The Global Quantum 2.0 Market 2026-2036

1             EXECUTIVE SUMMARY            30

• 1.1        Quantum Technologies Market in 2026        30
  • 1.1.1    Q1 2025: The Surge That Set the Tone            30
  • 1.1.2    Q2 2025: Momentum Builds Across the Stack         31
  • 1.1.3    Q3 2025: Mega-Rounds and a New Valuation Era 31
  • 1.1.4    Q4 2025: Going Public and Consolidation Accelerates       32
  • 1.1.5    Into 2026: The Public Market Era Begins      33
  • 1.1.6    The Strategic Picture: What $10 Billion Means        33
  • 1.1.7    2025 as Quantum Technology's Commercial Watershed 36
• 1.2        First and second quantum revolutions         37
• 1.3        Current quantum technology market landscape   37
  • 1.3.1    Key developments      38
• 1.4        Technology Readiness Assessment               39
• 1.5        Quantum Technologies Investment Landscape     40
  • 1.5.1    Total market investments 2012-2025            40
  • 1.5.2    By Technology                44
  • 1.5.3    By Company   44
  • 1.5.4    By Application               46
  • 1.5.5    By Region         47
    • 1.5.5.1 The Quantum Market in North America        48
    • 1.5.5.2 The Quantum Market in Asia               48
    • 1.5.5.3 The Quantum Market in Europe         49
  • 1.5.6    Key Investment Trends 2025–2026 49
• 1.6        Global government initiatives and funding 50
  • 1.6.1    United States 51
  • 1.6.2    China  51
  • 1.6.3    European Union           52
  • 1.6.4    Germany           53
  • 1.6.5    United Kingdom           53
  • 1.6.6    France 54
  • 1.6.7    Canada             54
  • 1.6.8    Australia           55
  • 1.6.9    Japan  55
  • 1.6.10 India    56
  • 1.6.11 Cross-Cutting Themes in Government Quantum Investment        58
• 1.7        Challenges for quantum technologies adoption    58
• 1.8        Quantum 2.0 Market Map     60
• 1.9        SWOT Analysis             61
• 1.10     Quantum 2.0 Value Chain     62
• 1.11     Global Market Forecast 2026–2036 63
  • 1.11.1 Total Market Revenues             63
  • 1.11.2 By Technology Segment          64
  • 1.11.3 By End-Use Industry  64

 

2             INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM 2.0 TECHNOLOGIES          66

• 2.1        First and Second Quantum Revolutions      66
• 2.2        Quantum Mechanics Principles        67
  • 2.2.1    Superposition                67
  • 2.2.2    Entanglement                67
  • 2.2.3    Quantum Coherence                68
  • 2.2.4    Quantum Tunnelling 68
• 2.3        The Quantum 2.0 Technology Ecosystem   69
• 2.4        Enabling Technologies and Infrastructure   70
• 2.5        Standards Development         71

 

3             QUANTUM COMPUTING        73

• 3.1        What is quantum computing?            73
  • 3.1.1    Operating principle    74
  • 3.1.2    Classical vs quantum computing    75
  • 3.1.3    Quantum computing technology      77
    • 3.1.3.1 Quantum emulators  79
    • 3.1.3.2 Quantum inspired computing            80
    • 3.1.3.3 Quantum annealing computers        80
    • 3.1.3.4 Quantum simulators 80
    • 3.1.3.5 Digital quantum computers 80
    • 3.1.3.6 Continuous variables quantum computers               81
    • 3.1.3.7 Measurement Based Quantum Computing (MBQC)           81
    • 3.1.3.8 Topological quantum computing      81
    • 3.1.3.9 Quantum Accelerator               81
• 3.2        Benchmarking and Performance Metrics    81
  • 3.2.1    Qubit Count    82
  • 3.2.2    Gate Fidelity    82
  • 3.2.3    Coherence Times        83
  • 3.2.4    Quantum Volume       83
  • 3.2.5    Competition from other technologies           84
  • 3.2.6    Quantum algorithms 87
    • 3.2.6.1 Quantum Software Stack      87
    • 3.2.6.2 Quantum Machine Learning 88
    • 3.2.6.3 Quantum Simulation 89
    • 3.2.6.4 Quantum Optimization           89
    • 3.2.6.5 Quantum Cryptography          89
      • 3.2.6.5.1           Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)      90
      • 3.2.6.5.2           Post-Quantum Cryptography             90
  • 3.2.7    Architectural Approaches     91
    • 3.2.7.1 Modular vs. Single Core          91
    • 3.2.7.2 Heterogeneous Multi-Qubit Architectures  92
  • 3.2.8    Hardware          92
    • 3.2.8.1 Qubit Technologies    93
      • 3.2.8.1.1           Superconducting Qubits        94
        • 3.2.8.1.1.1      Technology description           94
        • 3.2.8.1.1.2      Materials           96
    • 3.2.8.2 Hardware Architecture            97
      • 3.2.8.2.1.1      Market players               98
      • 3.2.8.2.1.2      Swot analysis 99
      • 3.2.8.2.1.3      Superconducting Hardware Roadmap         100
    • 3.2.8.2.2           Trapped Ion Qubits    100
      • 3.2.8.2.2.1      Technology description           100
      • 3.2.8.2.2.2      Materials           102
        • 3.2.8.2.2.2.1  Integrating optical components        102
        • 3.2.8.2.2.2.2  Incorporating high-quality mirrors and optical cavities      102
        • 3.2.8.2.2.2.3  Engineering the vacuum packaging and encapsulation     103
        • 3.2.8.2.2.2.4  Removal of waste heat            103
      • 3.2.8.2.2.3      Market players               104
      • 3.2.8.2.2.4      Swot analysis 105
      • 3.2.8.2.2.5      Trapped Ion Hardware Roadmap     105
    • 3.2.8.2.3           Silicon Spin Qubits    106
      • 3.2.8.2.3.1      Technology description           106
      • 3.2.8.2.3.2      Quantum dots               107
      • 3.2.8.2.3.3      Market players               109
      • 3.2.8.2.3.4      SWOT analysis              110
      • 3.2.8.2.3.5      Silicon Spin Hardware Roadmap     111
    • 3.2.8.2.4           Topological Qubits     111
      • 3.2.8.2.4.1      Technology description           111
        • 3.2.8.2.4.1.1  Cryogenic cooling       112
      • 3.2.8.2.4.2      Market players               113
      • 3.2.8.2.4.3      SWOT analysis              113
    • 3.2.8.2.5           Photonic Qubits           114
      • 3.2.8.2.5.1      Technology description           114
      • 3.2.8.2.5.2      Market players               116
      • 3.2.8.2.5.3      Swot analysis 117
      • 3.2.8.2.5.4      Photonic Hardware Roadmap            118
    • 3.2.8.2.6           Neutral atom (cold atom) qubits       118
      • 3.2.8.2.6.1      Technology description           118
      • 3.2.8.2.6.2      Market players               121
      • 3.2.8.2.6.3      Swot analysis 121
      • 3.2.8.2.6.4      Neutral Atom Hardware Roadmap  122
    • 3.2.8.2.7           Diamond-defect qubits          123
      • 3.2.8.2.7.1      Technology description           123
      • 3.2.8.2.7.2      SWOT analysis              125
      • 3.2.8.2.7.3      Market players               126
      • 3.2.8.2.7.4      Diamond-Defect Hardware Roadmap          126
    • 3.2.8.2.8           Quantum annealers  127
      • 3.2.8.2.8.1      Technology description           127
      • 3.2.8.2.8.2      SWOT analysis              129
      • 3.2.8.2.8.3      Market players               130
      • 3.2.8.2.8.4      Quantum Annealing Hardware Roadmap  130
    • 3.2.8.3 Architectural Approaches     130
    • 3.2.8.4 Quantum Computing Infrastructure Requirements             131
  • 3.2.9    Software            132
    • 3.2.9.1 Technology description           133
    • 3.2.9.2 Cloud-based services- QCaaS (Quantum Computing as a Service).        133
    • 3.2.9.3 Market players               134
• 3.3        Market challenges      137
• 3.4        SWOT analysis              138
• 3.5        Business Models         139
• 3.6        Error Correction and Fault Tolerance             139
• 3.7        Quantum Computing in Data Centres           140
• 3.8        Quantum computing value chain     141
• 3.9        Markets and applications for quantum computing               141
  • 3.9.1    Pharmaceuticals         142
    • 3.9.1.1 Market overview           142
      • 3.9.1.1.1           Drug discovery              142
      • 3.9.1.1.2           Diagnostics    143
      • 3.9.1.1.3           Molecular simulations            143
      • 3.9.1.1.4           Genomics        143
      • 3.9.1.1.5           Proteins and RNA folding       144
    • 3.9.1.2 Market players               144
  • 3.9.2    Chemicals       145
    • 3.9.2.1 Market overview           145
    • 3.9.2.2 Market players               145
  • 3.9.3    Transportation              146
    • 3.9.3.1 Market overview           146
    • 3.9.3.2 Market players               148
  • 3.9.4    Financial services       149
    • 3.9.4.1 Market overview           149
    • 3.9.4.2 Market players               149
• 3.10     Opportunity analysis 150
• 3.11     Technology roadmap 152

 

4             QUANTUM CHEMISTRY AND ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)          155

• 4.1        Technology description           155
• 4.2        Applications   155
• 4.3        SWOT analysis              156
• 4.4        Market challenges      157
• 4.5        Market players               157
• 4.6        Opportunity analysis 158
• 4.7        Technology roadmap 159

 

5             QUANTUM MACHINE LEARNING      162

• 5.1        What is Quantum Machine Learning?           162
• 5.2        Classical vs. Quantum Computing Paradigms for ML         162
• 5.3        Quantum Mechanical Principles for ML       163
• 5.4        Machine Learning Fundamentals     163
• 5.5        The Intersection — Why Combine Quantum and ML?        164
• 5.6        QML Phases and Evolution   164
• 5.6.1    The First Phase of QML            164
• 5.6.2    The Second Phase of QML    165
• 5.7        Algorithms and Software for QML    166
• 5.8        Quantum Neural Networks   166
• 5.9        Variational Quantum Classifiers       167
• 5.10     Quantum Kernel Methods     167
• 5.11     Advantages of QML    168
• 5.11.1 Improved Optimisation and Generalisation               168
• 5.11.2 Quantum Advantage in ML   168
• 5.11.3 Training Advantages and Opportunities       169
• 5.11.4 Improved Accuracy    169
• 5.12     Challenges and Limitations 169
• 5.12.1 Hardware Constraints             170
• 5.12.2 Costs  171
• 5.12.3 Nascent Technology  171
• 5.13     QML Applications       171
• 5.14     QML Roadmap             172
• 5.15     Market Players               172
• 5.16     Market Forecasts 2026–2036             173

 

6             QUANTUM SIMULATION         175

• 6.1        What is Quantum Simulation?           175
• 6.2        Analog vs. Digital Quantum Simulation        175
• 6.3        Quantum Simulation Platforms         176
• 6.3.1    Neutral Atom Simulators       177
• 6.3.2    Trapped Ion Simulators           177
• 6.3.3    Superconducting Circuit Simulators              178
• 6.3.4    Photonic Simulators 178
• 6.4        Applications of Quantum Simulation            178
• 6.4.1    Molecular and Chemical Simulation              179
• 6.4.2    Materials Discovery   180
• 6.4.3    High-Energy Physics 180
• 6.4.4    Condensed Matter Physics   181
• 6.4.5    Drug Discovery and Protein Folding 181
• 6.5        Quantum Chemistry Simulation       181
• 6.6        Market Players               183
• 6.7        SWOT Analysis             184
• 6.8        Market Forecasts 2026–2036             184

 

7             QUANTUM COMMUNICATIONS        186

• 7.1        Technology description           186
• 7.2        Types   186
• 7.3        Applications   187
• 7.4        Quantum Random Numbers Generators (QRNG) 187
  • 7.4.1    Overview           187
  • 7.4.2    QRNG Product Design and Technology Evolution  189
  • 7.4.3    Entropy Sources           189
  • 7.4.4    High Throughput as Key Differentiator           191
  • 7.4.5    Standards Development         191
  • 7.4.6    Applications   192
    • 7.4.6.1 Encryption for Data Centers 193
    • 7.4.6.2 Consumer Electronics             194
    • 7.4.6.3 Automotive/Connected Vehicle         194
    • 7.4.6.4 Gambling and Gaming            195
    • 7.4.6.5 Monte Carlo Simulations       196
    • 7.4.6.6 Government and Defense Applications       197
    • 7.4.6.7 Enterprise Networks and Data Centers        197
    • 7.4.6.8 Automotive Applications        198
    • 7.4.6.9 Online Gaming             198
  • 7.4.7    Advantages     198
  • 7.4.8    Principle of Operation of Optical QRNG Technology            199
  • 7.4.9    Non-optical approaches to QRNG technology        201
  • 7.4.10 SWOT Analysis             202
  • 7.4.11 Market Forecasts        202
• 7.5        Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)      203
  • 7.5.1    Overview           203
  • 7.5.2    Asymmetric and Symmetric Keys     203
  • 7.5.3    Principle behind QKD               205
  • 7.5.4    Why is QKD More Secure Than Other Key Exchange Mechanisms?           206
  • 7.5.5    Discrete Variable vs. Continuous Variable QKD Protocols               207
  • 7.5.6    MDI-QKD (Measurement Device Independent QKD)           208
  • 7.5.7    Fiber-Based QKD         209
  • 7.5.8    Free-Space and Satellite QKD            210
  • 7.5.9    Key Players      210
  • 7.5.10 Challenges      211
  • 7.5.11 SWOT Analysis             213
  • 7.5.12 Market Forecasts        214
• 7.6        Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) 215
  • 7.6.1    Overview           215
  • 7.6.2    Security systems integration               215
  • 7.6.3    PQC standardization 215
    • 7.6.3.1 NIST Standardisation Process and Outcomes         216
    • 7.6.3.2 Migration Implications             216
  • 7.6.4    Transitioning cryptographic systems to PQC            217
  • 7.6.5    Market players               218
  • 7.6.6    SWOT Analysis             220
  • 7.6.7    Market Forecasts        221
• 7.7        Quantum homomorphic cryptography         221
• 7.8        Quantum Teleportation           222
• 7.9        Quantum Networks   222
  • 7.9.1    Overview           222
  • 7.9.2    Advantages     222
  • 7.9.3    Role of Trusted Nodes and Trusted Relays  223
  • 7.9.4    Entanglement Swapping and Optical Switches      223
  • 7.9.5    Multiplexing quantum signals with classical channels in the O-band      224
    • 7.9.5.1 Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and time-division multiplexing (TDM)              224
  • 7.9.6    Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution (TF-QKD)      225
  • 7.9.7    Enabling global-scale quantum communication   225
  • 7.9.8    Advanced optical fibers and interconnects               226
  • 7.9.9    Photodetectors in quantum networks           227
    • 7.9.9.1 Avalanche photodetectors (APDs)   227
    • 7.9.9.2 Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs)   228
    • 7.9.9.3 Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs)      228
  • 7.9.10 Cryostats          229
    • 7.9.10.1            Cryostat architectures             229
  • 7.9.11 Infrastructure requirements 233
  • 7.9.12 Global activity               234
    • 7.9.12.1            China  234
    • 7.9.12.2            Europe                235
    • 7.9.12.3            The Netherlands          235
    • 7.9.12.4            The United Kingdom  236
    • 7.9.12.5            US         236
    • 7.9.12.6            Japan  237
  • 7.9.13 SWOT analysis              238
• 7.10     Quantum Memory      239
• 7.11     Quantum Internet       239
• 7.12     Global Market for Quantum Communications by Technology Type 2026–2036 239
• 7.13     Market challenges      240
• 7.14     Market players               241
• 7.15     Opportunity analysis 243
• 7.16     Technology roadmap 245

 

8             QUANTUM SENSORS               247

• 8.1        Technology description           247
  • 8.1.1    Quantum Sensing Principles               248
  • 8.1.2    SWOT analysis              251
  • 8.1.3    Atomic Clocks               252
    • 8.1.3.1 High frequency oscillators    253
      • 8.1.3.1.1           Emerging oscillators  253
    • 8.1.3.2 Caesium atoms            253
    • 8.1.3.3 Self-calibration             253
    • 8.1.3.4 Optical atomic clocks              254
      • 8.1.3.4.1           Chip-scale optical clocks      254
    • 8.1.3.5 Bench/Rack-Scale Atomic Clocks   255
    • 8.1.3.6 Chip-Scale Atomic Clocks (CSAC)  256
    • 8.1.3.7 Atomic Clocks Market Forecasts — Total    257
    • 8.1.3.8 Companies     257
    • 8.1.3.9 SWOT analysis              258
  • 8.1.4    Quantum Magnetic Field Sensors    259
    • 8.1.4.1 Introduction    259
    • 8.1.4.2 Motivation for use       260
    • 8.1.4.3 Market opportunity    261
    • 8.1.4.4 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (Squids)             262
      • 8.1.4.4.1           Applications   262
      • 8.1.4.4.2           Key players      264
      • 8.1.4.4.3           SWOT analysis              265
    • 8.1.4.5 Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs)               265
      • 8.1.4.5.1           Applications   266
      • 8.1.4.5.2           Key players      266
      • 8.1.4.5.3           SWOT analysis              267
    • 8.1.4.6 Tunneling Magneto Resistance Sensors (TMRs)     268
      • 8.1.4.6.1           Applications   268
      • 8.1.4.6.2           Key players      269
      • 8.1.4.6.3           SWOT analysis              269
    • 8.1.4.7 Nitrogen Vacancy Centers (N-V Centers)     270
      • 8.1.4.7.1           Applications   270
      • 8.1.4.7.2           Key players      271
      • 8.1.4.7.3           SWOT analysis              272
    • 8.1.5    Quantum Gravimeters             273
      • 8.1.5.1 Technology description           273
      • 8.1.5.2 Applications   273
      • 8.1.5.3 Key players      276
      • 8.1.5.4 SWOT analysis              277
    • 8.1.6    Quantum Gyroscopes              278
      • 8.1.6.1 Technology description           278
        • 8.1.6.1.1           Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) 279
        • 8.1.6.1.2           Atomic quantum gyroscopes              279
      • 8.1.6.2 Applications   280
      • 8.1.6.3 Key players      281
      • 8.1.6.4 SWOT analysis              282
  • 8.1.7    Quantum Image Sensors       283
    • 8.1.7.1 Technology description           283
    • 8.1.7.2 Applications   284
    • 8.1.7.3 SWOT analysis              284
    • 8.1.7.4 Key players      285
  • 8.1.8    Quantum Radar           289
    • 8.1.8.1 Technology description           289
    • 8.1.8.2 Applications   291
  • 8.1.9    Quantum Navigation 294
  • 8.1.10 Quantum Sensor Components         294
  • 8.1.11 Quantum Chemical Sensors               296
    • 8.1.11.1            Technology overview 296
    • 8.1.11.2            Commercial activities              296
  • 8.1.12 Quantum Radio Frequency Field Sensors  297
    • 8.1.12.1            Overview           297
    • 8.1.12.2            Rydberg Atom Based Electric Field Sensors and Radio Receivers              301
      • 8.1.12.2.1        Principles         301
      • 8.1.12.2.2        Commercialization    302
    • 8.1.12.3            Nitrogen-Vacancy Centre Diamond Electric Field Sensors and Radio Receivers              303
      • 8.1.12.3.1        Principles         303
      • 8.1.12.3.2        Applications   304
    • 8.1.12.4            Market 306
  • 8.1.13 Quantum NEM and MEMs     311
    • 8.1.13.1            Technology description           311
• 8.2        Market and technology challenges  311
• 8.3        Market forecasts         312
  • 8.3.1    By Sensor Type              312
  • 8.3.2    By Volume        314
  • 8.3.3    By Sensor Price             315
  • 8.3.4    By End-Use Industry  317
• 8.4        Technology roadmap 318

 

9             QUANTUM BATTERIES             321

• 9.1        Technology description           321
• 9.2        Types   322
• 9.3        Applications   322
• 9.4        SWOT analysis              323
• 9.5        Market challenges      324
• 9.6        Market players               324
• 9.7        Opportunity analysis 325
• 9.8        Technology roadmap 326

 

10          END-USE MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS    329

• 10.1     Overview           329
• 10.2     Pharmaceuticals and Drug Discovery           330
  • 10.2.1            Market Overview          330
  • 10.2.2 Drug Discovery Applications               331
• 10.3     Financial Services       332
  • 10.3.1 Market Overview          332
  • 10.3.2 Portfolio Optimisation             333
  • 10.3.3 Risk Assessment         333
  • 10.3.4 Algorithmic Trading    333
  • 10.3.5 Fraud Detection           333
• 10.4     Aerospace and Defence         334
  • 10.4.1 Market Overview          334
  • 10.4.2 Navigation and Positioning   334
  • 10.4.3 Secure Communications      335
  • 10.4.4 Simulation and Optimisation              335
• 10.5     Energy and Utilities    335
  • 10.5.1 Market Overview          335
  • 10.5.2 Grid Optimisation       336
  • 10.5.3 Renewable Energy Integration            336
  • 10.5.4 Carbon Capture Optimisation            336
• 10.6     Healthcare and Medical         337
  • 10.6.1 Market Overview          337
  • 10.6.2 Medical Imaging          337
  • 10.6.3 Diagnostics    337
  • 10.6.4 Personalized Medicine             338
• 10.7     Telecommunications                338
  • 10.7.1 Market Overview          338
  • 10.7.2 Network Optimisation             338
  • 10.7.3 Quantum-Secure Networks 338
• 10.8     Government and Public Sector          339
  • 10.8.1 Market Overview          339

 

11          MATERIALS FOR QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES          340

• 11.1     Superconductors        341
  • 11.1.1 Overview           341
  • 11.1.2 Types and Properties 341
  • 11.1.3 Critical Temperature and Material Selection             341
    • 11.1.3.1            Critical Material Supply Chain Considerations       342
  • 11.1.4 Superconducting Quantum Circuits              343
    • 11.1.4.1            Introduction    343
    • 11.1.4.2            Fabricating Superconducting Qubits             344
  • 11.1.5 Defects and Sources of Noise            345
  • 11.1.6 Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) — Materials and Fabrication                346
  • 11.1.7 Opportunities 347
• 11.2     Photonics, Silicon Photonics and Optical Components   348
  • 11.2.1 Overview           348
  • 11.2.2 Types and Properties 348
  • 11.2.3 Photonic Integrated Circuits for Quantum Technology       348
    • 11.2.3.1            Overview           348
  • 11.2.4 PICs for Quantum Sensing   350
  • 11.2.5 Opportunities 351
• 11.3     Nanomaterials              352
  • 11.3.1 Overview           352
  • 11.3.2 Types and Properties 352
  • 11.3.3 Opportunities 352
• 11.4     Artificial Diamond for Quantum Technology              353
  • 11.4.1 Overview           353
  • 11.4.2 Supply Chain and Materials for Diamond-Based Quantum Computers 354
  • 11.4.3 Quantum Grade Diamond    355
  • 11.4.4 Silicon-Vacancy in Diamond Quantum Memory     355
• 11.5     Materials Market Forecasts  355

 

12          REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS            358

• 12.1     North America              358
  • 12.1.1 United States 358
  • 12.1.2 Canada             358
• 12.2     Europe                359
  • 12.2.1 European Union Initiatives    359
  • 12.2.2 United Kingdom           359
  • 12.2.3 Germany           359
  • 12.2.4 France 360
  • 12.2.5 Netherlands    360
• 12.3     Asia-Pacific    360
  • 12.3.1 China  360
  • 12.3.2 Japan  361
  • 12.3.3 South Korea    361
  • 12.3.4 Australia           361
  • 12.3.5 Singapore         362
• 12.4     Rest of World 362
• 12.5     Government Initiatives Comparison              363

 

13          GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS  365

• 13.1     Market map    365
• 13.2     Key industry players   366
  • 13.2.1 Start-ups           367
  • 13.2.2 Tech Giants     367
  • 13.2.3 National Initiatives     368
• 13.3     Global market revenues 2018-2046               368
  • 13.3.1 Quantum Computing               368
  • 13.3.2 Quantum Sensors      368
  • 13.3.3 QKD Systems 369
  • 13.3.4 Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNG)    370
  • 13.3.5 Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)               371
  • 13.3.6 Quantum Machine Learning 371
  • 13.3.7 Quantum Simulation 372
  • 13.3.8 Quantum Batteries     372
  • 13.3.9 Total Quantum 2.0 Market — Consolidated Forecast          373

 

14          COMPANY PROFILES                375 (331 company profiles)

 

15          RESEARCH METHODOLOGY              592

 

16          TERMS AND DEFINITIONS     593

 

17          REFERENCES 596

 

List of Tables

• Table 1. 2025–2026 Quantum Technology Investment       34
• Table 2. First and second quantum revolutions.     37
• Table 3. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) assessment by quantum platform  39
• Table 4. Quantum Technology Total Investments 2012–2026 (millions USD)      40
• Table 5. Major Quantum Technologies Investments 2024–2026 41
• Table 6. Quantum Technology Investments 2012–2026 by Technology Subsector (millions USD)         44
• Table 7. Quantum Technology Funding 2022–2026 by Company (USD)  45
• Table 8. Quantum Technology Investment by Application 2012–2026 (millions USD)   46
• Table 9. Quantum Technology Investments 2012–2026 by Region (millions USD)           47
• Table 10. Key Quantum Investment Trends 2025–2026     49
• Table 11.Global Government Quantum Commitments (2022–2026)       56
• Table 12. Challenges for quantum technologies adoption.             59
• Table 13. Quantum 2.0 value chain 62
• Table 14. Total Quantum 2.0 market forecast 2026–2036 (billions USD) 63
• Table 15. Quantum 2.0 market by end-use industry 2026–2036 (billions USD) 64
• Table 16. Quantum 2.0 market by region 2026–2036 (billions USD)          64
• Table 17. First and second quantum revolutions    66
• Table 18. Comparison — Classical vs. Quantum Technologies    70
• Table 19.  Applications for quantum computing     75
• Table 20. Comparison of classical versus quantum computing. 76
• Table 21. Key quantum mechanical phenomena utilized in quantum computing.          77
• Table 22. Types of quantum computers.      77
• Table 23. Qubit performance benchmarking by platform 82
• Table 24. Coherence times for different qubit implementations  83
• Table 25. Quantum computer benchmarking metrics        83
• Table 26. Logical qubit progress        84
• Table 27. Comparative analysis of quantum computing with classical computing, quantum-inspired computing, and neuromorphic computing.              85
• Table 28. Different computing paradigms beyond conventional CMOS. 86
• Table 29. Applications of quantum algorithms.      87
• Table 30. QML approaches. 88
• Table 31. Modular vs. single core architectures      91
• Table 32. Heterogeneous architectural approaches by provider  92
• Table 33. Coherence times for different qubit implementations. 94
• Table 34. Superconducting qubit market players.  98
• Table 35. Initialization, manipulation and readout for trapped ion quantum computers.            101
• Table 36. Ion trap market players.     104
• Table 37.  Initialization, manipulation, and readout methods for silicon-spin qubits.   108
• Table 38. Silicon spin qubits market players.            109
• Table 39. Initialization, manipulation and readout of topological qubits.              112
• Table 40. Topological qubits market players.            113
• Table 41. Pros and cons of photon qubits. 114
• Table 42. Comparison of photon polarization and squeezed states.         114
• Table 43. Initialization, manipulation and readout of photonic platform quantum computers.               115
• Table 44. Photonic qubit market players.     116
• Table 45. Initialization, manipulation and readout for neutral-atom quantum computers.        120
• Table 46. Pros and cons of cold atoms quantum computers and simulators      120
• Table 47. Neural atom qubit market players.             121
• Table 48. Initialization, manipulation and readout of Diamond-Defect Spin-Based Computing.           123
• Table 49.  Key materials for developing diamond-defect spin-based quantum computers.      124
• Table 50. Diamond-defect qubits market players. 126
• Table 51. Pros and cons of quantum annealers.    128
• Table 52. Quantum annealers market players.        130
• Table 53. Quantum computing infrastructure requirements           131
• Table 54. Quantum computing software market players. 134
• Table 55. Market challenges in quantum computing.         137
• Table 56. Business models in quantum computing              139
• Table 57. Quantum computing value chain.             141
• Table 58. Markets and applications for quantum computing.       141
• Table 59. Market players in quantum technologies for pharmaceuticals.             144
• Table 60. Market players in quantum computing for chemicals.  145
• Table 61. Automotive applications of quantum computing,           146
• Table 62. Market players in quantum computing for transportation.         148
• Table 63. Market players in quantum computing for financial services   149
• Table 64. Market opportunities in quantum computing.   150
• Table 65. Applications in quantum chemistry and artificial intelligence (AI).      155
• Table 66. Market challenges in quantum chemistry and Artificial Intelligence (AI).         157
• Table 67. Market players in quantum chemistry and AI.    157
• Table 68. Market opportunities in quantum chemistry and AI.      158
• Table 69. Classical vs. quantum computing paradigms for machine learning    162
• Table 70. QML phases and evolution              165
• Table 71. QML approaches   166
• Table 72. Advantages of quantum machine learning           168
• Table 73. Challenges and limitations of QML            169
• Table 74. QML applications by industry       171
• Table 75. QML market players             172
• Table 76. QML market forecasts 2026–2036 (millions USD)           173
• Table 77. Comparison of analog and digital quantum simulation approaches  175
• Table 78. Quantum simulation platforms comparison       176
• Table 79. Applications of quantum simulation by industry              178
• Table 80. Applications in quantum chemistry and artificial intelligence 182
• Table 81. Market challenges in quantum chemistry simulation   182
• Table 82. Quantum simulation market players        183
• Table 83. Quantum simulation market forecasts 2026–2036 (millions USD)      184
• Table 84. Main types of quantum communications.            186
• Table 85. Applications in quantum communications.        187
• Table 86. QRNG entropy sources comparison         189
• Table 87. QRNG standards development    191
• Table 88. QRNG applications.            192
• Table 89. Key Players Developing QRNG Products.               199
• Table 90. Optical QRNG by company.           200
• Table 91. QRNG market forecasts 2026–2036 by application segment (millions USD) 202
• Table 92. QKD protocols comparison            208
• Table 93. Markets for QKD systems by end-use industry and delivery method 2026–2036 (millions USD)                214
• Table 94. Market players in post-quantum cryptography. 218
• Table 95. PQC market forecasts by cryptographic approach 2026–2036 (millions USD)             221
• Table 96. Global market for quantum communications by technology type 2026–2036 (millions USD)                240
• Table 97. Market challenges in quantum communications.           240
• Table 98. Market players in quantum communications.   241
• Table 99. Market opportunities in quantum communications.     244
• Table 100.  Comparison between classical and quantum sensors.           247
• Table 101. Applications in quantum sensors.          248
• Table 102. Technology approaches for enabling quantum sensing            249
• Table 103. Value proposition for quantum sensors.             250
• Table 104. Key challenges and limitations of quartz crystal clocks vs. atomic clocks.  252
• Table 105.  New modalities being researched to improve the fractional uncertainty of atomic clocks.                254
• Table 106. Global market for bench/rack-scale atomic clocks 2026–2036 (millions USD)        256
• Table 107. Global market for chip-scale atomic clocks 2026–2036 (millions USD)        257
• Table 108. Global market for atomic clocks 2026–2036 (billions USD)   257
• Table 109. Companies developing high-precision quantum time measurement              257
• Table 110. Key players in atomic clocks.     259
• Table 111. Comparative analysis of key performance parameters and metrics of magnetic field sensors.                260
• Table 112. Types of magnetic field sensors.              261
• Table 113. Market opportunity for different types of quantum magnetic field sensors. 262
• Table 114. Applications of SQUIDs. 262
• Table 115. Market opportunities for SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices).         264
• Table 116. Key players in SQUIDs.   264
• Table 117. Applications of optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs).  266
• Table 118. Key players in Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs).     266
• Table 119. Applications for TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.            268
• Table 120. Market players in TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.         269
• Table 121. Applications of N-V center magnetic field centers        271
• Table 122. Key players in N-V center magnetic field sensors.        271
• Table 123. Applications of quantum gravimeters   274
• Table 124. Comparative table between quantum gravity sensing and some other technologies commonly used for underground mapping.              274
• Table 125. Key players in quantum gravimeters.     276
• Table 126. Comparison of quantum gyroscopes with MEMs gyroscopes and optical gyroscopes.       278
• Table 127. Markets and applications for quantum gyroscopes.   280
• Table 128. Key players in quantum gyroscopes.     281
• Table 129. Types of quantum image sensors and their key features/.       283
• Table 130. Applications of quantum image sensors.           284
• Table 131. Key players in quantum image sensors.              285
• Table 132. Comparison of quantum radar versus conventional radar and lidar technologies. 290
• Table 133. Applications of quantum radar. 291
• Table 134. Single-photon detector technology comparison           293
• Table 135. SNSPD market players    293
• Table 136. Quantum sensor component categories and functions           295
• Table 137. Challenges for quantum sensor components 296
• Table 138. Value Proposition of Quantum RF Sensors        297
• Table 139. Types of Quantum RF Sensors   299
• Table 140. Markets for Quantum RF Sensors            306
• Table 141. Technology Transition Milestones.          310
• Table 142. Market and technology challenges in quantum sensing.         312
• Table 143. Global market for quantum sensors by sensor type 2018–2036 (Millions USD)        313
• Table 144. Extended forecast to 2046 (Millions USD)          313
• Table 145. Global market for quantum sensors by volume 2018–2046 (Units)  314
• Table 146. Global market for quantum sensors by sensor price 2025–2046 (Units)       315
• Table 147. Extended price segmentation to 2046 (Units — selected years)          316
• Table 148. Global market for quantum sensors by end-use industry 2018–2036 (Millions USD)            317
• Table 149. Extended forecast to 2046 (Millions USD)          317
• Table 150. Comparison between quantum batteries and other conventional battery types.    321
• Table 151. Types of quantum batteries.        322
• Table 152. Applications of quantum batteries.        322
• Table 153. Market challenges in quantum batteries.            324
• Table 154. Market players in quantum batteries.    324
• Table 155. Market opportunities in quantum batteries.      325
• Table 156. Total addressable market (TAM) for quantum technologies by sector              329
• Table 157. End-user industry investment in quantum readiness 330
• Table 158. Market players in quantum technologies for pharmaceuticals            332
• Table 159. Market players in quantum computing for financial services 334
• Table 160. Materials in Quantum Technology.          340
• Table 161. Superconductors in quantum technology.         341
• Table 162. Critical temperature of superconducting materials for quantum technology             342
• Table 163. Transmon superconducting qubit structure and materials     343
• Table 164. Summary of manufacturing processes for superconducting quantum chips             344
• Table 165. Defects and sources of noise for superconducting quantum circuits              345
• Table 166. Fabrication methods for SNSPDs            346
• Table 167. Photonics, silicon photonics and optics in quantum technology.      348
• Table 168. Quantum PIC material platforms benchmarked            349
• Table 169. PIC materials used by quantum technology companies          350
• Table 170. Nanomaterials in quantum technology.              352
• Table 171. Material advantages and disadvantages of diamond for quantum applications       353
• Table 172. Synthetic diamond value chain for quantum technology         354
• Table 173. Market forecast for superconducting chips for quantum technologies 2026–2036 (millions USD)    355
• Table 174. Market forecast for PICs for quantum technologies 2026–2036 (millions USD)        356
• Table 175. Market forecast for diamond for quantum technologies 2026–2036 (millions USD)              356
• Table 176. Global government quantum initiatives comparison  363
• Table 177. Global Market for Quantum Computing — Hardware, Software & Services 2025–2046 (billions USD) 368
• Table 178. Markets for Quantum Sensors by Type 2025–2046 (millions USD)    369
• Table 179. Markets for QKD Systems 2025–2046 (millions USD) 369
• Table 180. Global Market for Quantum Random Number Generators by Application 2025–2046 (millions USD)    370
• Table 181. Global Market for Post-Quantum Cryptography by Approach 2025–2046 (millions USD)  371
• Table 182. Global Market for Quantum Machine Learning by Segment 2025–2046 (millions USD)      371
• Table 183. Global Market for Quantum Simulation by Application 2025–2046 (millions USD) 372
• Table 184. Global Market for Quantum Batteries by Application 2025–2046 (millions USD)     373
• Table 185. Total Quantum 2.0 Market by Segment 2026–2036 (billions USD)     373
• Table 186. Quantum 2.0 Market by End-Use Industry 2026–2036 (billions USD)              374
• Table 187. Quantum 2.0 Market by Region 2026–2036 (billions USD)      374

 

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Quantum computing development timeline.       38
• Figure 2. Quantum computing architectures.           73
• Figure 3. An early design of an IBM 7-qubit chip based on superconducting technology.           74
• Figure 4. Various 2D to 3D chips integration techniques into chiplets.    76
• Figure 5. IBM Q System One quantum computer.  79
• Figure 6. Unconventional computing approaches.               86
• Figure 7. 53-qubit Sycamore processor.      89
• Figure 8. Interior of IBM quantum computing system. The quantum chip is located in the small dark square at center bottom.       93
• Figure 9. Superconducting quantum computer.     95
• Figure 10. Superconducting quantum computer schematic.         96
• Figure 11.  Components and materials used in a superconducting qubit.            97
• Figure 12. SWOT analysis for superconducting quantum computers:.    99
• Figure 13. Ion-trap quantum computer.       100
• Figure 14. Various ways to trap ions.              101
• Figure 15.  Universal Quantum’s shuttling ion architecture in their Penning traps.          102
• Figure 16. SWOT analysis for trapped-ion quantum computing. 105
• Figure 17. CMOS silicon spin qubit.                106
• Figure 18. Silicon quantum dot qubits.         108
• Figure 19. SWOT analysis for silicon spin quantum computers.  111
• Figure 20. SWOT analysis for topological qubits     113
• Figure 21 . SWOT analysis for photonic quantum computers.       118
• Figure 22. Neutral atoms (green dots) arranged in various configurations            119
• Figure 23. SWOT analysis for neutral-atom quantum computers.              122
• Figure 24. NV center components.  123
• Figure 25. SWOT analysis for diamond-defect quantum computers.       126
• Figure 26. D-Wave quantum annealer.          129
• Figure 27. SWOT analysis for quantum annealers.               130
• Figure 28. Quantum software development platforms.     132
• Figure 29. SWOT analysis for quantum computing.             139
• Figure 30. Technology roadmap for quantum computing 2025-2046.     154
• Figure 31. SWOT analysis for quantum chemistry and AI. 157
• Figure 32. Technology roadmap for quantum chemistry and AI 2025-2046.        161
• Figure 33. IDQ quantum number generators.           188
• Figure 34. SWOT Analysis of Quantum Random Number Generator Technology.             202
• Figure 35. SWOT Analysis of Quantum Key Distribution Technology.        214
• Figure 36. SWOT Analysis: Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC).  221
• Figure 37. SWOT analysis for networks.       239
• Figure 38. Technology roadmap for quantum communications 2025-2046.       246
• Figure 39. Q.ANT quantum particle sensor.               251
• Figure 40. SWOT analysis for quantum sensors market.   252
• Figure 41. NIST's compact optical clock.    255
• Figure 42. SWOT analysis for atomic clocks.            259
• Figure 43.Principle of SQUID magnetometer.           263
• Figure 44. SWOT analysis for SQUIDS.          265
• Figure 45. SWOT analysis for OPMs 267
• Figure 46. Tunneling magnetoresistance mechanism and TMR ratio formats.   268
• Figure 47. SWOT analysis for TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.        270
• Figure 48. SWOT analysis for N-V Center Magnetic Field Sensors.             272
• Figure 49. Quantum Gravimeter.       273
• Figure 50. SWOT analysis for Quantum Gravimeters.          278
• Figure 51. SWOT analysis for Quantum Gyroscopes.          282
• Figure 52. SWOT analysis for Quantum image sensing.    285
• Figure 53. Principle of quantum radar.          290
• Figure 54. Illustration of a quantum radar prototype.          290
• Figure 55. Quantum RF Sensors Market Roadmap (2023-2046). 310
• Figure 56. Technology roadmap for quantum sensors 2025-2046.            320
• Figure 57. Schematic of the flow of energy (blue) from a source to a battery made up of multiple cells. (left)     321
• Figure 58. SWOT analysis for quantum batteries.  323
• Figure 59. Technology roadmap for quantum batteries 2025-2046.          328
• Figure 60. Market map for quantum technologies industry.            366
• Figure 61. Tech Giants quantum technologies activities. 367
• Figure 62. Archer-EPFL spin-resonance circuit.      385
• Figure 63.  IBM Q System One quantum computer.              430
• Figure 64. ColdQuanta Quantum Core (left), Physics Station (middle) and the atoms control chip (right).                435
• Figure 65.  Intel Tunnel Falls 12-qubit chip.                436
• Figure 66. IonQ's ion trap       437
• Figure 67. 20-qubit quantum computer.      439
• Figure 68. Maybell Big Fridge.              451
• Figure 69. PsiQuantum’s modularized quantum computing system networks. 487
• Figure 70. Quantum Brilliance device            521
• Figure 71. The Ez-Q Engine 2.0 superconducting quantum measurement and control system.             524
• Figure 72. Conceptual illustration (left) and physical mockup (right, at OIST) of Qubitcore’s distributed ion-trap quantum computer, visualizing quantum entanglement via optical fiber links between traps.                538
• Figure 73. Quobly's processor.           543
• Figure 74. SemiQ first chip prototype.           564
• Figure 75. SpinMagIC quantum sensor.       571
• Figure 76. Toshiba QKD Development Timeline.     578
• Figure 77. Toshiba Quantum Key Distribution technology.               579

 

 

 

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