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The Global Micro and Nanocellulose Market 2026-2036

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  • Published: April 2026
  • Pages: 551
  • Tables: 160
  • Figures: 242

 

The global market for micro- and nanocellulose represents one of the most strategically significant emerging advanced materials sectors of the twenty-first century. Derived from the world's most abundant natural polymer, cellulose nanofibers and nanocrystals combine exceptional mechanical performance — tensile strengths comparable to or exceeding steel on a weight-for-weight basis — with complete bio-based origin, biodegradability, renewability, and a versatile surface chemistry that enables functionalisation for an extraordinary range of industrial applications.

The market encompasses four principal material categories: Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC), produced by high-energy mechanical fibrillation of wood pulp or agricultural fibres; Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF), nanoscale fibrous materials produced through mechanical, chemical, or enzymatic pre-treatment; Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC), rod-like crystalline particles extracted by controlled acid hydrolysis; and Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC), produced through microbial fermentation and notable for its extraordinary purity and three-dimensional nanofibril network structure.

Paper and board packaging is the single largest end-use by volume, with CNF functioning as a strength enhancer, weight-reduction enabler, and bio-based barrier coating. Biomedicine and healthcare follows in revenue terms, encompassing wound dressings, drug delivery matrices, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Hygiene and sanitary products represent the fastest-growing sector by revenue, driven by Japan's advanced commercial ecosystem for CNF-enhanced adult incontinence and diaper products, and expanding globally as EU regulatory requirements on bio-content in disposable hygiene products tighten.

Japan is the world's most commercially advanced nanocellulose market, with a unique government-industry coordination model that has produced commercial products across automotive, footwear, electronics, cosmetics, food, and packaging applications. Major Japanese paper companies — Nippon Paper Industries, Oji Holdings, Daio Paper, Chuetsu Pulp and Paper — have made significant capital investments in CNF production, and their CNF composite resins are entering mainstream automotive supply chains. Europe leads in MFC for paper, packaging, and sustainable textiles, while North America is growing in composites, filtration, and defence-adjacent applications. Emerging market producers in Brazil, New Zealand, India, and Turkey are diversifying the global feedstock and production base, with novel feedstocks including seaweed, coffee grounds, cow dung, and agricultural residues gaining commercial traction. The overall trajectory is of a market transitioning from specialist pilot-scale supply to genuine industrial-scale materials platforms across the 2025–2036 forecast period.

The Global Market for Micro- and Nanocellulose 2026–2035 provides the most detailed analysis available of the global market for micro- and nanocellulose, covering all material types, production technologies, end-use applications, regional markets, and company profiles. Drawing on primary research interviews with producers and end-users and an extensive review of commercial and academic developments, the report delivers quantitative market data from 2018 through 2035 (updated to 2036 in this edition), and qualitative analysis of the strategic, technological, and regulatory forces shaping the industry's future.

Report Contents:

  • Introduction and material definitions covering the classification and structural characteristics of all micro- and nanocellulose types: Microcellulose (MC), Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC), Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF), Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC), and Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
  • Feedstock analysis covering all commercial and emerging cellulose sources: wood (Norway Spruce, eucalyptus, softwood); cotton, kapok, and luffa; bast fibres (jute, hemp, flax, ramie, kenaf); leaf fibres (sisal, abaca); fruit fibres (coir, banana, pineapple); stalk fibres (rice, corn); cane, grass, and reed (switchgrass, sugarcane, bamboo); regenerated cellulose; and novel feedstocks including seaweed, coffee grounds, cow dung, and tea leaf waste
  • Production technologies and innovations including raw material sourcing, manufacturing processes (mechanical, chemical, enzymatic, emerging methods), process scale-up and commercialisation challenges, and production economics with detailed cost structure analysis
  • Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) — full market analysis including production capacities by producer, global demand and revenue forecasts (2018–2036) by market segment (paper and packaging, textiles, personal care, paints and coatings, other), market supply chain analysis, pricing and cost analysis, SWOT analysis, end-use market sections for paperboard and packaging, textiles, personal care, and paints and coatings with demand/revenue/regional data tables, and 61 detailed company profiles
  • Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) — comprehensive coverage of production methods and synthesis technologies (acid hydrolysis, TEMPO oxidation, ammonium persulfate oxidation, enzymatic hydrolysis, ball milling, high-pressure homogenisation, and recent methods), production capacities, pricing, commercial product catalogue, SWOT analysis, and end-use market sections with demand/revenue/regional data tables for: Composites, Automotive, Buildings and Construction, Paper and Board Packaging, Textiles and Apparel, Biomedicine and Healthcare, Hygiene and Sanitary Products, Paints and Coatings, Aerogels, Oil and Gas, Filtration, Rheology Modifiers, Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP), Electronics and E-Textiles, Food and Beverage, and Other Markets, together with 132 detailed company profiles
  • Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) — introduction, synthesis, properties, production, pricing, SWOT analysis, applications, production capacities, global demand by market, and 22 detailed company profiles
  • Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) — overview, production, pricing, SWOT analysis, applications across biomedical, electronics, food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, paper and composites, filtration, acoustics, and textiles, markets, and 24 detailed company profiles
  • Quantitative market data throughout, presented as tables and charts covering global demand in metric tons, revenues in millions USD, and revenue breakdowns by region (North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, Rest of World), for the period 2018–2036
  • Regional analysis covering Japan, North America, Europe, and emerging markets for each material type and end-use segment
  • Production capacity tables with process method, country, and tonnage data for all major global producers of MFC, CNF, and CNC
  • Regulatory landscape covering EU Single-Use Plastics Directive, Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation, Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation, REACH nanomaterial provisions, FDA GRAS pathways, USDA BioPreferred certification, and key international nanocellulose standards (ISO TC229, CEN/TC460, TAPPI)
  • Novel and non-wood feedstocks section covering seaweed/macroalgae, coffee ground-derived holocellulose nanofibers, cow dung, tea leaf waste, food and agricultural waste as BNC substrates, coconut water, cotton regional varieties, Miscanthus silver grass, and hemp hurd

 

The report profiles the following companies across its MFC, CNF, CNC, and BNC chapters: Adsorbi, AgriSea, Aichemist Metal Inc., Alberta Innovates/Innotech Materials LLC, Anantia, Anomera Inc., ANPOLY Inc., Asahi Kasei Corporation, Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation, Azolla, Azul Energy, Beijing Ding Sheng Xiong Di Technology Co. Ltd., Betulium Oy, BIO-LUTIONS International AG, Birla Cellulose, BioSmart Nano, Biotecam, Bioweg GmbH, BlockTexx Pty Ltd., Blue BioFuels Inc., Borregaard ChemCell, Bowil Biotech Sp. z o.o., Bucha Bio Inc., Cass Materials Pty Ltd., CD Bioparticles, Ceapro Inc., CELLiCON B.V., CelluDot LLC, Cellucomp Ltd., Celluforce Inc., Cellugy, Cellulose Lab, Cellutech AB (Stora Enso), Centre Technique du Papier (CTP), CH Bioforce, Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Chuetsu Pulp and Paper Co. Ltd., CIRC, Circular Systems, CNNT, CreaFill Fibers Corporation, Daicel Corporation, DaikyoNishikawa Corporation, Daio Paper Corporation, Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd., Daito Kasei Kogyo Co., Denso Corporation, DePuy Synthes, DIC, DKS Co. Ltd., Earth Recycle Co. Ltd., Eastman Chemical Co., Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Elea and Lili Ltd. and more.....

 

 

 

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            34

  • 1.1        Overview           34
  • 1.2        Key Findings   34
  • 1.3        Market by Cellulose Type       34
  • 1.4        Production Landscape            35
  • 1.5        Production Economics            36
  • 1.6        Key End-Use Markets                36
  • 1.7        Regional Analysis       37
  • 1.8        Competitive Landscape         37
  • 1.9        Outlook and Key Strategic Themes  38

 

2             INTRODUCTION          42

  • 2.1        Cellulose          42
  • 2.2        Cellulose Micro and Nanoparticles Definitions and Classification            44
    • 2.2.1    Microcellulose (MC)  44
    • 2.2.2    Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC)       44
    • 2.2.3    Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) 45
    • 2.2.4    Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC)           45
    • 2.2.5    Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)          46
  • 2.3        Feedstocks      46
    • 2.3.1    Wood  47
    • 2.3.2    Plant    47
    • 2.3.3    Tunicate             48
    • 2.3.4    Algae   48
    • 2.3.5    Bacteria             49
    • 2.3.6    Novel and Emerging Nanocellulose Feedstocks     49
      • 2.3.6.1 Seaweed and Macroalgae     51
      • 2.3.6.2 Holocellulose Nanofibers (HCNF) from Coffee Grounds  51
      • 2.3.6.3 Cow Dung        52
      • 2.3.6.4 Tea Leaf Waste             52
      • 2.3.6.5 Food and Agricultural Waste as BNC Fermentation Substrates   53
      • 2.3.6.6 Coconut Water (Nata de Coco / BNC)           53
      • 2.3.6.7 Cotton Agricultural Residues and Regional Cotton Varieties         54
      • 2.3.6.8 Miscanthus (Silver Grass)     54
      • 2.3.6.9 Hemp Hurd     55
  • 2.4        Regenerated cellulose fibers               56
  • 2.5        Ionic liquids    57
  • 2.6        “Nano” Cellulose (CNF, CNC, BNC)               57
  • 2.7        Cellulose filaments   58

 

3             PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS          59

  • 3.1        Raw Material Sources              59
  • 3.2        Manufacturing Processes      62
  • 3.3        Emerging Production Technologies 66
  • 3.4        Process Scale-Up and Commercialization Challenges     73
  • 3.5        Production Economics of Micro/Nanocellulose     77

 

4             MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE     81

  • 4.1        Introduction    81
  • 4.2        Applications   81
  • 4.3        Production capacities              85
  • 4.4        Global market demand 2018-2036 85
    • 4.4.1    By market, tons            85
    • 4.4.2    By market, revenues  87
  • 4.5        Market supply chain  88
  • 4.6        Price and Costs Analysis       89
  • 4.7        SWOT analysis              90
  • 4.8        Products           91
  • 4.9        Future Outlook             92
  • 4.10     Risks and Opportunities         93
  • 4.11     End use markets          94
    • 4.11.1 Paperboard and packaging  94
      • 4.11.1.1            Market overview           94
      • 4.11.1.2            Global market 2018-2036     94
        • 4.11.1.2.1        Tons     94
        • 4.11.1.2.2        Revenues          95
        • 4.11.1.2.3        By Region         95
    • 4.11.2 Textiles               96
      • 4.11.2.1            Market overview           96
      • 4.11.2.2            Global market 2018-2036     97
        • 4.11.2.2.1        Tons     97
        • 4.11.2.2.2        Revenues          98
        • 4.11.2.2.3        By Region         98
    • 4.11.3 Personal care 99
      • 4.11.3.1            Market overview           99
      • 4.11.3.2            Global market 2018-2036     100
        • 4.11.3.2.1        Tons     100
        • 4.11.3.2.2        Revenues          100
        • 4.11.3.2.3        By Region         101
    • 4.11.4 Paints and coatings   102
      • 4.11.4.1            Market overview           102
      • 4.11.4.2            Global market 2018-2036     102
        • 4.11.4.2.1        Tons     102
        • 4.11.4.2.2        Revenues          103
        • 4.11.4.2.3        By Region         104
    • 4.11.5 Other markets               104
  • 4.12     Company profiles       105 (61 company profiles)

 

5             CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS    157

  • 5.1        Advantages of cellulose nanofibers               157
  • 5.2        Pre-treatment and Synthesis methods         158
    • 5.2.1    Acid hydrolysis             162
    • 5.2.2    TEMPO oxidation         162
    • 5.2.3    Ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation         162
    • 5.2.4    Enzymatic Hydrolysis               162
    • 5.2.5    Ball milling      163
    • 5.2.6    Cryocrushing 163
    • 5.2.7    High-shear grinding   163
    • 5.2.8    Ultrasonication            163
    • 5.2.9    High-pressure homogenization         164
    • 5.2.10 Recent methods          164
      • 5.2.10.1            Microwave irradiation               164
      • 5.2.10.2            Enzymatic processing              164
      • 5.2.10.3            Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)           165
      • 5.2.10.4            Pulsed electric field   166
      • 5.2.10.5            Electron beam irradiation      166
  • 5.3        Production method, by producer      167
  • 5.4        Applications   168
  • 5.5        SWOT analysis              173
  • 5.6        Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) production capacities 2024  174
  • 5.7        Pricing 175
  • 5.8        Commercial CNF products  177
  • 5.9        End use markets for cellulose nanofibers  185
    • 5.9.1    Composites    186
      • 5.9.1.1 Market overview           186
      • 5.9.1.2 Markets and applications      189
        • 5.9.1.2.1           Automotive composites         190
        • 5.9.1.2.2           Biocomposite films & packaging      190
        • 5.9.1.2.3           Barrier packaging       190
        • 5.9.1.2.4           Thermal insulation composites         191
        • 5.9.1.2.5           Construction composites     191
      • 5.9.1.3 Global market 2018-2036     191
        • 5.9.1.3.1           Tons     191
        • 5.9.1.3.2           Revenues          192
        • 5.9.1.3.3           By Region         193
      • 5.9.1.4 Product developers    194
    • 5.9.2    Automotive      197
      • 5.9.2.1 Market overview           197
      • 5.9.2.2 Markets and applications      199
        • 5.9.2.2.1           Composites    199
        • 5.9.2.2.2           Air intake components            204
        • 5.9.2.2.3           Tires     204
      • 5.9.2.3 Global market 2018-2036     205
        • 5.9.2.3.1           Tons     205
        • 5.9.2.3.2           Revenues          206
        • 5.9.2.3.3           By Region         207
      • 5.9.2.4 Product developers    208
    • 5.9.3    Buildings and construction   211
      • 5.9.3.1 Market overview           211
      • 5.9.3.2 Markets and applications      213
        • 5.9.3.2.1           Sandwich composites             213
        • 5.9.3.2.2           Cement additives       214
        • 5.9.3.2.3           Pump primers                214
        • 5.9.3.2.4           Thermal insulation and damping      214
      • 5.9.3.3 Global market 2018-2036     215
        • 5.9.3.3.1           Tons     215
        • 5.9.3.3.2           Revenues          216
        • 5.9.3.3.3           By region           217
      • 5.9.3.4 Product developers    218
    • 5.9.4    Paper and board packaging 219
      • 5.9.4.1 Market overview           219
      • 5.9.4.2 Markets and applications      223
        • 5.9.4.2.1           Reinforcement and barrier    224
        • 5.9.4.2.2           Biodegradable food packaging foil and films            224
        • 5.9.4.2.3           Paperboard coatings 224
      • 5.9.4.3 Global market 2018-2036     225
        • 5.9.4.3.1           Tons     225
        • 5.9.4.3.2           Revenues          226
        • 5.9.4.3.3           By region           227
      • 5.9.4.4 Product developers    228
    • 5.9.5    Textiles and apparel  229
      • 5.9.5.1 Market overview           229
      • 5.9.5.2 Markets and applications      232
        • 5.9.5.2.1           CNF deodorizer and odour reducer (antimicrobial) in adult and child diapers   232
        • 5.9.5.2.2           Footwear           232
      • 5.9.5.3 Global market 2018-2036     233
        • 5.9.5.3.1           Tons     233
        • 5.9.5.3.2           Revenues          234
        • 5.9.5.3.3           By region           235
      • 5.9.5.4 Product developer profiles   236
    • 5.9.6    Biomedicine and healthcare                238
      • 5.9.6.1 Market overview           238
      • 5.9.6.2 Markets and applications      242
        • 5.9.6.2.1           Wound dressings        242
        • 5.9.6.2.2           Drug delivery stabilizers         243
        • 5.9.6.2.3           Tissue engineering scaffolds               243
      • 5.9.6.3 Global market 2018-2036     243
        • 5.9.6.3.1           Tons     243
        • 5.9.6.3.2           Revenues          244
        • 5.9.6.3.3           By region           245
      • 5.9.6.4 Product developers    246
    • 5.9.7    Hygiene and sanitary products          249
      • 5.9.7.1 Market overview           249
      • 5.9.7.2 Markets and applications      249
      • 5.9.7.3 Global market 2018-2036     250
        • 5.9.7.3.1           Tons     250
        • 5.9.7.3.2           Revenues          251
        • 5.9.7.3.3           By region           252
      • 5.9.7.4 Product developers    253
    • 5.9.8    Paints and coatings   254
      • 5.9.8.1 Market overview           254
      • 5.9.8.2 Markets and applications      256
      • 5.9.8.3 Global market 2018-2036     257
        • 5.9.8.3.1           Tons     257
        • 5.9.8.3.2           Revenues          258
        • 5.9.8.3.3           By region           259
      • 5.9.8.4 Product developers    260
    • 5.9.9    Aerogels            262
      • 5.9.9.1 Market overview           262
      • 5.9.9.2 Markets and applications      263
      • 5.9.9.3 Global market 2018-2036     264
        • 5.9.9.3.1           Tons     264
        • 5.9.9.3.2           Revenues          265
        • 5.9.9.3.3           By region           266
      • 5.9.9.4 Product developers    267
    • 5.9.10 Oil and gas      269
      • 5.9.10.1            Market overview           269
      • 5.9.10.2            Markets and applications      270
        • 5.9.10.2.1        Oil recovery applications (fracturing fluid) 271
        • 5.9.10.2.2        CNF Membranes for separation        271
        • 5.9.10.2.3        Oil and gas fluids additives  271
      • 5.9.10.3            Global market 2018-2036     272
        • 5.9.10.3.1        Tons     272
        • 5.9.10.3.2        Revenues          273
        • 5.9.10.3.3        By region           274
      • 5.9.10.4            Product developers    275
    • 5.9.11 Filtration            276
      • 5.9.11.1            Market overview           276
      • 5.9.11.2            Markets and applications      279
        • 5.9.11.2.1        Membranes for selective absorption             279
      • 5.9.11.3            Global market 2018-2036     280
        • 5.9.11.3.1        Tons     280
        • 5.9.11.3.2        Revenues          281
        • 5.9.11.3.3        By region           282
      • 5.9.11.4            Product developers    283
    • 5.9.12 Rheology modifiers    285
      • 5.9.12.1            Market overview           285
      • 5.9.12.2            Markets and applications      287
        • 5.9.12.2.1        Food additives              287
        • 5.9.12.2.2        Pickering stabilizers  287
        • 5.9.12.2.3        Hydrogels         288
        • 5.9.12.2.4        Cosmetics and skincare        288
      • 5.9.12.3            Global market 2018-2036     289
        • 5.9.12.3.1        Tons     289
        • 5.9.12.3.2        Revenues          290
        • 5.9.12.3.3        By region           291
      • 5.9.12.4            Product developers    292
    • 5.9.13 Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs)    294
      • 5.9.13.1            Market Overview          294
      • 5.9.13.2            Markets and Applications      295
        • 5.9.13.2.1        Infant Diapers                295
        • 5.9.13.2.2        Adult Incontinence     295
        • 5.9.13.2.3        Feminine Hygiene       295
        • 5.9.13.2.4        Agricultural Water Retention               295
        • 5.9.13.2.5        Medical Wound Dressings    295
      • 5.9.13.3            Global Market 2024–2036     296
      • 5.9.13.4            Product Developers   297
    • 5.9.14 Electronics and E-Textiles      298
      • 5.9.14.1            Market Overview      298
      • 5.9.14.2            Markets and Applications      299
        • 5.9.14.2.1        Acoustic Transducers (Speakers and Headphones)            299
        • 5.9.14.2.2        Flexible Electronic Substrates            299
        • 5.9.14.2.3        Foldable Antennas and Printed Electronics               299
        • 5.9.14.2.4        Semiconductor Packaging Substrates          299
        • 5.9.14.2.5        Satellite Structural Components      299
      • 5.9.14.3            Global Market 2024–2036     300
      • 5.9.14.4            Product Developers   300
    • 5.9.15 Food and Beverage    301
      • 5.9.15.1            Market Overview          301
      • 5.9.15.2            Global Market 2024–2036     302
      • 5.9.15.3            Regulatory Timeline   303
    • 5.9.16 Other markets               304
      • 5.9.16.1            3D printing       304
        • 5.9.16.1.1        Market assessment   304
        • 5.9.16.1.2        Product developers    305
      • 5.9.16.2            Aerospace        305
        • 5.9.16.2.1        Market assessment   305
        • 5.9.16.2.2        Product developers    306
      • 5.9.16.3            Batteries            306
        • 5.9.16.3.1        Market assessment   306
  • 5.10     Cellulose nanofiber company profiles          308 (132 company profiles)

 

6             CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS             463

  • 6.1        Introduction    463
  • 6.2        Synthesis          463
  • 6.3        Properties         465
  • 6.4        Production       466
  • 6.5        Pricing 467
  • 6.6        SWOT analysis              468
  • 6.7        Applications   468
  • 6.8        Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) production capacities         474
  • 6.9        Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market         474
  • 6.10     Cellulose nanocrystal company profiles     477 (22 company profiles)

 

7             BACTERIAL NANOCELLULOSE (BNC)            507

  • 7.1        Overview           507
  • 7.2        Production       507
  • 7.3        Pricing 510
  • 7.4        SWOT analysis              510
  • 7.5        Applications   511
  • 7.6        Markets              513
    • 7.6.1    Biomedical      513
    • 7.6.2    Electronics      513
    • 7.6.3    Food industry 514
    • 7.6.4    Pharmaceuticals         514
    • 7.6.5    Cosmetics and personal care             514
    • 7.6.6    Paper and composites            515
    • 7.6.7    Filtration membranes               515
    • 7.6.8    Acoustics         516
    • 7.6.9    Textiles               516
  • 7.7        Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) company profiles  517 (24 company profiles)

 

8             GLOBAL REGULATORY LANDSCAPE               535

  • 8.1        Overview           535
  • 8.2        European Union           535
    • 8.2.1    Key EU Regulatory Development: Nanocellulose and REACH       536
  • 8.3        United States 537
    • 8.3.1    Critical US Regulatory Update: FDA CNF Food Petition     538
  • 8.4        Japan  538
  • 8.5        Standards Development         539

 

9             RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 540

  • 9.1        Report scope 540
  • 9.2        Research methodology           540

 

10          REFERENCES 541

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Global MFC Market Summary, 2025–2036              34
  • Table 2. Total CNF Demand Across All End-Use Markets, 2025–2036 (metric tons)        34
  • Table 3. Selected MFC Production Capacities by Producer (latest data)                35
  • Table 4. MFC Cost Structure                 36
  • Table 5. Current MFC Pricing (2025 Reference)       36
  • Table 6. MFC Market by Region, 2025 vs. 2036 (M USD)    37
  • Table 7. MFC, CNF, CNC and BNC Production Capacities by Producer   38
  • Table 8. Length and diameter of nanocellulose types and MFC.  43
  • Table 9. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae.  48
  • Table 10. Novel and Emerging Nanocellulose Feedstocks (2025–2026 Commercial Activity)  49
  • Table 11. Recycled cellulose fibers companies.    56
  • Table 12. Raw material sources.       60
  • Table 13. Manufacturing processes for micro and nanocellulose.             63
  • Table 14. Emerging Production Technologies for Micro/Nanocellulose   67
  • Table 15. Process Scale-Up and Commercialization Challenges 74
  • Table 16. Production Economics of Micro/Nanocellulose                77
  • Table 17. Applications of Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC)- Industry Sector, Application, Functional Properties, Commercial Status and Key Benefits. 81
  • Table 18. Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) production capacities in metric tons and production process, by producer, metric tons.      85
  • Table 19. Global market demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC). 2018-2036 (tons).        85
  • Table 20. Global Market Revenues for MFC, 2018–2036 (millions USD) 87
  • Table 21. Production costs.  89
  • Table 22. Commercially available Microfibrillated Cellulose products.  91
  • Table 23. Industry-wise Outlook.      92
  • Table 24. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.            94
  • Table 25. Global Demand for MFC in Paper & Packaging, 2018–2036 (tons)       94
  • Table 26. Global Revenues for MFC in Paper & Packaging, 2018–2036 (millions USD) 95
  • Table 27. MFC Revenues in Paper & Packaging, by Region, 2018–2036 (millions USD) 96
  • Table 28. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in textiles-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.  96
  • Table 29. Global Demand for MFC in Textiles, 2018–2036 (tons) 97
  • Table 30. Global Revenues for MFC in Textiles, 2018–2036 (millions USD)           98
  • Table 31. MFC Revenues in Textiles, by Region, 2018–2036 (millions USD)          98
  • Table 32. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in personal care-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.       99
  • Table 33. Global Demand for MFC in Personal Care, 2018–2036 (tons)  100
  • Table 34. Global Revenues for MFC in Personal Care, 2018–2036 (millions USD).          100
  • Table 35. MFC Revenues in Personal Care, by Region, 2018–2036 (millions USD)           101
  • Table 36. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paints and coatings-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.      102
  • Table 37. Global Demand for MFC in Paints & Coatings, 2018–2036 (tons)         102
  • Table 38. Global Revenues for MFC in Paints & Coatings, 2018–2036 (millions USD)   103
  • Table 39. MFC Revenues in Paints & Coatings, by Region, 2018–2036 (millions USD)  104
  • Table 40. Other markets for Microfibrillated Cellulose.      104
  • Table 41. Properties of cellulose nanofibrils relative to metallic and polymeric materials.        157
  • Table 42. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials. 159
  • Table 43. Extraction of nanocellulose (NC) from various lignocellulosic sources using different conventional technologies.  160
  • Table 44. CNF and CNC production method by producer.               167
  • Table 45. Applications of Cellulose Nanofibers-Industry Sector, Application, Functional Properties, Commercial Status and Key Benefits.           168
  • Table 46. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tons.    174
  • Table 47. Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanofiber producers.   175
  • Table 48. Cellulose nanofiber-based commercial products.          177
  • Table 49. Global CNF Revenues — All End-Use Markets, 2025–2036 (Millions USD)     185
  • Table 50. Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials.            186
  • Table 51. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in composites-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global composites OEMs.     186
  • Table 52. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in composites.     190
  • Table 53. Global Market Demand for Cellulose Nanofibers in Composites, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons)                191
  • Table 54. Revenues for Cellulose Nanofibers in Composites, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)           192
  • Table 55. Revenues for Cellulose Nanofibers in Composites, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)  193
  • Table 56. Regional Share of CNF Composites Revenues, Selected Years              194
  • Table 57. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in composites.   194
  • Table 58. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in automotive-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global automotive OEMs.      197
  • Table 59. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in automotive.      199
  • Table 60. Components featured in the NCV.             200
  • Table 61. Global Market Demand for CNF in the Automotive Sector, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons)               205
  • Table 62. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Automotive Sector, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)         206
  • Table 63. Market Revenues for CNF in the Automotive Sector, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 207
  • Table 64. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in the automotive industry.  208
  • Table 65. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in building and construction-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global construction OEMs        211
  • Table 66. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in building and construction.     213
  • Table 67. Market Demand for CNF in Building and Construction, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons)      215
  • Table 68. Global Market Revenues for CNF in Building and Construction, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 216
  • Table 69. Market Revenues for CNF in Building and Construction, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)                217
  • Table 70. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers in building and construction.   218
  • Table 71. Oxygen permeability of nanocellulose films compared to those made form commercially available petroleum-based materials and other polymers.            219
  • Table 72. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paper and board packaging OEMs.     219
  • Table 73. Applications of cellulose nanofibers in paper and board packaging. 223
  • Table 74. Global Demand for CNF in the Paper & Board Packaging Market, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons) 225
  • Table 75. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Paper & Board Packaging Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)    226
  • Table 76. Market Revenues for CNF in the Paper & Board Packaging Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)               227
  • Table 77. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paper and board.  228
  • Table 78. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global textiles and apparel OEMs.               229
  • Table 79. Demand for CNF in Textiles, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons)  233
  • Table 80. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Textiles & Apparel Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)                234
  • Table 81. Market Revenues for CNF in the Textiles & Apparel Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)    235
  • Table 82. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in textiles and apparel.           236
  • Table 83. Market assessment for nanocellulose in medicine and healthcare-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global medicine and healthcare OEMs.   238
  • Table 84. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in biomedicine and healthcare.   242
  • Table 85. Global Demand for CNF in Biomedical and Healthcare, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons)    243
  • Table 86. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Biomedicine & Healthcare Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)               244
  • Table 87. Market Revenues for CNF in the Biomedicine & Healthcare Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)               245
  • Table 88. Nanocellulose product developers in medicine and healthcare.          246
  • Table 89. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and sanitary products.              249
  • Table 90. Global Demand for CNF in Hygiene and Sanitary Products, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons)            250
  • Table 91. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Hygiene & Sanitary Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)                251
  • Table 92. Market Revenues for CNF in the Hygiene & Sanitary Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)    252
  • Table 93. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in hygiene and sanitary products. 253
  • Table 94. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs.               254
  • Table 95. Market and applications of cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.         256
  • Table 96. Global Demand for CNF in Paints and Coatings, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons)     257
  • Table 97. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Paints & Coatings Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)                258
  • Table 98. Market Revenues for CNF in the Paints & Coatings Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)    259
  • Table 99. Companies developing nanocellulose products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization.      260
  • Table 100. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global aerogels OEMs.            262
  • Table 101. Markets and applications for cellulose nanofibers in aerogels.           263
  • Table 102. Global Demand for CNF in Aerogels, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons)            264
  • Table 103. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Aerogels Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)           265
  • Table 104. Market Revenues for CNF in the Aerogels Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)   266
  • Table 105. Nanocellulose in product developers in aerogels.       267
  • Table 106. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global oil and gas OEMs.       269
  • Table 107. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in oil and gas.       270
  • Table 108. Global Demand for CNF in the Oil and Gas Market, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons)            272
  • Table 109. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Oil & Gas Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)          273
  • Table 110. Market Revenues for CNF in the Oil & Gas Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD) 274
  • Table 111. Cellulose nanofibers product developers in oil and gas exploration.               275
  • Table 112. CNF membranes.               276
  • Table 113. Market assessment for Cellulose nanofibers in filtration-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global filtration OEMs.             277
  • Table 114. Market and applications of Cellulose nanofibers in filtration.               279
  • Table 115. Global Demand for CNF in the Filtration Market, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons)  280
  • Table 116. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Filtration Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)           281
  • Table 117. Market revenues for cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, by region, 2018-2036 (millions USD).             282
  • Table 118. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in filtration.  283
  • Table 119. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global rheology modifier OEMs.   285
  • Table 120. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers.     287
  • Table 121. Global Demand for CNF in the Rheology Modifiers Market, 2018–2036 (Metric Tons)           289
  • Table 122. Global Market Revenues for CNF in the Rheology Modifiers Market, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)                290
  • Table 123. Market Revenues for CNF in the Rheology Modifiers Market, by Region, 2018–2036 (Millions USD)    291
  • Table 124. Commercial activity in cellulose nanofibers in rheology modifiers. 292
  • Table 125. Market Assessment for Nanocellulose in Superabsorbent Polymers               294
  • Table 126. Global Demand for Nanocellulose in Superabsorbent Polymer Applications, 2024–2036 (metric tons)  296
  • Table 127. Nanocellulose in SAP: Revenue by Region, 2026–2036 (M USD)         296
  • Table 128. Commercial activity in cellulose nanofibers in SAPs. 297
  • Table 129. Market Assessment for CNF in Electronics and E-Textiles       298
  • Table 130. Global Demand for CNF in Electronics and E-Textiles, 2024–2036 (metric tons)      300
  • Table 131. Commercial activity in cellulose nanofibers in Electronics and E-Textiles    300
  • Table 132. Market Overview for CNF/MFC in Food and Beverage 301
  • Table 133. Global Demand for CNF/MFC in Food and Beverage, 2024–2036 (metric tons)        302
  • Table 134. Regulatory Timeline Table             303
  • Table 135. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in 3D priniting-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global 3D printing OEMs.       304
  • Table 136. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers 3D printing products.  305
  • Table 137. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in aerospace-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading.             305
  • Table 138: Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in aircraft and aerospace. 306
  • Table 139. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in Batteries-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks.             306
  • Table 140: Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.        354
  • Table 141. Nippon Paper commercial CNF products.         397
  • Table 142. Oji Holdings CNF products.         409
  • Table 143. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC).              464
  • Table 144. CNC sources, size and yield.      464
  • Table 145. CNC properties.  465
  • Table 146. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials. 466
  • Table 147. Production methods for cellulose nanocrystals.          466
  • Table 148. Product/price/application matrix of cellulose nanocrystal producers.           467
  • Table 149. Applications of Cellulose Nanofibers-Industry Sector, Application, Functional Properties, Commercial Status and Key Benefits.           469
  • Table 150: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tons.    474
  • Table 151. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2036 (metric tons).     474
  • Table 152. Overview of CNC producers.      477
  • Table 153. Production methods for bacterial nanocellulose.        508
  • Table 154: Product/price/application matrix of bacterial nanocellulose producers.      510
  • Table 155. Applications of Cellulose Nanofibers-Industry Sector, Application, Functional Properties, Commercial Status and Key Benefits.           511
  • Table 156. Fibnano properties.           528
  • Table 157. Key EU Regulatory Frameworks Affecting Nanocellulose Markets     535
  • Table 158. Key US Regulatory Frameworks Affecting Nanocellulose Markets     537
  • Table 159. Key Japanese Regulatory Frameworks  538
  • Table 160. Key International Standards for Nanocellulose              539

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit.           43
  • Figure 2. Scale of cellulose materials.          44
  • Figure 3. Cellulose microfibrils and nanofibrils.     45
  • Figure 4. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms.      47
  • Figure 5. Biosynthesis of (a) wood cellulose (b) tunicate cellulose and (c) BC.  48
  • Figure 18. SEM image of microfibrillated cellulose.              81
  • Figure 19. Global market demand for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC). 2018-2036 (tons).       86
  • Figure 20. Global market revenues for Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC). 2018-2036 (millions USD). 88
  • Figure 21. Supply chain for the Microfibrillated Cellulose market.             89
  • Figure 22. SWOT analysis: Microfibrillated Cellulose market.       91
  • Figure 26. Global Demand for MFC in Textiles, 2018–2036 (tons)               97
  • Figure 35. Pressurized Hot Water Extraction.            111
  • Figure 36. Celish.        115
  • Figure 37. BELLOCEA™             116
  • Figure 38. Photograph (a) and micrograph (b) of mineral/ MFC composite showing the high viscosity and fibrillar structure.        121
  • Figure 39. Water-repellent cellulose.             122
  • Figure 40. HeiQ AeoniQ .        124
  • Figure 41. BioFlex process.   133
  • Figure 42. A vacuum cleaner part made of cellulose fiber (left) and the assembled vacuum cleaner.                139
  • Figure 43: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant.        142
  • Figure 44. 3D printed cellulose shoe.            144
  • Figure 45. Lyocell process.   145
  • Figure 46. Thales packaging incorporating Fibrease.           148
  • Figure 47. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.              153
  • Figure 48. Worn Again products.       155
  • Figure 50. Production of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass using enzymatic treatment (endoglucanases and xylanases) followed by mechanical treatment.     165
  • Figure 51. EBI pretreatment combined with HPH for CNC production.   166
  • Figure 52. SWOT analysis: Cellulose nanofibers market.  174
  • Figure 53. Aruba 23.  177
  • Figure 54. Dorayaki.   177
  • Figure 55. ENASAVE NEXT.    178
  • Figure 56. Flat4-KAEDE.          178
  • Figure 57. GEL-KAYANO™.      179
  • Figure 58. KAMIDE＋CNF paper container.                179
  • Figure 59. Hada care acty®.  180
  • Figure 60. Hiteeth All in One Mouth Gel.      180
  • Figure 61. HYPERNANO X series.      180
  • Figure 62. Kirekira! toilet wipes.         181
  • Figure 63. ONKYO® Scepter SC-3(B) 2-way Speaker System.         181
  • Figure 64. Pioneer® SE-MONITOR5 Headphones. 181
  • Figure 65. "Poise" series Super strong deodorant sheet.   182
  • Figure 66. RUBURI Precursor Lubris for raw concrete pumping.  182
  • Figure 67. SC-3 (B) speakers.              183
  • Figure 68. SE-MONITOR5 headphones.       183
  • Figure 69. "Skin Care Acty" series Adult diapers.   183
  • Figure 70. Spingle Company sneakers.         183
  • Figure 71. "SURISURI" Lotion.             184
  • Figure 72. X9400 series.          184
  • Figure 73. X Premium Sound Speaker Alps Alpine.                185
  • Figure 77. CNF mixed PLA (Poly Lactic Acid).           195
  • Figure 78. CNF resin products.           196
  • Figure 79. Interior of NCV concept car.         197
  • Figure 80. Interior of the NCV prototype.     200
  • Figure 84: Daio Paper's cellulose nanofiber material in doors and hood of race car.      208
  • Figure 85: CNF composite.   208
  • Figure 86: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.         209
  • Figure 87. CNF car engine cover developed in Japan Ministry of the Environment’s (MOE) Nano Cellulose Vehicle (NCV) Project.       209
  • Figure 88. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete.          211
  • Figure 95. Markets and applications of cellulose nanofibers in textiles and apparel.    232
  • Figure 96. Asics GEL-KAYANO™ 25 running shoe.  233
  • Figure 100. CNF deodorant products.           236
  • Figure 104. Fibnano. 248
  • Figure 111. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.             261
  • Figure 118. Nanocellulose sponge developed by EMPA for potential applications in oil recovery.        275
  • Figure 122. Multi-layered cross section of CNF-nw.             283
  • Figure 126. "SURISURI" products.    293
  • Figure 131: Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.  309
  • Figure 132. MEDICELLU™.      310
  • Figure 133: Ashai Kasei CNF production process. 311
  • Figure 134: Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.  312
  • Figure 135: Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.       312
  • Figure 136. CNF nonwoven fabric.   313
  • Figure 137. nanoforest products.     325
  • Figure 138. Chuetsu Pulp & Paper CNF production process.         326
  • Figure 139. nanoforest-S.      327
  • Figure 140. nanoforest-PDP. 327
  • Figure 141. nanoforest-MB.  328
  • Figure 142: Trunk lid incorporating CNF.      330
  • Figure 143. Daio Paper CNF production process.  332
  • Figure 144. ELLEX products. 333
  • Figure 145. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.            334
  • Figure 146. Kirekira! toilet wipes.      334
  • Figure 147. Color CNF.             336
  • Figure 148. DIC Products CNF production process.            338
  • Figure 149. DKS Co. Ltd. CNF production process.              340
  • Figure 150: Rheocrysta spray.             341
  • Figure 151. DKS CNF products.         341
  • Figure 152: CNF based on citrus peel.           343
  • Figure 153. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.         344
  • Figure 154. Filler Bank CNC products.          346
  • Figure 155. GREEN CHIP CMF pellets and injection moulded products.               348
  • Figure 156: Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).          349
  • Figure 157: CNF products from Furukawa Electric.              352
  • Figure 158. Granbio CNF production process.         355
  • Figure 159: Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.               358
  • Figure 160. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).     361
  • Figure 161: CNF gel.  362
  • Figure 162: Block nanocellulose material. 363
  • Figure 163: CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.             363
  • Figure 164. Kami Shoji CNF products.           367
  • Figure 165. Dual Graft System.          370
  • Figure 166: Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.      371
  • Figure 167. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).        371
  • Figure 168: 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).                372
  • Figure 169. CNF deodorant. 375
  • Figure 170. Chitin nanofiber product.            376
  • Figure 171. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.           378
  • Figure 172. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.    380
  • Figure 173. Cellulomix production process.              381
  • Figure 174. Nanobase versus conventional products.        382
  • Figure 175. Uni-ball Signo UMN-307.             382
  • Figure 176: CNF slurries.        384
  • Figure 177. Range of CNF products.               384
  • Figure 178: Nanocell serum product.            389
  • Figure 179. Vatensel® product            390
  • Figure 180: Hydrophobization facilities for raw pulp.           392
  • Figure 181: Mixing facilities for CNF-reinforced plastic.    392
  • Figure 182. Nippon Paper CNF production process.            394
  • Figure 183: Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers.            397
  • Figure 184. All-resin forceps incorporating CNF.    399
  • Figure 185. CNF paint product.          401
  • Figure 186. CNF wet powder.               403
  • Figure 187. CNF transparent film.    403
  • Figure 188. Transparent CNF sheets.             404
  • Figure 189. Oji Paper CNF production process.      405
  • Figure 190. CNF clear sheets.             407
  • Figure 191. OJI Holdings and Toyota Robot Canopy.            408
  • Figure 192. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       410
  • Figure 193. Fluorene cellulose ® powder.    411
  • Figure 194. Performance Biofilaments CNF production process.               415
  • Figure 195. XCNF.       417
  • Figure 196. CNF insulation flat plates.          419
  • Figure 197. Seiko PMC CNF production process.  422
  • Figure 198. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.  423
  • Figure 199. Rubber soles incorporating CNF.            425
  • Figure 200. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite.       429
  • Figure 201. Sugino Machine CNF production process.      430
  • Figure 202. High Pressure Water Jet Process.           431
  • Figure 203. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.            431
  • Figure 204. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.         432
  • Figure 205. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.        432
  • Figure 206. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       433
  • Figure 207. SVILOSA AD CNC products.      435
  • Figure 208. Silver / CNF composite dispersions.   440
  • Figure 209. CNF/nanosilver powder.               440
  • Figure 210: Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.    443
  • Figure 211: CNF resin products.        446
  • Figure 212. University of Maine CNF production process.               447
  • Figure 213. UPM-Kymmene CNF production process.       449
  • Figure 214. FibDex® wound dressing.            450
  • Figure 215. FibGel hydrogel products.           450
  • Figure 216. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process.   452
  • Figure 217: Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF.              453
  • Figure 218. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.            456
  • Figure 219. S-CNF in powder form. 458
  • Figure 220. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals. 463
  • Figure 221. CNC preparation.             463
  • Figure 222. Extracting CNC from trees.         464
  • Figure 223. SWOT analysis: Cellulose nanocrystals market.          468
  • Figure 224. CNC slurry.           469
  • Figure 225. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2036 (metric tons).   476
  • Figure 226. R3TM process technology.          481
  • Figure 227. Blue Goose CNC Production Process.                481
  • Figure 228: Celluforce production process.              486
  • Figure 229: NCCTM Process.               487
  • Figure 230: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:  487
  • Figure 231. Filler Bank CNC products.          489
  • Figure 232. Melodea CNC barrier coating packaging.        494
  • Figure 233. Plantrose process.           496
  • Figure 234. CNC solution.     500
  • Figure 235. University of Maine CNF production process.               502
  • Figure 236. US Forest Service Products Laboratory CNF production process.   504
  • Figure 237. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes             509
  • Figure 238. SWOT analysis: Bacterial Nanocellulose market.       511
  • Figure 239. Jelly-like seaweed-based nanocellulose hydrogel.     518
  • Figure 240. Cellugy materials.            524
  • Figure 241: Bacterial cellulose face mask sheet.   525
  • Figure 242. TransLeather.       530

 

 

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