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PFAS Restrictions Alternatives Remediation Market Report 2027-2037

PFAS Restrictions, Alternatives, Removal & Destruction Technologies 2027-2037

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PFAS are being regulated out of existence across hundreds of product categories simultaneously. PFAS restrictions, alternatives, and remediation have become a strategic imperative for every industrial sector that has depended on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances for decades — from food packaging and firefighting foams to semiconductor manufacturing, textiles, and medical devices. The EU ban on PFAS in food contact applications is already in force. US EPA drinking water limits are being defended in court while simultaneously being implemented. The UK’s post-Brexit REACH framework is diverging from EU restrictions in ways that create compliance complexity for multinationals operating across both markets.

The commercial landscape of PFAS restrictions, alternatives, and remediation is defined by three simultaneous dynamics. Companies are reformulating products to eliminate PFAS under tightening regulatory deadlines. Contaminated site owners and governments are investing in remediation at unprecedented scale. And the liability exposure from decades of PFAS contamination continues to grow as scientific understanding of health impacts advances and litigation expands.

PFAS Restrictions, Alternatives & Remediation Market Report 2027-2037 — Key Coverage Areas

  • Regulatory Landscape by Jurisdiction — EU Universal PFAS Restriction under REACH, application-specific bans already in force, US EPA CERCLA hazardous substance designation, Safe Drinking Water Act maximum contaminant levels, UK post-Brexit REACH divergence, and national restriction timelines by jurisdiction through 2037
  • PFAS Applications Under Restriction — firefighting foams (AFFF), food contact materials, food packaging, textiles and DWR coatings, semiconductor manufacturing process chemicals, medical devices, and industrial coatings — application-by-application restriction timelines and compliance requirements
  • Fluorine-Free Alternatives — performance benchmarking, cost comparison, and commercial readiness assessment for fluorine-free alternatives in each major application sector, including which applications have workable alternatives today and which face genuine technical gaps
  • Granular Activated Carbon Removal — GAC technology for PFAS removal from drinking water, industrial effluent, and groundwater remediation; GAC performance specifications; leading suppliers; and spent GAC management
  • Ion Exchange Resin Removal — single-use and regenerable ion exchange resins for PFAS-selective removal, performance versus GAC, cost comparison, and the growing commercial deployment in municipal water treatment
  • Advanced Oxidation and Destruction Technologies — electrochemical oxidation, sonochemical degradation, supercritical water oxidation, photocatalytic destruction, and mechanochemical approaches that destroy rather than concentrate PFAS
  • Thermal Destruction — high-temperature incineration for PFAS-containing wastes, the plasma arc destruction alternative, capacity constraints, and the regulatory framework governing PFAS thermal treatment
  • Remediation Market — contaminated site numbers and distribution by geography, remediation cost estimates, federal and state government funding programmes, and the competitive landscape for PFAS remediation technology and service providers
  • Manufacturer Transition Strategies — 3M’s complete PFAS manufacturing exit, Chemours, Solvay, and Daikin portfolio restructuring under litigation exposure, and the strategic implications for downstream industries dependent on fluorochemical supply
  • 10-Year Forecasts — PFAS alternatives and remediation markets by technology type, application sector, and geography from 2027 through 2037

The PFAS restrictions, alternatives, and remediation landscape is the essential intelligence resource for compliance teams, environmental technology developers, and chemical industry strategists navigating this decade’s most complex regulatory transition.

Ideal for chemical companies, industrial manufacturers, environmental technology developers, water utilities, and regulatory compliance teams.

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  • Published: July 2026
  • Pages: 473
  • Tables: 158
  • Figures: 22

 

The PFAS market is being reshaped less by demand than by regulation. What began as scattered restrictions on PFOA and PFOS has hardened into a system-wide reckoning: the EU's proposed universal REACH restriction, an expanding web of US state statutes, CERCLA hazardous-substance designation, and drinking-water limits that force utilities to act rather than monitor. The near-term impact is a bifurcation. On one side, "forever chemicals" face designed-in obsolescence across consumer products, textiles, food packaging, cosmetics and firefighting foams; on the other, regulators concede that fluoropolymers in semiconductors, hydrogen electrolysers, medical devices and batteries have no drop-in substitute, so time-limited derogations will keep critical-use PFAS in circulation well past 2030.

That tension defines the commercial opportunity. Three markets are growing simultaneously and at different speeds. The alternatives market — non-fluorinated surfactants, PFAS-free coatings, binders and heat-transfer fluids — is the largest by breadth but the slowest to convert, gated by performance gaps and qualification cycles. The remediation and treatment market is the nearest-term revenue pool: granular activated carbon, ion exchange and reverse osmosis dominate today, sold increasingly as purification-as-a-service, while destruction technologies (electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, hydrothermal alkaline treatment) remain lower-TRL and economically unresolved. The economics of destruction — high energy cost, uncertain throughput — are the sector's central open question.

The newest front is batteries. PVDF binders, PFAS electrolyte salts, separators and pack materials embed fluorochemistry deep in the lithium-ion supply chain, and a universal restriction would ripple through gigafactory economics via the end of NMP and a shift to aqueous and dry-electrode processing. This is a materials-substitution market layered on top of the existing battery boom, with distinct winners among binder, electrolyte and fire-protection suppliers.

Looking to 2037, the outlook favours treatment spending first, remediation and destruction scaling as regulations bite, and alternatives compounding steadily as qualification barriers fall. US drinking-water treatment installations anchor the forecast, with Europe and Asia-Pacific following as their own limits tighten. The dominant risks are regulatory reversal — already visible in US federal rollbacks — and the cost curve of destruction. For incumbents and challengers alike, the strategic imperative is the same: treat PFAS exposure as a supply-chain liability to be mapped, priced and engineered out, not a compliance footnote.

This report is a comprehensive analysis of the global per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) landscape at the moment regulation is converting a chemistry problem into a market. It maps the full value chain — from the science and applications of non-polymeric and polymeric PFAS, through the tightening global regulatory framework, to the alternatives, removal and destruction technologies now competing to replace and remediate them. Uniquely, it integrates a dedicated analysis of PFAS in the lithium-ion battery supply chain, quantifying where fluorochemistry is embedded and how a universal restriction would reshape gigafactory economics.

The report combines regulatory intelligence, technology benchmarking with readiness-level and cost assessment, industry-by-industry substitution analysis, ten-year market forecasts, and profiles of the companies defining each segment. It is written for chemical producers, treatment and remediation providers, battery and materials manufacturers, investors, and regulatory and sustainability teams needing a defensible view of exposure and opportunity.

Contents include:

  • Executive summary with regulatory timelines, technology benchmarking and forecasts
  • Global regulatory landscape: EU REACH universal restriction, ECHA derogations, US federal and state law, and Asia-Pacific frameworks
  • Industry-specific PFAS usage across semiconductors, textiles, packaging, ion-exchange membranes, energy, 5G, automotive, electronics, medical devices, data centres and seals
  • PFAS alternatives by function and application
  • PFAS-free batteries: binders, electrolytes, separators, pack materials, fire protection, manufacturing and chemistry-by-chemistry analysis
  • PFAS degradation and elimination methods
  • PFAS treatment: incumbent and emerging removal, destruction technologies, and solids/soil treatment
  • Market analysis and 2027–2037 forecasts by segment, region and waste source
  • 65 company profiles including 374Water, Aclarity, AquaBlok, Aquagga, Aqua Metrology Systems (AMS), AECOM, Aether Biomachines, Allonia, Axine Water Technologies, BioLargo, Cabot Corporation, Calgon Carbon, Chromafora, Clariant, Claros Technologies, Inc., CoreWater Technologies, Inc, Cornelsen Umwelttechnologie GmbH, Crystal Clean, Cyclopure, Desotec, Dmax Plasma, DuPont, ECT2 (Montrose Environmental Group), Element Six, Environmental Clean Technologies Limited, EPOC Enviro, Evoqua Water Technologies, Framergy, Freudenberg Sealing Technologies, General Atomics, Gradiant and more.....

 

 

 

 

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            22

  • 1.1        Introduction to PFAS 22
    • 1.1.1    Strategic Imperatives for Corporate PFAS Management   23
    • 1.1.2    Industry Benchmarks for PFAS Transition   24
  • 1.2        Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Market Overview 2026-2036          25
    • 1.2.1    Market Landscape and Regulatory Transformation              25
    • 1.2.2    Regulatory Restrictions and Corporate Response 25
    • 1.2.3    PFAS Alternatives Market       26
    • 1.2.4    Remediation Technologies    26
  • 1.3        Definition and Overview of PFAS       27
    • 1.3.1    Chemical Structure and Properties 29
    • 1.3.2    Historical Development and Use      30
  • 1.4        Types of PFAS 30
    • 1.4.1    Non-polymeric PFAS 31
      • 1.4.1.1 Long-Chain PFAS        31
      • 1.4.1.2 Short-Chain PFAS       32
      • 1.4.1.3 Other non-polymeric PFAS   34
    • 1.4.2    Polymeric PFAS            35
      • 1.4.2.1 Fluoropolymers (FPs)               35
      • 1.4.2.2 Side-chain fluorinated polymers:     36
      • 1.4.2.3 Perfluoropolyethers   36
  • 1.5        Properties and Applications of PFAS              36
    • 1.5.1    Water and Oil Repellency       37
    • 1.5.2    Thermal and Chemical Stability        38
    • 1.5.3    Surfactant Properties               38
    • 1.5.4    Low Friction    39
    • 1.5.5    Electrical Insulation  39
    • 1.5.6    Film-Forming Abilities              40
    • 1.5.7    Atmospheric Stability               40
  • 1.6        Environmental and Health Concerns             40
    • 1.6.1    Persistence in the Environment         41
    • 1.6.2    Bioaccumulation        42
    • 1.6.3    Toxicity and Health Effects    43
    • 1.6.4    Environmental Contamination           43
  • 1.7        PFAS Alternatives        44
  • 1.8        Analytical techniques              46
  • 1.9        Manufacturing/handling/import/export       48
  • 1.10     Storage/disposal/treatment/purification     49
  • 1.11     Water quality management  51
  • 1.12     Alternative technologies and supply chains              54

 

2             GLOBAL REGULATORY LANDSCAPE               57

  • 2.1        Impact of growing PFAS regulation  57
  • 2.2        International Agreements      60
  • 2.3        European Union Regulations               60
  • 2.4        United States Regulations     61
    • 2.4.1    Federal regulations    61
      • 2.4.1.1 Current EPA Regulatory Actions and Policy Environment 63
        • 2.4.1.1.1           CERCLA Hazardous Substances Designation         63
        • 2.4.1.1.2           Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids            64
        • 2.4.1.1.3           Safe Drinking Water Act Developments        64
        • 2.4.1.1.4           State-Level Regulatory Fragmentation          64
      • 2.4.2    State-Level Regulations          64
        • 2.4.2.1 Drinking Water Standards     64
        • 2.4.2.2 Product Bans 65
  • 2.5        Asian Regulations       67
    • 2.5.1    Japan  67
      • 2.5.1.1 Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL)               67
      • 2.5.1.2 Water Quality Standards        68
    • 2.5.2    China  68
      • 2.5.2.1 List of New Contaminants Under Priority Control  69
      • 2.5.2.2 Catalog of Toxic Chemicals Under Severe Restrictions     69
      • 2.5.2.3 New Pollutants Control Action Plan                69
    • 2.5.3    Taiwan 70
      • 2.5.3.1 Toxic and Chemical Substances of Concern Act    70
    • 2.5.4    Australia and New Zealand   70
    • 2.5.5    Canada             70
    • 2.5.6    South Korea    71
  • 2.6        Global Regulatory Trends and Outlook         72
    • 2.6.1    European Union Regulatory Evolution           72

 

3             INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC PFAS USAGE  74

  • 3.1        Semiconductors          74
    • 3.1.1    Importance of PFAS   74
    • 3.1.2    Front-end processes 76
      • 3.1.2.1 Lithography     76
      • 3.1.2.2 Wet etching solutions              77
      • 3.1.2.3 Chiller coolants for dry etchers          77
      • 3.1.2.4 Piping and valves         78
    • 3.1.3    Back-end processes 78
      • 3.1.3.1 Interconnects and Packaging Materials       78
      • 3.1.3.2 Molding materials       79
      • 3.1.3.3 Die attach materials  79
      • 3.1.3.4 Interlayer film for package substrates           79
      • 3.1.3.5 Thermal management             79
    • 3.1.4    Product life cycle and impact of PFAS           80
      • 3.1.4.1 Manufacturing Stage (Raw Materials)            80
      • 3.1.4.2 Usage Stage (Semiconductor Factory)         80
      • 3.1.4.3 Disposal Stage              81
    • 3.1.5    Environmental and Human Health Impacts              81
    • 3.1.6    Regulatory Trends Related to Semiconductors       82
    • 3.1.7    Exemptions     82
    • 3.1.8    Future Regulatory Trends       82
    • 3.1.9    Alternatives to PFAS  83
      • 3.1.9.1 Alkyl Polyglucoside and Polyoxyethylene Surfactants        84
      • 3.1.9.2 Non-PFAS Etching Solutions               84
      • 3.1.9.3 PTFE-Free Sliding Materials  84
      • 3.1.9.4 Metal oxide-based materials               84
      • 3.1.9.5 Fluoropolymer Alternatives   84
      • 3.1.9.6 Silicone-based Materials       85
      • 3.1.9.7 Hydrocarbon-based Surfactants      85
      • 3.1.9.8 Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene   86
      • 3.1.9.9 Engineered Polymers                86
      • 3.1.9.10            Supercritical CO2 Technology            87
      • 3.1.9.11            Plasma Technologies                87
      • 3.1.9.12            Sol-Gel Materials        88
      • 3.1.9.13            Biodegradable Polymers        88
  • 3.2        Textiles and Clothing 89
    • 3.2.1    Overview           89
    • 3.2.2    PFAS in Water-Repellent Materials  90
    • 3.2.3    Stain-Resistant Treatments  91
    • 3.2.4    Regulatory Impact on Water-Repellent Clothing    92
    • 3.2.5    Industry Initiatives and Commitments         92
    • 3.2.6    Alternatives to PFAS  93
      • 3.2.6.1 Enhanced surface treatments            94
      • 3.2.6.2 Water-Repellent Coating Alternatives            95
      • 3.2.6.3 Non-fluorinated treatments 95
      • 3.2.6.4 Biomimetic approaches         96
      • 3.2.6.5 Nano-structured surfaces    97
      • 3.2.6.6 Wax-based additives 97
      • 3.2.6.7 Plasma treatments     98
      • 3.2.6.8 Sol-gel coatings            98
      • 3.2.6.9 Superhydrophobic coatings 99
      • 3.2.6.10            Biodegradable Polymer Coatings     100
      • 3.2.6.11            Graphene-based Coatings    100
      • 3.2.6.12            Enzyme-based Treatments   101
      • 3.2.6.13            Companies     101
  • 3.3        Food Packaging           103
    • 3.3.1    Sustainable packaging            103
      • 3.3.1.1 PFAS in Grease-Resistant Packaging             104
      • 3.3.1.2 Other applications     104
      • 3.3.1.3 Regulatory Trends in Food Contact Materials           104
    • 3.3.2    Alternatives to PFAS  106
      • 3.3.2.1 Biobased materials    106
        • 3.3.2.1.1           Polylactic Acid (PLA) 106
        • 3.3.2.1.2           Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)          107
        • 3.3.2.1.3           Cellulose-based materials   108
          • 3.3.2.1.3.1      Nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC)       108
          • 3.3.2.1.3.2      Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)          110
        • 3.3.2.1.4           Silicon-based Alternatives     111
        • 3.3.2.1.5           Natural Waxes and Resins    111
        • 3.3.2.1.6           Engineered Paper and Board               112
        • 3.3.2.1.7           Nanocomposites        113
        • 3.3.2.1.8           Plasma Treatments    114
        • 3.3.2.1.9           Biodegradable Polymer Blends          115
        • 3.3.2.1.10        Chemically Modified Natural Polymers        116
        • 3.3.2.1.11        Molded Fiber  118
      • 3.3.2.2 PFAS-free coatings for food packaging         118
        • 3.3.2.2.1           Silicone-based Coatings:       118
        • 3.3.2.2.2           Bio-based Barrier Coatings   119
        • 3.3.2.2.3           Nanocellulose Coatings         120
        • 3.3.2.2.4           Superhydrophobic and Omniphobic Coatings         121
        • 3.3.2.2.5           Clay-based Nanocomposite Coatings          122
        • 3.3.2.2.6           Coated Papers              123
      • 3.3.2.3 Companies     124
  • 3.4        Paints and Coatings  126
    • 3.4.1    Overview           126
    • 3.4.2    Applications   127
    • 3.4.3    Alternatives to PFAS  128
      • 3.4.3.1 Silicon-Based Alternatives:   128
      • 3.4.3.2 Hydrocarbon-Based Alternatives:    129
      • 3.4.3.3 Nanomaterials              129
      • 3.4.3.4 Plasma-Based Surface Treatments 130
      • 3.4.3.5 Inorganic Alternatives               131
      • 3.4.3.6 Bio-based Polymers: 131
      • 3.4.3.7 Dendritic Polymers    132
      • 3.4.3.8 Zwitterionic Polymers               132
      • 3.4.3.9 Graphene-based Coatings    132
      • 3.4.3.10            Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Coatings 133
      • 3.4.3.11            Companies     133
  • 3.5        Ion Exchange membranes     137
    • 3.5.1    Overview           137
      • 3.5.1.1 PFAS in Ion Exchange Membranes   138
    • 3.5.2    Proton Exchange Membranes             139
      • 3.5.2.1 Overview           139
      • 3.5.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers (PEMELs)          141
      • 3.5.2.3 Membrane Degradation          142
      • 3.5.2.4 Nafion 143
      • 3.5.2.5 Membrane electrode assembly (MEA)          146
    • 3.5.3    Manufacturing PFSA Membranes     147
    • 3.5.4    Enhancing PFSA Membranes              149
    • 3.5.5    Commercial PFSA membranes         150
    • 3.5.6    Catalyst Coated Membranes              151
      • 3.5.6.1 Alternatives to PFAS  152
    • 3.5.7    Membranes in Redox Flow Batteries               154
      • 3.5.7.1 Alternative Materials for RFB Membranes   155
    • 3.5.8    Alternatives to PFAS  157
      • 3.5.8.1 Alternative Polymer Materials             157
      • 3.5.8.2 Anion Exchange Membrane Technology (AEM) fuel cells   158
      • 3.5.8.3 Nanocellulose               159
      • 3.5.8.4 Boron-containing membranes           160
      • 3.5.8.5 Hydrocarbon-based membranes     160
      • 3.5.8.6 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 161
        • 3.5.8.6.1           MOF Composite Membranes              162
      • 3.5.8.7 Graphene         163
      • 3.5.8.8 Companies     164
  • 3.6        Energy (excluding fuel cells) 164
    • 3.6.1    Overview           164
    • 3.6.2    Solar Panels   165
    • 3.6.3    Wind Turbines               166
      • 3.6.3.1 Blade Coatings             166
      • 3.6.3.2 Lubricants and Greases         166
      • 3.6.3.3 Electrical and Electronic Components         167
      • 3.6.3.4 Seals and Gaskets      167
    • 3.6.4    Lithium-Ion Batteries                167
      • 3.6.4.1 Electrode Binders       168
      • 3.6.4.2 Electrolyte Additives 168
      • 3.6.4.3 Separator Coatings    168
      • 3.6.4.4 Current Collector Coatings   169
      • 3.6.4.5 Gaskets and Seals      169
      • 3.6.4.6 Fluorinated Solvents in Electrode Manufacturing 169
      • 3.6.4.7 Surface Treatments   169
    • 3.6.5    Alternatives to PFAS  170
      • 3.6.5.1 Solar    171
        • 3.6.5.1.1           Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Encapsulants               171
        • 3.6.5.1.2           Polyolefin Encapsulants        171
        • 3.6.5.1.3           Glass-Glass Module Design 172
        • 3.6.5.1.4           Bio-based Backsheets            172
      • 3.6.5.2 Wind Turbines               173
        • 3.6.5.2.1           Silicone-Based Coatings        173
        • 3.6.5.2.2           Nanocoatings 173
        • 3.6.5.2.3           Thermal De-icing Systems    173
        • 3.6.5.2.4           Polyurethane-Based Coatings            175
      • 3.6.5.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries                175
        • 3.6.5.3.1           Water-Soluble Binders             175
        • 3.6.5.3.2           Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) Based Binders            176
        • 3.6.5.3.3           Alginate-Based Binders          177
        • 3.6.5.3.4           Ionic Liquid Electrolytes          177
      • 3.6.5.4 Companies     178
  • 3.7        Lubricant Alternatives              179
  • 3.8        Low-loss materials for 5G      180
    • 3.8.1    Overview           180
      • 3.8.1.1 Organic PCB materials for 5G             182
    • 3.8.2    PTFE in 5G        182
      • 3.8.2.1 Properties         182
      • 3.8.2.2 PTFE-Based Laminates           183
      • 3.8.2.3 Regulations     185
      • 3.8.2.4 Commercial low-loss               185
    • 3.8.3    Alternatives to PFAS  186
      • 3.8.3.1 Liquid crystal polymers (LCP)             187
      • 3.8.3.2 Poly(p-phenylene ether) (PPE)            187
      • 3.8.3.3 Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)           188
      • 3.8.3.4 Hydrocarbon-based laminates          189
      • 3.8.3.5 Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC)             190
      • 3.8.3.6 Glass Substrates         191
  • 3.9        Cosmetics       194
    • 3.9.1    Overview           194
    • 3.9.2    Use in cosmetics         195
    • 3.9.3    Alternatives to PFAS  196
      • 3.9.3.1 Silicone-based Polymers       196
      • 3.9.3.2 Plant-based Waxes and Oils 196
      • 3.9.3.3 Naturally Derived Polymers  197
      • 3.9.3.4 Silica-based Materials             197
      • 3.9.3.5 Companies Developing PFAS Alternatives in Cosmetics  198
  • 3.10     Firefighting Foam        199
    • 3.10.1 Overview           199
    • 3.10.2 Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)              199
    • 3.10.3 Environmental Contamination from AFFF Use        200
    • 3.10.4 Regulatory Pressures and Phase-Out Initiatives     200
    • 3.10.5 Alternatives to PFAS  201
      • 3.10.5.1            Fluorine-Free Foams (F3)      201
      • 3.10.5.2            Siloxane-Based Foams           202
      • 3.10.5.3            Protein-Based Foams              202
      • 3.10.5.4            Synthetic Detergent Foams (Syndet)              202
      • 3.10.5.5            Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)        203
  • 3.11     Automotive      203
    • 3.11.1 Overview           203
    • 3.11.2 PFAS in Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids     205
    • 3.11.3 Use in Fuel Systems and Engine Components        205
    • 3.11.4 Electric Vehicles          206
      • 3.11.4.1            PFAS in Electric Vehicles        206
      • 3.11.4.2            High-Voltage Cables 208
      • 3.11.4.3            Refrigerants    210
        • 3.11.4.3.1        Coolant Fluids in EVs               210
        • 3.11.4.3.2        Refrigerants for EVs   210
        • 3.11.4.3.3        Regulations     211
        • 3.11.4.3.4        PFAS-free Refrigerants            211
      • 3.11.4.4            Immersion Cooling for Li-ion Batteries          213
        • 3.11.4.4.1        Overview           213
        • 3.11.4.4.2        Single-phase Cooling               215
        • 3.11.4.4.3        Two-phase Cooling    216
        • 3.11.4.4.4        Companies     217
        • 3.11.4.4.5        PFAS-based Coolants in Immersion Cooling for EVs           218
      • 3.11.5 Alternatives to PFAS  220
        • 3.11.5.1            Lubricants and Greases         221
        • 3.11.5.2            Fuel System Components     222
        • 3.11.5.3            Surface Treatments and Coatings    222
        • 3.11.5.4            Gaskets and Seals      223
        • 3.11.5.5            Hydraulic Fluids           224
        • 3.11.5.6            Electrical and Electronic Components         225
        • 3.11.5.7            Paint and Coatings     226
        • 3.11.5.8            Windshield and Glass Treatments   226
  • 3.12     Electronics      227
    • 3.12.1 Overview           227
    • 3.12.2 PFAS in Printed Circuit Boards           228
    • 3.12.3 Cable and Wire Insulation     229
    • 3.12.4 Regulatory Challenges for Electronics Manufacturers       229
    • 3.12.5 Alternatives to PFAS  230
      • 3.12.5.1            Wires and Cables        230
      • 3.12.5.2            Coating              231
      • 3.12.5.3            Electronic Components         231
      • 3.12.5.4            Sealing and Lubricants           232
      • 3.12.5.5            Cleaning           233
      • 3.12.5.6            Companies     233
  • 3.13     Medical Devices           237
    • 3.13.1 Overview           237
    • 3.13.2 PFAS in Implantable Devices               238
    • 3.13.3 Diagnostic Equipment Applications               238
    • 3.13.4 Balancing Safety and Performance in Regulations               240
    • 3.13.5 Alternatives to PFAS  241
  • 3.14     Green hydrogen            242
    • 3.14.1 Electrolyzers   242
    • 3.14.2 Alternatives to PFAS  243
    • 3.14.3 Economic implications           244

 

4             PFAS ALTERNATIVES 245

  • 4.1        PFAS-Free Release Agents    245
    • 4.1.1    Silicone-Based Alternatives  246
    • 4.1.2    Hydrocarbon-Based Solutions           246
    • 4.1.3    Performance Comparisons  247
  • 4.2        Non-Fluorinated Surfactants and Dispersants       248
    • 4.2.1    Bio-Based Surfactants            249
    • 4.2.2    Silicon-Based Surfactants    250
    • 4.2.3    Hydrocarbon-Based Surfactants      251
  • 4.3        PFAS-Free Water and Oil-Repellent Materials          252
    • 4.3.1    Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers                253
    • 4.3.2    PFA-Free Durable Water Repellent (DWR) Coatings             253
    • 4.3.3    Silicone-Based Repellents    254
    • 4.3.4    Nano-Structured Surfaces    255
  • 4.4        Fluorine-Free Liquid-Repellent Surfaces     256
    • 4.4.1    Superhydrophobic Coatings 257
    • 4.4.2    Omniphobic Surfaces              258
    • 4.4.3    Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS)   259
  • 4.5        PFAS-Free Colorless Transparent Polyimide             260
    • 4.5.1    Novel Polymer Structures      260
    • 4.5.2    Applications in Flexible Electronics 261
  • 4.6        Heat Transfer Fluid Alternatives         262
  • 4.7        Lubricant Alternatives              263

 

5             PFAS-FREE BATTERIES            264

  • 5.1        PFAS in batteries: where, why and how much          264
  • 5.2        Battery regulatory landscape              264
  • 5.3        PFAS-free binders       265
  • 5.4        PFAS-free electrolytes              265
  • 5.5        PFAS-free separators                265
  • 5.6        Current-collector coatings, sealants and pack materials 265
  • 5.7        PFAS-free battery-pack fire protection          266
  • 5.8        Manufacturing process implications             266
  • 5.9        PFAS considerations by battery chemistry 266
  • 5.10     Battery applications  266
  • 5.11     PFAS-free battery market forecasts, 2026-2036    267
  • 5.12     Competitive landscape and strategic positioning 267
  • 5.13     Risks, bottlenecks and open questions       267

 

6             PFAS DEGRADATION AND ELIMINATION     268

  • 6.1        Current methods for PFAS degradation and elimination   268
  • 6.2        Bio-friendly methods                269
    • 6.2.1    Phytoremediation       269
    • 6.2.2    Microbial Degradation             270
    • 6.2.3    Enzyme-Based Degradation 270
    • 6.2.4    Mycoremediation        271
    • 6.2.5    Biochar Adsorption    272
    • 6.2.6    Green Oxidation Methods     273
    • 6.2.7    Bio-based Adsorbents             274
    • 6.2.8    Algae-Based Systems              275
  • 6.3        Companies     276
  • 6.4        Emerging Remediation and Destruction Technologies       277
    • 6.4.1    Technology Validation and Commercial Readiness Overview       277
    • 6.4.2    High-Efficiency Thermal Destruction: Recent Validated Results 277
    • 6.4.3    Hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT)     278
    • 6.4.4    Plasma Treatment       279
      • 6.4.4.1 Thermal Plasma Systems      279
      • 6.4.4.2 Non-Thermal Plasma Systems           279

 

7             PFAS TREATMENT       280

  • 7.1        Definitional Framework: Treatment Market vs. Remediation Market         280
  • 7.2        Introduction    281
  • 7.3        Pathways for PFAS environmental contamination 284
    • 7.3.1    Corporate PFAS Phase-Out Commitments               285
  • 7.4        Regulations     287
    • 7.4.1    USA      288
    • 7.4.2    EU         290
    • 7.4.3    Rest of the World         291
  • 7.5        PFAS water treatment               293
    • 7.5.1    Introduction    293
    • 7.5.2    Market Forecast 2025-2037 294
    • 7.5.3    Applications   295
      • 7.5.3.1 Drinking water                296
      • 7.5.3.2 Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)   296
      • 7.5.3.3 Landfill leachate          296
      • 7.5.3.4 Municipal wastewater treatment      296
      • 7.5.3.5 Industrial process and wastewater  296
      • 7.5.3.6 Sites with heavy PFAS contamination           297
      • 7.5.3.7 Point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) filters and systems                297
    • 7.5.4    PFAS treatment approaches                297
    • 7.5.5    Traditional removal technologies     300
      • 7.5.5.1 Adsorption: granular activated carbon (GAC)           301
        • 7.5.5.1.1           Sources             301
        • 7.5.5.1.2           Short-chain PFAS compounds           302
        • 7.5.5.1.3           Reactivation   302
        • 7.5.5.1.4           PAC systems  303
      • 7.5.5.2 Adsorption: ion exchange resins (IER)           304
        • 7.5.5.2.1           Pre-treatment                 304
        • 7.5.5.2.2           Resins 304
      • 7.5.5.3 Membrane filtration-reverse osmosis and nanofiltration 307
    • 7.5.6    Emerging removal technologies        308
      • 7.5.6.1 Foam fractionation and ozofractionation    309
        • 7.5.6.1.1           Polymeric sorbents    309
        • 7.5.6.1.2           Mineral-based sorbents          310
        • 7.5.6.1.3           Flocculation/coagulation       310
        • 7.5.6.1.4           Electrostatic coagulation/concentration     311
      • 7.5.6.2 Companies     311
    • 7.5.7    Destruction technologies      312
      • 7.5.7.1 PFAS waste management     314
      • 7.5.7.2 Landfilling of PFAS-containing waste             314
      • 7.5.7.3 Thermal treatment      314
      • 7.5.7.4 Liquid-phase PFAS destruction         315
      • 7.5.7.5 Electrochemical oxidation    317
      • 7.5.7.6 Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO)           317
      • 7.5.7.7 Hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT)     317
      • 7.5.7.8 Plasma treatment       318
      • 7.5.7.9 Photocatalysis              319
      • 7.5.7.10            Sonochemical oxidation        319
      • 7.5.7.11            Challenges      320
      • 7.5.7.12            Companies     320
  • 7.6        PFAS Industrial Wastewater Treatment         321
    • 7.6.1    Market Forecast 2025-2037 321
  • 7.7        PFAS Landfill Leachate Treatment   325
    • 7.7.1    Market Forecast 2025-2037 325
  • 7.8        PFAS Groundwater Remediation      326
    • 7.8.1    Market Forecast 2025-2037 326
  • 7.9        Destruction Technologies      327
    • 7.9.1    Technology Validation and Commercial Readiness Overview       327
    • 7.9.2    High-Efficiency Thermal Destruction: Recent Validated Results 328
  • 7.10     PFAS Solids Treatment             328
    • 7.10.1 Market Forecast 2025-2037 328
    • 7.10.2 PFAS migration             330
    • 7.10.3 Soil washing (or soil scrubbing)         332
    • 7.10.4 Soil flushing    332
    • 7.10.5 Thermal desorption   332
    • 7.10.6 Phytoremediation       332
    • 7.10.7 In-situ immobilization              333
    • 7.10.8 Pyrolysis and gasification      333
    • 7.10.9 Plasma              333
    • 7.10.10              Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO)           334
  • 7.11     Companies     334

 

8             MARKET ANALYSIS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK             338

  • 8.1        Current Market Size and Segmentation        338
    • 8.1.1    Long-Term Market Perspective            338
    • 8.1.2    Industry Capacity Expansion Investments 338
    • 8.1.3    Global PFAS Market Overview            340
    • 8.1.4    Regional Market Analysis      341
      • 8.1.4.1 North America              341
      • 8.1.4.2 Europe                342
      • 8.1.4.3 Asia-Pacific    342
      • 8.1.4.4 Latin America 343
      • 8.1.4.5 Middle East and Africa             343
    • 8.1.5    Market Segmentation by Industry    344
      • 8.1.5.1 Textiles and Apparel  344
      • 8.1.5.2 Food Packaging           344
      • 8.1.5.3 Firefighting Foams      345
      • 8.1.5.4 Electronics & semiconductors           345
      • 8.1.5.5 Automotive      345
      • 8.1.5.6 Aerospace        346
      • 8.1.5.7 Construction  346
      • 8.1.5.8 Others 346
    • 8.1.6    Global PFAS Treatment Market Overview    348
      • 8.1.6.1 Regional PFAS Treatment Market Analysis 349
        • 8.1.6.1.1           North America              350
        • 8.1.6.1.2           Europe                351
        • 8.1.6.1.3           Asia-Pacific    352
        • 8.1.6.1.4           Latin America 353
        • 8.1.6.1.5           Middle East and Africa             354
        • 8.1.6.1.6           Destruction technologies by waste source, by region         355
          • 8.1.6.1.6.1      Industrial Wastewater and Concentrated Waste Streams               355
          • 8.1.6.1.6.2      Landfill Leachate         355
          • 8.1.6.1.6.3      Concentrated Separation Process Waste   356
          • 8.1.6.1.6.4      Groundwater and Drinking Water     356
          • 8.1.6.1.6.5      Solid Waste and Biosolids    356
  • 8.2        Impact of Regulations on Market Dynamics             357
    • 8.2.1    Shift from Long-Chain to Short-Chain PFAS              358
    • 8.2.2    Corporate PFAS Phase-Out Commitments               359
    • 8.2.3    Growth in PFAS-Free Alternatives Market    360
    • 8.2.4    Regional Market Shifts Due to Regulatory Differences       361
  • 8.3        Emerging Trends and Opportunities               363
    • 8.3.1    Green Chemistry Innovations             363
    • 8.3.2    Circular Economy Approaches          364
    • 8.3.3    Digital Technologies for PFAS Management              366
  • 8.4        Challenges and Barriers to PFAS Substitution         367
    • 8.4.1    Technical Performance Gaps              367
    • 8.4.2    Cost Considerations 369
    • 8.4.3    Regulatory Uncertainty            370
  • 8.5        Future Market Projections     373
    • 8.5.1    Short-Term Outlook (2026-2029)      373
    • 8.5.2    Medium-Term Projections (2028-2032)        375
    • 8.5.3    Long-Term Scenarios (2032-2037)  377

 

9             COMPANY PROFILES                382 (65 company profiles)

 

10          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              468

 

11          REFERENCES 469

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Established applications of PFAS. 21
  • Table 2. PFAS chemicals segmented by non-polymers vs polymers.        21
  • Table 3. Quantified PFAS Liability Landscape (Current Estimates)            23
  • Table 4. EU PFAS Regulatory Evolution and Timeline           24
  • Table 5. Quantified Market Transformation Metrics              26
  • Table 6. Non-polymeric PFAS.            27
  • Table 7. Chemical structure and physiochemical properties of various perfluorinated surfactants.  28
  • Table 8. Examples of long-chain PFAS-Applications, Regulatory Status and Environmental and Health Effects.              30
  • Table 9. Examples of short-chain PFAS.       31
  • Table 10. Other non-polymeric PFAS.            33
  • Table 11. Examples of fluoropolymers.         34
  • Table 12. Examples of side-chain fluorinated polymers.   35
  • Table 13. Applications of PFAs.          36
  • Table 14. PFAS surfactant properties.            38
  • Table 15. List of PFAS alternatives.  43
  • Table 16. Common PFAS and their regulation.         57
  • Table 17. International PFAS regulations.    59
  • Table 18. European Union Regulations.       60
  • Table 19. United States Regulations.             64
  • Table 20. U.S. Multi-Layered PFAS Regulatory Framework               65
  • Table 21. Selected State PFAS Regulations Exceeding Federal Standards            66
  • Table 22. PFAS Regulations in Asia-Pacific Countries.       70
  • Table 23. Identified uses of PFAS in semiconductors.        73
  • Table 24. Alternatives to PFAS in Semiconductors.               82
  • Table 25. Key properties of PFAS in water-repellent materials.     89
  • Table 26. Initiatives by outdoor clothing companies to phase out PFCs.                92
  • Table 27. Comparative analysis of Alternatives to PFAS for textiles.          92
  • Table 28. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for textiles.  100
  • Table 29. Applications of PFAS in Food Packaging.              102
  • Table 30. Regulation related to PFAS in food contact materials.  104
  • Table 31. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).        108
  • Table 32. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for food packaging.               123
  • Table 33. Applications and purpose of PFAS in paints and coatings.        126
  • Table 34. Companies developing PFAS alternatives for paints and coatings.      132
  • Table 35. Applications of Ion Exchange Membranes.          137
  • Table 36. Key aspects of PEMELs.    140
  • Table 37. Membrane Degradation Processes Overview.    141
  • Table 38. PFSA Membranes & Key Players. 142
  • Table 39. Competing Membrane Materials.               143
  • Table 40. Comparative analysis of membrane properties.               143
  • Table 41. Processes for manufacturing of  perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes.               146
  • Table 42. PFSA Resin Suppliers.        150
  • Table 43. CCM Production Technologies.    150
  • Table 44. Comparison of Coating Processes.           151
  • Table 45. Alternatives to PFAS in catalyst coated membranes.    151
  • Table 46. Key Properties and Considerations for RFB Membranes.           153
  • Table 47. PFSA Membrane Manufacturers for RFBs.            154
  • Table 48. Alternative Materials for RFB Membranes             155
  • Table 49. Alternative Polymer Materials for Ion Exchange Membranes.  156
  • Table 50. Hydrocarbon Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells.    160
  • Table 51. Companies developing PFA alternatives for fuel cell membranes.      163
  • Table 52. Identified uses of PFASs in the energy sector.    164
  • Table 53. Alternatives to PFAS in Energy by Market (Excluding Fuel Cells).           169
  • Table 54: Anti-icing and de-icing nanocoatings product and application developers.   173
  • Table 55. Companies developing alternatives to PFAS in energy (excluding fuel cells).                177
  • Table 56. Commercial low-loss organic laminates-key properties at 10 GHz.    180
  • Table 57. Key Properties of PTFE to Consider for 5G Applications.             181
  • Table 58. Applications of PTFE in 5G in a table         182
  • Table 59. Challenges in PTFE-based laminates in 5G.        183
  • Table 60. Key regulations affecting PFAS use in low-loss materials.          184
  • Table 61. Commercial low-loss materials suitable for 5G applications. 184
  • Table 62. Key low-loss materials suppliers.               185
  • Table 63. Alternatives to PFAS for low-loss applications in 5G      185
  • Table 64. Benchmarking LTCC materials suitable for 5G applications.   190
  • Table 65. Benchmarking of various glass substrates suitable for 5G applications.         191
  • Table 66. Applications of PFAS in cosmetics.           194
  • Table 67. Alternatives to PFAS for various functions in cosmetics.            195
  • Table 68. Companies developing PFAS alternatives in cosmetics.             197
  • Table 69. Applications of PFAS in Automotive Industry.     203
  • Table 70. PFAS in EV Components: Applications, Risk, and Alternatives                205
  • Table 71. Application of PFAS in Electric Vehicles.                207
  • Table 72.Suppliers of PFAS-free Coolants and Refrigerants for EVs.         211
  • Table 73. Immersion Fluids for EVs  212
  • Table 74. Immersion Cooling Fluids Requirements.             213
  • Table 75. Single-phase vs two-phase cooling.         216
  • Table 76. Companies producing Immersion Fluids for EVs.            216
  • Table 77. Alternatives to PFAS in the automotive sector.   219
  • Table 78. Use of PFAS in the electronics sector.     226
  • Table 79. Companies developing alternatives to PFAS in electronics & semiconductors.          232
  • Table 80. Applications of PFAS in Medical Devices.              236
  • Table 81. Alternatives to PFAS in medical devices.               240
  • Table 82. Readiness level of PFAS alternatives.       244
  • Table 83. Comparing PFAS-free alternatives to traditional PFAS-containing release agents.   246
  • Table 84. Novel PFAS-free CTPI structures.                260
  • Table 85. Applications of PFAS-free CTPIs in flexible electronics.               260
  • Table 86. Typical PFAS-bearing components of a lithium-ion cell               263
  • Table 87. Selected PFAS-free cathode binder approaches versus PVDF 264
  • Table 88. PFAS exposure and substitution status by pack-material category      264
  • Table 89. Indicative gigafactory cost considerations: PVDF/NMP versus PFAS-free aqueous  265
  • Table 90. PFAS substitution difficulty by battery chemistry             265
  • Table 91. PFAS-free battery materials market by scenario, 2026-2037   266
  • Table 92. Current methods for PFAS elimination . 267
  • Table 93. Companies developing processes for PFA degradation and elimination.         275
  • Table 94. PFAS Treatment Market Scope and Definitions 279
  • Table 95. Treatment Market Segment Share Evolution (2025-2037)          279
  • Table 96. Total PFAS Treatment Market Forecast by Segment (2025-2037), US$ billions            282
  • Table 97. PFAS Treatment Market Share Evolution (2025-2037)  282
  • Table 98. PFAS Treatment Technology Generational Framework 282
  • Table 99. Destruction Technology Performance Benchmarks       283
  • Table 100. Pathways for PFAS environmental contamination.      284
  • Table 101.  Global PFAS Drinking Water Limits        286
  • Table 102. USA PFAS Regulations.   288
  • Table 103. EU PFAS Regulations        289
  • Table 104. Global PFAS Regulations.             290
  • Table 105. PFAS drinking water treatment market forecast 2025-2037   294
  • Table 106. Applications requiring PFAS water treatment. 294
  • Table 107. Point-of-Use (POU) and Point-of-Entry (POE) Systems.             296
  • Table 108. PFAS treatment approaches.     297
  • Table 109. Typical Flow Rates for Different Facilities.         297
  • Table 110. In-Situ vs Ex-Situ Treatment Comparison           298
  • Table 111. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for PFAS Removal.                299
  • Table 112. Removal technologies for PFAS in water.            299
  • Table 113. Suppliers of GAC media for PFAS removal applications.          302
  • Table 114. Commercially Available PFAS-Selective Resins.           304
  • Table 115. Estimated Treatment Costs by Method.              305
  • Table 116. Comparison of technologies for PFAS removal.             306
  • Table 117. Emerging removal technologies for PFAS in water.        307
  • Table 118. Companies in emerging PFAS removal technologies. 310
  • Table 119. PFAS Destruction Technologies.               311
  • Table 120. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for PFAS Destruction Technologies.          312
  • Table 121. Thermal Treatment Types.             314
  • Table 122. Liquid-Phase Technology Segmentation.            314
  • Table 123. PFAS Destruction Technologies Challenges.    319
  • Table 124. Companies developing PFAS Destruction Technologies.         319
  • Table 125. PFAS Industrial Wastewater Treatment Market Forecast 2025-2037 322
  • Table 126. PFAS Industrial Wastewater Treatment Market by Region 2025-2037, US$ billions 323
  • Table 127. PFAS Landfill Leachate Treatment Market Forecast 2025-2037          324
  • Table 128. PFAS Landfill Leachate Treatment Market by Region 2025-2037, US$ billions          325
  • Table 129. PFAS Groundwater Remediation Market Forecast 2025-2037             326
  • Table 130. PFAS Groundwater Remediation Market by Region 2025-2037, US$ billions              326
  • Table 131. PFAS Solids Treatment Market Forecast 2025-2037   328
  • Table 132. Treatment Methods for PFAS-Contaminated Solids.   330
  • Table 133. Companies developing processes for PFAS water and solid treatment.         333
  • Table 134. 30-year market estimate.              337
  • Table 135. Strategic PFAS Market Capacity Investments  338
  • Table 136. Global PFAS Market Projection (2023-2037), Billions USD      340
  • Table 137. Regional PFAS Chemicals Market Projection (2023-2037), Billions USD.      340
  • Table 138. PFAS Chemicals Market Segmentation by Industry (2023-2037), Billions USD         346
  • Table 139. Regional PFAS Treatment Market (2025-2037), Billions USD 348
  • Table 140. PFAS treatment market by region, North America.       349
  • Table 141. PFAS treatment market by region, Europe.        350
  • Table 142. PFAS treatment market by region, Asia-Pacific.             351
  • Table 143. PFAS treatment market by region, Latin America          352
  • Table 144. PFAS treatment market by region Middle East and Africa         353
  • Table 145. Breakdown by Waste Source and Region (2025-2037)              355
  • Table 146. Long-Chain PFAS and Short-Chain PFAS Market Share             357
  • Table 147. Corporate PFAS Transition Strategy Typology and Risk Assessment 359
  • Table 148. PFAS-Free Alternatives Market Size from 2020 to 2037, (Billions USD)           360
  • Table 149. Regional Market Data (2025) for PFAS and trends.       361
  • Table 150. Market Opportunities for PFAS alternatives.     363
  • Table 151. Circular Economy Initiatives and Potential Impact.     364
  • Table 152. Digital Technology Applications and Market Potential.              365
  • Table 153. Performance Comparison.          367
  • Table 154. Cost Comparison -PFAS and PFAS alternatives.            368
  • Table 155. PFAS Market Scenario Comparison: Quantified 2036 Projections (USD Billions)    371
  • Table 156. Global Market Size 2025-2028 (USD Billions)  373
  • Table 157. Medium-Term Market Projections (2028-2032), Billions USD 375
  • Table 158. Long-Term Market Projections (2036), Billions USD.   378

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Types of PFAS.          29
  • Figure 2. Structure of PFAS-based polymer finishes.          32
  • Figure 3. Water and Oil Repellent Textile Coating. 36
  • Figure 4. Main PFAS exposure route.              39
  • Figure 5. Main sources of perfluorinated compounds (PFC) and general pathways that these compounds may take toward human exposure.    40
  • Figure 6.  Photolithography process in semiconductor manufacturing. 73
  • Figure 7. PFAS containing Chemicals by Technology Node.            74
  • Figure 8. The photoresist application process in photolithography.          75
  • Figure 9: Contact angle on superhydrophobic coated surface.    97
  • Figure 10. PEMFC Working Principle.             137
  • Figure 11. Schematic representation of a Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA).          145
  • Figure 12. Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS).          258
  • Figure 13. Aclarity’s Octa system.    272
  • Figure 14. Process for treatment of PFAS in water. 292
  • Figure 15. Evaluation of Select PFAS Water Treatment Technologies by Stage of Development and Effectiveness.                299
  • Figure 16. PFAS concentration and flow rate by treatment segment         321
  • Figure 17. Comparative growth of PFAS treatment segments, 2025-2037            322
  • Figure 18. Evaluation of Select PFAS Soil and Solid-Phase Treatment Technologies by Stage of Development and Effectiveness       328
  • Figure 19. Octa™ system.       381
  • Figure 20. Axine Water Technologies system.           390
  • Figure 21. Gradiant Forever Gone.   422
  • Figure 22. PFAS Annihilator® unit.    456

 

 

 

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