    • 5.21.1    Market overview             382
      • 5.21.1.1                Applications       382
        • 5.21.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     386
      • 5.21.1.2                SWOT analysis   387
      • 5.21.1.3                Global market   388
        • 5.21.1.3.1             Revenues            388
        • 5.21.1.3.2             Tons      389
    • 5.21.2    Market players  390
  • 5.22        PHOTONICS        396
  • 5.22.1    Market overview             396
    • 5.22.1.1                Applications       396
      • 5.22.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     398
    • 5.22.1.2                SWOT analysis   400
    • 5.22.1.3                Global market   401
      • 5.22.1.3.1             Revenues            401
      • 5.22.1.3.2             Tons      402
    • 5.22.2    Market players  403
  • 5.23        PHOTOVOLTAICS             405
    • 5.23.1    Market overview             405
      • 5.23.1.1                Applications       406
        • 5.23.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     409
      • 5.23.1.2                SWOT analysis   410
      • 5.23.1.3                Global market   411
        • 5.23.1.3.1             Revenues            411
        • 5.23.1.3.2             Tons      412
    • 5.23.2    Market players  413
  • 5.24        RUBBER AND TYRES         414
    • 5.24.1    Market overview             414
      • 5.24.1.1                Applications       414
        • 5.24.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     417
      • 5.24.1.2                SWOT analysis   417
      • 5.24.1.3                Global market   418
        • 5.24.1.3.1             Revenues            418
        • 5.24.1.3.2             Tons      419
    • 5.24.2    Market players  420
  • 5.25        TEXTILES AND APPAREL 423
    • 5.25.1    Market outlook 423
      • 5.25.1.1                Applications       424
        • 5.25.1.1.1             Applications roadmap to 2034     428
      • 5.25.1.2                SWOT analysis   428
      • 5.25.1.3                Global market   429
        • 5.25.1.3.1             Revenues            429
        • 5.25.1.3.2             Tons      430
    • 5.25.2    Market players  431
  • 5.26        OTHER MARKETS              437
    • 5.26.1    Audio equipment             437
    • 5.26.2    Sporting goods and apparel         437
    • 5.26.3    Carbon capture and utilization    439
      • 5.26.3.1                CO2 utilization pathways              439
      • 5.26.3.2                Carbon storage 440
        • 5.26.3.2.1.1         Passive storage 440
        • 5.26.3.2.1.2         Enhanced oil recovery   441
      • 5.26.3.3                Transporting CO2             442
        • 5.26.3.3.1             Methods of CO2 transport           442
          • 5.26.3.3.1.1         Pipeline 443
          • 5.26.3.3.1.2         Ship       444
          • 5.26.3.3.1.3         Road      444
          • 5.26.3.3.1.4         Rail         444
          • 5.26.3.3.1.5         Safety   445
      • 5.26.3.4                Costs     445
      • 5.26.3.5                Market map       447
      • 5.26.3.6                Point-source carbon capture for blue hydrogen  449
        • 5.26.3.6.1             Transportation  450
        • 5.26.3.6.2             Global point source CO2 capture capacities          451
        • 5.26.3.6.3             By source            452
        • 5.26.3.6.4             By endpoint       453
        • 5.26.3.6.5             Main carbon capture processes 453
          • 5.26.3.6.5.1         Materials             453
          • 5.26.3.6.5.2         Post-combustion             455
          • 5.26.3.6.5.3         Oxy-fuel combustion      457
          • 5.26.3.6.5.4         Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle 458
          • 5.26.3.6.5.5         Pre-combustion 459
      • 5.26.3.7                Carbon utilization             460
        • 5.26.3.7.1             Benefits of carbon utilization       464
        • 5.26.3.7.2             Market challenges           466
        • 5.26.3.7.3             Co2 utilization pathways               467

 

6              GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES 470 (360 company profiles)

 

7              GRAPHENE EX-PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS 737

 

8              OTHER 2-D MATERIALS  753

  • 8.1          Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials              756
  • 8.2          2D MATERIALS PRODUCTION METHODS 758
    • 8.2.1      Top-down exfoliation     758
      • 8.2.1.1   Mechanical exfoliation method 759
      • 8.2.1.2   Liquid exfoliation method            759
    • 8.2.2      Bottom-up synthesis      760
      • 8.2.2.1   Chemical synthesis in solution    760
      • 8.2.2.2   Chemical vapor deposition           760
  • 8.3          TYPES OF 2D MATERIALS              762
    • 8.3.1      Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)           762
      • 8.3.1.1   Properties           762
      • 8.3.1.2   Applications and markets             763
        • 8.3.1.2.1               Electronics          763
        • 8.3.1.2.2               Fuel cells              764
        • 8.3.1.2.3               Adsorbents        764
        • 8.3.1.2.4               Photodetectors 764
        • 8.3.1.2.5               Textiles 764
        • 8.3.1.2.6               Biomedical          765
    • 8.3.2      MXenes               766
      • 8.3.2.1   Properties           766
      • 8.3.2.2   Applications       767
        • 8.3.2.2.1               Catalysts              767
        • 8.3.2.2.2               Hydrogels            767
        • 8.3.2.2.3               Energy storage devices  767
          • 8.3.2.2.3.1           Supercapacitors 767
          • 8.3.2.2.3.2           Batteries              768
          • 8.3.2.2.3.3           Gas Separation  768
        • 8.3.2.2.4               Liquid Separation             768
        • 8.3.2.2.5               Antibacterials    768
    • 8.3.3      Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) 768
      • 8.3.3.1   Properties           769
        • 8.3.3.1.1               Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)               769
        • 8.3.3.1.2               Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)        770
      • 8.3.3.2   Applications       771
        • 8.3.3.2.1               Electronics          771
        • 8.3.3.2.2               Optoelectronics 772
        • 8.3.3.2.3               Biomedical          772
        • 8.3.3.2.4               Piezoelectrics    772
        • 8.3.3.2.5               Sensors 772
        • 8.3.3.2.6               Filtration              773
        • 8.3.3.2.7               Batteries and supercapacitors    773
        • 8.3.3.2.8               Fiber lasers         773
    • 8.3.4      Borophene         773
      • 8.3.4.1   Properties           773
      • 8.3.4.2   Applications       774
        • 8.3.4.2.1               Energy storage  774
        • 8.3.4.2.2               Hydrogen storage            775
        • 8.3.4.2.3               Sensors 775
        • 8.3.4.2.4               Electronics          775
    • 8.3.5      Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus              775
      • 8.3.5.1   Properties           776
      • 8.3.5.2   Applications       777
        • 8.3.5.2.1               Electronics          777
        • 8.3.5.2.2               Field effect transistors   777
        • 8.3.5.2.3               Thermoelectrics               778
        • 8.3.5.2.4               Batteries              778
          • 8.3.5.2.4.1           Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)            778
          • 8.3.5.2.4.2           Sodium-ion batteries      778
          • 8.3.5.2.4.3           Lithium–sulfur batteries 778
        • 8.3.5.2.5               Supercapacitors 779
        • 8.3.5.2.6               Photodetectors 779
        • 8.3.5.2.7               Sensors 779
    • 8.3.6      Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)             780
      • 8.3.6.1   Properties           780
      • 8.3.6.2   C2N        780
      • 8.3.6.3   Applications       781
        • 8.3.6.3.1               Electronics          781
        • 8.3.6.3.2               Filtration membranes    781
        • 8.3.6.3.3               Photocatalysts  781
        • 8.3.6.3.4               Batteries              781
        • 8.3.6.3.5               Sensors 781
    • 8.3.7      Germanene       782
      • 8.3.7.1   Properties           782
      • 8.3.7.2   Applications       783
        • 8.3.7.2.1               Electronics          784
        • 8.3.7.2.2               Batteries              784
    • 8.3.8      Graphdiyne        784
      • 8.3.8.1   Properties           785
      • 8.3.8.2   Applications       785
        • 8.3.8.2.1               Electronics          785
        • 8.3.8.2.2               Batteries              785
          • 8.3.8.2.2.1           Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)            785
          • 8.3.8.2.2.2           Sodium ion batteries      786
        • 8.3.8.2.3               Separation membranes 786
        • 8.3.8.2.4               Water filtration 786
        • 8.3.8.2.5               Photocatalysts  787
        • 8.3.8.2.6               Photovoltaics     787
        • 8.3.8.2.7               Gas separation  787
    • 8.3.9      Graphane            787
      • 8.3.9.1   Properties           788
      • 8.3.9.2   Applications       788
        • 8.3.9.2.1               Electronics          788
        • 8.3.9.2.2               Hydrogen storage            788
    • 8.3.10    Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)               789
      • 8.3.10.1                Properties           789
      • 8.3.10.2                Applications       789
    • 8.3.11    Silicene 790
      • 8.3.11.1                Properties           790
      • 8.3.11.2                Applications       791
        • 8.3.11.2.1             Electronics          791
        • 8.3.11.2.2             Thermoelectrics               792
        • 8.3.11.2.3             Batteries              792
        • 8.3.11.2.4             Sensors 792
        • 8.3.11.2.5             Biomedical          792
    • 8.3.12    Stanene/tinene 793
      • 8.3.12.1                Properties           793
      • 8.3.12.2                Applications       794
        • 8.3.12.2.1             Electronics          794
    • 8.3.13    Antimonene      795
      • 8.3.13.1                Properties           795
      • 8.3.13.2                Applications       795
    • 8.3.14    Indium selenide 796
      • 8.3.14.1                Properties           796
      • 8.3.14.2                Applications       796
        • 8.3.14.2.1             Electronics          796
    • 8.3.15    Layered double hydroxides (LDH)             797
      • 8.3.15.1                Properties           797
      • 8.3.15.2                Applications       797
        • 8.3.15.2.1             Adsorbents        797
        • 8.3.15.2.2             Catalyst 797
        • 8.3.15.2.3             Sensors 797
        • 8.3.15.2.4             Electrodes           798
        • 8.3.15.2.5             Flame Retardants            798
        • 8.3.15.2.6             Biosensors          798
        • 8.3.15.2.7             Tissue engineering          799
        • 8.3.15.2.8             Anti-Microbials 799
        • 8.3.15.2.9             Drug Delivery     799
  • 8.4          2D MATERIALS PRODUCER AND SUPPLIER PROFILES         800 (19 company profiles)

 

9              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         817

  • 9.1          Technology Readiness Level (TRL)             817

 

10           REFERENCES       820

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Types of advanced carbon materials.      44
  • Table 2. Graphene market developments 2020-June 2023.             50
  • Table 3. Graphene funding and investments 2020-2023.  59
  • Table 4. Publicly listed graphene companies.       61
  • Table 5. Main graphene producers by country, annual production capacities, types and main markets they sell to.                62
  • Table 6. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2034 (tons).           66
  • Table 7. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2034 (tons). 69
  • Table 8. Main graphene producers in North America.       74
  • Table 9. Main graphene producers in Europe.      75
  • Table 10. Commercial products incorporating graphene. 76
  • Table 11. Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.      79
  • Table 12. Graphene market challenges. 86
  • Table 13. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.            89
  • Table 14. Applications of GO and rGO.    95
  • Table 15. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs. 97
  • Table 16. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs.              99
  • Table 17. Applications of graphene quantum dots.            100
  • Table 18. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics.        101
  • Table 19. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion.             102
  • Table 20. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors.           103
  • Table 21. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences. 104
  • Table 22. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics.     105
  • Table 23. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots.              106
  • Table 24. Prices for graphene quantum dots.       108
  • Table 25. Assessment of graphene production methods. 125
  • Table 26. Methods for reducing graphene oxide. 128
  • Table 27. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Europe. 132
  • Table 28. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in North America. 133
  • Table 29. Regulations and rulings related to graphene in Asia-Pacific.        135
  • Table 30. Accumulated number of patent publications for graphene, 2004-2021..                137
  • Table 31. Graphene oxide production capacity by producer, 2014-2022.   140
  • Table 32. Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by producer, 2010-2022.           142
  • Table 33. CVD graphene film capacity by producer, 2014-2022 in 000s m2.             143
  • Table 34. Types of graphene and typical prices.   147
  • Table 35. Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer.   148
  • Table 36. Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.           149
  • Table 37. Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer.   150
  • Table 38. Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer.        151
  • Table 39. Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer.         153
  • Table 40. Graphene ink pricing by producer.        153
  • Table 41. Graphene producers and types produced.         155
  • Table 42. Graphene producers target market matrix.       159
  • Table 43. Graphene product developers target market matrix.     162
  • Table 44. Applications of nanomaterials in batteries.        165
  • Table 45. Market outlook for graphene in batteries.         166
  • Table 46. Market drivers for use of graphene in batteries.              167
  • Table 47. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof.                169
  • Table 48. Market and applications for graphene in batteries.        170
  • Table 49. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).   174
  • Table 50. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2034.      175
  • Table 51. Markets players in graphene batteries.               176
  • Table 52. Market overviewfor graphene in supercapacitors.          183
  • Table 53: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries.               183
  • Table 54. Market and applications for graphene in supercapacitors.          184
  • Table 55. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).     188
  • Table 56. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2034.      189
  • Table 57. Market players in graphene supercapacitors.   190
  • Table 58. Market outlook for graphene in polymer additives.       193
  • Table 59. Market and applications for graphene fiber-based polymer additives.   194
  • Table 60. Market and applications for graphene metal matrix composites.             197
  • Table 61. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 199
  • Table 62. Global market demand for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2034, tons.      201
  • Table 63. Market players in graphene polymer additives.               202
  • Table 64. Market overview for graphene in sensors.         208
  • Table 65. Market and applications for graphene in sensors.           209
  • Table 66. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).      214
  • Table 67. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2034.         215
  • Table 68. Market players in graphene sensors.   216
  • Table 69. Market outlook for graphene in conductive inks.            221
  • Table 70. Market and applications for graphene in conductive inks.           222
  • Table 71. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       223
  • Table 72. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).      227
  • Table 73. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2034.           228
  • Table 74. Product developers in graphene conductive inks.           230
  • Table 75. Market outlook for graphene in transparent conductive films.  232
  • Table 76. Market and applications for graphene in transparent conductive films. 233
  • Table 77. Comparison of ITO replacements.         234
  • Table 78. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).  236
  • Table 79. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2034.      238
  • Table 80. Market players in graphene transparent conductive films.          239
  • Table 81. Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors.      242
  • Table 82. Market outlook for graphene in transistors.      242
  • Table 83. Market and applications for graphene transistors.         243
  • Table 84. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).  247
  • Table 85. Global demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2034.     248
  • Table 86. Market players in graphene transistors and integrated circuits. 250
  • Table 87. Market outlook for graphene in filtration membranes. 252
  • Table 88. Market and applications for graphene in filtration membranes.               253
  • Table 89. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).          258
  • Table 90. Global demand for graphene in filtration membranes (tons), 2018-2034.              259
  • Table 91. Market players in filtration.      260
  • Table 92. Market and applications for thermal management.       264
  • Table 93. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).         266
  • Table 94. Global demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2034.             267
  • Table 95. Market players in graphene thermal management.       268
  • Table 96. Market outlook for graphene in additive manufacturing.             271
  • Table 97. Market and applications for graphene in additive manufacturing.           272
  • Table 98. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).      275
  • Table 99. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2034.          277
  • Table 100. Market players in additive manufacturing.      278
  • Table 101. Market outlook for graphene in adhesives.     280
  • Table 102. Market and applications for graphene in adhesives.   281
  • Table 103. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).               285
  • Table 104. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2034.  286
  • Table 105. Market players in graphene adhesives.            288
  • Table 106. Market assessment for graphene in aerospace.            289
  • Table 107. Market and applications for graphene in aerospace.   290
  • Table 108. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).              294
  • Table 109. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2030. 295
  • Table 110: Market players in graphene for aerospace.     296
  • Table 111. Market outlook for graphene in automotive. 299
  • Table 112. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 300
  • Table 113. Market and applications for graphene in automotive. 303
  • Table 114. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).           304
  • Table 115. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2034.               305
  • Table 116. Market players in the graphene automotive market.  306
  • Table 117. Market outlook for graphene in construction. 311
  • Table 118. Applications of graphene in construction and buildings.            311
  • Table 119. Graphene for concrete and cement.  313
  • Table 120. Graphene for asphalt bitumen.            314
  • Table 121. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).  318
  • Table 122. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2034.             319
  • Table 123: Market players in graphene in construction.   320
  • Table 124. Market outlook for graphene in memory devices.        323
  • Table 125. Market and applications for graphene in memory devices.      324
  • Table 126. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 326
  • Table 127. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2034 (tons).    328
  • Table 128. Market players in graphene memory devices. 329
  • Table 129. Market overview for graphene in fuel cells.     330
  • Table 130. Market and applications for graphene in fuel cells.      331
  • Table 131. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 335
  • Table 132. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2034.    336
  • Table 133. Market players in graphene fuel cells.               337
  • Table 134. Market and applications for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare. 340
  • Table 135. Market overview for graphene in drug delivery.           344
  • Table 136. Market overview for graphene in imaging and diagnostics.      345
  • Table 137. Market overview for graphene in medical implants.    345
  • Table 138. Market overview for graphene in medical biosensors. 346
  • Table 139. Market overview for graphene in woundcare.               346
  • Table 140. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).               350
  • Table 141. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2034.              351
  • Table 142. Market players in graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.    352
  • Table 143. Market overview for graphene in lighting.       357
  • Table 144. Market and applications for graphene in lighting.         357
  • Table 145. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).   361
  • Table 146. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2034 (tons).      362
  • Table 147. Market players in graphene lighting.  363
  • Table 148. Nanomaterial lubricant products.        365
  • Table 149. Market overview for graphene in lubricants.  366
  • Table 150. Market and applications for graphene in lubricants.    366
  • Table 151. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).              369
  • Table 152. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2034.  370
  • Table 153. Market players in graphene lubricants.             372
  • Table 154. Market overview for graphene in oil and gas. 374
  • Table 155. Market and applications for graphene in oil and gas.  374
  • Table 156. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).             378
  • Table 157. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2034. 379
  • Table 158. Market players in graphene oil and gas.            381
  • Table 159. Market overview for graphene in paints and coatings.                382
  • Table 160. Market and applications for graphene in paints and coatings. 382
  • Table 161. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 388
  • Table 162. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2034.               389
  • Table 163. Market players in graphene paints and coatings.          390
  • Table 164. Market overview for graphene in photonics.  396
  • Table 165. Market and applications for graphene in photonics.    396
  • Table 166. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).              401
  • Table 167. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2034.             402
  • Table 168. Market players in graphene photonics.             403
  • Table 169. Market overview for graphene in photovoltaics.           405
  • Table 170. Market and applications for graphene in photovoltaics.            406
  • Table 171. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).       411
  • Table 172. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2034.           412
  • Table 173. Marker players in graphene solar.       413
  • Table 174. Market outlook for graphene in rubber and tyres.       414
  • Table 175. Market and applications for graphene in rubber and tyres.      414
  • Table 176. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).     418
  • Table 177. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2034.     419
  • Table 178. Market players in rubber and tyres.   420
  • Table 179. Market outlook for graphene in smart textiles and apparel.     423
  • Table 180. Market and applications for graphene in smart textiles and apparel.    424
  • Table 181. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).               429
  • Table 182. Global demand for graphene in textiles & apparel (tons), 2018-2034.   430
  • Table 183. Market players in smart textiles and apparel. 431
  • Table 184. Graphene audio equipment producers and products. 437
  • Table 185. Graphene sporting goods producers and products.      438
  • Table 186. Methods of CO2 transport.    443
  • Table 187. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2    445
  • Table 188. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture. 446
  • Table 189. Point source examples.           449
  • Table 190. Assessment of carbon capture materials          454
  • Table 191. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion.  457
  • Table 192. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture. 460
  • Table 193. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$). 464
  • Table 194. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.             464
  • Table 195. Market challenges for CO2 utilization.               466
  • Table 196. Example CO2 utilization pathways.     467
  • Table 197. Performance criteria of energy storage devices.           732
  • Table 198. 2D materials types.   755
  • Table 199. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.           756
  • Table 200. Comparison of  top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials.            758
  • Table 201. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials.      761
  • Table 202. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 763
  • Table 203. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2.            776
  • Table 204. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene.       783
  • Table 205. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs   786
  • Table 206. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene.              794
  • Table 207. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples.  818
  •  

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Demand for graphene, by market, 2022.              49
  • Figure 2. Asus ROG Swift OLED PG49WCD gaming monitor.           57
  • Figure 3. Global graphene demand by type of graphene material, 2018-2034 (tons).          67
  • Figure 4. Global graphene demand by market, 2018-2034 (tons). 68
  • Figure 5. Global graphene demand, by region, 2018-2034 (tons). 70
  • Figure 6. Global graphene revenues, by market, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).            71
  • Figure 7. Main graphene producers in Asia-Pacific.            72
  • Figure 8. Graphene layer structure schematic.     88
  • Figure 9. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG.       88
  • Figure 10. Graphite and graphene.           89
  • Figure 11. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene.   91
  • Figure 12. Types of CVD methods.            92
  • Figure 13. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite. 94
  • Figure 14. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots.    96
  • Figure 15. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4).      96
  • Figure 16. Graphene quantum dots.        99
  • Figure 17. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods.    99
  • Figure 18. Revenues for graphene quantum dots 2019-2034, millions USD              107
  • Figure 19. Dotz Nano GQD products.       111
  • Figure 20.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination. 115
  • Figure 21. Quantag GQDs and sensor.     117
  • Figure 22. Fabrication methods of graphene.       121
  • Figure 23. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.         122
  • Figure 24. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd. 123
  • Figure 25. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods.        124
  • Figure 26. Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2021.             138
  • Figure 27. CVD Graphene on Cu Foil.        148
  • Figure 28. Applications of graphene in batteries. 172
  • Figure 29. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in batteries.           172
  • Figure 30. SWOT analysis for graphene in batteries.          173
  • Figure 31. Global revenues for graphene in batteries, 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 175
  • Figure 32. Global demand for graphene in batteries (tons), 2018-2034.     176
  • Figure 33. Apollo Traveler graphene-enhanced USB-C / A fast charging power bank.          177
  • Figure 34. Exide Graphene Lead Acid Battery.      178
  • Figure 35. 6000mAh Portable graphene batteries.             179
  • Figure 36. Real Graphene Powerbank.    180
  • Figure 37. Graphene Functional Films - UniTran EH/FH.   181
  • Figure 38. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors.  186
  • Figure 39. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in supercapacitors.             186
  • Figure 40. SWOT analysis for graphene in supercapacitors.            187
  • Figure 41. Global revenues for graphene in supercapacitors, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).   188
  • Figure 42. Demand for graphene in supercapacitors (tons), 2018-2034.     190
  • Figure 43. KEPCO’s graphene supercapacitors.    191
  • Figure 44. Skeleton Technologies supercapacitor.              191
  • Figure 45. Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger. 192
  • Figure 46. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in polymer additives.         193
  • Figure 47. Applications of graphene in polymer additives.              197
  • Figure 48. SWOT analysis for graphene in polymer additives.        199
  • Figure 49. Global revenues for graphene in polymer additives, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).               200
  • Figure 50. Demand for graphene in polymer additives (tons), 2018-2034.                 201
  • Figure 51. Graphene bike.            202
  • Figure 52. Graphene lacrosse equipment.             203
  • Figure 53. Graphene-based suitcase made from recycled plastic. 203
  • Figure 54. Aros Create.  204
  • Figure 55. Grays graphene hockey sticks.               206
  • Figure 56. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring.            208
  • Figure 57. Applications of graphene in sensors.  212
  • Figure 58. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in sensors.             213
  • Figure 59. SWOT analysis for graphene in sensors.            213
  • Figure 60. Global revenues for graphene in sensors, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).    215
  • Figure 61. Global demand for graphene in sensors (tons), 2018-2034.        216
  • Figure 62. AGILE R100 system.   217
  • Figure 63. Graphene fully packaged linear array detector.              218
  • Figure 64. GFET sensors.               218
  • Figure 65. Graphene is used to increase sensitivity to middle-infrared light.           220
  • Figure 66. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in conductive inks.              224
  • Figure 67. Applications of graphene in conductive inks.   225
  • Figure 68. SWOT analysis for graphene in conductive inks.             226
  • Figure 69. Global revenues for graphene in conductive inks, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).    228
  • Figure 70. Global demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2034.          229
  • Figure 71. BGT Materials graphene ink product. 230
  • Figure 72. Printed graphene conductive ink.         231
  • Figure 73. Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink.  231
  • Figure 74. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays.          235
  • Figure 75. SWOT analysis for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays.         236
  • Figure 76. Global revenues for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays, 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 237
  • Figure 77. Global demand for graphene in transparent conductive films and displays (tons), 2018-2034.    239
  • Figure 78. Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application.         240
  • Figure 79. Applications of graphene transistors. 245
  • Figure 80. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene transistors.            245
  • Figure 81. SWOT analysis for graphene in transistors.       246
  • Figure 82. Global revenues for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 248
  • Figure 83. Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits (tons), 2018-2034. 249
  • Figure 84. Graphene IC in wafer tester.  250
  • Figure 85. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right).      251
  • Figure 86. Applications of graphene in filtration membranes.       256
  • Figure 87. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene filtration membranes.       257
  • Figure 88. SWOT analysis for graphene in filtration membranes. 258
  • Figure 89. Global revenues for graphene in filtration membranes, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).         259
  • Figure 90. Global demand for graphene in filtration (tons), 2018-2034.     260
  • Figure 91. Graphene anti-smog mask.     261
  • Figure 92. Graphene filtration membrane.            261
  • Figure 93. Graphene water filer cartridge.             262
  • Figure 94. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in thermal management. 265
  • Figure 95. SWOT analysis for graphene in thermal management. 266
  • Figure 96. Global revenues for graphene in thermal management, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).        267
  • Figure 97. Demand for graphene in thermal management (tons), 2018-2034.         268
  • Figure 98. Graphene IC in wafer tester.  269
  • Figure 99. Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right).      269
  • Figure 100. Applications of graphene in additive manufacturing  273
  • Figure 101. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in additive manufacturing.            274
  • Figure 102. SWOT analysis for graphene in additive manufacturing.           275
  • Figure 103. Global revenues for graphene in additive manufacturing, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).  276
  • Figure 104. Global demand for graphene in additive manufacturing (tons), 2018-2034.      277
  • Figure 105. CNCTArch lightweight mounting for digital signalling.                278
  • Figure 106. Applications of graphene in adhesives.           283
  • Figure 107. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in adhesives.      284
  • Figure 108. SWOT analysis for graphene in adhesives.     285
  • Figure 109. Global revenues for graphene in adhesives, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).             286
  • Figure 110. Global demand for graphene in adhesives (tons), 2018-2034. 287
  • Figure 111. Graphene Adhesives.              288
  • Figure 112. Applications of graphene in aerospace.           292
  • Figure 113. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in aerospace.     293
  • Figure 114. SWOT analysis for graphene in aerospace.     294
  • Figure 115. Global revenues for graphene in aerospace, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).            295
  • Figure 116. Global demand for graphene in aerospace (tons), 2018-2034.                296
  • Figure 117. Orbex Prime rocket. 297
  • Figure 118: Graphene enhanced aircraft cargo container.               298
  • Figure 119: Graphene aircraft.    298
  • Figure 120. Applications of graphene in automotive.        302
  • Figure 121. SWOT analysis for graphene in automotive.  304
  • Figure 122. Global revenues for graphene in automotive, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).          305
  • Figure 123. Global demand for graphene in automotive (tons), 2018-2034.             306
  • Figure 124. Supercar incorporating graphene.     307
  • Figure 125. Graphene anti-corrosion primer.       308
  • Figure 126. Graphene-R Brake pads.        309
  • Figure 127. Antistatic graphene tire.        309
  • Figure 128. Graphene engine oil additives.            310
  • Figure 129. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete.     312
  • Figure 130. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in construction. 316
  • Figure 131. SWOT analysis for graphene in construction. 317
  • Figure 132. Global revenues for graphene in construction & buildings, 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 319
  • Figure 133. Global demand for graphene in construction (tons), 2018-2034.           320
  • Figure 134. Graphene asphalt additives. 321
  • Figure 135. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus.              322
  • Figure 136. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in memory devices.         325
  • Figure 137. SWOT analysis for graphene in memory devices.        326
  • Figure 138. Global revenues for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2034 (Millions USD). 327
  • Figure 139. Global demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2034 (tons).  329
  • Figure 140. Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random-access memory (RRAM).             329
  • Figure 141. Applications of graphene in fuel cells.              333
  • Figure 142. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in fuel cells.         334
  • Figure 143. SWOT analysis for graphene in fuel cells.        334
  • Figure 144. Global revenues for graphene in fuel cells, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).               336
  • Figure 145. Global demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2034.   337
  • Figure 146. Graphene-based E-skin patch.            339
  • Figure 147. Applications of graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.        343
  • Figure 148. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare.  344
  • Figure 149. Flexible and transparent bracelet that uses graphene to measure heart rate, respiration rate etc.        348
  • Figure 150. SWOT analysis for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare.      349
  • Figure 151. Global revenues for graphene in biomedicine & healthcare, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).             351
  • Figure 152. Global demand for graphene in biomedicine and healthcare (tons), 2018-2034.             352
  • Figure 153. Graphene medical biosensors for wound healing.       353
  • Figure 154. Hememics' handheld reader with a disposable test chip containing a 32-plex graphene-based biosensor.                354
  • Figure 155. GraphWear wearable sweat sensor. 355
  • Figure 156. BioStamp nPoint.      356
  • Figure 157. Applications of graphene in lighting. 359
  • Figure 158. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in lighting.            360
  • Figure 159. SWOT analysis for graphene in lighting.           361
  • Figure 160. Global revenues for graphene in lighting, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).  362
  • Figure 161. Global demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2034 (tons).    363
  • Figure 162. Graphene LED bulbs.               364
  • Figure 163. Applications of graphene in lubricants.            368
  • Figure 164. SWOT analysis for graphene in lubricants.      369
  • Figure 165. Global revenues for graphene in lubricants, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).             370
  • Figure 166. Global demand for graphene in lubricants (tons), 2018-2034.                 371
  • Figure 167. Tricolit spray coating.              372
  • Figure 168. Graphenoil products.              373
  • Figure 169. Applications of graphene in oil and gas.          376
  • Figure 170. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in oil and gas.     377
  • Figure 171. SWOT analysis for graphene in oil and gas.    378
  • Figure 172. Global revenues for graphene in oil and gas, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).           379
  • Figure 173. Global demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2034.               380
  • Figure 174. Directa Plus Grafysorber.      381
  • Figure 175. Applications of graphene in paints and coatings.         385
  • Figure 176. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in paints and coatings.    386
  • Figure 177. SWOT analysis for graphene in paints and coatings.   387
  • Figure 178. Global revenues for graphene in paints & coatings, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).              389
  • Figure 179. Global demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2034.              390
  • Figure 180. Cryorig CPU cooling system with graphene coating.   391
  • Figure 181. Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate.      392
  • Figure 182. 23303 ZINCTON GNC graphene paint.              392
  • Figure 183. Graphene-enhanced anti-corrosion aerosols under their Hycote brand.            393
  • Figure 184. Scania Truck head lamp brackets ACT chamber 6 weeks, equivalent to 3y field use. Piece treated with GO to the left together with different non-GO coatings.         394
  • Figure 185. Schematic of graphene heat film.       395
  • Figure 186. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in photonics.      399
  • Figure 187. Applications of graphene in photonics.            399
  • Figure 188. SWOT analysis for graphene in photonics.      400
  • Figure 189. Global revenues for graphene in photonics, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).             402
  • Figure 190. Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2034.           403
  • Figure 191. All-graphene optical communication link demonstrator operating at a data rate of 25 Gb/s per channel.                404
  • Figure 192. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics.    408
  • Figure 193. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in in photovoltaics.          409
  • Figure 194. SWOT analysis for graphene in photovoltaics.              410
  • Figure 195. Global revenues for graphene in photovoltaics, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).      412
  • Figure 196. Global demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2034.         412
  • Figure 197. Graphene coated glass.          413
  • Figure 198. Applications of graphene in rubber and tyres.              416
  • Figure 199. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in rubber and tyres.         417
  • Figure 200. SWOT analysis for graphene in rubber and tyres.        418
  • Figure 201. Global revenues for graphene in rubber & tyres 2018-2034 (Millions USD).     419
  • Figure 202. Global demand for graphene in rubber and tyres (tons), 2018-2034.   420
  • Figure 203. Eagle F1 graphene tyre.         421
  • Figure 204. Graphene floor mats.              422
  • Figure 205. Vittoria Corsa G+ tire.             422
  • Figure 206. Applications of graphene in smart textiles and apparel.           427
  • Figure 207. Applications roadmap to 2034 for graphene in textiles and apparel.   428
  • Figure 208. SWOT analysis for graphene in textiles and apparel.  429
  • Figure 209. Global revenues for graphene in textiles & apparel, 2018-2034 (Millions USD).             430
  • Figure 210. Global demand for graphene in textiles (tons), 2018-2034.      431
  • Figure 211. 878 Project One jacket display.           432
  • Figure 212. Colmar graphene ski jacket. 432
  • Figure 213. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.           433
  • Figure 214. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.    433
  • Figure 215. Inov-8 graphene shoes.         434
  • Figure 216. Graphene Functional Membranes - UniTran GM.        435
  • Figure 217. Graphene jacket.      436
  • Figure 218. Callaway Chrome Soft golf and Chrome Soft X golf balls.          438
  • Figure 219. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle.               439
  • Figure 220. Various pathways for CO2 utilization.               440
  • Figure 221. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage.       441
  • Figure 222. Transport of CCS technologies.           442
  • Figure 223. Railroad car for liquid CO₂ transport 445
  • Figure 224. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector.           447
  • Figure 225. CCUS market map.   449
  • Figure 226. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities.                451
  • Figure 227. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2022.                452
  • Figure 228. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030.                453
  • Figure 229. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2022 and 2030.        453
  • Figure 230. Post-combustion carbon capture process.     456
  • Figure 231. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant.      456
  • Figure 232. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process.      458
  • Figure 233. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process.   459
  • Figure 234. Pre-combustion carbon capture process.       460
  • Figure 235. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages.        461
  • Figure 236. Applications for CO2.              463
  • Figure 237. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector. 464
  • Figure 238. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services.         466
  • Figure 239. Co2 utilization pathways and products.           469
  • Figure 240. Graphene heating films.        470
  • Figure 241. Graphene flake products.     476
  • Figure 242. AIKA Black-T.              480
  • Figure 243. Printed graphene biosensors.             487
  • Figure 244. Prototype of printed memory device.              491
  • Figure 245. Brain Scientific electrode schematic. 508
  • Figure 246. Graphene battery schematic.              534
  • Figure 247. Dotz Nano GQD products.     536
  • Figure 248. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.           543
  • Figure 249. Proprietary atmospheric CVD production.      554
  • Figure 250. Wearable sweat sensor.        589
  • Figure 251.  InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination.               595
  • Figure 252. Sensor surface.          611
  • Figure 253. BioStamp nPoint.      629
  • Figure 254. Nanotech Energy battery.     648
  • Figure 255. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.             651
  • Figure 256. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite. 652
  • Figure 257. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.          653
  • Figure 258. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.    654
  • Figure 259. Test performance after 6 weeks ACT II according to Scania STD4445.  672
  • Figure 260. Quantag GQDs and sensor.  675
  • Figure 261. The Sixth Element graphene products.            690
  • Figure 262. Thermal conductive graphene film.   690
  • Figure 263. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint.  703
  • Figure 264. T-FORCE CARDEA ZERO.         706
  • Figure 265. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions.    753
  • Figure 266. Schematic of 2-D materials.  755
  • Figure 267. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method.          759
  • Figure 268. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method               760
  • Figure 269. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.              762
  • Figure 270. BN nanosheet textiles application.    765
  • Figure 271. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.              766
  • Figure 272.  Types and applications of 2D TMDCs.              769
  • Figure 273. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)       770
  • Figure 274. SEM image of MoS2.               770
  • Figure 275. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor.              772
  • Figure 276. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.            773
  • Figure 277. Borophene schematic.           774
  • Figure 278. Black phosphorus structure. 776
  • Figure 279. Black Phosphorus crystal.      776
  • Figure 280. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation.                777
  • Figure 281: Graphitic carbon nitride.        780
  • Figure 282. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.         781
  • Figure 283. Schematic of germanene.     782
  • Figure 284. Graphdiyne structure.            785
  • Figure 285. Schematic of Graphane crystal.           787
  • Figure 286. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide.          789
  • Figure 287. Silicene structure.    790
  • Figure 288. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate.            791
  • Figure 289. Silicene transistor.    791
  • Figure 290. Crystal structure for stanene.              793
  • Figure 291. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111).   794
  • Figure 292. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe).               796
  • Figure 293. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor.           798
  • Figure 294. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.           807

 

 

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