The Global Market for Micro-LED Displays 2024-2034

Published: November 2023
Pages: 355
Tables: 72
Figures: 122
Series: Electronics

MicroLED is a self-emitting display consisting of arrays of microscopic LEDs each forming a pixel. Micro-LED commercial activity is picking on considerably. Apple has plans to invest>$2 billion establishing smartwatch display production with 8” MicroLED chip fab at ams-Osram. Epistar and AUO are building a 6” MicroLED foundry leveraging PlayNitride technology. AUO will also begin production of a smart watch display 1.39” in Q4 23. Jade Bird Display has commenced it's production line in Hefei, with the total capacity of 120 million 0.13” MicroLED panels. Several other companies have also set up pilot lines for production. and Samsung is planning to y increase manufacturing of microLED TV in 2023.

The Global Market for Micro-LED Displays 2024-2034 is an in-depth 350+ page market report providing a comprehensive analysis of the emerging Mini-LED and Micro-LED display technologies and markets. It evaluates the current status and future outlook for these next-generation LED displays across applications in consumer electronics, automotive, augmented reality, transparent displays, digital signage, and more.

The report profiles over 80 leading companies developing Micro-LED products including display manufacturers, LED chip/emitter companies, equipment suppliers and start-ups. It assesses their technology capabilities, product roadmaps, partnerships, and competitive positioning.

Detailed technical analysis is provided on Micro-LED manufacturing processes such as epitaxial growth, mass transfer techniques, assembly and interconnect technologies. The report compares performance metrics of Micro-LED displays including benefits/drawbacks versus LCD and OLED displays.

In-depth market analysis is provided on adoption trends, drivers and challenges across key industry verticals. Quantitative 10+ year market forecasts are included for Mini-LED and Micro-LED display shipments and revenues globally and segmented by product categories, regions and application markets.

Overall this report is the most comprehensive source of strategic analysis on the transformative Mini-LED and Micro-LED display technologies and associated market opportunities through 2034. It is a vital reference for display industry participants, investors, electronics OEMs, and technology companies seeking an in-depth understanding of these emerging displays.

Report contents include:

Technology Introductions to Mini-LED and Micro-LED Displays
Comparative Analysis of Mini-LED vs Micro-LED
Manufacturing Processes for Mini-LED and Micro-LED Displays
Chip Fabrication, Epitaxial Growth, Wafer Production
Assembly, Hybrid Integration, Mass Transfer Techniques
Defect Management, Repair and Optimization
Colour Conversion Technologies for Micro-LED
Analysis of Micro-LED Performance Metrics
Assessment of Benefits and Drawbacks vs LCD and OLED
Emerging Innovations: Flexible, Transparent, 3D Displays
Adoption Roadmaps and Market Opportunities by Application:
- Consumer Electronics, Automotive Displays, Signage
- AR/VR Devices, Transparent Displays, Lighting, Medical
Supply Chain Ecosystems for Micro-LED Displays
Company Profiles of 80+ Micro-LED Developers. Companies profiled include AUO, eLux, Innolux, Jade Bird Display, LG Display, Mikro Mesa, Mojo Vision, PlayNitride, Porotech, Q-Pixel, Samsung Electronics, Tianma, and Sony.
10-Year Market Forecasts for Micro-LED Display Shipments and Revenues
Analysis of Market Drivers, Trends, and Technology Challenges
Regional Markets: North America, Asia-Pacific, Europe, ROW

View full table of contents (pdf)

1 REPORT AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 21

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 22

2.1 The Mini-LED market 22
2.2 The Micro-LED market 22
2.3 The global display market 25
- 2.3.1 OLEDs 25
- 2.3.2 Quantum dots 26
- 2.3.3 Display technologies assessment 27
2.4 Benefits of Micro-LEDs 29
2.5 Micro-LEDs applications 31
2.6 Market and technology challenges 34
2.7 Industry developments 2020-2023 36
2.8 Recent micro-LED display innovations 41
2.9 Market activity in China 45
2.10 Global shipment forecasts for Micro-LEDs to 2034 46
- 2.10.1 Units 46
- 2.10.2 Revenues 49

3 TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION 50

3.1 What are Micro-LEDs? 50
3.2 Mini-LED (mLED) vs Micro-LED (µLED) 52
- 3.2.1 Display configurations 52
- 3.2.2 Development 54
  - 3.2.2.1 Sony 54
- 3.2.3 Types 55
- 3.2.4 Production 56
  - 3.2.4.1 Integration 56
  - 3.2.4.2 Transfer technologies 58
- 3.2.5 Comparison to LCD, OLED AND QD 61
- 3.2.6 Micro-LED display specifications 62
- 3.2.7 Advantages 63
  - 3.2.7.1 Transparency 65
  - 3.2.7.2 Borderless 65
  - 3.2.7.3 Flexibility 66
- 3.2.8 Tiled microLED displays 66
- 3.2.9 Costs 67

4 MANUFACTURING 69

4.1 Epitaxy and Chip Processing 69
- 4.1.1 Materials 72
- 4.1.2 Substrates 74
- 4.1.3 Wafer patterning 76
- 4.1.4 Metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) 77
- 4.1.5 Epitaxial growth requirement 79
- 4.1.6 Uniformity 80
- 4.1.7 Chip manufacturing 82
- 4.1.8 Epi-film transfer 84
- 4.1.9 Micro-LED Performances 86
4.2 Transfer, Assembly and Integration Technologies 88
- 4.2.1 Monolithic integration 90
  - 4.2.1.1 Overview 90
  - 4.2.1.2 Companies 93
- 4.2.2 Heterogeneous Wafers 95
  - 4.2.2.1 Array integration 95
  - 4.2.2.2 Hybridization 96
  - 4.2.2.3 Wafer bonding 97
  - 4.2.2.4 Hybridization integration 99
  - 4.2.2.5 Companies 102
- 4.2.3 GaN on Silicon 104
  - 4.2.3.1 Overview 104
  - 4.2.3.2 Types 106
  - 4.2.3.3 Challenges 108
  - 4.2.3.4 Companies 110
- 4.2.4 Mass transfer 112
  - 4.2.4.1 Chiplet Mass Transfer 116
  - 4.2.4.2 Elastomer Stamp Transfer (Fine pick and place) 118
    - 4.2.4.2.1 Overview 118
    - 4.2.4.2.2 µLED fabrication 121
    - 4.2.4.2.3 Micro-transfer printing 123
    - 4.2.4.2.4 Capillary-assisted transfer printing 124
    - 4.2.4.2.5 Electrostatic array 126
    - 4.2.4.2.6 Companies 127
  - 4.2.4.3 Roll-to-Roll or Roll-to-Panel Imprinting 130
  - 4.2.4.4 Laser enabled transfer 133
    - 4.2.4.4.1 Overview 134
    - 4.2.4.4.2 Companies 136
  - 4.2.4.5 Electrostatic Transfer 137
  - 4.2.4.6 Micro-transfer 138
  - 4.2.4.7 Micro vacuum-based transfer 139
  - 4.2.4.8 Adhesive Stamp 140
  - 4.2.4.9 Self-Assembly 141
    - 4.2.4.9.1 Overview 141
    - 4.2.4.9.2 Fluidically Self-Assembled (FSA) technology 143
    - 4.2.4.9.3 Magnetically-assisted assembly 146
    - 4.2.4.9.4 Photoelectrochemically driven fluidic-assembly 148
    - 4.2.4.9.5 Electrophoretic fluidic-assembly 149
    - 4.2.4.9.6 Surface energy fluidic-assembly 150
    - 4.2.4.9.7 Companies 151
  - 4.2.4.10 All-In-One Transfer 154
    - 4.2.4.10.1 Overview 154
    - 4.2.4.10.2 Companies 155
- 4.2.5 Nanowires 157
  - 4.2.5.1 Overview 157
  - 4.2.5.2 3D technology 158
- 4.2.6 Bonding and interconnection 159
  - 4.2.6.1 Overview 159
  - 4.2.6.2 Types of bonding 160
  - 4.2.6.3 Types of interconnections 161

5 DEFECT MANAGEMENT 162

5.1 Overview 162
5.2 Defect types 163
5.3 Repair 164
5.4 Laser micro trimming 165

6 COLOUR CONVERSION 167

6.1 Comparison of technologies 170
6.2 Full colour conversion 171
6.3 UV LED 173
6.4 Colour filters 174
6.5 Stacked RGB MicroLEDs 177
6.5.1 Companies and research 178
6.6 Three panel system 179
6.7 Phosphor Colour Conversion 180
- 6.7.1 Overview 180
- 6.7.2 Challenges 184
- 6.7.3 Companies 185
6.8 Quantum dots colour conversion 188
- 6.8.1 Overview 190
- 6.8.2 Quantum dots in micro-LED displays 192
- 6.8.3 QDs vs phosphors 193
- 6.8.4 Challenges 194
- 6.8.5 Companies 195
6.9 Quantum wells 196
6.10 Improving image quality 198

7 LIGHT MANAGEMENT 200

7.1 Overview 200

8 BACKPLANES AND DRIVING 203

8.1 Overview 203
8.2 Technologies 203

9 THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR MICRO-LED DISPLAYS 208

9.1 Market map 208
9.2 Consumer electronic display market 211
- 9.2.1 Products 212
9.3 Smartwatches and wearables 212
- 9.3.1 Apple’s planned microLED smartwatch 213
- 9.3.2 Samsung 214
9.4 Smartphones 214
9.5 Samsung 214
- 9.5.1 Wall display 215
- 9.5.2 Neo QLED TV range 215
- 9.5.3 MicroLED CX TV line-up 216
9.6 LG 217
- 9.6.1 MAGNIT Micro-LED TV 217
- 9.6.2 Stretchable 12" microLED touch displays 218
9.7 TCL CSOT 219
9.8 Laptops, monitors and tablets 219

10 FLEXIBLE, STRETCHABLE AND FOLDABLE MICRO-LED 220

10.1 The global foldable display market 222
10.2 Foldable Micro-LED displays 222
10.3 Product developers 223

11 BIOTECH AND MEDICAL DISPLAYS 224

11.1 The global medical display market 224
11.2 Micro-LEDS 224
- 11.2.1 Micro-LEDs for medical applications 224
  - 11.2.1.1 Implantable Devices 224
  - 11.2.1.2 Lab-on-a-Chip 225
  - 11.2.1.3 Endoscopy 225
  - 11.2.1.4 Surgical Displays 226
  - 11.2.1.5 Phototherapy 226
  - 11.2.1.6 Biosensing 227
11.3 Product developers 228

12 AUTOMOTIVE 229

12.1 Global automotive displays market 229
12.2 Mini-LED 230
- 12.2.1 Head-up display (HUD) 233
- 12.2.2 Headlamps 234
12.3 Product developers 235

13 VIRTUAL REALITY (VR), AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) AND MIXED REALITY (MR) 237

13.1 Global market for virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) 237
13.2 AR/VR Smart glasses and head-mounted displays (HMDs) 238
13.3 Micro-LED contact lenses 239
13.4 Products and prototypes 239

14 TRANSPARENT DISPLAYS 244

14.1 Global transparent displays market 244
14.2 Micro-LED transparent displays applications 244
14.3 Product developers 247

15 SUPPLY CHAIN 249

16 COMPANY PROFILES 251 (85 company profiles)

17 REFERENCES 350

List of Tables

Table 1. Announced Micro-LED fabs. 24
Table 2. Summary of display technologies. 27
Table 3. Micro-LED applications. 31
Table 4. Micro-LED applications. 32
Table 5. Market and technology challenges for micro-LEDs. 34
Table 6. Micro-LED industry developments 2020-2023. 36
Table 7. Micro-LED product announcements at CES 2021. 41
Table 8. Micro-LED product announcements at CES 2022 and Display Week 2022. 42
Table 9. Micro-LED product announcements at CES 2023 and Display Week 2023. 43
Table 10. Micro-LED activity in China. 45
Table 11. Global Micro-LED display market (thousands of units) 2020-2034. 46
Table 12. LED size definitions. 49
Table 13. Comparison between mini-LED and micro-LED. 52
Table 14. Comparison to conventional LEDs. 54
Table 15. Types of Micro-LED. 54
Table 16. Summary of monolithic integration, monolithic hybrid integration (flip-chip/wafer bonding), and mass transfer technologies. 56
Table 17. Summary of different mass transfer technologies. 57
Table 18. Micro-LED Comparison to LCD, OLED and QD. 60
Table 19. Schematic comparison to LCD and OLED. 61
Table 20. Commercially available Micro-LED products and specifications. 62
Table 21. Micro-LED-based display advantages and disadvantages. 63
Table 22. Materials for commercial LED chips. 71
Table 23. Advantages and disadvantages of MOCVD. 76
Table 24. Transfer, assembly and integration technologies. 87
Table 25. Companies utilizing monolithic integration for Micro-LEDs. 92
Table 26. Advantages and disadvanatages of heterogeneous wafers. 99
Table 27. Key players in heterogeneous wafers. 101
Table 28. GaN on silicon epi types. 105
Table 29. Challenges of GaN-on-Silicon epitaxy. 107
Table 30. Companies utilizing GaN micro-LEDs on silicon. 109
Table 31. Mass transfer methods, by company. 112
Table 32. Comparison of various mass transfer technologies. 112
Table 33. Advantages and disadvantages of Elastomeric stamp. 118
Table 34. Key technologies for micro-LED mass transfer. 118
Table 35. Companies utiilzing elastomeric stamp transfer. 126
Table 36. Laser beam requirement. 134
Table 37. Companies utilizing laser-enabled transfer technology. 135
Table 38. Types of self-assembly technologies. 140
Table 39. Companies utilizing self-assembly. 150
Table 40. Advantages and disadvantages of all-in-one CMOS driving technique. 153
Table 41. Companies utilizing All-in-one transfer. 154
Table 42. Comparison between 2D and 3D micro-LEDs. 157
Table 43. Companies and research institutions developing stacked RGB microLEDs. 177
Table 44. Requirements for phosphors in LEDs. 180
Table 45. Phosphor materials. 181
Table 46. Standard and emerging red-emitting phosphors. 182
Table 47. Challenges with phosphor colour conversion. 183
Table 48. Companies developing phosphors for Micro-LEDs. 184
Table 49. Types of quantum dot displays. 189
Table 50. Comparison with phosphors. 192
Table 51. Challenges with QD colour conversion. 193
Table 52. Companies utilizing quantum dots in Micro-LEDs. 194
Table 53. Backplane and driving options for Micro-LED displays. 202
Table 54. Comparison of LED TV technologies. 210
Table 55. Samsung Neo QLED TV range. 215
Table 56. LG mini QNED range 216
Table 57. Flexible, stretchable and foldable Micro-LED products. 222
Table 58. Medical display Micro-LED products. 227
Table 59. Automotive display & backlight architectures 228
Table 60. Applications of Micro-LED in automotive. 230
Table 61. Automotive display Micro-LED products. 234
Table 62. Comparison of AR Display Light Engines. 237
Table 63. Micro-LED based smart glass products. 238
Table 64. Micro-LED transparent displays. 243
Table 65. Companies developing Micro-LED transparent displays. 246
Table 66. Micro-LED supply chain. 248
Table 67. Commercial partnerships and ventures in Micro-LEDs. 250
Table 68. LG mini QNED range 295
Table 69. Samsung Neo QLED TV range. 321
Table 70. San’an Mini and Micro LED Production annual target. 322
Table 71. NPQDTM vs Traditional QD based Micro-LEDs. 325
Table 72. TCL Mini-LED product range. 335

List of Figures

Figure 1. Blue GaN Micro-LED arrays with 3um pixel pitch use polychromatic quantum dot integration to achieve full colour AR displays. 23
Figure 2. The progress of display technology, from LCD to Micro-LED. 29
Figure 3. Video wall. 31
Figure 4. Automotive dashboard display. 31
Figure 5. Public advertising displays. 31
Figure 6. Wearable biomedical devices. 32
Figure 7. Head-up displays (HUD). 33
Figure 8. Pico-projectors. 33
Figure 9. Mojo Vision's 300-mm GaN-on-silicon blue LED wafer for microLED displays. 44
Figure 10. Global Micro-LED display market (thousands of units) 2020-2034. 47
Figure 11. Global Micro-LED display market 2020-2034, by market (Million USD). 48
Figure 12. Display system configurations. 52
Figure 13. Micro-LED schematic. 53
Figure 14. Pixels per inch roadmap of µ-LED displays from 2007 to 2019. 55
Figure 15. Mass transfer for µLED chips. 57
Figure 16. Schematic diagram of mass transfer technologies. 59
Figure 17. Micro-LED display panel structure. 61
Figure 18. Comparison of Micro-LED with other display technologies. 63
Figure 19. Lextar 10.6 inch transparent Micro-LED display. 64
Figure 20. Transition to borderless design. 65
Figure 21. Metal organic chemical vapor deposition. 76
Figure 22. LED fabrication flowchart. 81
Figure 23. Typical RGB LED designs. 82
Figure 24. Fabrication of vertical GaN-LEDs. 83
Figure 25. Sidewall effect. 85
Figure 26. Process flow of Silicon Display of Sharp, 98
Figure 27. Monolithic micro-LED array. 99
Figure 28. Schematics of a elastomer stamping, b electrostatic/electromagnetic transfer, c laser-assisted transfer and d fluid self-assembly. 114
Figure 29. Transfer process flow. 117
Figure 30. Schematics of Roll-based mass transfer. 129
Figure 31. Schematic of laser-induced forward transfer technology. 133
Figure 32. Schematic of fluid self-assembly technology. 142
Figure 33. Fabrication of micro-LED chip array. 143
Figure 34. LG's FSA transfer technique. 151
Figure 35. Schematic of colour conversion technology. 170
Figure 36. Process flow of a full-colour micro display. 171
Figure 37. Toray's organic colour conversion film. 185
Figure 38. Quantum dot structure. 189
Figure 39. Market map for Micro-LED displays. 207
Figure 40. Market adoption roadmap for microLED displays. 208
Figure 41. Micro-LED wearable display prototype. 212
Figure 42. APHAEA Watch. 212
Figure 43. Samsung Wall display system. 214
Figure 44. Samsung Neo QLED 8K. 215
Figure 45. Samsung Electronics 89-inch microLED TV. 216
Figure 46. MAGNIT Micro-LED TV. 217
Figure 47. Stretchable 12" microLED touch displays. 218
Figure 48. AU Optonics Flexible Micro-LED Display. 219
Figure 49. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level Micro-LED transferring. 220
Figure 50. 55” flexible AM panel. 221
Figure 51. Foldable 4K C SEED M1. 222
Figure 52. Micro-LEDs for medical applications 226
Figure 53. 2023 Cadillac Lyriq EV incorporating mini-LED display. 229
Figure 54. Micro-LED automotive display. 230
Figure 55. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD. 232
Figure 56. Rear lamp utilizing flexible Micro-LEDs. 234
Figure 57. Mojo Vision smart contact lens with an embedded Micro-LED display. 238
Figure 58. Cellid AR glasses, Exploded version. 239
Figure 59. Air Glass. 239
Figure 60. Panasonic MeganeX. 240
Figure 61. Thunderbird Smart Glasses Pioneer Edition. 240
Figure 62. RayNeo X2. 241
Figure 63. tooz technologies smart glasses. 241
Figure 64. Vuzix Micro-LED micro display Smart Glasses. 241
Figure 65. Leopard demo glasses by WaveOptics. 242
Figure 66. Different transparent displays and transmittance limitations. 244
Figure 67. 7.56" high transparency & frameless Micro-LED display. 245
Figure 68. AUO's 13.5-inch transparent RGB microLED display. 245
Figure 69. 17.3-inch transparent microLED AI display in a Taiwan Ferry. 246
Figure 70. WireLED in 12” Silicon Wafer. 251
Figure 71. Typical GaN-on-Si LED structure. 253
Figure 72. 300 mm GaN-on-silicon epiwafer. 253
Figure 73. Micro-LED chiplet architecture. 255
Figure 74. Concept Apple Vr Ar Mixed Reality Headset. 255
Figure 75. 1.39-inch full-circle Micro-LED display 256
Figure 76. 9.4" flexible Micro-LED display. 257
Figure 77. BOE Mini-LED display TV. 260
Figure 78. BOE Mini-LED automotive display. 260
Figure 79. Image obtained on a blue active-matrix WVGA (wide video graphics array) micro display. 262
Figure 80. Fabrication of the 10-µm pixel pitch LED array on sapphire. 262
Figure 81. A 200-mm wafer with CMOS active matrices for GaN 873 × 500-pixel micro display at 10-µm pitch. 263
Figure 82. IntelliPix™ design for 0.26″ 1080p Micro-LED display. 265
Figure 83. C Seed 165-inch M1 Micro-LED TV. 267
Figure 84. N1 folding Micro-LED TV. 267
Figure 85. C Seed outdoor TV. 268
Figure 86. Focally Universe AR glasses. 273
Figure 87. Flexible Micro-LED. 281
Figure 88. Jade Bird Display micro displays. 283
Figure 89. JBD's 0.13-inch panel. 284
Figure 90. 0.22” Monolithic full colour Micro-LED panel and inset shows a conceptual monolithic polychrome projector with a waveguide. 284
Figure 91. Prototype Micro-LED display. 286
Figure 92. APHAEA Micro-LED watch. 287
Figure 93. Lextar 2021 micro LED and mini LED products. 293
Figure 94. LSAB009 Micro-LED display. 295
Figure 95. LG MAGNIT 4K 136-inch TV. 296
Figure 96. 12" 100 PPI full-color stretchable microLED display. 296
Figure 97. Schematic of Micro Nitride chip architecture. 300
Figure 98. Nationstar Mini LED IMD Package P0.5mm. 304
Figure 99. 9.4" flexible Micro-LED display. 307
Figure 100. 7.56-inch transparent Micro LED display. 308
Figure 101. PixeLED Matrix Modular Micro-LED Display in 132-inch. 308
Figure 102. Dashboard - 11.6-inch 24:9 Automotive Micro-LED Display. 309
Figure 103. Center Console - 9.38-inch Transparent Micro-LED Display. 309
Figure 104. 48 x 36 Passive Matrix Micro-LED display. 311
Figure 105. Micro-LED micro display based on a native red InGaN LED. 312
Figure 106. Micro-LED stretchable display. 319
Figure 107. The Wall. 320
Figure 108. Samsung Neo QLED 8K. 321
Figure 109. NPQD™ Technology for Micro-LEDs. 324
Figure 110. Wicop technology. 326
Figure 111. B-Series and C-Series displays. 332
Figure 112. A micro-display with a stacked-RGB pixel array, where each pixel is an RGB-emitting stacked Micro-LED device (left). The micro-display showing a video of fireworks at night, demonstrating the full-colour capability (right). N.B. Areas around the display/ 334
Figure 113. TCL Mini-LED TV schematic. 335
Figure 114. TCL 8K Mini-LED TV. 336
Figure 115. The Cinema Wall Micro-LED display. 336
Figure 116. Photo-polymer mass transfer process. 338
Figure 117. 7.56” Transparent Display. 339
Figure 118. 7.56" Flexible Micro-LED. 340
Figure 119. 5.04" seamless splicing Micro LED. 340
Figure 120. 7.56" Transparent Micro LED. 341
Figure 121. VueReal Flipchip Micro-LED (30x15 um2). 345
Figure 122. Vuzix uLED display engine. 346

The Global Market for Micro-LED Displays 2024-2034

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1 REPORT AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 21

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 22

3 TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION 50

4 MANUFACTURING 69

5 DEFECT MANAGEMENT 162

6 COLOUR CONVERSION 167

7 LIGHT MANAGEMENT 200

8 BACKPLANES AND DRIVING 203

9 THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR MICRO-LED DISPLAYS 208

10 FLEXIBLE, STRETCHABLE AND FOLDABLE MICRO-LED 220

11 BIOTECH AND MEDICAL DISPLAYS 224

12 AUTOMOTIVE 229

13 VIRTUAL REALITY (VR), AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) AND MIXED REALITY (MR) 237

14 TRANSPARENT DISPLAYS 244

15 SUPPLY CHAIN 249

16 COMPANY PROFILES 251 (85 company profiles)

17 REFERENCES 350

List of Tables

List of Figures

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