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Carbon Nanotubes Market Report 2027-2037

The Global Carbon Nanotubes Market 2027-2037

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Battery electrode additives have transformed the carbon nanotubes market. What was once a research-driven market dominated by high-cost specialty applications has been reoriented by a single demand signal of extraordinary scale — the EV battery industry’s requirement for conductive carbon additives that outperform conventional carbon black at lower loadings, preserving electrode energy density while delivering the conductivity required for high-rate charge and discharge. The carbon nanotubes market is being pulled by EV battery production at a scale that is funding the production capacity expansion that is in turn reducing CNT costs and opening lower-value applications that were previously uneconomic.

The carbon nanotubes market spans an enormous performance and cost range — from low-cost multi-wall CNT produced in large quantities for battery electrode and polymer composite applications, to high-purity single-wall CNT commanding premium prices for electronics and biomedical applications where their unique electronic and optical properties justify the cost. Understanding the different sub-markets, their different supply chains, and their different growth trajectories is essential for anyone seeking to navigate the carbon nanotubes market strategically.

Carbon Nanotubes Market Report 2027-2037 — Key Coverage Areas

  • Multi-Wall CNT for Battery Electrodes — MWCNT as conductive additive in lithium-ion cathode and anode formulations replacing or supplementing carbon black; performance comparison versus carbon black and graphene; loading levels and cost economics; and the EV battery market demand trajectory driving MWCNT production scale-up
  • Single-Wall CNT Production and Properties — laser ablation, arc discharge, and chemical vapour deposition of SWCNT; the purity, chirality, and electronic property requirements for electronics applications; and the gap between laboratory capability and commercial production economics
  • Polymer Composite Applications — electrically conductive and mechanically reinforced polymer compounds using MWCNT; processing requirements; and the automotive, electronics, and industrial applications where CNT-reinforced polymers are commercially deployed
  • Conductive Inks and Films — SWCNT-based transparent conductive films for touch screens and solar cells; printed electronics applications; and the competitive positioning versus ITO and graphene-based conductive films
  • Structural Composites — MWCNT reinforcement in epoxy, PEEK, and other high-performance polymer matrices for aerospace and industrial structural applications; processing challenges; and the performance improvements achievable at commercially viable CNT loadings
  • CNT in Thermal Management — CNT-based thermal interface materials, CNT heat spreader films, and the thermal conductivity achievable in vertically aligned CNT arrays
  • CNT Producer Landscape — OCSiAl (dominant SWCNT producer), Nanocyl, Arkema Graphistrength, Cnano Technology, LG Chem, and the Chinese MWCNT producer ecosystem with capacity, pricing, and strategic positioning analysis
  • 10-Year Forecasts — carbon nanotubes market value by CNT type, application, and region from 2027 through 2037

The carbon nanotubes market report is the essential intelligence resource for battery material companies, polymer compounders, composites manufacturers, and carbon nanomaterial investors.

Ideal for battery material suppliers, polymer compounders, composites manufacturers, electronics developers, and carbon nanomaterial investors.

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  • Published: September 2026
  • Pages: 458
  • Tables: 199
  • Figures: 103

 

The global carbon nanotube (CNT) market has moved decisively from speculative promise to commercial reality. After an early period of over-optimistic projections, premature capacity expansion and subsequent industry consolidation, the market now rests on genuine applications with clear value propositions, matured supply chains and dramatically lower production costs. This expansion is driven overwhelmingly by one application: conductive additives for lithium-ion batteries. As electric-vehicle production and grid-scale energy storage scale up, CNTs — which deliver higher conductivity than carbon black while allowing less additive to be used — have become standard in EV and energy-storage cells, anchoring durable, recurring demand.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dominate both value and volume. Their economics have been transformed by fluidized-bed catalytic CVD and aggressive Chinese scale-up, and China now produces the overwhelming majority of global CNT powder. Competition among players, combined with continuous process improvement, has pushed MWCNTs firmly into cost-sensitive, high-volume applications. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) represent the fastest-growing and highest-value segment. OCSiAl remains the dominant producer, scaling its European capacity toward silicon-anode, solid-state and high-power battery chemistries. As costs have fallen, SWCNTs have opened applications in transparent conductors, elastomers, electronics and premium energy storage that were previously uneconomical.

Geographically, Asia-Pacific consumes the majority of global volume, reflecting its concentration of battery manufacturing, while North America and Europe focus on higher-value and specialty grades, often competing on technical support and application development rather than tonnage. Beyond batteries, polymer composites form the second-largest sector, with electronics, thermal-interface materials, construction, coatings, automotive and aerospace providing durable secondary demand.

Challenges persist: homogeneous dispersion, batch-to-batch consistency, chirality control for SWCNT electronics, residual safety perceptions linked to fibre morphology, and intense competition from carbon black, silicon, graphene and other materials. Nevertheless, with validated applications, maturing supply chains, falling costs and emerging sustainable synthesis routes — including CO₂-derived and waste-upcycled production — carbon nanotubes are transitioning from specialty nanomaterials to essential industrial components. Their transformative potential, recognised since their discovery, is finally being realised across electrification, advanced manufacturing and next-generation electronics worldwide.

The Global Carbon Nanotubes Market 2027–2037 provides an indepth assessment of this market.  Carbon nanotubes have followed an uneven path to commercialisation. Early expectations of rapid, broad adoption were not met, and the sector passed through a period of consolidation in which several producers reduced or closed capacity. The current position is more soundly based. A limited number of applications now have clear, validated value propositions, production processes have matured, and unit costs have fallen substantially from their early levels. The report assesses this landscape without assuming that recent momentum will necessarily be sustained at the same pace across all segments.

Demand is concentrated. Conductive additives for lithium-ion batteries account for the majority of consumption, and the report gives particular attention to this dependency and the risks it carries, including exposure to a single downstream industry and to shifts in battery chemistry. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes remain the dominant product by volume and value, while single-walled carbon nanotubes occupy a smaller, higher-value position where cost and consistency continue to constrain uptake. Double-walled, few-walled, thin-walled and vertically aligned variants, together with carbon nanohorns, carbon onions and boron nitride nanotubes, are treated as specialised categories at earlier stages of development. The report reviews the main production routes and their relative maturity, the principal producers and their stated capacity plans, the regulatory and safety context, the patent landscape and pricing trends. Adoption is examined across a broad range of end-use markets. Persistent barriers are addressed directly, including dispersion, batch-to-batch consistency, chirality control for electronic applications, safety perception, and competition from established materials such as carbon black, silicon, carbon fibre and graphene.

Forecasts are presented with stated assumptions and should be read as indicative rather than definitive, particularly for the less mature segments and the later years of the period. The report's purpose is to provide a realistic basis for assessment: carbon nanotubes are transitioning from specialty materials toward wider industrial use, but the rate and breadth of that transition remain subject to technical, commercial and regulatory uncertainty.

Report contents include:

  • Executive summary — market overview by nanotube type (MWCNT, SWCNT, and double/few/thin-walled), applications, producers and capacities, demand by market, outlook, commercial products, market challenges, pricing, and leading players.
  • Overview of carbon nanotubes — properties and comparative properties; material types (MWCNT, SWCNT, DWCNT, VACNT, FWCNT, carbon nanohorns, carbon onions, BNNT); dispersion technology and high-aspect-ratio CNTs; intermediate products (sheets, yarns, films, paper/mats, coatings/inks, array strips).
  • Carbon nanotube synthesis and production — arc discharge; CVD (thermal, PECVD, emerging); HiPco and CoMoCAT; combustion and flame synthesis; controlled and hybrid growth; laser ablation; vertically aligned production; silane solution; carbon-capture by-products; comparative assessment of methods.
  • Regulations.
  • Patents.
  • Pricing.
  • Markets for carbon nanotubes — energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors), polymer additives and elastomers, 3D printing, adhesives, aerospace, electronics, quantum computing, rubber and tires, automotive, conductive inks, construction, filtration, fuel cells, life sciences and medicine, lubricants, oil and gas, paints and coatings, photovoltaics, sensors, smart and electronic textiles, thermal interface materials, and power cables — each with market overview, applications, forecasts and product developers.
  • Company profiles — multi-walled, single-walled, and other nanotube types. Companies profiled (including companies no longer operating) include 3D Strong, Arkema France SA, BBCP Conductor, Betterial, Bioneer Corporation, Birla Carbon, Black Diamond Structures, BNNano, BNNT LLC, Brewer Science, C-Bond Systems, C12 Quantum Electronics, C2CNT LLC/Capital Power, Cabot Corporation, Canatu Oy, Carbice Corp, Carbon Corp, Carbon Fly, Carbon Nano-material Technology, Carbon Upcycling Technologies, Carbonics, CarbonMeta Research, CarbonX B.V., Carestream Health, CENS Materials, Chasm Advanced Materials, Chengdu Organic Chemicals (TimesNano), CNano Technology, Daejin Advanced Materials, Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Manufacturing, Dazhan Nanomaterials, DexMat, Eden Innovations, Epic Advanced Materials, Evercloak, Fuji Pigment, Fujitsu Laboratories, Furukawa Electric, GSI Creos Corporation, H Quest Vanguard, Hamamatsu Carbonics Corporation, Himadri Speciality, Hitachi Zosen Corporation, Honjo Chemical Corporation, Huntsman Corporation (Miralon, formerly Nanocomp Technologies), Hycamite TCD Technologies, Hycarb, IBM Corporation, Inoplaztech, JEIO Co., Jikantechno Corporation, Kao Corporation, KH Chemicals, KJ Specialty Paper, Koatsu Gas Kogyo, Korbon Co., Korea Kumho Petrochemical, KS Advanced Materials, Kusumoto Chemicals, Lanxess Deutschland, LeaderNano Tech, LG Chemical, Li-S Energy, Lintec of America, Mattershift, MC Yamasan Polymers, MECHnano, Meijo Nano Carbon, Micro-X Limited, Murata Machinery, Nacalai Tesque, Naieel Technology, Nano Cube Japan, Nano RAY-T, Nano-C, Nanomatics, Nanoramic Laboratories, NanoRial Technologies, Nanosperse, Nanovis, Nawa Technologies, NEC Corporation, Nemo Nanomaterials, NEO Battery Materials, New Metals and Chemicals Corporation, Nippon Shizai, Nissin Electric, Nitta Corporation, NoPo Nanotechnologies, Novasolix, Novation Solutions (NovationSi), NTherma Corporation, OCSiAl Group and more....

 

 

 

 

 

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            25

  • 1.1        The global market for carbon nanotubes    25
    • 1.1.1    Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)               27
      • 1.1.1.1 Applications   27
      • 1.1.1.2 Main market players  28
      • 1.1.1.3 MWCNT production capacities, current and planned         28
      • 1.1.1.4 Target market for producers 29
      • 1.1.1.5 Market demand for carbon nanotubes by market  30
    • 1.1.2    Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)             31
      • 1.1.2.1 Applications   31
      • 1.1.2.2 Production capacities current and planned              32
      • 1.1.2.3 Global SWCNT market consumption             33
    • 1.1.3    Double, Few and Thin-Walled CNTs                34
  • 1.2        Market Outlook 2026 and beyond    35
  • 1.3        Commercial CNT-based products   36
  • 1.4        Market Challenges     39
  • 1.5        CNTs Market Analysis              40
    • 1.5.1    Manufacturing Landscape: From Laboratory to Industrial Scale 41
    • 1.5.2    Market Dynamics: Supply, Demand, and Competitive Forces      41
    • 1.5.3    Energy Storage: The Catalyst for Market Transformation  42
    • 1.5.4    Polymer Enhancement: Multifunctional Material Solutions           43
    • 1.5.5    Emerging Applications             44
    • 1.5.6    Competitive Dynamics           45
    • 1.5.7    Technology Roadmap and Future Developments  46
    • 1.5.8    Challenges and Limitations: Addressing Market Barriers 47
    • 1.5.9    Market Evolution and Growth Projections   47
    • 1.5.10 Leading Industry Players         48
  • 1.6        CNT Pricing     50

 

2             OVERVIEW OF CARBON NANOTUBES          52

  • 2.1        Properties         53
  • 2.2        Comparative properties of CNTs       54
  • 2.3        Carbon nanotube materials 55
    • 2.3.1    Variations within CNTs             55
    • 2.3.2    High Aspect Ratio CNTs          56
    • 2.3.3    Dispersion technology             56
    • 2.3.4    Multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNT)  57
      • 2.3.4.1 Properties         57
      • 2.3.4.2 Applications   57
    • 2.3.5    Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT)      58
      • 2.3.5.1 Properties         59
      • 2.3.5.2 Applications   59
      • 2.3.5.3 Comparison between MWCNTs and SWCNTs         60
    • 2.3.6    Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)              61
      • 2.3.6.1 Properties         61
      • 2.3.6.2 Applications   61
    • 2.3.7    Vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs)     62
      • 2.3.7.1 Properties         62
      • 2.3.7.2 Synthesis of VACNTs 63
      • 2.3.7.3 Applications   64
      • 2.3.7.4 VA-CNT Companies  66
    • 2.3.8    Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)      67
      • 2.3.8.1 Properties         67
      • 2.3.8.2 Applications   67
    • 2.3.9    Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)  68
      • 2.3.9.1 Properties         68
      • 2.3.9.2 Applications   68
    • 2.3.10 Carbon Onions             69
      • 2.3.10.1            Properties         69
      • 2.3.10.2            Applications   69
    • 2.3.11 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)    70
      • 2.3.11.1            Properties         70
      • 2.3.11.2            Manufacturing              71
      • 2.3.11.3            Pricing 73
      • 2.3.11.4            Applications   73
      • 2.3.11.5            Companies     75
  • 2.4        Intermediate products             76
    • 2.4.1    Definitions       76
    • 2.4.2    CNT Sheets     76
      • 2.4.2.1 Overview           76
      • 2.4.2.2 Applications   77
      • 2.4.2.3 Market players               78
    • 2.4.3    CNT Yarns        79
      • 2.4.3.1 Overview           79
      • 2.4.3.2 Properties         79
      • 2.4.3.3 Applications   82
      • 2.4.3.4 Manufacturing Methods         83
    • 2.4.4    CNT Films        84
    • 2.4.5    CNT Paper/Mats           84
    • 2.4.6    CNT Coatings/Inks     85
    • 2.4.7    CNT Array Strips           85

 

3             CARBON NANOTUBE SYNTHESIS AND PRODUCTION      86

  • 3.1        Arc discharge synthesis          88
  • 3.2        Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)  89
    • 3.2.1    Thermal CVD  89
    • 3.2.2    Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)    90
    • 3.2.3    Emerging processes  90
  • 3.3        High-pressure carbon monoxide synthesis               91
    • 3.3.1    High Pressure CO (HiPco)      91
    • 3.3.2    CoMoCAT         91
  • 3.4        Combustion synthesis            92
  • 3.5        Fluidized-bed CVD (FBCVD) 92
  • 3.6        Floating-catalyst CVD / aerosol CVD (FCCVD)        92
  • 3.7        Controlled growth of SWCNTs            93
  • 3.8        Hybrid CNTs   93
  • 3.9        Flame synthesis           94
  • 3.10     Laser ablation synthesis        94
  • 3.11     Vertically aligned nanotubes production     95
  • 3.12     Silane solution method           96
  • 3.13     Water-assisted "super-growth" CVD and eDIPS      96
  • 3.14     Molten-salt CO₂ electrolysis (electrochemical synthesis)               96
  • 3.15     Thermal-plasma / plasma-torch synthesis 96
  • 3.16     Catalytic methane pyrolysis (CNT and hydrogen co-production)                97
  • 3.17     Catalytic pyrolysis and feedstock upcycling             97
  • 3.18     By-products from carbon capture    99
    • 3.18.1 CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion     100
    • 3.18.2 CNTs from green or waste feedstock              102
    • 3.18.3 Advanced carbons from green or waste feedstocks            103
    • 3.18.4 Captured CO₂as a CNT feedstock    103
    • 3.18.5 Electrolysis in molten salts  104
    • 3.18.6 Methane pyrolysis      105
    • 3.18.7 Carbon separation technologies       106
      • 3.18.7.1            Absorption capture    107
      • 3.18.7.2            Adsorption capture    110
      • 3.18.7.3            Membranes    112
    • 3.18.8 Producers         113
  • 3.19     Advantages and disadvantages of CNT synthesis methods            114

 

4             REGULATIONS              116

  • 4.1        Regulation and safety of CNTs            116
  • 4.2        Global regulations      116
  • 4.3        Global Regulatory Bodies for Nanomaterials           117
  • 4.4        Harmonized Classification of MWCNTs       118
  • 4.5        Gaps in the Current Regulations       118
  • 4.6        CNT Safety and Exposure      119

 

5             CARBON NANOTUBES PATENTS       122

 

6             CARBON NANOTUBES PRICING       124

  • 6.1        MWCNTs           124
  • 6.2        SWCNTs and FWCNTs             125
  • 6.3        Pricing outlook              125

 

7             MARKETS FOR CARBON NANOTUBES          126

  • 7.1        BATTERIES       126
    • 7.1.1    Market overview           126
    • 7.1.2    The global energy storage market     128
    • 7.1.3    Types of lithium battery           129
    • 7.1.4    Li-ion performance and technology timeline            130
    • 7.1.5    Cell energy       130
    • 7.1.6    Applications   131
      • 7.1.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes in Li-ion Batteries           132
      • 7.1.6.2 CNTs in Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries         136
      • 7.1.6.3 CNTs in Nanomaterials in Sodium-ion batteries     137
      • 7.1.6.4 CNTs in Nanomaterials in Lithium-air batteries       138
      • 7.1.6.5 CNTs in Flexible and stretchable batteries 139
    • 7.1.7    Conductive Additive Mechanisms   143
    • 7.1.8    Electron transport enhancement     143
    • 7.1.9    Interface engineering                144
    • 7.1.10 Stability mechanisms              144
    • 7.1.11 Improved performance at higher C-rate       145
    • 7.1.12 Carbon nanotube mechanical properties   145
    • 7.1.13 Dispersion quality      146
    • 7.1.14 Hybrid Conductive Carbon Materials            146
    • 7.1.15 Silicon anode implementation           147
    • 7.1.16 SWCNTs            148
    • 7.1.17 Manufacturing Integration     149
      • 7.1.17.1            Process optimization                149
      • 7.1.17.2            Quality control              150
      • 7.1.17.3            Scale-up challenges 150
    • 7.1.18 Cost-Performance Analysis 151
      • 7.1.18.1            Cost comparison with alternatives  151
      • 7.1.18.2            Value proposition       151
    • 7.1.19 Performance benefits quantification             152
    • 7.1.20 Technology benchmarking    152
    • 7.1.21 Technology pathways               152
    • 7.1.22 Global market, historical and forecast to 2037       153
      • 7.1.22.1            Revenues          153
      • 7.1.22.2            Tons     154
    • 7.1.23 Product developers    155
  • 7.2        SUPERCAPACITORS  158
    • 7.2.1    Market overview           158
    • 7.2.2    Supercapacitors overview     159
    • 7.2.3    Supercapacitors vs batteries               160
    • 7.2.4    Supercapacitor technologies              160
    • 7.2.5    Benefits             162
    • 7.2.6    Challenges      162
    • 7.2.7    Applications   163
      • 7.2.7.1 CNTs in Supercapacitor electrodes 163
      • 7.2.7.2 CNTs in Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors                166
    • 7.2.8    Technology pathways               166
    • 7.2.9    Global market, historical and forecast to 2037       167
    • 7.2.10 Product developers    168
  • 7.3        POLYMER ADDITIVES AND ELASTOMERS   169
    • 7.3.1    Market overview           169
    • 7.3.2    Nanocarbons in polymer composites           169
    • 7.3.3    Incorporating CNTs in composites  170
    • 7.3.4    Conductive composites         171
      • 7.3.4.1 MWCNTs           171
      • 7.3.4.2 Applications   172
      • 7.3.4.3 Products           176
      • 7.3.4.4 Properties         176
      • 7.3.4.5 Conductive epoxy       178
    • 7.3.5    Fiber-based polymer composite parts          179
      • 7.3.5.1 Technology pathways               183
      • 7.3.5.2 Applications   183
    • 7.3.6    Metal-matrix composites      184
      • 7.3.6.1 CNT copper composites        185
    • 7.3.7    Elastomers      188
      • 7.3.7.1 Carbon nanotube integration              188
      • 7.3.7.2 Silicone elastomers   188
    • 7.3.8    Global market, historical and forecast to 2037       189
    • 7.3.9    Product developers    190
  • 7.4        3D PRINTING  193
    • 7.4.1    Market overview           193
    • 7.4.2    Applications   193
    • 7.4.3    Global market, historical and forecast to 2037       195
    • 7.4.4    Product developers    196
  • 7.5        ADHESIVES     197
    • 7.5.1    Market overview           197
    • 7.5.2    Applications   197
    • 7.5.3    Technology pathways               198
    • 7.5.4    Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      199
    • 7.5.5    Product developers    200
  • 7.6        AEROSPACE   201
    • 7.6.1    Market overview           201
    • 7.6.2    Applications   202
    • 7.6.3    Technology pathways               202
    • 7.6.4    Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      203
    • 7.6.5    Product developers    204
  • 7.7        ELECTRONICS              206
    • 7.7.1    WEARABLE & FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS AND DISPLAYS     206
      • 7.7.1.1 Market overview           206
      • 7.7.1.2 Technology pathways               208
      • 7.7.1.3 Applications   209
      • 7.7.1.4 Global market, historical and forecast to 2037       214
      • 7.7.1.5 Product developers    215
    • 7.7.2    TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS              216
      • 7.7.2.1 Market overview           216
      • 7.7.2.2 Applications   218
      • 7.7.2.3 Technology pathways               219
      • 7.7.2.4 Global market, historical and forecast to 2037       219
      • 7.7.2.5 Product developers    220
    • 7.7.3    MEMORY DEVICES     221
      • 7.7.3.1 Market overview           221
      • 7.7.3.2 Technology pathways               223
      • 7.7.3.3 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      224
      • 7.7.3.4 Product developers    225
  • 7.8        QUANTUM COMPUTING        227
    • 7.8.1    CNTs in Quantum computers             227
    • 7.8.2    CNT qubits      227
  • 7.9        RUBBER AND TIRES  228
    • 7.9.1    Market overview           228
    • 7.9.2    Applications   229
      • 7.9.2.1 Rubber additives         230
      • 7.9.2.2 Sensors             231
    • 7.9.3    Technology pathways               232
    • 7.9.4    Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      232
    • 7.9.5    Product developers    233
  • 7.10     AUTOMOTIVE 235
    • 7.10.1 Market overview           235
    • 7.10.2 Applications   237
    • 7.10.3 Technology pathways               237
    • 7.10.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      238
    • 7.10.5 Product developers    239
  • 7.11     CONDUCTIVE INKS    241
    • 7.11.1 Market overview           241
    • 7.11.2 Applications   242
    • 7.11.3 Technology pathways               243
    • 7.11.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      244
    • 7.11.5 Product developers    244
  • 7.12     CONSTRUCTION         245
    • 7.12.1 Market overview           245
    • 7.12.2 Technology pathways               246
    • 7.12.3 Applications   247
      • 7.12.3.1            Cement              247
      • 7.12.3.2            Asphalt bitumen          248
      • 7.12.3.3            Green Construction   249
      • 7.12.3.4            Concrete Strengthening Mechanisms          251
    • 7.12.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      253
    • 7.12.5 Product developers    255
  • 7.13     FILTRATION     256
    • 7.13.1 Market overview           256
    • 7.13.2 Applications   259
    • 7.13.3 Technology pathways               259
    • 7.13.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      259
    • 7.13.5 Product developers    261
  • 7.14     FUEL CELLS    262
    • 7.14.1 Market overview           262
    • 7.14.2 Applications   265
    • 7.14.3 Technology pathways               265
    • 7.14.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      266
    • 7.14.5 Product developers    267
  • 7.15     LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICINE        268
    • 7.15.1 Market overview           268
    • 7.15.2 Applications   271
    • 7.15.3 Technology pathways               272
      • 7.15.3.1            Drug delivery  272
      • 7.15.3.2            Imaging and diagnostics        273
      • 7.15.3.3            Implants           274
      • 7.15.3.4            Medical biosensors   274
      • 7.15.3.5            Woundcare     275
    • 7.15.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      276
    • 7.15.5 Product developers    277
  • 7.16     LUBRICANTS  279
    • 7.16.1 Market overview           279
    • 7.16.2 Applications   281
    • 7.16.3 Technology pathways               281
    • 7.16.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      282
    • 7.16.5 Product developers    283
  • 7.17     OIL AND GAS  285
    • 7.17.1 Market overview           285
    • 7.17.2 Applications   286
    • 7.17.3 Technology pathways               287
    • 7.17.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      287
    • 7.17.5 Product developers    289
  • 7.18     PAINTS AND COATINGS          290
    • 7.18.1 Market overview           290
    • 7.18.2 Applications   295
      • 7.18.2.1            Anti-corrosion coatings           295
      • 7.18.2.2            Conductive coatings 296
      • 7.18.2.3            EMI Shielding             296
    • 7.18.3 Technology pathways               297
    • 7.18.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      297
    • 7.18.5 Product developers    299
  • 7.19     PHOTOVOLTAICS         300
    • 7.19.1 Technology pathways               301
    • 7.19.2 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      302
    • 7.19.3 Product developers    303
  • 7.20     SENSORS         305
    • 7.20.1 Market overview           305
    • 7.20.2 Applications   307
      • 7.20.2.1            Gas sensors   307
      • 7.20.2.2            Printed humidity sensors       309
      • 7.20.2.3            LiDAR sensors               309
      • 7.20.2.4            Oxygen sensors            310
    • 7.20.3 Technology pathways               310
    • 7.20.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      311
    • 7.20.5 Product developers    312
  • 7.21     SMART AND ELECTRONIC TEXTILES              313
    • 7.21.1 Market overview           313
    • 7.21.2 Applications   316
    • 7.21.3 Technology pathways               316
    • 7.21.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      317
    • 7.21.5 Product developers    318
  • 7.22     THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIALS   319
    • 7.22.1 Market overview           319
    • 7.22.2 Carbon-based TIMs   321
      • 7.22.2.1            VACNT TIMs    322
      • 7.22.2.2            MWCNTs           324
      • 7.22.2.3            SWCNTS            324
      • 7.22.2.4            Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)    324
    • 7.22.3 Technology pathways               325
    • 7.22.4 Global market in tons, historical and forecast to 2037      326
  • 7.23     POWER CABLES          328
    • 7.23.1 Market overview           328
    • 7.23.2 Technology pathways               328

 

8             COMPANY PROFILES: MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES     330 (119 company profiles)

 

9             COMPANY PROFILES: SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES 419 (15 company profiles)

 

10          COMPANY PROFILES: OTHER TYPES (Boron Nitride nanotubes, double-walled nanotubes etc.)                436 (5 company profiles)

 

11          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              441

 

12          REFERENCES 442

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Applications of MWCNTs and TRL.               27
  • Table 2.  MWCNT production capacities, current and planned 2026 (Metric Tons)          28
  • Table 3.  Target market for producers             29
  • Table 4. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by market, 2018 -2037 (metric tons).  30
  • Table 5: Markets, applications and TRL - Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.      32
  • Table 6. Annual SWCNT production capacity by producer, 2024–2026 (metric tons)    32
  • Table 7. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018 -2037.     33
  • Table 8. Double-, Few- and Thin-Walled CNTs: applications and TRL      35
  • Table 9. All nanotube types: market opportunities and maturity  36
  • Table 10. Classification of Commercialized CNTs.               37
  • Table 11. Commercial CNT Products by Application Sector.          38
  • Table 12. Carbon nanotubes market challenges— by nanotube type       39
  • Table 13. Emerging applications       44
  • Table 14. Technology roadmap and future developments                46
  • Table 15.CNT Pricing: SWCNTs, FWCNTs, MWCNTs.          50
  • Table 16. Regional pricing dynamics.            51
  • Table 17. Typical properties of SWCNT and MWCNT.          53
  • Table 18. Properties of carbon nanotubes. 53
  • Table 19. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials. 54
  • Table 20. Markets, benefits and applications of MWCNTs               58
  • Table 21. Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (with TRL) 59
  • Table 22. Comparison between single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.                60
  • Table 23. Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs): applications, benefits and TRL             61
  • Table 24. Markets, applications and TRL for vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs). 64
  • Table 25. VA-CNT Companies            66
  • Table 26. Markets, applications and TRL for Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)   67
  • Table 27. Markets, applications and TRL for carbon nanohorns. 68
  • Table 28. Markets, applications and TRL for carbon onions.          70
  • Table 29. Comparative properties of BNNTs and CNTs.     71
  • Table 30. Markets, applications and TRL for BNNTs.            74
  • Table 31. BNNT companies. 75
  • Table 32. Definition of CNT Intermediate Products.             76
  • Table 33. Applications of CNT Sheets.          77
  • Table 34. CNT sheets market players.            78
  • Table 35. CNT-Yarn Manufacturing Methods.           83
  • Table 36. Comparison of approaches for CNT synthesis. 86
  • Table 37. SWCNT synthesis methods.          88
  • Table 38. Comparative table of all CNT synthesis methods            97
  • Table 39. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages.            100
  • Table 40. CNTs from green or waste feedstock.      103
  • Table 41. Advanced carbons from green or waste feedstocks.     103
  • Table 42. Main capture processes and their separation technologies.    106
  • Table 43. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview.               107
  • Table 44. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption.  109
  • Table 45. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview.               110
  • Table 46. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview.               112
  • Table 47. Companies producing CNTs Made from Green/Waste Feedstock.       114
  • Table 48. Advantages and disadvantages of CNT synthesis methods      114
  • Table 49. Global regulations for nanomaterials.     117
  • Table 50. CNT Safety and Exposure.               121
  • Table 51. MWCNT patents filed, 2007–2026             122
  • Table 52. SWCNT patents filed, 2007–2026              123
  • Table 53. MWCNT and BNNT pricing, by producer (2026) 124
  • Table 54. SWCNT and FWCNT pricing, by producer (2026)             125
  • Table 55. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in batteries.     126
  • Table 56. Types of lithium battery.    129
  • Table 57. Battery technology comparison. 130
  • Table 58. Applications of carbon nanotubes in batteries. 131
  • Table 59. Electrochemical performance of nanomaterials in LIBs.            132
  • Table 60. Li-ion cathode benchmark.            134
  • Table 61. Performance comparison by popular cathode materials.          134
  • Table 62. Applications in sodium-ion batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.  137
  • Table 63. Cost-performance analysis for CNT battery applications .        151
  • Table 64. Cost comparison between CNT additives and alternative conductive materials .     151
  • Table 65. Performance benefits from CNT integration .      152
  • Table 66. Technology benchmarking.            152
  • Table 67. CNT in batteries — global market revenue, historical and forecast to 2037   153
  • Table 68. Global demand for carbon nanotubes in batteries (tons), 2018–2037              154
  • Table 69. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for batteries.               155
  • Table 70. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in supercapacitors.   158
  • Table 71. Supercapacitors vs batteries.        160
  • Table 72. Supercapacitor technologies.       160
  • Table 73. Performance of CNT supercapacitors.    161
  • Table 74. Benefits of CNTs in supercapacitors        162
  • Table 75. Challenges with the use of CNTs 162
  • Table 76. Applications for carbon nanotubes in supercapacitors.             163
  • Table 77. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in supercapacitors.         166
  • Table 78. Demand for carbon nanotubes in supercapacitors (tons), 2018 -2037.           167
  • Table 79. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for supercapacitors.              168
  • Table 80. Routes to incorporating nanocarbon material into composites.            170
  • Table 81. Routes to Electrically Conductive Composites.               170
  • Table 82. Products that use CNTs in conductive plastics.               176
  • Table 83. Companies producing CNT in Conductive Epoxy.            179
  • Table 84. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in fiber-based composite additives.               179
  • Table 85. Technology pathways for CNTs in fiber-based polymer composite additives.               183
  • Table 86. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in metal matrix composite additives.            184
  • Table 87. Comparison of Copper Nanocomposites.           186
  • Table 88. Global market for carbon nanotubes in polymer additives and elastomers 2018 -2037, tons.                189
  • Table 89. Product developers in carbon nanotubes in polymer additives and elastomers.       190
  • Table 90. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in 3D printing.               194
  • Table 91. Demand for carbon nanotubes in 3-D printing (tons), 2018 -2037.      195
  • Table 92. Product developers in carbon nanotubes in 3D printing.            196
  • Table 93. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in adhesives. 197
  • Table 94. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in adhesives.        198
  • Table 95. Demand for carbon nanotubes in adhesives (tons), 2018 -2037.         199
  • Table 96. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for adhesives.            200
  • Table 97. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in aerospace. 201
  • Table 98. Applications of carbon nanotubes in aerospace.            202
  • Table 99. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in aerospace.       203
  • Table 100. Demand for carbon nanotubes in aerospace (tons), 2018 -2037.      203
  • Table 101. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for aerospace.        204
  • Table 102. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in wearable & flexible electronics and displays.           206
  • Table 103. Technology pathways scorecard for carbon nanotubes in wearable electronics and displays.                209
  • Table 104. Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) Market Overview.           210
  • Table 105. CNT Transparent Conductive Films by producer.          212
  • Table 106. Comparison of ITO replacements.          214
  • Table 107. Demand for carbon nanotubes in wearable electronics and displays, 2018 -2037 (tons). 214
  • Table 108. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for electronics.       215
  • Table 109. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in transistors and integrated circuits.         216
  • Table 110. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in transistors and integrated circuits.               219
  • Table 111. Demand for carbon nanotubes in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018 -2037. 219
  • Table 112. Product developers in carbon nanotubes in transistors and integrated circuits.      220
  • Table 113. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in memory devices. 221
  • Table 114. Technology pathways scorecard for carbon nanotubes in memory devices.              223
  • Table 115. Demand for carbon nanotubes in memory devices, 2018 -2037.      224
  • Table 116. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for memory devices.           225
  • Table 117. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in rubber and tires. 228
  • Table 118. Technology pathways scorecard for carbon nanotubes in rubber and tires.                232
  • Table 119. Demand for carbon nanotubes in rubber and tires (tons), 2018 -2037.         232
  • Table 120. Product developers in carbon nanotubes in rubber and tires.              233
  • Table 121. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in automotive.           235
  • Table 122. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in automotive.  237
  • Table 123. Demand for carbon nanotubes in automotive (tons), 2018 -2037     238
  • Table 124. Product developers in carbon nanotubes in the automotive market.               239
  • Table 125. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in conductive inks. 241
  • Table 126. Comparative properties of conductive inks.     242
  • Table 127. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in conductive inks.        243
  • Table 128. Demand for carbon nanotubes in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2037.             244
  • Table 129.  Product developers in carbon nanotubes for conductive inks.           244
  • Table 130. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in construction.               246
  • Table 131. Carbon nanotubes for cement. 247
  • Table 132. Carbon nanotubes for asphalt bitumen.             248
  • Table 133. CNT-concrete sustainability metrics.   250
  • Table 134. Environmental Impact Analysis.              251
  • Table 135. Load Distribution Properties .     252
  • Table 136. Demand for carbon nanotubes in construction (tons), 2018 -2037. 254
  • Table 137. Carbon nanotubes product developers in construction.         255
  • Table 138. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in filtration.  256
  • Table 139. Comparison of CNT membranes with other membrane technologies             258
  • Table 140. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in filtration.         259
  • Table 141. Demand for carbon nanotubes in filtration (tons), 2018 -2037.           260
  • Table 142. Carbon nanotubes companies in filtration.      261
  • Table 143. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in fuel cells. 262
  • Table 144. Electrical conductivity of different catalyst supports compared to carbon nanotubes.      264
  • Table 145. Markets and applications for carbon nanotubes in fuel cells.               265
  • Table 146. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in fuel cells.        265
  • Table 147. Demand for carbon nanotubes in fuel cells (tons), 2018 -2037.         266
  • Table 148. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for fuel cells.            267
  • Table 149. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in life sciences and medicine.         268
  • Table 150. Applications of carbon nanotubes in life sciences and biomedicine.              271
  • Table 151. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in drug delivery.               273
  • Table 152. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in imaging and diagnostics.    273
  • Table 153. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in medical implants.    274
  • Table 154. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in medical biosensors.               275
  • Table 155. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in woundcare.  275
  • Table 156. Demand for carbon nanotubes in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018 -2037.    276
  • Table 157. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for life sciences and biomedicine.            277
  • Table 158. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in lubricants.              279
  • Table 159. Nanomaterial lubricant products.           280
  • Table 160. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in lubricants.     281
  • Table 161. Demand for carbon nanotubes in lubricants (tons), 2018 -2037.       282
  • Table 162. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for lubricants.         283
  • Table 163. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in oil and gas.             285
  • Table 164. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in oil and gas.   287
  • Table 165. Demand for carbon nanotubes in oil and gas (tons), 2018 -2037.     288
  • Table 166. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for oil and gas.       289
  • Table 167. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in paints and coatings.         290
  • Table 168. Markets for carbon nanotube coatings.               293
  • Table 169. Scorecard for carbon nanotubes in paints and coatings.         297
  • Table 170. Demand for carbon nanotubes in paints and coatings (tons), 2018 -2037. 298
  • Table 171. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for paints and coatings.    299
  • Table 172. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics.      300
  • Table 173. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics.            302
  • Table 174. Demand for carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics (tons), 2018 -2037.               302
  • Table 175. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for solar.     303
  • Table 176. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in sensors.   305
  • Table 177. Applications of carbon nanotubes in sensors.                307
  • Table 178. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in sensors.          310
  • Table 179. Demand for carbon nanotubes in sensors (tons), 2018 -2037.            311
  • Table 180. Product developers in carbon nanotubes for sensors.              312
  • Table 181. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in smart and electronic textiles.     313
  • Table 182. Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials.                315
  • Table 183. Applications of carbon nanotubes in smart and electronic textiles. 316
  • Table 184. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in smart textiles and apparel. 316
  • Table 185. Demand for carbon nanotubes in smart and electronic textiles. (tons), 2018 -2037.           317
  • Table 186. Carbon nanotubes product developers in smart and electronic textiles.      318
  • Table 187. Thermal conductivities (κ) of common metallic, carbon, and ceramic fillers employed in TIMs.   320
  • Table 188. Thermal conductivity of CNT-based polymer composites.     321
  • Table 189. Thermal Conductivity By Filler.  321
  • Table 190. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in thermal interface materials.       324
  • Table 191. Technology pathways for carbon nanotubes in TIMs. 326
  • Table 192. Demand for carbon nanotubes in thermal interface materials (tons), 2018 -2037. 327
  • Table 193. Market and applications for carbon nanotubes in power cables.       328
  • Table 194. Technology Pathways for Carbon Nanotubes in Power Cables to 2037.        329
  • Table 195. Properties of carbon nanotube paper.  409
  • Table 196. Chasm SWCNT products.             419
  • Table 197. Thomas Swan SWCNT production.         433
  • Table 198. Ex-producers of SWCNTs.             435
  • Table 199. SWCNTs distributors.      436

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Market demand for carbon nanotubes by market, 2018 -2037 (metric tons). 31
  • Figure 2. SWCNT market demand forecast (metric tons), 2018 -2037.   34
  • Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT).      57
  • Figure 4. Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube.   58
  • Figure 5. TIM sheet developed by Zeon Corporation.           59
  • Figure 6. Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model.         61
  • Figure 7. Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes.     62
  • Figure 8. Schematic of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) membrane used for water treatment.        63
  • Figure 9. TEM image of FWNTs.          67
  • Figure 10. Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns.          68
  • Figure 11. TEM image of carbon onion.         69
  • Figure 12. Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red.             70
  • Figure 13. Process flow chart from CNT thin film formation to device fabrication for solution and dry processes.       84
  • Figure 14. Schematic representation of methods used for carbon nanotube synthesis (a) Arc discharge (b) Chemical vapor deposition (c) Laser ablation (d) hydrocarbon flames.          87
  • Figure 15. Arc discharge process for CNTs.                89
  • Figure 16. Schematic of thermal-CVD method.      89
  • Figure 17. Schematic of plasma-CVD method.       90
  • Figure 18. CoMoCAT® process.          91
  • Figure 19. Schematic for flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes (a) premixed flame (b) counter-flow diffusion flame (c) co-flow diffusion flame (d) inverse diffusion flame.  94
  • Figure 20. Schematic of laser ablation synthesis. 95
  • Figure 21. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction products.          100
  • Figure 22. Methane pyrolysis process flow diagram (PFD).             106
  • Figure 23. Amine-based absorption technology.    109
  • Figure 24. Pressure swing absorption technology. 112
  • Figure 25. Membrane separation technology.           113
  • Figure 26. Li-ion performance and technology timeline.   130
  • Figure 27. Theoretical energy densities of different rechargeable batteries.        139
  • Figure 28. Printed 1.5V battery.          140
  • Figure 29. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.         140
  • Figure 30. LiBEST flexible battery.     141
  • Figure 31. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.              141
  • Figure 32. Carbon nanotubes incorporated into flexible display. 142
  • Figure 33. CNT in batteries — global market revenue, historical and forecast to 2037 154
  • Figure 34. Demand for carbon nanotubes in batteries (tons), 2018–2037 — stacked MWCNT/SWCNT.                155
  • Figure 35. (A) Schematic overview of a flexible supercapacitor as compared to conventional supercapacitor.            166
  • Figure 36. Demand for carbon nanotubes in supercapacitors (tons), 2018 -2037.         168
  • Figure 37. Carbon nanotube Composite Overwrap Pressure Vessel (COPV).     175
  • Figure 38. Global market for carbon nanotubes in polymer additives and elastomers 2018 -2037, tons.                190
  • Figure 39. CSCNT Reinforced Prepreg.          191
  • Figure 40. Parts 3D printed from Mechnano’s CNT ESD resin.       193
  • Figure 41. Demand for carbon nanotubes in 3-D printing (tons), 2018 -2037.    196
  • Figure 42. Demand for carbon nanotubes in adhesives (tons), 2018 -2037.        200
  • Figure 43. Demand for carbon nanotubes in aerospace (tons), 2018 -2037.       204
  • Figure 44. HeatCoat technology schematic.             205
  • Figure 45.  Veelo carbon fiber nanotube sheet.       206
  • Figure 46. Demand for carbon nanotubes in wearable electronics and displays, 2018 -2037 (tons). 215
  • Figure 47. Demand for carbon nanotubes in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018 -2037. 220
  • Figure 48. Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs.               221
  • Figure 49. Demand for carbon nanotubes in memory devices, 2018 -2037.       225
  • Figure 50. Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip.  225
  • Figure 51. Strategic Elements’ transparent glass demonstrator.  226
  • Figure 52. ZEON tires.              231
  • Figure 53. Demand for carbon nanotubes in rubber and tires (tons), 2018 -2037.          233
  • Figure 54. Demand for carbon nanotubes in automotive (tons), 2018 -2037      239
  • Figure 55. Schematic of CNTs as heat-dissipation sheets.              240
  • Figure 56. Demand for carbon nanotubes in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2037.              244
  • Figure 57. Nanotube inks       245
  • Figure 58. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete.          246
  • Figure 59. Demand for carbon nanotubes in construction (tons), 2018 -2037. 255
  • Figure 60. Demand for carbon nanotubes in filtration (tons), 2018 -2037.            261
  • Figure 61. Demand for carbon nanotubes in fuel cells (tons), 2018 -2037.          267
  • Figure 62. Demand for carbon nanotubes in life sciences and medical (tons), 2018 -2037.     277
  • Figure 63. CARESTREAM DRX-Revolution Nano Mobile X-ray System.     278
  • Figure 64. Demand for carbon nanotubes in lubricants (tons), 2018 -2037.        283
  • Figure 65. Demand for carbon nanotubes in oil and gas (tons), 2018 -2037.      288
  • Figure 66. Demand for carbon nanotubes in paints and coatings (tons), 2018 -2037.  298
  • Figure 67. CSCNT Reinforced Prepreg.          299
  • Figure 68. Demand for carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics (tons), 2018 -2037. 303
  • Figure 69. Suntech/TCNT nanotube frame module               304
  • Figure 70. AerNos CNT based gas sensor.  308
  • Figure 71. SmartNanotubes CNT based gas sensor.            309
  • Figure 72. Demand for carbon nanotubes in sensors (tons), 2018 -2037.             312
  • Figure 73. Demand for carbon nanotubes in smart and electronic textiles. (tons), 2018 -2037.            318
  • Figure 74. (L-R) Surface of a commercial heatsink surface at progressively higher magnifications, showing tool marks that create a rough surface and a need for a thermal interface material. 319
  • Figure 75. Schematic of thermal interface materials used in a flip chip package.           320
  • Figure 76. Demand for carbon nanotubes in thermal interface materials (tons), 2018 -2037. 327
  • Figure 77. Large transparent heater for LiDAR.        343
  • Figure 78. Carbonics, Inc.’s carbon nanotube technology.              347
  • Figure 79. Fuji carbon nanotube products. 359
  • Figure 80. Cup Stacked Type Carbon Nano Tubes schematic.      361
  • Figure 81. CSCNT composite dispersion.   361
  • Figure 82. Flexible CNT CMOS integrated circuits with sub-10 nanoseconds stage delays.      366
  • Figure 83. Koatsu Gas Kogyo Co. Ltd CNT product.              371
  • Figure 84. Li-S Energy 20-layer battery cell utilising semi-solid state lithium sulfur battery technology.                377
  • Figure 85. Test specimens fabricated using MECHnano’s radiation curable resins modified with carbon nanotubes.     380
  • Figure 86. NAWACap.               387
  • Figure 87. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.              387
  • Figure 88. NAWAStitch integrated into carbon fiber composite.  389
  • Figure 89. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.    389
  • Figure 90. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.          390
  • Figure 91. CNT film.   392
  • Figure 92. Shinko Carbon Nanotube TIM product. 402
  • Figure 93. VB Series of TIMS from Zeon.       416
  • Figure 94. Vertically aligned CNTs on foil, double-sided coating.                417
  • Figure 95. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process.           420
  • Figure 96. Carbon nanotube paint product.               424
  • Figure 97. MEIJO eDIPS product.       425
  • Figure 98. HiPCO® Reactor.  428
  • Figure 99. Smell iX16 multi-channel gas detector chip.     431
  • Figure 100. The Smell Inspector.       431
  • Figure 101. Toray CNF printed RFID.               434
  • Figure 102.  Internal structure of carbon nanotube adhesive sheet.         438
  • Figure 103. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet.        439

 

 

 

 

 

 

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