The Global Market for Advanced Batteries 2024-2034

1              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         35

• 1.1          Report scope     35
• 1.2          Research methodology 35

2              INTRODUCTION 37

• 2.1          The global market for advanced batteries             37
  • 2.1.1      Electric vehicles 39
    • 2.1.1.1   Market overview             39
    • 2.1.1.2   Battery Electric Vehicles 39
    • 2.1.1.3   Electric buses, vans and trucks   40
      • 2.1.1.3.1               Electric medium and heavy duty trucks   41
      • 2.1.1.3.2               Electric light commercial vehicles (LCVs) 41
      • 2.1.1.3.3               Electric buses    42
      • 2.1.1.3.4               Micro EVs            43
    • 2.1.1.4   Electric off-road 44
      • 2.1.1.4.1               Construction vehicles     44
      • 2.1.1.4.2               Electric trains     46
      • 2.1.1.4.3               Electric boats     47
    • 2.1.1.5   Market demand and forecasts    49
  • 2.1.2      Grid storage       52
    • 2.1.2.1   Market overview             52
    • 2.1.2.2   Technologies     53
    • 2.1.2.3   Market demand and forecasts    54
  • 2.1.3      Consumer electronics    56
    • 2.1.3.1   Market overview             56
    • 2.1.3.2   Technologies     56
    • 2.1.3.3   Market demand and forecasts    57
  • 2.1.4      Stationary batteries        57
    • 2.1.4.1   Market overview             57
    • 2.1.4.2   Technologies     59
    • 2.1.4.3   Market demand and forecasts    60
• 2.2          Market drivers  60
• 2.3          Battery market megatrends        63
• 2.4          Advanced materials for batteries              66
• 2.5          Motivation for battery development beyond lithium        66

3              TYPES OF BATTERIES       68

• 3.1          Battery chemistries         68
• 3.2          LI-ION BATTERIES             68
  • 3.2.1      Technology description 68
    • 3.2.1.1   Types of Lithium Batteries            73
  • 3.2.2      SWOT analysis   76
  • 3.2.3      Anodes 77
    • 3.2.3.1   Materials             77
      • 3.2.3.1.1               Graphite              79
      • 3.2.3.1.2               Lithium Titanate               79
      • 3.2.3.1.3               Lithium Metal    79
      • 3.2.3.1.4               Silicon anodes   80
        • 3.2.3.1.4.1           Benefits               81
        • 3.2.3.1.4.2           Development in li-ion batteries  82
        • 3.2.3.1.4.3           Manufacturing silicon     83
        • 3.2.3.1.4.4           Costs     84
        • 3.2.3.1.4.5           Applications       85
          • 3.2.3.1.4.5.1        EVs         86
        • 3.2.3.1.4.6           Future outlook  87
      • 3.2.3.1.5               Alloy materials  88
      • 3.2.3.1.6               Carbon nanotubes in Li-ion          88
      • 3.2.3.1.7               Graphene coatings for Li-ion        89
  • 3.2.4      Li-ion electrolytes            89
  • 3.2.5      Cathodes             90
    • 3.2.5.1   Materials             90
      • 3.2.5.1.1               High-nickel cathode materials     92
      • 3.2.5.1.2               Manufacturing  93
      • 3.2.5.1.3               High manganese content             94
      • 3.2.5.1.4               Li-Mn-rich cathodes        94
      • 3.2.5.1.5               Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) — LCO       95
      • 3.2.5.1.6               Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP 96
      • 3.2.5.1.7               Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO      97
      • 3.2.5.1.8               Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC   98
      • 3.2.5.1.9               Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA         99
      • 3.2.5.1.10             LMR-NMC           100
      • 3.2.5.1.11             Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnP) 100
      • 3.2.5.1.12             Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiMnFePO4 or LMFP)             101
      • 3.2.5.1.13             Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO)               101
    • 3.2.5.2   Comparison of key lithium-ion cathode materials               102
    • 3.2.5.3   Emerging cathode material synthesis methods   102
    • 3.2.5.4   Cathode coatings             103
  • 3.2.6      Binders and conductive additives              103
    • 3.2.6.1   Materials             103
  • 3.2.7      Separators          104
    • 3.2.7.1   Materials             104
  • 3.2.8      Platinum group metals   105
  • 3.2.9      Li-ion battery market players      105
  • 3.2.10    Li-ion recycling  106
    • 3.2.10.1                Comparison of recycling techniques        108
    • 3.2.10.2                Hydrometallurgy              110
      • 3.2.10.2.1             Method overview            110
        • 3.2.10.2.1.1         Solvent extraction           111
      • 3.2.10.2.2             SWOT analysis   112
    • 3.2.10.3                Pyrometallurgy 113
      • 3.2.10.3.1             Method overview            113
      • 3.2.10.3.2             SWOT analysis   114
    • 3.2.10.4                Direct recycling 115
      • 3.2.10.4.1             Method overview            115
        • 3.2.10.4.1.1         Electrolyte separation    116
        • 3.2.10.4.1.2         Separating cathode and anode materials               117
        • 3.2.10.4.1.3         Binder removal 117
        • 3.2.10.4.1.4         Relithiation         117
        • 3.2.10.4.1.5         Cathode recovery and rejuvenation         118
        • 3.2.10.4.1.6         Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling            119
      • 3.2.10.4.2             SWOT analysis   120
    • 3.2.10.5                Other methods 121
      • 3.2.10.5.1             Mechanochemical Pretreatment              121
      • 3.2.10.5.2             Electrochemical Method               121
      • 3.2.10.5.3             Ionic Liquids       121
    • 3.2.10.6                Recycling of Specific Components             122
      • 3.2.10.6.1             Anode (Graphite)            122
      • 3.2.10.6.2             Cathode               122
      • 3.2.10.6.3             Electrolyte          123
    • 3.2.10.7                Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries         123
      • 3.2.10.7.1             Conventional vs Emerging Processes       123
  • 3.2.11    Global revenues               125
• 3.3          LITHIUM-METAL BATTERIES         126
  • 3.3.1      Technology description 126
  • 3.3.2      Lithium-metal anodes    127
  • 3.3.3      Challenges          127
  • 3.3.4      Energy density  128
  • 3.3.5      Anode-less Cells               129
  • 3.3.6      Lithium-metal and solid-state batteries  129
  • 3.3.7      Applications       130
  • 3.3.8      SWOT analysis   131
  • 3.3.9      Product developers        132
• 3.4          LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES       133
  • 3.4.1      Technology description 133
    • 3.4.1.1   Advantages        133
    • 3.4.1.2   Challenges          134
    • 3.4.1.3   Commercialization           135
  • 3.4.2      SWOT analysis   136
  • 3.4.3      Global revenues               137
  • 3.4.4      Product developers        138
• 3.5          LITHIUM TITANATE AND NIOBATE BATTERIES       139
  • 3.5.1      Technology description 139
  • 3.5.2      Niobium titanium oxide (NTO)   139
    • 3.5.2.1   Niobium tungsten oxide 140
    • 3.5.2.2   Vanadium oxide anodes 141
  • 3.5.3      Global revenues               142
  • 3.5.4      Product developers        142
• 3.6          SODIUM-ION (NA-ION) BATTERIES            144
  • 3.6.1      Technology description 144
    • 3.6.1.1   Cathode materials           144
      • 3.6.1.1.1               Layered transition metal oxides 144
        • 3.6.1.1.1.1           Types    144
        • 3.6.1.1.1.2           Cycling performance      145
        • 3.6.1.1.1.3           Advantages and disadvantages  146
        • 3.6.1.1.1.4           Market prospects for LO SIB        146
      • 3.6.1.1.2               Polyanionic materials     147
        • 3.6.1.1.2.1           Advantages and disadvantages  148
        • 3.6.1.1.2.2           Types    148
        • 3.6.1.1.2.3           Market prospects for Poly SIB     148
      • 3.6.1.1.3               Prussian blue analogues (PBA)   149
        • 3.6.1.1.3.1           Types    149
        • 3.6.1.1.3.2           Advantages and disadvantages  150
        • 3.6.1.1.3.3           Market prospects for PBA-SIB     151
    • 3.6.1.2   Anode materials               152
      • 3.6.1.2.1               Hard carbons     152
      • 3.6.1.2.2               Carbon black      154
      • 3.6.1.2.3               Graphite              155
      • 3.6.1.2.4               Carbon nanotubes           158
      • 3.6.1.2.5               Graphene           159
      • 3.6.1.2.6               Alloying materials            161
      • 3.6.1.2.7               Sodium Titanates             162
      • 3.6.1.2.8               Sodium Metal    162
    • 3.6.1.3   Electrolytes        162
  • 3.6.2      Comparative analysis with other battery types    164
  • 3.6.3      Cost comparison with Li-ion         165
  • 3.6.4      Materials in sodium-ion battery cells       165
  • 3.6.5      SWOT analysis   168
  • 3.6.6      Global revenues               169
  • 3.6.7      Product developers        170
    • 3.6.7.1   Battery Manufacturers  170
    • 3.6.7.2   Large Corporations          170
    • 3.6.7.3   Automotive Companies 170
    • 3.6.7.4   Chemicals and Materials Firms   171
• 3.7          SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES       172
  • 3.7.1      Technology description 172
  • 3.7.2      Applications       173
  • 3.7.3      SWOT analysis   174
• 3.8          ALUMINIUM-ION BATTERIES       176
  • 3.8.1      Technology description 176
  • 3.8.2      SWOT analysis   177
  • 3.8.3      Commercialization           178
  • 3.8.4      Global revenues               179
  • 3.8.5      Product developers        179
• 3.9          ALL-SOLID STATE BATTERIES (ASSBs)       181
  • 3.9.1      Technology description 181
    • 3.9.1.1   Solid-state electrolytes  182
  • 3.9.2      Features and advantages              183
  • 3.9.3      Technical specifications 184
  • 3.9.4      Types    187
  • 3.9.5      Microbatteries  189
    • 3.9.5.1   Introduction       189
    • 3.9.5.2   Materials             190
    • 3.9.5.3   Applications       190
    • 3.9.5.4   3D designs          190
      • 3.9.5.4.1               3D printed batteries       191
  • 3.9.6      Bulk type solid-state batteries    191
  • 3.9.7      SWOT analysis   192
  • 3.9.8      Limitations          194
  • 3.9.9      Global revenues               195
  • 3.9.10    Product developers        197
• 3.10        FLEXIBLE BATTERIES        198
  • 3.10.1    Technology description 198
  • 3.10.2    Technical specifications 200
    • 3.10.2.1                Approaches to flexibility                201
  • 3.10.3    Flexible electronics          203
    • 3.10.3.1                Flexible materials             204
  • 3.10.4    Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries       205
  • 3.10.5    Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries              206
  • 3.10.6    Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries     207
    • 3.10.6.1                Electrode designs             210
    • 3.10.6.2                Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries          213
    • 3.10.6.3                Stretchable lithium-ion batteries               214
    • 3.10.6.4                Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries            216
  • 3.10.7    Flexible Li/S batteries     216
    • 3.10.7.1                Components      217
    • 3.10.7.2                Carbon nanomaterials    217
  • 3.10.8    Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 218
  • 3.10.9    Flexible zinc-based batteries       219
    • 3.10.9.1                Components      219
      • 3.10.9.1.1             Anodes 219
      • 3.10.9.1.2             Cathodes             220
    • 3.10.9.2                Challenges          220
    • 3.10.9.3                Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries          221
    • 3.10.9.4                Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries       222
    • 3.10.9.5                Flexible Zn–Air batteries               223
    • 3.10.9.6                Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries               223
  • 3.10.10  Fiber-shaped batteries  224
    • 3.10.10.1              Carbon nanotubes           224
    • 3.10.10.2              Types    225
    • 3.10.10.3              Applications       226
    • 3.10.10.4              Challenges          226
  • 3.10.11  Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices          227
  • 3.10.12  SWOT analysis   229
  • 3.10.13  Global revenues               230
  • 3.10.14  Product developers        232
• 3.11        TRANSPARENT BATTERIES            233
  • 3.11.1    Technology description 233
  • 3.11.2    Components      234
  • 3.11.3    SWOT analysis   235
  • 3.11.4    Market outlook 237
• 3.12        DEGRADABLE BATTERIES               237
  • 3.12.1    Technology description 237
  • 3.12.2    Components      238
  • 3.12.3    SWOT analysis   240
  • 3.12.4    Market outlook 241
  • 3.12.5    Product developers        241
• 3.13        PRINTED BATTERIES        242
  • 3.13.1    Technical specifications 242
  • 3.13.2    Components      243
  • 3.13.3    Design  245
  • 3.13.4    Key features      246
  • 3.13.5    Printable current collectors          246
  • 3.13.6    Printable electrodes       247
  • 3.13.7    Materials             247
  • 3.13.8    Applications       247
  • 3.13.9    Printing techniques         248
  • 3.13.10  Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries            250
  • 3.13.11  Zinc-based printed batteries       251
  • 3.13.12  3D Printed batteries       254
    • 3.13.12.1              3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing             256
    • 3.13.12.2              Materials for 3D printed batteries            258
      • 3.13.12.2.1          Electrode materials         258
      • 3.13.12.2.2          Electrolyte Materials      258
  • 3.13.13  SWOT analysis   259
  • 3.13.14  Global revenues               260
  • 3.13.15  Product developers        261
• 3.14        REDOX FLOW BATTERIES               263
  • 3.14.1    Technology description 263
  • 3.14.2    Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)   264
  • 3.14.3    Zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZnBr)           265
  • 3.14.4    Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)               266
  • 3.14.5    Iron-chromium flow batteries (ICB)          267
  • 3.14.6    All-Iron flow batteries    267
  • 3.14.7    Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries  268
  • 3.14.8    Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries 269
  • 3.14.9    Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries       270
  • 3.14.10  Organic flow batteries   271
  • 3.14.11  Hybrid Flow Batteries     272
    • 3.14.11.1              Zinc-Cerium Hybrid          272
    • 3.14.11.2              Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow Battery        272
    • 3.14.11.3              Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow Battery 273
    • 3.14.11.4              Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow Battery            274
    • 3.14.11.5              Vanadium-Polyhalide Flow Battery           274
  • 3.14.12  Global revenues               275
  • 3.14.13  Product developers        276
• 3.15        ZN-BASED BATTERIES     277
  • 3.15.1    Technology description 277
    • 3.15.1.1                Zinc-Air batteries             277
    • 3.15.1.2                Zinc-ion batteries             279
    • 3.15.1.3                Zinc-bromide     279
  • 3.15.2    Market outlook 280
  • 3.15.3    Product developers        281

4              COMPANY PROFILES       282 (296 company profiles)

5              REFERENCES       537

List of Tables

• Table 1. Battery chemistries used in electric buses.           42
• Table 2. Micro EV types 43
• Table 3. Battery Sizes for Different Vehicle Types.             46
• Table 4. Competing technologies for batteries in electric boats.   48
• Table 5. Competing technologies for batteries in grid storage.      53
• Table 6. Competing technologies for batteries in consumer electronics    56
• Table 7. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in grid storage.              59
• Table 8. Market drivers for use of advanced materials and technologies in batteries.         60
• Table 9. Battery market megatrends.      63
• Table 10. Advanced materials for batteries.          66
• Table 11. Commercial Li-ion battery cell composition.      69
• Table 12.  Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain.           72
• Table 13. Types of lithium battery.           73
• Table 14. Li-ion battery anode materials.               77
• Table 15. Manufacturing methods for nano-silicon anodes.           83
• Table 16. Markets and applications for silicon anodes.     85
• Table 17. Li-ion battery cathode materials.            91
• Table 18. Key technology trends shaping lithium-ion battery cathode development.          91
• Table 19. Properties of Lithium Cobalt Oxide) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.        96
• Table 20. Properties of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.    97
• Table 21. Properties of Lithium Manganese Oxide cathode material.         98
• Table 22. Properties of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC).  99
• Table 23. Properties of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide     100
• Table 24. Comparison table of key lithium-ion cathode materials 102
• Table 25. Li-ion battery Binder and conductive additive materials.              104
• Table 26. Li-ion battery Separator materials.        105
• Table 27. Li-ion battery market players.  106
• Table 28. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow.          107
• Table 29. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries. 108
• Table 30. Comparison of LIB recycling methods. 108
• Table 31. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries.              124
• Table 32. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).           125
• Table 33. Applications for Li-metal batteries.       130
• Table 34. Li-metal battery developers     132
• Table 35. Comparison of the theoretical energy densities of lithium-sulfur batteries versus other common battery types.   134
• Table 36. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).             137
• Table 37. Lithium-sulphur battery product developers.   138
• Table 38. Product developers in Lithium titanate and niobate batteries.  142
• Table 39. Comparison of cathode materials.         144
• Table 40.  Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.       144
• Table 41. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials.                145
• Table 42. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes.               147
• Table 43. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials.              147
• Table 44.  Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries.                150
• Table 45. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials.               152
• Table 46. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes.               153
• Table 47. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes. 154
• Table 48. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite. 156
• Table 49. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.            160
• Table 50. Comparison of carbon based anodes.  161
• Table 51.  Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries.            161
• Table 52. Na-ion electrolyte formulations.            163
• Table 53. Pros and cons compared to other battery types.             164
• Table 54. Cost comparison with Li-ion batteries. 165
• Table 55. Key materials in sodium-ion battery cells.           165
• Table 56. Product developers in aluminium-ion batteries.              179
• Table 57. Types of solid-state electrolytes.            182
• Table 58. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.          183
• Table 59.  Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.            184
• Table 60. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries.  188
• Table 61. Limitations of solid-state thin film batteries.     194
• Table 62. Global revenues for All-Solid State Batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).          195
• Table 63. Solid-state thin-film battery market players.     197
• Table 64. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements.           199
• Table 65. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes.         208
• Table 66. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.          210
• Table 67. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.              213
• Table 68. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.            225
• Table 69. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).       230
• Table 70. Product developers in flexible batteries.             232
• Table 71. Components of transparent batteries. 234
• Table 72. Components of degradable batteries. 238
• Table 73. Product developers in degradable batteries.     241
• Table 74. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.     244
• Table 75. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements. 248
• Table 76. 2D and 3D printing techniques.              248
• Table 77. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.            250
• Table 78. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.   250
• Table 79. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.    252
• Table 80. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.             256
• Table 81. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.    258
• Table 82. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).       260
• Table 83. Product developers in printed batteries.            261
• Table 84. Advantages and disadvantages of redox flow batteries.               264
• Table 85. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.       264
• Table 86. Zinc-bromine (ZnBr) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.       265
• Table 87. Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.              266
• Table 88. Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.       267
• Table 89. All-Iron flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.                267
• Table 90. Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.       268
• Table 91. Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.              269
• Table 92. Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.    270
• Table 93. Organic flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.                271
• Table 94. Zinc-Cerium Hybrid flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.       272
• Table 95. Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.       273
• Table 96. Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.       273
• Table 97. Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.       274
• Table 98. Vanadium-Polyhalide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.              274
• Table 99. Redox flow batteries product developers.         276
• Table 100. ZN-based battery product developers.              281
• Table 101. CATL sodium-ion battery characteristics.          328
• Table 102. CHAM sodium-ion battery characteristics.       333
• Table 103. Chasm SWCNT products.         334
• Table 104. Faradion sodium-ion battery characteristics.  360
• Table 105. HiNa Battery sodium-ion battery characteristics.          394
• Table 106. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.     414
• Table 107. LiNa Energy battery characteristics.    431
• Table 108. Natrium Energy battery characteristics.            450

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Annual sales of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.       38
• Figure 2. Electric car Li-ion demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2034.  49
• Figure 3. EV Li-ion battery market (US$B), 2018-2034.       50
• Figure 4. Electric bus, truck and van battery forecast (GWh), 2018-2034.  51
• Figure 5. Micro EV Li-ion demand forecast (GWh).            52
• Figure 6. Lithium-ion battery grid storage demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2034.     55
• Figure 7. Sodium-ion grid storage units. 55
• Figure 8. Salt-E Dog mobile battery.         58
• Figure 9. I.Power Nest - Residential Energy Storage System Solution.         59
• Figure 10. Costs of batteries to 2030.       65
• Figure 11. Lithium Cell Design.    70
• Figure 12. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery.   71
• Figure 13. Li-ion battery cell pack.             71
• Figure 14. Li-ion electric vehicle (EV) battery.       75
• Figure 15. SWOT analysis: Li-ion batteries.            77
• Figure 16. Silicon anode value chain.        81
• Figure 17. Li-cobalt structure.     95
• Figure 18.  Li-manganese structure.         98
• Figure 19. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials.               107
• Figure 20. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).             109
• Figure 21. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet.          111
• Figure 22. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.    112
• Figure 23. Umicore recycling flow diagram.           113
• Figure 24. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.       114
• Figure 25. Schematic of direct recyling process.  116
• Figure 26. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling.         120
• Figure 27. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).         126
• Figure 28. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery.          126
• Figure 29. SWOT analysis: Lithium-metal batteries.           132
• Figure 30. Schematic diagram of Lithium–sulfur battery. 133
• Figure 31. SWOT analysis: Lithium-sulfur batteries.           137
• Figure 32. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).           138
• Figure 33. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).           142
• Figure 34. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA).  149
• Figure 35. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG). 155
• Figure 36. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications.                157
• Figure 37. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT).        159
• Figure 38. Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery.             167
• Figure 39. SWOT analysis: Sodium-ion batteries. 169
• Figure 40. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).              169
• Figure 41.  Schematic of a Na–S battery. 172
• Figure 42. SWOT analysis: Sodium-sulfur batteries.           175
• Figure 43. Saturnose battery chemistry. 176
• Figure 44. SWOT analysis: Aluminium-ion batteries.         178
• Figure 45. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).       179
• Figure 46. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery.              181
• Figure 47. ULTRALIFE thin film battery.   182
• Figure 48. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.              185
• Figure 49. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials.          186
• Figure 50. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).               188
• Figure 51. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB.        192
• Figure 52. SWOT analysis: All-solid state batteries.            193
• Figure 53. Global revenues for All-Solid State Batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).        196
• Figure 54. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.    199
• Figure 55. Flexible, rechargeable battery.              200
• Figure 56. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.        201
• Figure 57. Types of flexible batteries.      203
• Figure 58. Flexible label and printed paper battery.           204
• Figure 59. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.             207
• Figure 60. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures.      210
• Figure 61. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.               211
• Figure 62. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs.         211
• Figure 63. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs.  214
• Figure 64. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f) 215
• Figure 65. Origami disposable battery.    216
• Figure 66. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt.    219
• Figure 67. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries.           221
• Figure 68. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark.   222
• Figure 69. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy. 222
• Figure 70.  Wearable self-powered devices.         228
• Figure 71. SWOT analysis: Flexible  batteries.       230
• Figure 72. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).      231
• Figure 73. Transparent batteries.              234
• Figure 74. SWOT analysis: Transparent batteries.               236
• Figure 75. Degradable batteries. 237
• Figure 76. SWOT analysis: Degradable batteries. 241
• Figure 77. Various applications of printed paper batteries.             243
• Figure 78.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.             243
• Figure 79. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together.     245
• Figure 80. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III).                255
• Figure 81. SWOT analysis: Printed batteries.        260
• Figure 82. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).     261
• Figure 83. Scheme of a redox flow battery.           263
• Figure 84. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2034, by market (Billions USD).               276
• Figure 85. 24M battery. 283
• Figure 86. AC biode prototype.  285
• Figure 87. Schematic diagram of liquid metal battery operation. 295
• Figure 88. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).             296
• Figure 89. Amprius battery products.      298
• Figure 90. All-polymer battery schematic.             301
• Figure 91. All Polymer Battery Module.  301
• Figure 92. Resin current collector.             302
• Figure 93. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.          304
• Figure 94. The structure of aluminum-sulfur battery from Avanti Battery.               307
• Figure 95. Containerized NAS® batteries.              309
• Figure 96. 3D printed lithium-ion battery.             314
• Figure 97. Blue Solution module.               316
• Figure 98. TempTraq wearable patch.     317
• Figure 99. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process.               335
• Figure 100. Cymbet EnerChip™  340
• Figure 101. E-magy nano sponge structure.          348
• Figure 102. Enerpoly zinc-ion battery.     349
• Figure 103. SoftBattery®.             350
• Figure 104. ASSB All-Solid-State Battery by EGI 300 Wh/kg.           352
• Figure 105. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.              354
• Figure 106. 40 Ah battery cell.    359
• Figure 107. FDK Corp battery.     363
• Figure 108. 2D paper batteries.  371
• Figure 109. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.  371
• Figure 110. Fuji carbon nanotube products.         372
• Figure 111. Gelion Endure battery.           375
• Figure 112. Portable desalination plant. 375
• Figure 113. Grepow flexible battery.       387
• Figure 114. HPB solid-state battery.         393
• Figure 115. HiNa Battery pack for EV.      395
• Figure 116. JAC demo EV powered by a HiNa Na-ion battery.        395
• Figure 117. Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabrics from Hirose.     396
• Figure 118. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery.      397
• Figure 119. Ilika solid-state batteries.      401
• Figure 120. ZincPoly™ technology.            402
• Figure 121. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.            406
• Figure 122. Ionic Materials battery cell.  410
• Figure 123. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure.           411
• Figure 124. ITEN micro batteries.              412
• Figure 125. Kite Rise’s A-sample sodium-ion battery module.       420
• Figure 126. LiBEST flexible battery.           426
• Figure 127. Li-FUN sodium-ion battery cells.         429
• Figure 128. LiNa Energy battery. 431
• Figure 129. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology.  433
• Figure 130. Lyten batteries.         436
• Figure 131. Cellulomix production process.           439
• Figure 132. Nanobase versus conventional products.       439
• Figure 133. Nanotech Energy battery.     449
• Figure 134. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.             452
• Figure 135. NBD battery.              454
• Figure 136. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.          455
• Figure 137. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.    456
• Figure 138. EnerCerachip.            460
• Figure 139. Cambrian battery.    471
• Figure 140. Printed battery.         475
• Figure 141. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery.           477
• Figure 142. Printed Energy flexible battery.          480
• Figure 143. ProLogium solid-state battery.            482
• Figure 144. QingTao solid-state batteries.             484
• Figure 145. Schematic of the quinone flow battery.          486
• Figure 146. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery.      489
• Figure 147. Salgenx S3000 seawater flow battery.             491
• Figure 148. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries.  493
• Figure 149. SES Apollo batteries.               498
• Figure 150. Sionic Energy battery cell.     505
• Figure 151. Solid Power battery pouch cell.           507
• Figure 152. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.   510
• Figure 153.TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery         517
• Figure 154. Zeta Energy 20 Ah cell.           534
• Figure 155. Zoolnasm batteries. 535

The Global Market for Advanced Batteries 2024-2034

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The Global Market for Advanced Batteries 2024-2034

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