Microfibrillated Cellulose, Nanofibrillated Cellulose, Cellulose Nanocrystals and Bacterial Nanocellulose
- Published: September 204
- Pages: 578
- Tables: 150
- Figures: 243
Micro and nanocellulose are advanced materials derived from cellulose, the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. These materials are characterized by their nanoscale dimensions, high strength-to-weight ratio, and unique properties that set them apart from traditional cellulose fibers. The importance of micro and nanocellulose lies in their potential to address key challenges across various industries:
- Sustainability: As renewable, biodegradable materials, they offer eco-friendly alternatives to petroleum-based products.
- Lightweight Strength: Their high strength-to-weight ratio makes them ideal for reducing material use while maintaining or improving performance in applications like automotive and aerospace.
- Barrier Properties: They can enhance the barrier properties of packaging materials, potentially extending food shelf life and reducing plastic use.
- Biomedical Applications: Their biocompatibility opens up possibilities in wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
- Advanced Materials: They can be used to create flexible electronics, smart textiles, and high-performance composites.
- Energy Efficiency: In papermaking, they can reduce energy consumption while improving paper quality.
As industries worldwide seek sustainable, high-performance materials, micro and nanocellulose are poised to play a crucial role in driving innovation and supporting the transition to a more sustainable, bio-based economy.
This comprehensive market report provides an analysis of the global micro and nanocellulose market from 2025 to 2035. The report covers various aspects of cellulose-based materials, including microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). Report contents include:
- Overview of cellulose, its sources, and various types of cellulose fibers.
- Feedstocks: wood, plant, tunicate, algae, and bacteria
- Commercial production of cellulose fibers from plants
- Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) market analysis including:
- Production capacities
- Global market demand from 2018 to 2035 (by market and revenues)
- Market supply chain
- Price and cost analysis
- SWOT analysis
- Products and future outlook
- Risks and opportunities
- Key end-use markets for MFC:
- Paperboard and packaging
- Textiles
- Personal care
- Paints and coatings
- Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) market analysis including:
- Advantages of cellulose nanofibers
- Pre-treatment and synthesis methods
- Production methods by producer
- Applications
- SWOT analysis
- Production capacities
- Pricing
- Commercial CNF products
- End-use markets for CNF, including:
- Composites
- Automotive
- Buildings and construction
- Paper and board packaging
- Textiles and apparel
- Biomedicine and healthcare
- Hygiene and sanitary products
- Paints and coatings
- Aerogels
- Oil and gas
- Filtration
- Rheology modifiers
- Printed, stretchable and flexible electronics
- 3D printing
- Aerospace
- Batteries
- Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) market analysis including:
- Synthesis methods
- Properties
- Production techniques
- Pricing
- SWOT analysis
- Markets and applications
- Production capacities
- Global demand forecasts by market
- Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) market analysis including:
- Production methods
- Pricing
- SWOT analysis
- Markets and applications, including:
- Biomedical
- Electronics
- Food industry
- Pharmaceuticals
- Cosmetics and personal care
- Paper and composites
- Filtration membranes
- Acoustics
- Textiles
- Company Profiles of over 230 companies involved in the micro and nanocellulose market. Companies profiled include 525 Solutions, Adsorbi, AgriSea NZ Seaweed, Aichemist Metal, Alberta Innovates, Anomera, ANPOLY, Asahi Kasei, Axcelon Biopolymers, Azolla, Betulium, BIO-LUTIONS International, Bioweg, Birla Cellulose, BlockTexx, Blue BioFuels, Blue Goose Biorefineries, Borregaard ChemCell, Bowil Biotech, Bucha Bio, Cass Materials, Ceapro, Cellucomp, Celluforce, Cellugy, CH Bioforce, CIRC, Circular Systems, CreaFill Fibers, Daicel, Daio Paper, Daito Kasei Kogyo, DePuy Synthes, Eastman Chemical, Evrnu, Fiberlean Technologies, Freyzein, FZMB, GenCrest Bio Products, HeiQ Materials, Honext Material, Ioncell, Kelheim Fibres, Klabin, Kruger Biomaterials, Kusano Sakko, Lenzing, LIST Technology, Lixea, Lohmann & Rauscher, MakeGrowLab, Melodea, Metsä Group, Modern Synthesis, Nanollose, Nippon Paper, Noosa Fiber, Nordic Bioproducts Group, Norske Skog, Oji Holdings, Orange Fiber, Organic Disposables, Panasonic, Performance BioFilaments, Polybion, Re-Fresh Global, Releaf Paper, Re:newcell, Rise Innventia, Sappi, SaXcell, ScobyTec, Seven Industria De Produtos Biotecnologicos, Simplifyber, Smartfiber, Soma Bioworks, Spinnova, Stora Enso, Suzano, TreeToTextile, UPM Biocomposites, Valmet, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Weidmann Fiber Technology, Woodly, Worn Again Technologies, Zelfo Technology. These profiles contain information on Company background, Production processes, Products, Target markets and Recent developments.
1 INTRODUCTION 39
- 1.1 Definitions 40
- 1.2 Cellulose 40
- 1.3 Feedstocks 42
- 1.3.1 Wood 42
- 1.3.2 Plant 43
- 1.3.3 Tunicate 44
- 1.3.4 Algae 44
- 1.3.5 Bacteria 44
- 1.4 Cellulose fibers 45
- 1.4.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 45
- 1.4.2 Commercial production of cellulose fibers from plants 46
- 1.4.2.1 Seed fibers 46
- 1.4.2.1.1 Cotton 46
- 1.4.2.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 48
- 1.4.2.1.2 Kapok 48
- 1.4.2.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 49
- 1.4.2.1.3 Luffa 50
- 1.4.2.2 Bast fibers 51
- 1.4.2.2.1 Jute 51
- 1.4.2.2.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 52
- 1.4.2.2.2 Hemp 53
- 1.4.2.2.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 54
- 1.4.2.2.3 Flax 55
- 1.4.2.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 56
- 1.4.2.2.4 Ramie 56
- 1.4.2.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 57
- 1.4.2.2.5 Kenaf 58
- 1.4.2.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 59
- 1.4.2.2.1 Jute 51
- 1.4.2.3 Leaf fibers 60
- 1.4.2.3.1 Sisal 60
- 1.4.2.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 61
- 1.4.2.3.2 Abaca 61
- 1.4.2.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 63
- 1.4.2.3.1 Sisal 60
- 1.4.2.4 Fruit fibers 63
- 1.4.2.4.1 Coir 63
- 1.4.2.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 64
- 1.4.2.4.2 Banana 65
- 1.4.2.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 66
- 1.4.2.4.3 Pineapple 67
- 1.4.2.4.1 Coir 63
- 1.4.2.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues 68
- 1.4.2.5.1 Rice fiber 68
- 1.4.2.5.2 Corn 69
- 1.4.2.6 Cane, grasses and reed 70
- 1.4.2.6.1 Switch grass 70
- 1.4.2.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues) 70
- 1.4.2.6.3 Bamboo 71
- 1.4.2.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2035 72
- 1.4.2.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery) 72
- 1.4.2.1 Seed fibers 46
- 1.4.3 Regenerated cellulose fibers 73
- 1.4.4 Ionic liquids 74
- 1.5 “Nano” Cellulose (CNF, CNC, BNC) 74
- 1.6 Cellulose filaments 75
2 MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE 77
- 2.1 Production capacities 77
- 2.2 Global market demand 2018-2035 78
- 2.2.1 By market, tons 78
- 2.2.2 By market, revenues 80
- 2.3 Market supply chain 82
- 2.4 Price and Costs Analysis 83
- 2.5 SWOT analysis 85
- 2.6 Products 86
- 2.7 Future Outlook 87
- 2.8 Risks and Opportunities 88
- 2.9 End use markets 89
- 2.9.1 Paperboard and packaging 89
- 2.9.1.1 Market overview 89
- 2.9.1.2 Global market 2018-2024 90
- 2.9.1.2.1 Tons 90
- 2.9.1.2.2 Revenues 91
- 2.9.1.2.3 By Region 93
- 2.9.2 Textiles 95
- 2.9.2.1 Market overview 95
- 2.9.2.2 Global market 2018-2035 95
- 2.9.2.2.1 Tons 95
- 2.9.2.2.2 Revenues 97
- 2.9.2.2.3 By Region 98
- 2.9.3 Personal care 100
- 2.9.3.1 Market overview 100
- 2.9.3.2 Global market 2018-2035 101
- 2.9.3.2.1 Tons 101
- 2.9.3.2.2 Revenues 102
- 2.9.3.2.3 By Region 104
- 2.9.4 Paints and coatings 105
- 2.9.4.1 Market overview 105
- 2.9.4.2 Global market 2018-2035 106
- 2.9.4.2.1 Tons 106
- 2.9.4.2.2 Revenues 108
- 2.9.4.2.3 By Region 109
- 2.9.5 Other markets 111
- 2.9.1 Paperboard and packaging 89
- 2.10 Company profiles 112 (59 company profiles)
3 CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS 166
- 3.1 Advantages of cellulose nanofibers 166
- 3.2 Pre-treatment and Synthesis methods 167
- 3.2.1 Acid hydrolysis 171
- 3.2.2 TEMPO oxidation 171
- 3.2.3 Ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation 172
- 3.2.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 172
- 3.2.5 Ball milling 172
- 3.2.6 Cryocrushing 173
- 3.2.7 High-shear grinding 173
- 3.2.8 Ultrasonication 173
- 3.2.9 High-pressure homogenization 173
- 3.2.10 Recent methods 174
- 3.2.10.1 Microwave irradiation 174
- 3.2.10.2 Enzymatic processing 174
- 3.2.10.3 Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) 175
- 3.2.10.4 Pulsed electric field 176
- 3.2.10.5 Electron beam irradiation 176
- 3.3 Production method, by producer 177
- 3.4 Applications of cellulose nanofibers 179
- 3.5 SWOT analysis 180
- 3.6 Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) production capacities 2024 181
- 3.7 Pricing 182
- 3.8 Commercial CNF products 184
- 3.9 End use markets for cellulose nanofibers 193
- 3.9.1 Composites 193
- 3.9.1.1 Market overview 193
- 3.9.1.2 Markets and applications 197
- 3.9.1.2.1 Automotive composites 198
- 3.9.1.2.2 Biocomposite films & packaging 198
- 3.9.1.2.3 Barrier packaging 198
- 3.9.1.2.4 Thermal insulation composites 199
- 3.9.1.2.5 Construction composites 199
- 3.9.1.3 Global market 2018-2035 200
- 3.9.1.3.1 Tons 200
- 3.9.1.3.2 Revenues 201
- 3.9.1.3.3 By Region 203
- 3.9.1.4 Product developers 205
- 3.9.2 Automotive 207
- 3.9.2.1 Market overview 207
- 3.9.2.2 Markets and applications 209
- 3.9.2.2.1 Composites 210
- 3.9.2.2.2 Air intake components 215
- 3.9.2.2.3 Tires 216
- 3.9.2.3 Global market 2018-2035 216
- 3.9.2.3.1 Tons 216
- 3.9.2.3.2 Revenues 217
- 3.9.2.3.3 By Region 219
- 3.9.2.4 Product developers 221
- 3.9.3 Buildings and construction 224
- 3.9.3.1 Market overview 224
- 3.9.3.2 Markets and applications 227
- 3.9.3.2.1 Sandwich composites 227
- 3.9.3.2.2 Cement additives 227
- 3.9.3.2.3 Pump primers 228
- 3.9.3.2.4 Thermal insulation and damping 228
- 3.9.3.3 Global market 2018-2035 229
- 3.9.3.3.1 Tons 229
- 3.9.3.3.2 Revenues 230
- 3.9.3.3.3 By region 232
- 3.9.3.4 Product developers 234
- 3.9.4 Paper and board packaging 235
- 3.9.4.1 Market overview 235
- 3.9.4.2 Markets and applications 240
- 3.9.4.2.1 Reinforcement and barrier 241
- 3.9.4.2.2 Biodegradable food packaging foil and films 241
- 3.9.4.2.3 Paperboard coatings 241
- 3.9.4.3 Global market 2018-2035 242
- 3.9.4.3.1 Tons 242
- 3.9.4.3.2 Revenues 243
- 3.9.4.3.3 By region 245
- 3.9.4.4 Product developers 248
- 3.9.5 Textiles and apparel 249
- 3.9.5.1 Market overview 249
- 3.9.5.2 Markets and applications 252
- 3.9.5.2.1 CNF deodorizer and odour reducer (antimicrobial) in adult and child diapers 252
- 3.9.5.2.2 Footwear 253
- 3.9.5.3 Global market 2018-2035 253
- 3.9.5.3.1 Tons 253
- 3.9.5.3.2 Revenues 255
- 3.9.5.3.3 By region 256
- 3.9.5.4 Product developer profiles 258
- 3.9.6 Biomedicine and healthcare 259
- 3.9.6.1 Market overview 259
- 3.9.6.2 Markets and applications 264
- 3.9.6.2.1 Wound dressings 264
- 3.9.6.2.2 Drug delivery stabilizers 265
- 3.9.6.2.3 Tissue engineering scaffolds 265
- 3.9.6.3 Global market 2018-2035 265
- 3.9.6.3.1 Tons 265
- 3.9.6.3.2 Revenues 266
- 3.9.6.3.3 By region 268
- 3.9.6.4 Product developers 271
- 3.9.7 Hygiene and sanitary products 274
- 3.9.7.1 Market overview 274
- 3.9.7.2 Markets and applications 274
- 3.9.7.3 Global market 2018-2035 275
- 3.9.7.3.1 Tons 275
- 3.9.7.3.2 Revenues 276
- 3.9.7.3.3 By region 278
- 3.9.7.4 Product developers 280
- 3.9.8 Paints and coatings 281
- 3.9.8.1 Market overview 281
- 3.9.8.2 Markets and applications 284
- 3.9.8.3 Global market 2018-2035 284
- 3.9.8.3.1 Tons 284
- 3.9.8.3.2 Revenues 286
- 3.9.8.3.3 By region 287
- 3.9.8.4 Product developers 290
- 3.9.9 Aerogels 291
- 3.9.9.1 Market overview 291
- 3.9.9.2 Markets and applications 293
- 3.9.9.3 Global market 2018-2035 294
- 3.9.9.3.1 Tons 294
- 3.9.9.3.2 Revenues 295
- 3.9.9.3.3 By region 297
- 3.9.9.4 Product developers 299
- 3.9.10 Oil and gas 300
- 3.9.10.1 Market overview 300
- 3.9.10.2 Markets and applications 302
- 3.9.10.2.1 Oil recovery applications (fracturing fluid) 302
- 3.9.10.2.2 CNF Membranes for separation 302
- 3.9.10.2.3 Oil and gas fluids additives 303
- 3.9.10.3 Global market 2018-2035 303
- 3.9.10.3.1 Tons 303
- 3.9.10.3.2 Revenues 304
- 3.9.10.3.3 By region 306
- 3.9.10.4 Product developers 308
- 3.9.11 Filtration 309
- 3.9.11.1 Market overview 309
- 3.9.11.2 Markets and applications 313
- 3.9.11.2.1 Membranes for selective absorption 313
- 3.9.11.3 Global market 2018-2035 313
- 3.9.11.3.1 Tons 313
- 3.9.11.3.2 Revenues 315
- 3.9.11.3.3 By region 316
- 3.9.11.4 Product developers 319
- 3.9.12 Rheology modifiers 320
- 3.9.12.1 Market overview 320
- 3.9.12.2 Markets and applications 321
- 3.9.12.2.1 Food additives 322
- 3.9.12.2.2 Pickering stabilizers 322
- 3.9.12.2.3 Hydrogels 322
- 3.9.12.2.4 Cosmetics and skincare 323
- 3.9.12.3 Global market 2018-2035 324
- 3.9.12.3.1 Tons 324
- 3.9.12.3.2 Revenues 325
- 3.9.12.3.3 By region 327
- 3.9.12.4 Product developers 329
- 3.9.13 Other markets 331
- 3.9.13.1 Printed, stretchable and flexible electronics 331
- 3.9.13.1.1 Market assessment 331
- 3.9.13.1.2 Product developers 334
- 3.9.13.2 3D printing 336
- 3.9.13.2.1 Market assessment 336
- 3.9.13.2.2 Product developers 337
- 3.9.13.3 Aerospace 337
- 3.9.13.3.1 Market assessment 337
- 3.9.13.3.2 Product developers 338
- 3.9.13.4 Batteries 339
- 3.9.13.4.1 Market assessment 339
- 3.9.13.1 Printed, stretchable and flexible electronics 331
- 3.9.1 Composites 193
- 3.10 Cellulose nanofiber company profiles 340 (122 company profiles)
4 CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS 493
- 4.1 Introduction 493
- 4.2 Synthesis 493
- 4.3 Properties 496
- 4.4 Production 497
- 4.5 Pricing 498
- 4.6 SWOT analysis 499
- 4.7 Markets and applications 500
- 4.8 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) production capacities 2023 501
- 4.9 Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market 502
- 4.10 Cellulose nanocrystal company profiles 504 (22 company profiles)
5 BACTERIAL NANOCELLULOSE (BNC) 536
- 5.1 Overview 536
- 5.2 Production 536
- 5.3 Pricing 539
- 5.4 SWOT analysis 540
- 5.5 Markets and applications 541
- 5.5.1 Biomedical 541
- 5.5.2 Electronics 542
- 5.5.3 Food industry 542
- 5.5.4 Pharmaceuticals 543
- 5.5.5 Cosmetics and personal care 543
- 5.5.6 Paper and composites 544
- 5.5.7 Filtration membranes 544
- 5.5.8 Acoustics 545
- 5.5.9 Textiles 545
- 5.6 Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) company profiles 546 (20 company profiles)
6 RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 562
- 6.1 Report scope 562
- 6.2 Research methodology 562
7 REFERENCES 564
List of Tables
- Table 1. Length and diameter of nanocellulose types and MFC. 40
- Table 3. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae. 44
- Table 4. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 47
- Table 5. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 49
- Table 6. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 50
- Table 7. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 51
- Table 8. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 53
- Table 9. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 55
- Table 10. Overview of ramie fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 57
- Table 11. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 58
- Table 12. Overview of sisal fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 60
- Table 13. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 61
- Table 14. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 63
- Table 15. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 65
- Table 16. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 67
- Table 17. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 68
- Table 18. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 69
- Table 19. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications. 70
- Table 20. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size. 70
- Table 21. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 71
- Table 22. Recycled cellulose fibers companies. 73
- Table 23. Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) production capacities in metric tons and production process, by producer, metric tons. 77
- Table 24. Global market demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC). 2018-2035 (tons). 78
- Table 25. Production costs. 83
- Table 26. Commercially available Microfibrillated Cellulose products. 86
- Table 27. Industry-wise Outlook. 87
- Table 28. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers. 89
- Table 29. Global demand for cellulose microfibers (Microfibrillated Cellulose) in paper and packaging, 2018-2035 (tons). 90
- Table 30. Global revenues for cellulose microfibers (Microfibrillated Cellulose) in paper and packaging, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 91
- Table 31. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (Microfibrillated Cellulose) in paper and packaging, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 93
- Table 32. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles-market age, key benefits, applications and producers. 95
- Table 33. Global demand for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles, 2018-2035 (tons). 95
- Table 34. Global revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles, 2018-2035(millions USD). 97
- Table 35. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 98
- Table 36. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in personal care-market age, key benefits, applications and producers. 100
- Table 37. Global demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose in personal care, 2018-2035 (tons). 101
- Table 38. Global revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose in personal care, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 102
- Table 39. Revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose in personal care, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 104
- Table 40. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings-market age, key benefits, applications and producers. 106
- Table 41. Global demand for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, 2018-2035 (tons). 106
- Table 42. Global revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, 2018-2035(millions USD). 108
- Table 43. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, by region, 2018-2035(millions USD). 109
- Table 44. Other markets for Microfibrillated Cellulose. 111
- Table 45. Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials. 166
- Table 46. Extraction of nanocellulose (NC) from various lignocellulosic sources using different conventional technologies. 170
- Table 47. CNF and CNC production method by producer. 177
- Table 48. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). 179
- Table 49. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tons. 181
- Table 50: Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanofiber producers. 182
- Table 51. Cellulose nanofiber-based commercial products.* 184
- Table 52. Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials. 193
- Table 53. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in composites-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global composites OEMs. 194
- Table 54. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in composites. 197
- Table 55. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2035 (metric tons). 200
- Table 56. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 201
- Table 57. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 203
- Table 58. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in composites. 205
- Table 59. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in automotive-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global automotive OEMs. 207
- Table 60. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in automotive. 209
- Table 61. Components featured in the NCV. 211
- Table 62. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2035 (metric tons). 216
- Table 63. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 217
- Table 64. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 219
- Table 65. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in the automotive industry. 221
- Table 66. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global construction OEMs 224
- Table 67. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in building and construction. 227
- Table 68: Market demand for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, 2018-2035 (tons). 229
- Table 69. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 230
- Table 70. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 232
- Table 71. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in building and construction. 234
- Table 72. Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum-based materials and other polymers. 235
- Table 73. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paper and board packaging OEMs. 235
- Table 74. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging. 240
- Table 75. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paper & board packaging market, 2018-2035 (tons). 242
- Table 76. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 243
- Table 77. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 245
- Table 78. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paper and board. 248
- Table 79. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global textiles and apparel OEMs. 249
- Table 80. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in textiles, 2018-2035 (tons). 253
- Table 81. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 255
- Table 82. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 256
- Table 83. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in textiles and apparel. 258
- Table 84. Market assessment for nanocellulose in medicine and healthcare-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global medicine and healthcare OEMs. 259
- Table 85. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in biomedicine and healthcare. 264
- Table 86. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in biomedical and healthcare, 2018-2035 (tons). 265
- Table 87. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 266
- Table 88. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 268
- Table 89. Nanocellulose product developers in medicine and healthcare. 271
- Table 90. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and sanitary products. 274
- Table 91. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and sanitary products, 2018-2035 (tons). 275
- Table 92. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene & sanitary market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 276
- Table 93. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene & sanitary market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 278
- Table 94. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in hygiene and sanitary products. 280
- Table 95. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs. 281
- Table 96. Market and applications of cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 284
- Table 97. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2035 (tons). 284
- Table 98. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 286
- Table 99. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 287
- Table 100. Companies developing nanocellulose products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization. 290
- Table 101. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global aerogels OEMs. 291
- Table 102. Markets and applications for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels. 293
- Table 103. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels, 2018-2035 (tons). 294
- Table 104. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogels market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 295
- Table 105. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogels market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 297
- Table 106. Nanocellulose in product developers in aerogels. 299
- Table 107. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global oil and gas OEMs. 300
- Table 108. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas. 302
- Table 109. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2035 (tons). 303
- Table 110. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the oil & gas market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 304
- Table 111. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the oil & gas market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 306
- Table 112. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in oil and gas exploration. 308
- Table 113. CNF membranes. 310
- Table 114. Market assessment for Cellulose nanofibers in filtration-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global filtration OEMs. 310
- Table 115. Market and applications of Cellulose nanofibers in filtration. 313
- Table 116. Global demand for Cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2035 (tons). 313
- Table 117. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 315
- Table 118. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 316
- Table 119. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in filtration. 319
- Table 120. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global rheology modifier OEMs. 320
- Table 121. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 321
- Table 122. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2035 (tons). 324
- Table 123. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 325
- Table 124. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 327
- Table 125. Commercial activity in cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 329
- Table 126. Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper). 331
- Table 127. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in printed, stretchable and flexible electronics-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global printed, flexible and stretchable electronics OEMs. 332
- Table 128. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in printed, stretchable and flexible electronics. 334
- Table 129. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in 3D priniting-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global 3D printing OEMs. 336
- Table 130. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers 3D printing products. 337
- Table 131. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerospace-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading. 337
- Table 132: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in aircraft and aerospace. 338
- Table 133. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in Batteries-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks. 339
- Table 134: Granbio Nanocellulose Processes. 386
- Table 135. Nippon Paper commercial CNF products. 429
- Table 136. Oji Holdings CNF products. 441
- Table 137. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). 494
- Table 138. CNC sources, size and yield. 495
- Table 139. CNC properties. 496
- Table 140. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials. 496
- Table 141. Production methods for cellulose nanocrystals. 497
- Table 142. Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanocrystal producers. 498
- Table 143. Markets and applications of cellulose nanocrystals. 500
- Table 144: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tons. 501
- Table 145. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2035 (metric tons). 502
- Table 146. Overview of CNC producers. 504
- Table 147. Production methods for bacterial nanocellulose. 537
- Table 148: Product/price/application matrix of bacterial nanocellulose producers. 539
- Table 149. Markets and applications of bacterial nanocellulose. 541
- Table 150. Fibnano properties. 555
List of Figures
- Figure 1. Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit. 41
- Figure 2. Scale of cellulose materials. 42
- Figure 3. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms. 42
- Figure 4. Biosynthesis of (a) wood cellulose (b) tunicate cellulose and (c) BC. 43
- Figure 5. Cellulose microfibrils and nanofibrils. 45
- Figure 6. SEM image of microfibrillated cellulose. 46
- Figure 7. Cotton production volume 2018-2035(Million MT). 48
- Figure 8. Kapok production volume 2018-2035(MT). 49
- Figure 9. Luffa cylindrica fiber. 50
- Figure 10. Jute production volume 2018-2035(Million MT). 52
- Figure 11. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2035(MT). 54
- Figure 12. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2035(MT). 56
- Figure 13. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2035(MT). 58
- Figure 14. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2035(MT). 59
- Figure 15. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2035(MT). 61
- Figure 16. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2035(MT). 63
- Figure 17. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2035(million MT). 65
- Figure 18. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2035(MT). 66
- Figure 19. Pineapple fiber. 67
- Figure 20. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019. 68
- Figure 21. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2035(MILLION MT). 72
- Figure 22. Global market demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC). 2018-2035 (tons). 79
- Figure 23. Global market revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC). 2018-2035(millions USD). 81
- Figure 24. Supply chain for the Microfibrillated Cellulose market. 82
- Figure 25. SWOT analysis: Microfibrillated Cellulose market. 86
- Figure 26. Global demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose in paper and packaging, 2018-2035 (tons). 91
- Figure 27. Global demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose in paper and packaging, 2018-2035(millions USD). 93
- Figure 28. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (Microfibrillated Cellulose) in paper and packaging, by region, 2018-2035(millions USD). 94
- Figure 29. Global demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose in textiles, 2018-2035 (tons). 96
- Figure 30. Global revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose in textiles, 2018-2035(millions USD). 98
- Figure 31. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles, by region, 2018-2035(millions USD). 99
- Figure 32. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in personal care, 2018-2035 (tons). 102
- Figure 33. Global revenues for cellulose nanofibers in personal care, 2018-2035(millions USD). 103
- Figure 34. Revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose in personal care, by region, 2018-2035(millions USD). 105
- Figure 35. Global demand for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, 2018-2035 (tons). 107
- Figure 36. Global revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, 2018-2035(millions USD). 109
- Figure 37. Revenues for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings, by region, 2018-2035(millions USD). 110
- Figure 38. Pressurized Hot Water Extraction. 119
- Figure 39. Celish. 123
- Figure 40. BELLOCEA™ 124
- Figure 41. Photograph (a) and micrograph (b) of mineral/ MFC composite showing the high viscosity and fibrillar structure. 128
- Figure 42. Water-repellent cellulose. 129
- Figure 43. HeiQ AeoniQ . 131
- Figure 44. BioFlex process. 140
- Figure 45. A vacuum cleaner part made of cellulose fiber (left) and the assembled vacuum cleaner. 147
- Figure 46: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant. 150
- Figure 47. 3D printed cellulose shoe. 153
- Figure 48. Lyocell process. 154
- Figure 49. Thales packaging incorporating Fibrease. 157
- Figure 50. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 161
- Figure 51. Worn Again products. 164
- Figure 52. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials. 168
- Figure 53. Production of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass using enzymatic treatment (endoglucanases and xylanases) followed by mechanical treatment. 175
- Figure 54. EBI pretreatment combined with HPH for CNC production. 177
- Figure 55. SWOT analysis: Cellulose nanofibers market. 180
- Figure 56. Aruba 23. 184
- Figure 57. Dorayaki. 185
- Figure 58. ENASAVE NEXT. 185
- Figure 59. Flat4-KAEDE. 185
- Figure 60. GEL-KAYANO™. 186
- Figure 61. KAMIDE+CNF paper container. 186
- Figure 62. Hada care acty®. 187
- Figure 63. Hiteeth All in One Mouth Gel. 187
- Figure 64. HYPERNANO X series. 187
- Figure 65. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 188
- Figure 66. ONKYO® Scepter SC-3(B) 2-way Speaker System. 188
- Figure 67. Pioneer® SE-MONITOR5 Headphones. 188
- Figure 68. "Poise" series Super strong deodorant sheet. 189
- Figure 69. RUBURI Precursor Lubris for raw concrete pumping. 189
- Figure 70. SC-3 (B) speakers. 190
- Figure 71. SE-MONITOR5 headphones. 190
- Figure 72. "Skin Care Acty" series Adult diapers. 190
- Figure 73. Spingle Company sneakers. 191
- Figure 74. "SURISURI" Lotion. 191
- Figure 75. X9400 series. 191
- Figure 76. X Premium Sound Speaker Alps Alpine. 192
- Figure 77. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2035 (metric tons). 201
- Figure 78. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 202
- Figure 79. Revenues for cellulose nanofibers in composites, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 204
- Figure 80. CNF mixed PLA (Poly Lactic Acid). 205
- Figure 81. CNF resin products. 206
- Figure 82. Interior of NCV concept car. 207
- Figure 83. Interior of the NCV prototype. 210
- Figure 84. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2035 (metric tons). 217
- Figure 85. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 218
- Figure 86. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 220
- Figure 87: Daio Paper's cellulose nanofiber material in doors and hood of race car. 221
- Figure 88: CNF composite. 222
- Figure 89: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 222
- Figure 90. CNF car engine cover developed in Japan Ministry of the Environment’s (MOE) Nano Cellulose Vehicle (NCV) Project. 223
- Figure 91. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. 224
- Figure 92. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in construction, 2018-2035 (tons). 230
- Figure 93. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 231
- Figure 94. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 233
- Figure 95. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, 2018-2035 (tons). 243
- Figure 96. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 245
- Figure 97. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 247
- Figure 98. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel. 252
- Figure 99. Asics GEL-KAYANO™ 25 running shoe. 253
- Figure 100. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles sector, 2018-2035 (tons). 254
- Figure 101. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 256
- Figure 102. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles & apparel market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 257
- Figure 103. CNF deodorant products. 258
- Figure 104. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in biomedical and healthcare, 2018-2035 (tons). 266
- Figure 105. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 268
- Figure 106. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the biomedicine & healthcare market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 270
- Figure 107. Fibnano. 272
- Figure 108. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and sanitary products, 2018-2035 (tons). 276
- Figure 109. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene & sanitary market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 278
- Figure 110. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the hygiene and sanitary products market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 279
- Figure 111. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2035 (tons). 285
- Figure 112. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 287
- Figure 113. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the paints & coatings market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 289
- Figure 114. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 291
- Figure 115: Global demand for nanocellulose in in aerogels, 2018-2035 (tons). 295
- Figure 116. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogels market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 296
- Figure 117. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the aerogelsmarket, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 298
- Figure 118. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2035 (tons). 304
- Figure 119. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in oil & gas market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 306
- Figure 120. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the oil & gas market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 307
- Figure 121. Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery. 308
- Figure 122. Global demand for Cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2035 (tons). 314
- Figure 123. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 316
- Figure 124. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration packaging market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 318
- Figure 125. Multi-layered cross section of CNF-nw. 319
- Figure 126. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2035 (tons). 325
- Figure 127. Global market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 326
- Figure 128. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, by region, 2018-2035 (millions USD). 328
- Figure 129. "SURISURI" products. 330
- Figure 130. Foldable nanopaper antenna. 332
- Figure 131: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF. 334
- Figure 132. Oji CNF transparent sheets. 334
- Figure 133. Electronic components using NFC as insulating materials. 335
- Figure 134: Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel. 341
- Figure 135. MEDICELLU™. 342
- Figure 136: Ashai Kasei CNF production process. 344
- Figure 137: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 344
- Figure 138: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. 345
- Figure 139. CNF nonwoven fabric. 346
- Figure 140. nanoforest products. 357
- Figure 141. Chuetsu Pulp & Paper CNF production process. 358
- Figure 142. nanoforest-S. 359
- Figure 143. nanoforest-PDP. 359
- Figure 144. nanoforest-MB. 360
- Figure 145: Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 362
- Figure 146. Daio Paper CNF production process. 364
- Figure 147. ELLEX products. 366
- Figure 148. CNF-reinforced PP compounds. 366
- Figure 149. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 366
- Figure 150. Color CNF. 368
- Figure 151. DIC Products CNF production process. 370
- Figure 152. DKS Co. Ltd. CNF production process. 372
- Figure 153: Rheocrysta spray. 373
- Figure 154. DKS CNF products. 374
- Figure 155: CNF based on citrus peel. 375
- Figure 156. Citrus cellulose nanofiber. 376
- Figure 157. Filler Bank CNC products. 378
- Figure 158. GREEN CHIP CMF pellets and injection moulded products. 380
- Figure 159: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 381
- Figure 160: CNF products from Furukawa Electric. 383
- Figure 161. Granbio CNF production process. 387
- Figure 162: Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials. 390
- Figure 163. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 393
- Figure 164: CNF gel. 394
- Figure 165: Block nanocellulose material. 395
- Figure 166: CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 396
- Figure 167. Kami Shoji CNF products. 399
- Figure 168. Dual Graft System. 401
- Figure 169: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins. 402
- Figure 170. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended). 402
- Figure 171: 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side). 404
- Figure 172. CNF deodorant. 407
- Figure 173. Chitin nanofiber product. 408
- Figure 174. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products. 410
- Figure 175. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 411
- Figure 176. Cellulomix production process. 413
- Figure 177. Nanobase versus conventional products. 413
- Figure 178. Uni-ball Signo UMN-307. 414
- Figure 179: CNF slurries. 416
- Figure 180. Range of CNF products. 416
- Figure 181: Nanocell serum product. 421
- Figure 182. Vatensel® product 422
- Figure 183: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp. 424
- Figure 184: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic. 424
- Figure 185. Nippon Paper CNF production process. 427
- Figure 186: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers. 429
- Figure 187. All-resin forceps incorporating CNF. 431
- Figure 188. CNF paint product. 434
- Figure 189. CNF wet powder. 435
- Figure 190. CNF transparent film. 436
- Figure 191. Transparent CNF sheets. 436
- Figure 192. Oji Paper CNF production process. 438
- Figure 193. CNF clear sheets. 440
- Figure 194. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product. 443
- Figure 195. Fluorene cellulose ® powder. 444
- Figure 196. Performance Biofilaments CNF production process. 445
- Figure 197. XCNF. 448
- Figure 198. CNF insulation flat plates. 449
- Figure 199. Seiko PMC CNF production process. 453
- Figure 200. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 454
- Figure 201. Rubber soles incorporating CNF. 456
- Figure 202. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite. 458
- Figure 203. Sugino Machine CNF production process. 459
- Figure 204. High Pressure Water Jet Process. 459
- Figure 205. 2 wt.% CNF suspension. 460
- Figure 206. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 460
- Figure 207. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet. 461
- Figure 208. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material. 461
- Figure 209. SVILOSA AD CNC products. 463
- Figure 210. Silver / CNF composite dispersions. 468
- Figure 211. CNF/nanosilver powder. 469
- Figure 212: Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF. 471
- Figure 213: CNF resin products. 474
- Figure 214. University of Maine CNF production process. 475
- Figure 215. UPM-Kymmene CNF production process. 477
- Figure 216. FibDex® wound dressing. 478
- Figure 217. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process. 480
- Figure 218: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF. 481
- Figure 219. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 485
- Figure 220. S-CNF in powder form. 487
- Figure 221. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals. 493
- Figure 222. CNC preparation. 494
- Figure 223. Extracting CNC from trees. 495
- Figure 224. SWOT analysis: Cellulose nanocrystals market. 499
- Figure 225. CNC slurry. 500
- Figure 226. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2035 (metric tons). 503
- Figure 227. R3TM process technology. 508
- Figure 228. Blue Goose CNC Production Process. 509
- Figure 229: Celluforce production process. 514
- Figure 230: NCCTM Process. 515
- Figure 231: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include: 515
- Figure 232. Filler Bank CNC products. 516
- Figure 233. Melodea CNC barrier coating packaging. 522
- Figure 234. Plantrose process. 525
- Figure 235. CNC solution. 529
- Figure 236. University of Maine CNF production process. 531
- Figure 237. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process. 533
- Figure 238. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes 538
- Figure 239. SWOT analysis: Bacterial Nanocellulose market. 540
- Figure 240. Jelly-like seaweed-based nanocellulose hydrogel. 546
- Figure 241. Cellugy materials. 553
- Figure 242: Bacterial cellulose face mask sheet. 554
- Figure 243. TransLeather. 557
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