The Global Market for Advanced Automotive Technologies 2024-2040

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1              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         25

2              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   26

• 2.1          Automotive technologies covered            26
• 2.2          Market outlook and disruption   27
• 2.3          Key trends overview       28
• 2.4          Automotive technology convergence      33
• 2.5          New mobility ecosystem              35
• 2.6          Market map       38
• 2.7          Technology cost curves 41
• 2.8          Benchmarking maturation paths               42
• 2.9          Opportunity for Advanced Automotive Technologies       42

3              SELF-DRIVING VEHICLES 45

• 3.1          Autonomous vehicles categories               45
• 3.2          Rationale for automation              47
• 3.3          Automation Levels          48
  • 3.3.1      History of Defining Driving Automation  48
  • 3.3.2      Need for Standardization              49
  • 3.3.3      Regulation          49
  • 3.3.4      SAE International Standard J3016              50
  • 3.3.5      SAE automation levels 0-5            51
  • 3.3.6      Transitions from ADAS to full autonomy 52
  • 3.3.7      Adaptations to SAE Model            53
  • 3.3.8      Commercial Implementations    53
    • 3.3.8.1   Main players      53
    • 3.3.8.2   Level 2  54
    • 3.3.8.3   Level 3  55
    • 3.3.8.4   Level 4  56
      • 3.3.8.4.1               Current developments  56
      • 3.3.8.4.2               Robotaxis            57
    • 3.3.8.5   Level 5 timeline 58
  • 3.3.9      Robotaxis            59
    • 3.3.9.1   Current commercial status and testing   60
    • 3.3.9.2   Market outlook 66
  • 3.3.10    Hardware requirements 69
• 3.4          Autonomous Driving Sensors      71
  • 3.4.1      Sensor Attributes, Performance Trends and Limitations  73
  • 3.4.2      Sensor Suite Examples by Autonomy Level           75
  • 3.4.3      Cameras              77
    • 3.4.3.1   Camera Types    78
    • 3.4.3.2   Camera Sensor Attributes            79
    • 3.4.3.3   External cameras              80
    • 3.4.3.4   Internal cameras              82
    • 3.4.3.5   Visible light cameras       83
    • 3.4.3.6   Infrared (IR) camera        84
    • 3.4.3.7   SWIR     85
    • 3.4.3.8   Neuromorphic/Event-Based Vision Systems         87
    • 3.4.3.9   E-mirrors             88
      • 3.4.3.9.1               Overview            89
      • 3.4.3.9.2               Benefits               89
      • 3.4.3.9.3               Challenges          90
      • 3.4.3.9.4               Installation and Compatibility     90
    • 3.4.3.10                Companies         91
  • 3.4.4      Radar    97
    • 3.4.4.1   Overview            101
      • 3.4.4.1.1               Market trends   102
      • 3.4.4.1.2               Radar Configurations on Vehicles              103
      • 3.4.4.1.3               Radar Technology Evolution        103
      • 3.4.4.1.4               Commercial Imaging Radar Solutions       104
      • 3.4.4.1.5               Teleoperation   105
      • 3.4.4.1.6               4D Imaging Radar             106
      • 3.4.4.1.7               Low-Loss Materials for Radar      110
    • 3.4.4.2   Front radar         111
    • 3.4.4.3   Side radar            112
    • 3.4.4.4   Performance and technology trends        113
    • 3.4.4.5   Lidar      116
      • 3.4.4.5.1               Lidar configurations on vehicles 117
      • 3.4.4.5.2               Types of Lidar Technology            117
      • 3.4.4.5.3               Companies         118
  • 3.4.5      Ultrasonics          124
    • 3.4.5.1   Advantages        125
    • 3.4.5.2   Challenges          125
  • 3.4.6      Sensor fusion     131
    • 3.4.6.1   Sensor Fusion Methods for Autonomous Driving 131
    • 3.4.6.2   Challenges          132
• 3.5          Perception and Localization         135
  • 3.5.1      Sensor combinations by autonomy level 137
  • 3.5.2      HD mapping       138
  • 3.5.3      Localization approaches 140
  • 3.5.4      AI and machine learning                142
  • 3.5.5      Companies         143
• 3.6          Compute and Network Systems 148
  • 3.6.1      Domain controllers          149
  • 3.6.2      GPUs     151
  • 3.6.3      OTA updates      153
  • 3.6.4      Functional safety             155
  • 3.6.5      Cybersecurity    156
• 3.7          Testing and Simulation   160
  • 3.7.1      Miles/disengagements  161
  • 3.7.2      Weather handling            162
  • 3.7.3      Scenario coverage           164
  • 3.7.4      Virtual testing    165
  • 3.7.5      Safety validation               166
• 3.8          Commercial Deployment              167
  • 3.8.1      Global policies   168
  • 3.8.2      Legislative progress        170
  • 3.8.3      Level 2/3 consumer autonomy   172
  • 3.8.4      Robotaxi launches           173
  • 3.8.5      Operation Design Domains (ODD)             177
• 3.9          Autonomous Technology Suppliers          182
  • 3.9.1      OEMs    184
  • 3.9.2      Tier 1 components          191
  • 3.9.3      Startups               194
  • 3.9.4      Semiconductor companies           196
  • 3.9.5      Fleet operators 198
  • 3.9.6      MaaS providers 198
• 3.10        Global market 2024-2040              201
  • 3.10.1    Global Vehicle Sales by SAE Level 2022-2044         201
  • 3.10.2    Autonomous Driving Sensors      203
  • 3.10.3    Radar    206

4              VEHICLE CONNECTIVITY SYSTEMS             210

• 4.1          Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) and Connectivity      210
  • 4.1.1      Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)   212
  • 4.1.2      C-V2X    214
  • 4.1.3      5G/6G   216
  • 4.1.4      Hybrid connectivity         218
  • 4.1.5      Spectrum allocation        220
  • 4.1.6      Standards            221
• 4.2          Software-Defined Vehicles          224
  • 4.2.1      Overview            225
  • 4.2.2      Data movement               226
  • 4.2.3      Domain controllers          227
  • 4.2.4      Consolidation trends      229
  • 4.2.5      New apps features          231
  • 4.2.6      Hardware Requirements (SDV)  233
• 4.3          Connected Mobility Impact          235
  • 4.3.1      Mobility-as-a-Service     235
  • 4.3.2      Shared mobility 236
  • 4.3.3      New ownership models 237
  • 4.3.4      Usage-based insurance 238
  • 4.3.5      Intelligent transportation             239
  • 4.3.6      Smart cities         241
• 4.4          Companies         244
• 4.5          Global market 2022-2040              249
  • 4.5.1      By SDV Level      250
  • 4.5.2      By units 251
  • 4.5.3      Automotive V2X Market               254

5              POWERTRAIN ELECTRIFICATION 256

• 5.1          Electric vehicle introduction        256
  • 5.1.1      Definitions          258
  • 5.1.2      Market Trends  259
• 5.2          EV Types              265
  • 5.2.1      Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV)    266
    • 5.2.1.1   Electric buses, vans and trucks   267
      • 5.2.1.1.1               Electric medium and heavy duty trucks   268
      • 5.2.1.1.2               Electric light commercial vehicles (LCVs) 268
      • 5.2.1.1.3               Electric buses    269
      • 5.2.1.1.4               Micro EVs            270
  • 5.2.2      Plug-in hybrid (PHEV)     274
    • 5.2.2.1   Technology Overview    274
    • 5.2.2.2   Key components of a plug-in hybrid powertrain  275
    • 5.2.2.3   PHEV Market and Adoption         275
    • 5.2.2.4   Advantages and Disadvantages  276
    • 5.2.2.5   Outlook 277
  • 5.2.3      Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)     279
    • 5.2.3.1   Technology Overview    279
    • 5.2.3.2   HEV powertrain configurations  279
    • 5.2.3.3   Key HEV components     280
    • 5.2.3.4   HEV Market and Adoption           280
    • 5.2.3.5   Advantages and Disadvantages  281
    • 5.2.3.6   Outlook 282
  • 5.2.4      Full Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) 283
    • 5.2.4.1   Technology Overview    283
    • 5.2.4.2   Key fuel cell system components              284
    • 5.2.4.3   FCEV Market and Adoption          284
    • 5.2.4.4   FCEV Benefits and Challenges     285
    • 5.2.4.5   Hydrogen production     286
    • 5.2.4.6   Refueling infrastructure 287
    • 5.2.4.7   FCEV cost challenges      288
    • 5.2.4.8   FCEV Outlook     289
  • 5.2.5      Technology comparison 291
• 5.3          Electric Vehicle Batteries              292
  • 5.3.1      Li-ion evolution 292
  • 5.3.2      Chemistries        297
  • 5.3.3      Types    298
  • 5.3.4      Next-gen cell technology              302
  • 5.3.5      Silicon anodes   303
    • 5.3.5.1   Benefits               305
    • 5.3.5.2   Development in li-ion batteries  306
    • 5.3.5.3   Manufacturing silicon     306
    • 5.3.5.4   Costs     308
    • 5.3.5.5   Future outlook  310
  • 5.3.6      Li-ion battery packs         312
    • 5.3.6.1   Cell-to-pack        312
    • 5.3.6.2   Cell-to-chassis/body       315
    • 5.3.6.3   Hybrid and dual-chemistry battery packs               316
    • 5.3.6.4   Materials             316
  • 5.3.7      Thermal management   317
    • 5.3.7.1   Thermal Interface Materials        320
      • 5.3.7.1.1               Types    322
      • 5.3.7.1.2               Thermal conductivity      324
      • 5.3.7.1.3               Comparative properties of TIMs 325
      • 5.3.7.1.4               Advantages and disadvantages of TIMs, by type 326
      • 5.3.7.1.5               EV applications  329
        • 5.3.7.1.5.1           Pack and Modules           329
        • 5.3.7.1.5.2           By Cell Format   330
    • 5.3.7.2   Liquid cooling systems   330
      • 5.3.7.2.1               Design  330
      • 5.3.7.2.2               Types    331
      • 5.3.7.2.3               Liquid Coolants 332
      • 5.3.7.2.4               Components of Liquid Cooling Systems  332
      • 5.3.7.2.5               Coolant fluids in EVs       333
        • 5.3.7.2.5.1           Coolant Fluid Requirements        333
        • 5.3.7.2.5.2           Common EV Coolant Fluids          334
      • 5.3.7.2.6               Benefits               336
      • 5.3.7.2.7               Challenges          336
      • 5.3.7.2.8               Market overview             337
    • 5.3.7.3   Fire protection materials               338
    • 5.3.7.4   Thermal management and fire protection companies      338
  • 5.3.8      EV Battery Companies   342
  • 5.3.9      Battery management systems    347
    • 5.3.9.1   Overview            347
    • 5.3.9.2   Topology and functionality           349
    • 5.3.9.3   Cell balancing and control            350
    • 5.3.9.4   State of charge and health estimation     351
    • 5.3.9.5   Fast charging      353
    • 5.3.9.6   Companies         355
• 5.4          Power delivery (SiC, GaN, power semiconductors)            360
  • 5.4.1      Market trends   360
  • 5.4.2      Materials and technologies         361
  • 5.4.3      Companies         361
• 5.5          EV Charging        370
  • 5.5.1      Overview            371
  • 5.5.2      Market trends   372
  • 5.5.3      Conductive charging       373
  • 5.5.4      Wireless/Inductive Charging       374
  • 5.5.5      Mobile Charging Solutions            376
  • 5.5.6      Battery Swapping             377
  • 5.5.7      Charging infrastructure buildout                378
  • 5.5.8      Companies         380
• 5.6          Global market 2024-2040              383
  • 5.6.1      Electric Vehicle Sales      383
  • 5.6.2      Components      385
  • 5.6.3      By Powertrain   388
  • 5.6.4      Electric vehicle Li-ion      390

6              EMERGING BATTERY TECHNOLOGY          394

• 6.1          Beyond Li-ion     394
  • 6.1.1      Solid-state batteries       394
    • 6.1.1.1   Technology description 394
      • 6.1.1.1.1               Solid-state electrolytes  396
    • 6.1.1.2   Features and advantages              397
    • 6.1.1.3   Technical specifications 398
    • 6.1.1.4   Types    400
    • 6.1.1.5   Company profiles             404
  • 6.1.2      Lithium sulfur    408
    • 6.1.2.1   Technology description 408
    • 6.1.2.2   Advantages        408
    • 6.1.2.3   Challenges          409
    • 6.1.2.4   Commercialization           410
    • 6.1.2.5   Company profiles             411
  • 6.1.3      Sodium-ion         413
    • 6.1.3.1   Technology description 413
      • 6.1.3.1.1               Cathode materials           413
        • 6.1.3.1.1.1           Layered transition metal oxides 413
          • 6.1.3.1.1.1.1        Types    414
          • 6.1.3.1.1.1.2        Cycling performance      414
          • 6.1.3.1.1.1.3        Advantages and disadvantages  415
          • 6.1.3.1.1.1.4        Market prospects for LO SIB        415
        • 6.1.3.1.1.2           Polyanionic materials     416
          • 6.1.3.1.1.2.1        Advantages and disadvantages  417
          • 6.1.3.1.1.2.2        Types    417
          • 6.1.3.1.1.2.3        Market prospects for Poly SIB     417
        • 6.1.3.1.1.3           Prussian blue analogues (PBA)   418
          • 6.1.3.1.1.3.1        Types    418
          • 6.1.3.1.1.3.2        Advantages and disadvantages  419
          • 6.1.3.1.1.3.3        Market prospects for PBA-SIB     420
      • 6.1.3.1.2               Anode materials               421
        • 6.1.3.1.2.1           Hard carbons     421
        • 6.1.3.1.2.2           Carbon black      423
        • 6.1.3.1.2.3           Graphite              423
        • 6.1.3.1.2.4           Carbon nanotubes           427
        • 6.1.3.1.2.5           Graphene           428
        • 6.1.3.1.2.6           Alloying materials            430
        • 6.1.3.1.2.7           Sodium Titanates             430
        • 6.1.3.1.2.8           Sodium Metal    430
      • 6.1.3.1.3               Electrolytes        431
    • 6.1.3.2   Company profiles             433
  • 6.1.4      Aluminium batteries       437
    • 6.1.4.1   Technology description 438
    • 6.1.4.2   Industry Development  438
    • 6.1.4.3   Automotive Applications              439
• 6.2          Battery Recycling and Reuse       441
  • 6.2.1      EV battery reuse in energy storage           442
  • 6.2.2      Recycling methods          443
    • 6.2.2.1   Black mass powder         445
    • 6.2.2.2   Recycling different cathode chemistries 446
    • 6.2.2.3   Preparation        446
    • 6.2.2.4   Pre-Treatment  447
      • 6.2.2.4.1               Discharging         447
      • 6.2.2.4.2               Mechanical Pre-Treatment          447
      • 6.2.2.4.3               Thermal Pre-Treatment 450
    • 6.2.2.5   Comparison of recycling techniques        451
    • 6.2.2.6   Hydrometallurgy              452
      • 6.2.2.6.1               Method overview            452
        • 6.2.2.6.1.1           Solvent extraction           454
    • 6.2.2.7   Pyrometallurgy 455
      • 6.2.2.7.1               Method overview            455
    • 6.2.2.8   Direct recycling 456
      • 6.2.2.8.1               Method overview            456
        • 6.2.2.8.1.1           Electrolyte separation    457
        • 6.2.2.8.1.2           Separating cathode and anode materials               457
        • 6.2.2.8.1.3           Binder removal 458
        • 6.2.2.8.1.4           Relithiation         458
        • 6.2.2.8.1.5           Cathode recovery and rejuvenation         459
        • 6.2.2.8.1.6           Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling            460
    • 6.2.2.9   Other methods 461
      • 6.2.2.9.1               Mechanochemical Pretreatment              461
      • 6.2.2.9.2               Electrochemical Method               461
      • 6.2.2.9.3               Ionic Liquids       462
    • 6.2.2.10                Recycling of Specific Components             462
      • 6.2.2.10.1             Anode (Graphite)            462
      • 6.2.2.10.2             Cathode               462
      • 6.2.2.10.3             Electrolyte          463
    • 6.2.2.11                Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries         463
      • 6.2.2.11.1             Conventional vs Emerging Processes       464
      • 6.2.2.11.2             Li-Metal batteries            465
      • 6.2.2.11.3             Lithium sulfur batteries (Li–S)     466
      • 6.2.2.11.4             All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) 467
      • 6.2.2.11.5             Closed-loop value chain for EV batteries 468
  • 6.2.3      Lithium-Ion Battery recycling value chain               469
  • 6.2.4      Circular life cycle              470
  • 6.2.5      Regulations        472
  • 6.2.6      Supply chain sustainability           474
  • 6.2.7      Company profiles             475

7              IN-CABIN DRIVER AND OCCUPANT MONITORING               480

• 7.1          Overview            481
• 7.2          Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS)            484
  • 7.2.1      Technology description 484
  • 7.2.2      Sensors (camera, radar, LiDAR)   485
    • 7.2.2.1   Passive and Active Sensors          485
    • 7.2.2.2   NIR/IR Imaging  486
      • 7.2.2.2.1               Infrared (IR) Cameras     488
    • 7.2.2.3   ToF Cameras      490
    • 7.2.2.4   In-Cabin Radars 492
    • 7.2.2.5   Capacitive Steering Sensors         493
    • 7.2.2.6   Torque Steering Sensors               495
  • 7.2.3      Driver attention, impairment alerts          497
    • 7.2.3.1   Eye Movement Tracking 497
    • 7.2.3.2   Brain Function Monitoring           499
  • 7.2.4      Regulation and safety standards 501
• 7.3          Occupant Monitoring Systems   502
  • 7.3.1      Occupant Detection and Tracking              502
  • 7.3.2      Access Control and Authentication           502
  • 7.3.3      Driver Monitoring for Handover 502
  • 7.3.4      Post-Drive Analysis and Forensics             503
  • 7.3.5      Behaviour monitoring    503
• 7.4          Cabin Technologies and Interfaces           505
  • 7.4.1      Displays                505
    • 7.4.1.1   Display types and evolution         505
    • 7.4.1.2   Main types of displays    509
    • 7.4.1.3   Display technologies for Automotive       510
    • 7.4.1.4   Companies         511
    • 7.4.1.5   LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)          511
      • 7.4.1.5.1               Technology description 511
      • 7.4.1.5.2               Advantages        512
      • 7.4.1.5.3               Automotive applications               513
    • 7.4.1.6   OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)        513
      • 7.4.1.6.1               Technology description 514
      • 7.4.1.6.2               Types of OLED technology            516
        • 7.4.1.6.2.1           Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) 517
        • 7.4.1.6.2.2           Passive-matrix OLEDs (PMOLEDs)             519
        • 7.4.1.6.2.3           Transparent OLEDs (TOLEDs)       520
        • 7.4.1.6.2.4           Foldable/flexible OLED  521
        • 7.4.1.6.2.5           Tandem OLEDs  522
      • 7.4.1.6.3               Automotive applications               522
      • 7.4.1.6.4               Companies         523
    • 7.4.1.7   TFT-LCD (Thin Film Transistor LCD)            523
      • 7.4.1.7.1               Technology description 523
      • 7.4.1.7.2               Advantages        524
      • 7.4.1.7.3               TFT-LCD Backlight Technologies 525
      • 7.4.1.7.4               Diffusers              526
      • 7.4.1.7.5               Automotive applications               527
      • 7.4.1.7.6               Companies         528
    • 7.4.1.8   Thin-film electroluminescent (TFEL) displays        529
      • 7.4.1.8.1               Technology description 529
      • 7.4.1.8.2               Automotive applications               530
      • 7.4.1.8.3               Commercialization           531
    • 7.4.1.9   Head-Up Displays (HUDs)             532
      • 7.4.1.9.1               Technology description 532
      • 7.4.1.9.2               Automotive applications               533
    • 7.4.1.10                3D displays         533
      • 7.4.1.10.1             Technology description 533
      • 7.4.1.10.2             Automotive applications               534
    • 7.4.1.11                Computer-Generated Holography (CGH) 534
      • 7.4.1.11.1             Technology description 534
      • 7.4.1.11.2             Advantages        536
      • 7.4.1.11.3             Full 3D displays 536
      • 7.4.1.11.4             Next-gen heads-up displays (HUDs)         538
      • 7.4.1.11.5             Automotive applications               538
      • 7.4.1.11.6             Companies         539
    • 7.4.1.12                Light Field Displays (LFDs)             539
      • 7.4.1.12.1             Technology description 539
      • 7.4.1.12.2             Spatial light field displays              540
      • 7.4.1.12.3             Sequential light field displays      541
      • 7.4.1.12.4             Automotive applications               541
      • 7.4.1.12.5             Companies         542
    • 7.4.1.13                Spatial Light Modulators               543
      • 7.4.1.13.1             Technology description 543
      • 7.4.1.13.2             Liquid crystal (LC) spatial light modulators (SLMs)              543
        • 7.4.1.13.2.1         Fabricating LCOS SLMs   546
      • 7.4.1.13.3             Transmissive LC panels  547
      • 7.4.1.13.4             Optically addressed SLM               547
      • 7.4.1.13.5             Digital micromirror device (DMD) spatial light modulators (SLMs)               548
      • 7.4.1.13.6             Automotive applications               548
      • 7.4.1.13.7             Companies         549
    • 7.4.1.14                Flexible displays                550
      • 7.4.1.14.1             Technology description 550
        • 7.4.1.14.1.1         Organic LCDs      553
        • 7.4.1.14.1.2         Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)     554
        • 7.4.1.14.1.3         Inorganic LEDs   555
        • 7.4.1.14.1.4         Flexible AMOLED              555
        • 7.4.1.14.1.5         Printed OLED      556
      • 7.4.1.14.2             Automotive applications               557
    • 7.4.1.15                Transparent displays       557
      • 7.4.1.15.1             Overview            557
      • 7.4.1.15.2             Automotive applications               558
    • 7.4.1.16                Curved displays 559
      • 7.4.1.16.1             Overview            559
      • 7.4.1.16.2             Automotive applications               559
      • 7.4.1.16.3             Companies         560
  • 7.4.2      AR/VR evolution               562
    • 7.4.2.1   Human Machine Interface Design             563
    • 7.4.2.2   Augmented reality navigation     564
    • 7.4.2.3   Gesture and gaze tracking for touchless control  565
  • 7.4.3      Transparent displays       566
  • 7.4.4      Voice assistants 566
  • 7.4.5      Biometrics and wellness monitoring        568
  • 7.4.6      Transparent OLED windows         569
  • 7.4.7      Customized screens        569
  • 7.4.8      Dual screen layouts         570
  • 7.4.9      Ambient lighting integration        570
  • 7.4.10    Display Technologies for Instrument Clusters      571
    • 7.4.10.1                Configurable Clusters     572
    • 7.4.10.2                Full LCD Clusters               572
    • 7.4.10.3                Augmented Reality Clusters        572
    • 7.4.10.4                Holographic Clusters       573
  • 7.4.11    Head-up displays (HUDs)              573
    • 7.4.11.1                Overview            573
    • 7.4.11.2                Trends  574
    • 7.4.11.3                HUD Display Technologies in automotive               575
      • 7.4.11.3.1             Projection displays          577
      • 7.4.11.3.2             Combiner HUD  578
      • 7.4.11.3.3             AR-HUDs             579
    • 7.4.11.4                HUD Content and Features          580
    • 7.4.11.5                Automotive models incorporating HUDs 581
    • 7.4.11.6                Advanced HUDs 582
      • 7.4.11.6.1             Panoramic HUD 582
      • 7.4.11.6.2             Holographic 3D displays 583
      • 7.4.11.6.3             Adaptive displays             583
      • 7.4.11.6.4             Conformal HU    584
• 7.5          Autonomous Vehicle Interiors    585
  • 7.5.1      Self-driving vehicle interior concepts       585
  • 7.5.2      Reconfigurable seating  586
  • 7.5.3      Occupant productivity and entertainment            587
  • 7.5.4      Motion sickness solutions             588
• 7.6          Companies         591
• 7.7          Global market 2022-2040              619
  • 7.7.1      In-Cabin Sensors              619
  • 7.7.2      In-Cabin ToF Cameras    620
  • 7.7.3      IR Cameras         621
  • 7.7.4      In-Cabin Radar   621
  • 7.7.5      Capacitive Steering Sensors         622
  • 7.7.6      Displays                623
    • 7.7.6.1   By display type  623
    • 7.7.6.2   By display application     623

8              REFERENCES       623

List of Tables

• Table 1. Key trends in automotive technologies. 28
• Table 2. Robotaxi past efforts, current activities and future testing plans 61
• Table 3. Market players in robotaxis.       64
• Table 4. Robotaxi Fleet Size 2024-2040.   65
• Table 5. Robotaxi Service Revenues 2024-2034.  65
• Table 6. Hardware requirements for increasing levels of automation in self-driving vehicles.          69
• Table 7.  Sensor requirements for different levels of driving automation in autonomous vehicles. 76
• Table 8. Sensor suite costs for different levels of driving automation.        76
• Table 9. Vehicle camera applications.      77
• Table 10. Infrared cameras for automotive applications. 84
• Table 11. Companies developing cameras for autonomous vehicles.         91
• Table 12. Key ADAS sensors in automotive.          97
• Table 13. Trends in automotive radar.     102
• Table 14. 4D Imaging Radar operation.   107
• Table 15. Companies in 4D imaging radar products/development.             107
• Table 16. Front radar applications in autonomous vehicles.           112
• Table 17. ADAS Side Radar Applications. 112
• Table 18. Automotive lidar companies.   118
• Table 19. Sensor combinations by autonomy level.           137
• Table 20. Main Methods of Localisation. 140
• Table 21. Perception and Localization companies.             144
• Table 22. Global policies related to self-driving vehicles. 168
• Table 23. Self-driving vehicles legislation.              170
• Table 24. Automotive autonomous technology OEMs.    182
• Table 25. Self-driving vehicle OEMs.         185
• Table 26. Self-driving vehicle Tier 1 component companies.          191
• Table 27. Self-driving vehicle technology start-ups.           194
• Table 28. Self-driving vehicle semiconductor component companies.       196
• Table 29. Self-driving vehicle fleet operators.      198
• Table 30. Self-driving vehicle MaaS providers.     198
• Table 31. Global Vehicle Sales by SAE Level 2022-2044.    202
• Table 32. Global revenues for Autonomous Driving Sensors 2022-2040 (Billions USD).       204
• Table 33. Radar Unit Sales by SAE Level, 2020-2040.          206
• Table 34. Software-Defined Vehicle Level Guide 225
• Table 35. Hardware requirements for SDVs.         233
• Table 36. Companies developing automotive Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) and connectivity technologies. 244
• Table 37. Global revenues for Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) by SDL Level 2022-2040 (Billions USD).      250
• Table 38. Global volumes for Software-Defined Vehicles 2022-2040 (Units).          251
• Table 39. Global revenues for the  Automotive V2X Market, segmented, 2022-2040 (Billions USD).             254
• Table 40. Global revenues for the  Automotive V2X Market, segmented, 2022-2040 (Billions USD).             255
• Table 41. Electric Vehicle Definitions.      258
• Table 42. Electric Car Market Trends.      259
• Table 43. Battery chemistries used in electric buses.        269
• Table 44. Micro EV types              270
• Table 45. Comparative analysis of EV battery technology.              292
• Table 46. Commercial Li-ion battery cell composition.      293
• Table 47.  Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain.           296
• Table 48. Types of lithium battery.           298
• Table 49. Manufacturing methods for nano-silicon anodes.           307
• Table 50. Markets and applications for silicon anodes.     309
• Table 51. Thermal conductivities (κ) of common metallic, carbon, and ceramic fillers employed in TIMs.   324
• Table 52. Commercial TIMs and their properties.               325
• Table 53. Advantages and disadvantages of TIMs, by type.             326
• Table 54. Thermal management and fire protection materials company profiles. 338
• Table 55. Electric Vehicle Battery companies.      342
• Table 56. BMS company profiles.              355
• Table 57. Companies in automotive power semiconductors.         361
• Table 58. EV charging levels.       371
• Table 59. Global charging infrastructure installations.       378
• Table 60. EV Charging players.    380
• Table 61. Electric Vehicle Revenues 2022-2040 (Billions USD).      383
• Table 62. Electric Vehicle Component Revenue Forecast 2022-2040 (Billion USD).               385
• Table 63. Global revenues, by powertrain 2022-2040 (US$ Billion).             388
• Table 64. Global EV Li-ion battery market 2022-2040 (GWh).        390
• Table 65. Global EV Li-ion battery market 2022-2040 ($US Billion).             392
• Table 66. Comparison of Solid-state Electrolyte Systems 394
• Table 67. Types of solid-state electrolytes.            396
• Table 68. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.          396
• Table 69.  Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.            398
• Table 70. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries.  402
• Table 71. Solid-state battery companies.               404
• Table 72. Comparison of the theoretical energy densities of lithium-sulfur batteries versus other common battery types.   409
• Table 73. Lithium sulfur battery companies.         411
• Table 74. Comparison of cathode materials.         413
• Table 75.  Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.       414
• Table 76. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials.                414
• Table 77. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes.               416
• Table 78. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials.              417
• Table 79.  Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries.                419
• Table 80. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials.               421
• Table 81. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes. 422
• Table 82. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite. 424
• Table 83. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.            428
• Table 84. Comparison of carbon based anodes.  429
• Table 85.  Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries.            430
• Table 86. Na-ion electrolyte formulations.            431
• Table 87. Sodium-ion battery companies.              433
• Table 88. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow.          444
• Table 89. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries. 445
• Table 90. Comparison of LIB recycling methods. 451
• Table 91. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries.              464
• Table 92. Closed-loop value chain for electric vehicle (EV) batteries.          468
• Table 93. Li-ion battery recycling value chain.      469
• Table 94. Potential circular life cycle for lithium-ion batteries.      471
• Table 95. Regulations pertaining to the recycling and treatment of EOL batteries in the EU, USA, and China             472
• Table 96. Companies developing battery recycling technologies. 475
• Table 97. Interior Monitoring System (IMS), Driver-MS and Occupant-MS               481
• Table 98. Sensors for In-Cabin Monitoring.            482
• Table 99. In-cabin monitoring sensing technologies for interior monitoring systems (IMS) and driver/occupant monitoring systems in autonomous vehicles.       485
• Table 100. TOF camera companies.          491
• Table 101. Comparison of In-Cabin Radars.           492
• Table 102. Companies developing Radar for In-Cabin Sensing.      493
• Table 103. Companies developing Capacitive Sensors.     494
• Table 104. Commercial examples of Sensors for In-Cabin Monitoring.       495
• Table 105. Automotive display & backlight architectures 506
• Table 106. Market trends in automotive displays.              508
• Table 107. Automotive OEM display strategies by display type.   509
• Table 108. Comparative analysis of common display technologies used in the automotive industry.            510
• Table 109. Applications of LCDs in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).         513
• Table 110. OLED solutions in the automotive industry.    516
• Table 111. Types of OLED technology      517
• Table 112. Applications of OLEDs in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).      522
• Table 113. Companies developing OLED display technologies for automotive applications.              523
• Table 114. Comparison of the key characteristics of TN (twisted nematic), IPS (in-plane switching), and VA (vertical alignment) LCD modes: 524
• Table 115. Applications of TFT-LCDs in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL). 527
• Table 116. Companies and organizations producing TFT-LCD (thin film transistor liquid crystal display) technology for the automotive industry.              528
• Table 117. TFELs benefits and drawbacks.             529
• Table 118. Applications of TFEL in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL) .         530
• Table 119. Applications of HUDs in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).        533
• Table 120. Applications of 3D displays in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).             534
• Table 121. Computer-generated holography solutions    537
• Table 122. Applications of CGHs in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).        538
• Table 123. Companies developing computer-generated holography.        539
• Table 124.  Types of light field displays.  540
• Table 125. Applications of LFDs in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).          542
• Table 126. Companies developing light field displays (LFDs) for automotive applications. 542
• Table 127. Classifications of SLMs.            543
• Table 128. LCOS-SLM assessment features.          544
• Table 129. LCOS SLM performance factors.           545
• Table 130. Manufacturing Methods for LCoS.       546
• Table 131. Applications of SLMs in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).         549
• Table 132. Companies developing SLM for automotive applications.          549
• Table 133. Applications of flexible displays in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).    557
• Table 134. Applications of transparent displays in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).           558
• Table 135. Applications of curved displays in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).     559
• Table 136. Companies developing curved automotive displays.   560
• Table 137. Display technologies for Instrument clusters. 571
• Table 138. Markets and applications for Head-up displays (HUDs).             574
• Table 139. Commercial automotive HUDs.            576
• Table 140. HUD vs other display types.   576
• Table 141.  Companies developing AR-HUD technology for automotive applications.i        580
• Table 142. Companies developing technologies for in-cabin driver and occupant monitoring.         591
• Table 143. Global marker for In-Cabin Sensors, 2022-2040 (Billions USD). 619
• Table 144. Global revenues for In-Cabin ToF Cameras 2022-2040 (US$ Millions).  620
• Table 145. Global revenues for IR Cameras 2022-2040 (US$ Millions).       621
• Table 146. Global revenues for In-Cabin Radar 2022-2040 (US$ Millions). 621
• Table 147. Global revenues for Capacitive Steering Sensors 2022-2040 (US$ Millions).       622

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Market map: Advanced Automotive Technologies.         38
• Figure 2. Autonomous vehicle interior.   48
• Figure 3. WeRide fully driverless Robotaxi.            62
• Figure 4. Baidu fully driverless Robotaxi. 64
• Figure 5. Robotaxi Fleet Size 2024-2040. 65
• Figure 6. Robotaxi Service Revenues 2024-2034. 65
• Figure 7. Autonomous Vehicle Sensors. 74
• Figure 8. ADAS sensors - RGB Cameras for Autonomous Vehicles.               83
• Figure 9. Faurecia emirror.           90
• Figure 10. Types of an ultrasonic sensors.              126
• Figure 11. Example of sensor fusion in self-driving vehicle.             133
• Figure 12. Global Vehicle Sales by SAE Level 2022-2044.   203
• Figure 13. Global revenues for Autonomous Driving Sensors 2022-2040 (Billions USD).     205
• Figure 14. Radar Unit Sales by SAE Level, 2020-2040.         207
• Figure 15. Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) system.             213
• Figure 16. C-V2X in 5G.  215
• Figure 17. Global revenues for Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV) by SDL Level 2022-2040 (Billions USD).    251
• Figure 18. Global volumes for Software-Defined Vehicles 2022-2040 (Units).         252
• Figure 19. Connected and Software Defined Vehicle Services Revenues 2022-2040 (Billions USD). 253
• Figure 20. Lithium Cell Design.    294
• Figure 21. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery.   294
• Figure 22. Li-ion battery cell pack.             295
• Figure 23. Li-ion electric vehicle (EV) battery.       300
• Figure 24. Silicon anode value chain.        305
• Figure 25. Battery pack with a cell-to-pack design and prismatic cells.       315
• Figure 26. Cell-to-chassis battery pack.   315
• Figure 27. Application of thermal interface materials in automobiles.       318
• Figure 28. EV battery components including TIMs.             319
• Figure 29. (L-R) Surface of a commercial heatsink surface at progressively higher magnifications, showing tool marks that create a rough surface and a need for a thermal interface material.  321
• Figure 30. Schematic of thermal interface materials used in a flip chip package.   322
• Figure 31. Thermal grease.           323
• Figure 32. Dispensing a bead of silicone-based gap filler onto the heat sink of a power electronics module.             324
• Figure 33. Electric Vehicle Revenues 2022-2040 (Billions USD).    384
• Figure 34. Electric Vehicle Component Revenue Forecast 2022-2040 (Billion USD).              386
• Figure 35. Global revenues, by powertrain 2022-2040 (US$ Billion).           389
• Figure 36. Global EV Li-ion battery market 2022-2040 (GWh).      391
• Figure 37. Global EV Li-ion battery market 2022-2040 ($US Billion).            393
• Figure 38. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery.              395
• Figure 39. ULTRALIFE thin film battery.   395
• Figure 40. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.              399
• Figure 41. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials.          400
• Figure 42. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).               402
• Figure 43. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB.        403
• Figure 44. Schematic diagram of Lithium–sulfur battery. 408
• Figure 45. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA).  418
• Figure 46. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG). 424
• Figure 47. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications.                426
• Figure 48. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT).        427
• Figure 49. Process for recycling lithium-ion batteries from EVs.    443
• Figure 50. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials.               444
• Figure 51. Mechanical separation flow diagram. 448
• Figure 52. Recupyl mechanical separation flow diagram. 449
• Figure 53. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).             452
• Figure 54. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet.          453
• Figure 55. Umicore recycling flow diagram.           455
• Figure 56. Schematic of direct recyling process.  457
• Figure 57. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery.          466
• Figure 58. Schematic diagram of Lithium–sulfur battery. 467
• Figure 59. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery.              468
• Figure 60. Circular life cycle of lithium ion-batteries.        472
• Figure 61. Infineon DMS - REAL3™ ToF Imager.   491
• Figure 62. Automotive technology roadmap.       506
• Figure 63. Evolution of automotive displays.        508
• Figure 64. LCD dashboard display.             513
• Figure 65. OLED layer structure. 514
• Figure 66. LED vs OLED displays. 514
• Figure 67. Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) schematic.        518
• Figure 68. 2022 Mercedes EQE electric car display.            519
• Figure 69. Passive-matrix OLED schematic.            519
• Figure 70. LG display transparent OLED. 520
• Figure 71. Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.              521
• Figure 72. Audi 2022 A8 .              522
• Figure 73. TFT-LCD based display component layout.        525
• Figure 74. Lumineq® TFEL Display.            531
• Figure 75. Lumineq’s ICEBrite.    532
• Figure 76. Stereoscopic 3D display.           533
• Figure 77. Holographic GPS system using multi-planar system prompts.   535
• Figure 78. Ceres thin-film HoloFlekt® film integrated into windshield.       536
• Figure 79. Basic architecture of a neareye light field display.         540
• Figure 80. Structure of LCOS devices.      544
• Figure 81. LG display stretchable display.               551
• Figure 82. LG Signature OLED TV R.           551
• Figure 83. Flexible display.           552
• Figure 84. Samsung FLEX Hybrid foldable display.               553
• Figure 85. Organic LCD with a 10-mm bend radius.            554
• Figure 86. Foldable organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panel.     554
• Figure 87. TCL printed OLED panel.           557
• Figure 88. Transparent OLED schematic. 558
• Figure 89.  AUO Smart Cockpit with 55-inch pillar-to-pillar curved display.               560
• Figure 90. Cadillac XT4 33-inch curved LED touchscreen display   560
• Figure 91. Continental Curved Ultrawide Display.               560
• Figure 92. Hyundai 2024 Sonata panoramic curved display.           561
• Figure 93. Peugeot 3008 fastback SUV curved wide-screen display.           561
• Figure 94. TCL CSOT single, continuous flexible curved automotive display panel. 562
• Figure 95. Augmented reality navigation.              565
• Figure 96. LG transparent OLED display window. 569
• Figure 97. Android Auto split-screen.      570
• Figure 98. Projection display HUD.            578
• Figure 99. Combiner Head-up Display.    579
• Figure 100. AR HUD display.        580
• Figure 101. Global marker for In-Cabin Sensors, 2022-2040 (Billions USD).              620
• Figure 102. Global revenues for In-Cabin ToF Cameras 2022-2040 (US$ Millions). 620
• Figure 103.  Global revenues for IR Cameras 2022-2040 (US$ Millions).    621
• Figure 104. Global revenues for In-Cabin Radar 2022-2040 (US$ Millions).              621
• Figure 105. Global revenues for Capacitive Steering Sensors 2022-2040 (US$ Millions).     623
• Figure 106. Global market revenues by automotive display types 2018-2040 (billions USD).            623
• Figure 107. Global market revenues by display application 2018-2034 (billions USD).         623

The Global Market for Advanced Automotive Technologies 2024-2040

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The Global Market for Advanced Automotive Technologies 2024-2040

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