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The Global Market for Advanced Li-ion and Beyond Lithium Batteries 2024-2035

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  • Published: May 2024
  • Pages: 680
  • Tables: 139
  • Figures: 181
  • Companies profiled: 351

 

Advanced Li-ion and beyond lithium batteries are designed to meet the growing demand for high-energy-density, long-lasting, and cost-effective energy storage solutions in various applications, such as electric vehicles, grid storage, consumer electronics, and stationary power. The Global Market for Advanced Li-ion and Beyond Lithium Batteries 2024-2035 provides a comprehensive analysis of the current Li-ion batteries market plus advanced types including Lithium-metal batteries, Lithium-sulfur batteries, and Solid-state batteries

Beyond lithium batteries that explore alternative chemistries and materials are also covered including Sodium-ion batteries, Aluminum-ion batteries and Redox flow batteries. Other advanced battery concepts include flexible batteries, transparent batteries, degradable batteries, and printed batteries. These innovations aim to cater to specific application requirements and environmental concerns.

The report provides an overview of the global market for advanced Li-ion batteries, segmented by key applications such as electric vehicles (EVs), grid storage, consumer electronics, and stationary batteries. It discusses the market drivers, megatrends, and the role of advanced materials in battery development. The report also highlights the motivation behind the development of beyond lithium batteries. A significant portion of the report is dedicated to Li-ion batteries, covering various aspects such as anode materials (graphite, lithium titanate, lithium metal, and silicon anodes), cathode materials (high-nickel, high-manganese, and zero-cobalt cathodes), electrolytes, binders, conductive additives, separators, and recycling techniques. The report also provides a detailed analysis of the silicon anode market, including its benefits, performance, manufacturing, costs, and applications in EVs, consumer electronics, and energy storage.

The report then delves into beyond lithium technologies, such as lithium-metal, lithium-sulfur, lithium and niobate titanate, sodium-ion, sodium-sulfur, aluminum-ion, solid-state, flexible, transparent, degradable, printed, and redox flow batteries. Each technology is discussed in detail, covering aspects such as technology description, advantages, challenges, SWOT analysis, global revenues, and product developers. The report also includes an extensive section on company profiles, featuring over 340 companies active in the advanced battery market. These profiles provide valuable insights into the strategies, products, and technologies of key players in the industry. Companies profiled include 6K Energy, Addionics, Alsym Energy, Atlas Materials, Basquevolt, Brill Power, BTR New Material Group, CMBlu Energy AG, Coreshell, Echion Technologies, Enerpoly, Enovix, EnPower Inc, ESS Tech, Factorial, Flow Aluminum, Inc., Forsee Power, Ganfeng Lithium, Gotion High Tech, Graphene Manufacturing Group, High Performace Battery Holding AG, Inobat, Inx, Ionblox, LeydenJar Technologies, LionVolt, Li-Metal Corp, Lyten, Nano One Materials, Nanomakers, Our Next Energy (ONE), Prieto Battery, QuantumScape, Relectrify, Sicona Battery Technologies, Sila Nanotechnologies, Sion Power, Solid Power, Solidion Technology, Stabl Energy, Storedot, Talent New Energy, TasmanIon, VoltR and VFlowTech. 

 

 

 

1             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY   40

  • 1.1         Report scope    40
  • 1.2         Research methodology               40

 

2             INTRODUCTION             42

  • 2.1         The global market for advanced Li-ion batteries             42
    • 2.1.1     Electric vehicles             44
      • 2.1.1.1 Market overview             44
      • 2.1.1.2 Battery Electric Vehicles            44
      • 2.1.1.3 Electric buses, vans and trucks              45
        • 2.1.1.3.1             Electric medium and heavy duty trucks              46
        • 2.1.1.3.2             Electric light commercial vehicles (LCVs)         46
        • 2.1.1.3.3             Electric buses  47
        • 2.1.1.3.4             Micro EVs           48
      • 2.1.1.4 Electric off-road             49
        • 2.1.1.4.1             Construction vehicles 49
        • 2.1.1.4.2             Electric trains  51
        • 2.1.1.4.3             Electric boats   52
      • 2.1.1.5 Market demand and forecasts 54
    • 2.1.2     Grid storage      57
      • 2.1.2.1 Market overview             57
      • 2.1.2.2 Technologies    58
      • 2.1.2.3 Market demand and forecasts 59
    • 2.1.3     Consumer electronics 61
      • 2.1.3.1 Market overview             61
      • 2.1.3.2 Technologies    61
      • 2.1.3.3 Market demand and forecasts 62
    • 2.1.4     Stationary batteries      62
      • 2.1.4.1 Market overview             62
      • 2.1.4.2 Technologies    64
      • 2.1.4.3 Market demand and forecasts 65
  • 2.2         Market drivers  65
  • 2.3         Battery market megatrends      68
  • 2.4         Advanced materials for batteries           71
  • 2.5         Motivation for battery development beyond lithium     71
  • 2.6         Battery chemistries      73

 

3             LI-ION BATTERIES          73

  • 3.1         Types of Lithium Batteries         78
  • 3.2         Anode materials             81
    • 3.2.1     Graphite             82
    • 3.2.2     Lithium Titanate             83
    • 3.2.3     Lithium Metal  83
    • 3.2.4     Silicon anodes 83
  • 3.3         SWOT analysis 84
  • 3.4         Trends in the Li-ion battery market        86
  • 3.5         Silicon anodes 87
    • 3.5.1     Benefits              89
    • 3.5.2     Silicon anode performance      91
    • 3.5.3     Development in li-ion batteries               91
      • 3.5.3.1 Manufacturing silicon  92
      • 3.5.3.2 Commercial production             93
      • 3.5.3.3 Costs    94
      • 3.5.3.4 Value chain       95
      • 3.5.3.5 Markets and applications          96
        • 3.5.3.5.1             EVs        97
        • 3.5.3.5.2             Consumer electronics 104
        • 3.5.3.5.3             Energy Storage 105
        • 3.5.3.5.4             Portable Power Tools   106
        • 3.5.3.5.5             Emergency Backup Power         107
      • 3.5.3.6 Future outlook 107
    • 3.5.4     Consumption   108
      • 3.5.4.1 By anode material type               108
      • 3.5.4.2 By end use market         109
    • 3.5.5     Alloy anode materials  110
    • 3.5.6     Silicon-carbon composites      111
    • 3.5.7     Silicon oxides and coatings       112
    • 3.5.8     Carbon nanotubes in Li-ion      112
    • 3.5.9     Graphene coatings for Li-ion    113
    • 3.5.10   Prices  114
    • 3.5.11   Companies       114
  • 3.6         Li-ion electrolytes         116
  • 3.7         Cathodes           117
    • 3.7.1     Overview of Li-ion cathodes     117
    • 3.7.2     High-nickel cathode materials 119
    • 3.7.3     Manufacturing 121
    • 3.7.4     High manganese content           122
    • 3.7.5     Zero-Cobalt NMx            123
    • 3.7.6     Li-Mn-rich cathodes     123
    • 3.7.7     Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) — LCO 124
    • 3.7.8     Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP           125
    • 3.7.9     Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO 126
    • 3.7.10   Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC           128
    • 3.7.11   Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA 128
    • 3.7.12   LMR-NMC          129
    • 3.7.13   Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnP)             130
    • 3.7.14   Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiMnFePO4 or LMFP)      130
    • 3.7.15   Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO)          131
    • 3.7.16   Comparison of key lithium-ion cathode materials        132
    • 3.7.17   Emerging cathode material synthesis methods              133
      • 3.7.17.1               Conventional NMC synthesis   134
      • 3.7.17.2               Conventional LFP synthesis     134
      • 3.7.17.3               Dry cathode synthesis 135
    • 3.7.18   Cathode coatings          136
    • 3.7.19   Recycled cathodes       137
    • 3.7.20   Companies       137
  • 3.8         Binders and conductive additives         138
    • 3.8.1     Materials            138
  • 3.9         Separators        139
    • 3.9.1     Materials            139
  • 3.10       Platinum group metals 140
  • 3.11       Li-ion battery market players   140
  • 3.12       Li-ion recycling 142
    • 3.12.1   Comparison of recycling techniques   144
    • 3.12.2   Hydrometallurgy            145
      • 3.12.2.1               Method overview            145
        • 3.12.2.1.1           Solvent extraction         147
      • 3.12.2.2               SWOT analysis 147
    • 3.12.3   Pyrometallurgy 148
      • 3.12.3.1               Method overview            148
      • 3.12.3.2               SWOT analysis 149
    • 3.12.4   Direct recycling              150
      • 3.12.4.1               Method overview            150
        • 3.12.4.1.1           Electrolyte separation 151
        • 3.12.4.1.2           Separating cathode and anode materials          152
        • 3.12.4.1.3           Binder removal 152
      • 3.12.4.1.4           Relithiation       153
      • 3.12.4.1.5           Cathode recovery and rejuvenation      154
      • 3.12.4.1.6           Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling      154
      • 3.12.4.2               SWOT analysis 155
    • 3.12.5   Other methods 156
      • 3.12.5.1               Mechanochemical Pretreatment           156
      • 3.12.5.2               Electrochemical Method           156
      • 3.12.5.3               Ionic Liquids     157
    • 3.12.6   Recycling of Specific Components       157
      • 3.12.6.1               Anode (Graphite)            157
      • 3.12.6.2               Cathode              158
      • 3.12.6.3               Electrolyte         158
    • 3.12.7   Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries    158
    • 3.12.8         Conventional vs Emerging Processes  159
  • 3.13       Global revenues             160

 

4             LITHIUM-METAL BATTERIES     161

  • 4.1         Technology description               161
  • 4.2         Lithium-metal anodes 163
  • 4.3         Energy density 163
  • 4.4         Anode-less Cells            164
  • 4.5         Lithium-metal and solid-state batteries             165
  • 4.6         Hybrid batteries              165
  • 4.7         High energy Li-ion anode technology   166
  • 4.8         Applications     166
  • 4.9         Challenges        167
  • 4.10       SWOT analysis 168
  • 4.11       Product developers       170

 

5             LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES  171

  • 5.1         Technology description               171
    • 5.1.1     Advantages       171
    • 5.1.2     Challenges        172
    • 5.1.3     Commercialization       173
  • 5.2         SWOT analysis 174
  • 5.3         Global revenues             175
  • 5.4         Product developers       176

 

6             LITHIUM AND NIOBATE TITANATE (LTO/XNO) BATTERIES         177

  • 6.1         Technology description               177
  • 6.2         Niobium titanium oxide (NTO) 178
    • 6.2.1     Niobium tungsten oxide              178
      • 6.2.1.1 Advantages over graphite           179
      • 6.2.1.2 Niobium based anodes               179
    • 6.2.2     Vanadium oxide anodes             179
  • 6.3         Global revenues             180
  • 6.4         Product developers       181

 

7             SODIUM-ION (NA-ION) BATTERIES       183

  • 7.1         Technology description               183
    • 7.1.1     Cathode materials        183
      • 7.1.1.1 Layered transition metal oxides             183
        • 7.1.1.1.1             Types    183
        • 7.1.1.1.2             Cycling performance   184
        • 7.1.1.1.3             Advantages and disadvantages              185
        • 7.1.1.1.4             Market prospects for LO SIB     185
      • 7.1.1.2 Polyanionic materials 186
        • 7.1.1.2.1             Advantages and disadvantages              187
        • 7.1.1.2.2             Types    187
        • 7.1.1.2.3             Market prospects for Poly SIB  187
      • 7.1.1.3 Prussian blue analogues (PBA)                188
        • 7.1.1.3.1             Types    188
        • 7.1.1.3.2             Advantages and disadvantages              189
        • 7.1.1.3.3             Market prospects for PBA-SIB 190
    • 7.1.2     Anode materials             191
      • 7.1.2.1 Hard carbons   191
      • 7.1.2.2 Carbon black    193
      • 7.1.2.3 Graphite             194
      • 7.1.2.4 Carbon nanotubes         197
      • 7.1.2.5 Graphene           198
      • 7.1.2.6 Alloying materials          200
      • 7.1.2.7 Sodium Titanates           201
      • 7.1.2.8 Sodium Metal  201
    • 7.1.3     Electrolytes      201
  • 7.2         Comparative analysis with other battery types               203
  • 7.3         Cost comparison with Li-ion    203
  • 7.4         Materials in sodium-ion battery cells   204
  • 7.5         SWOT analysis 206
  • 7.6         Global revenues             208
  • 7.7         Product developers       208
    • 7.7.1     Battery Manufacturers 209
    • 7.7.2     Large Corporations       209
    • 7.7.3     Automotive Companies              209
    • 7.7.4     Chemicals and Materials Firms              210

 

8             SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES  211

  • 8.1         Technology description               211
  • 8.2         Applications     212
  • 8.3         SWOT analysis 213

 

9             ALUMINIUM-ION BATTERIES   215

  • 9.1         Technology description               215
  • 9.2         SWOT analysis 216
  • 9.3         Commercialization       217
  • 9.4         Global revenues             218
  • 9.5         Product developers       218

 

10           SOLID STATE BATTERIES            220

  • 10.1       Technology description               220
    • 10.1.1   Solid-state electrolytes              221
  • 10.2       Features and advantages           222
  • 10.3       Technical specifications            223
  • 10.4       Types    226
    • 10.5       Microbatteries 228
    • 10.5.1   Introduction      228
    • 10.5.2   Materials            229
    • 10.5.3   Applications     229
    • 10.5.4   3D designs         229
      • 10.5.4.1               3D printed batteries      230
  • 10.6       Bulk type solid-state batteries 230
  • 10.7       SWOT analysis 231
  • 10.8       Limitations       232
  • 10.9       Global revenues             234
  • 10.10    Product developers       235

 

11           FLEXIBLE BATTERIES    237

  • 11.1       Technology description               237
  • 11.2       Technical specifications            239
    • 11.2.1   Approaches to flexibility            240
  • 11.3       Flexible electronics      242
    • 11.3.1   Flexible materials          243
  • 11.4       Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries   244
  • 11.5       Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries         245
  • 11.6       Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries 246
    • 11.6.1   Electrode designs          249
    • 11.6.2   Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries      252
    • 11.6.3   Stretchable lithium-ion batteries           253
    • 11.6.4   Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries        255
  • 11.7       Flexible Li/S batteries  255
    • 11.7.1   Components    256
    • 11.7.2   Carbon nanomaterials 256
  • 11.8       Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries          257
  • 11.9       Flexible zinc-based batteries   258
    • 11.9.1   Components    258
      • 11.9.1.1               Anodes 258
      • 11.9.1.2               Cathodes           259
    • 11.9.2   Challenges        259
    • 11.9.3   Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries     260
    • 11.9.4   Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries   261
    • 11.9.5   Flexible Zn–Air batteries             262
    • 11.9.6   Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries           263
  • 11.10    Fiber-shaped batteries 263
    • 11.10.1 Carbon nanotubes         264
    • 11.10.2 Types    264
    • 11.10.3 Applications     265
    • 11.10.4 Challenges        266
  • 11.11    Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices    266
  • 11.12    SWOT analysis 269
  • 11.13    Global revenues             270
  • 11.14    Product developers       271

 

12           TRANSPARENT BATTERIES        273

  • 12.1       Technology description               273
  • 12.2       Components    274
  • 12.3       SWOT analysis 275
  • 12.4       Market outlook 277

 

13           DEGRADABLE BATTERIES          277

  • 13.1       Technology description               277
  • 13.2       Components    278
  • 13.3       SWOT analysis 280
  • 13.4       Market outlook 281
  • 13.5       Product developers       281

 

14           PRINTED BATTERIES     282

  • 14.1       Technical specifications            282
  • 14.2       Components    283
  • 14.3       Design 285
  • 14.4       Key features     286
  • 14.5       Printable current collectors      286
  • 14.6       Printable electrodes     286
  • 14.7       Materials            287
  • 14.8       Applications     287
  • 14.9       Printing techniques       288
  • 14.10    Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries         290
  • 14.11    Zinc-based printed batteries    291
  • 14.12    3D Printed batteries     294
    • 14.12.1 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing         296
    • 14.12.2 Materials for 3D printed batteries          297
      • 14.12.2.1            Electrode materials      297
      • 14.12.2.2            Electrolyte Materials    298
  • 14.13    SWOT analysis 298
  • 14.14    Global revenues             300
  • 14.15    Product developers       301

 

15           REDOX FLOW BATTERIES          303

  • 15.1       Technology description               303
  • 15.2       Types    305
    • 15.2.1   Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) 306
      • 15.2.1.1               Technology description               306
      • 15.2.1.2               SWOT analysis 309
      • 15.2.1.3               Market players 310
    • 15.2.2   Zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZnBr)        312
      • 15.2.2.1               Technology description               312
      • 15.2.2.2               SWOT analysis 314
      • 15.2.2.3               Market players 315
    • 15.2.3   Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)           316
      • 15.2.3.1               Technology description               316
      • 15.2.3.2               SWOT analysis 317
    • 15.2.4   Iron-chromium flow batteries (ICB)       318
      • 15.2.4.1               Technology description               318
      • 15.2.4.2               SWOT analysis 320
      • 15.2.4.3               Market players 321
    • 15.2.5   All-Iron flow batteries  321
      • 15.2.5.1               Technology description               321
      • 15.2.5.2               SWOT analysis 323
      • 15.2.5.3               Market players 324
    • 15.2.6   Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries               325
      • 15.2.6.1               Technology description               325
      • 15.2.6.2               SWOT analysis 326
      • 15.2.6.3               Market players 327
    • 15.2.7   Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries            328
      • 15.2.7.1               Technology description               328
      • 15.2.7.2               SWOT analysis 330
      • 15.2.7.3               Market players 331
    • 15.2.8   Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries    331
      • 15.2.8.1               Technology description               331
      • 15.2.8.2               SWOT analysis 332
      • 15.2.8.3               Market players 334
    • 15.2.9   Organic flow batteries 334
      • 15.2.9.1               Technology description               334
      • 15.2.9.2               SWOT analysis 337
      • 15.2.9.3               Market players 338
    • 15.2.10 Emerging Flow-Batteries            339
      • 15.2.10.1            Semi-Solid Redox Flow Batteries           339
      • 15.2.10.2            Solar Redox Flow Batteries       339
      • 15.2.10.3            Air-Breathing Sulfur Flow Batteries       340
      • 15.2.10.4            Metal–CO2 Batteries   340
    • 15.2.11 Hybrid Flow Batteries  341
      • 15.2.11.1            Zinc-Cerium Hybrid Flow Batteries       341
        • 15.2.11.1.1        Technology description               341
      • 15.2.11.2            Zinc-Polyiodide Flow Batteries 342
        • 15.2.11.2.1        Technology description               342
      • 15.2.11.3            Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow Batteries         344
        • 15.2.11.3.1        Technology description               344
      • 15.2.11.4            Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow Batteries    345
        • 15.2.11.4.1        Technology description               345
      • 15.2.11.5            Vanadium-Polyhalide Flow Batteries   346
        • 15.2.11.5.1        Technology description               346
  • 15.3       Markets for redox flow batteries             347
  • 15.4       Global revenues             351
    • 15.4.1   By type 351
    • 15.4.2   By end-use market        354

 

16           ZN-BASED BATTERIES 356

  • 16.1       Technology description               356
    • 16.1.1   Zinc-Air batteries           357
    • 16.1.2   Zinc-ion batteries          358
    • 16.1.3   Zinc-bromide   359
  • 16.2       Market outlook 359
  • 16.3       Product developers       360

 

17           COMPANY PROFILES  361 (351 company profiles)

 

18           REFERENCES   647

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Battery chemistries used in electric buses.     48
  • Table 2. Micro EV types               49
  • Table 3. Battery Sizes for Different Vehicle Types.         52
  • Table 4. Competing technologies for batteries in electric boats.            54
  • Table 5. Competing technologies for batteries in grid storage. 59
  • Table 6. Competing technologies for batteries in consumer electronics            62
  • Table 7. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in grid storage.       65
  • Table 8. Market drivers for use of advanced materials and technologies in batteries. 66
  • Table 9. Battery market megatrends.   69
  • Table 10. Advanced materials for batteries.     72
  • Table 11. Commercial Li-ion battery cell composition.              74
  • Table 12.  Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain.      78
  • Table 13. Types of lithium battery.         79
  • Table 14. Li-ion battery anode materials.           82
  • Table 15. Trends in the Li-ion battery market.  87
  • Table 16. Si-anode performance summary.      91
  • Table 17. Manufacturing methods for nano-silicon anodes.     93
  • Table 18. Markets and applications for silicon anodes.               98
  • Table 19. BEV anode market 2020-2035 (GWh).              100
  • Table 20. BEV anode market 2020-2035 (KT).   101
  • Table 21. BEV anode market 2020-2035 (Billions USD)               102
  • Table 22. EV Anode market 2020-2035 (GWh). 103
  • Table 23. EV anode market 2020-2035 (KT)       104
  • Table 24. Consumer devices Anode market 2020-2035 (GWh).              105
  • Table 25. Consumer devices Anode market 2020-2035 (KT).    106
  • Table 26. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes).           109
  • Table 27. Anode material consumption by end use market (tonnes).   110
  • Table 28. Anode materials prices, current and forecasted.       115
  • Table 29. Silicon-anode companies.    115
  • Table 30. Li-ion battery cathode materials.       119
  • Table 31. Key technology trends shaping lithium-ion battery cathode development.  119
  • Table 32. LMR-NMC energy density.     125
  • Table 33. LMR-NMC cost,          125
  • Table 34. Properties of Lithium Cobalt Oxide) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.              126
  • Table 35. Properties of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.                127
  • Table 36. Properties of Lithium Manganese Oxide cathode material.  128
  • Table 37. Properties of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC).           129
  • Table 38. Properties of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide             130
  • Table 39. Comparison table of key lithium-ion cathode materials        133
  • Table 40. Market players in Li-ion cathodes.     138
  • Table 41. Li-ion battery Binder and conductive additive materials.       139
  • Table 42. Li-ion battery Separator materials.   140
  • Table 43. Li-ion battery market players.              141
  • Table 44. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow.   144
  • Table 45. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries.         144
  • Table 46. Comparison of LIB recycling methods.           145
  • Table 47. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries.  160
  • Table 48. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).  161
  • Table 49. Applications for Li-metal.      164
  • Table 50. Applications for Li-metal batteries.  168
  • Table 51. Li-metal battery developers 171
  • Table 52. Comparison of the theoretical energy densities of lithium-sulfur batteries versus other common battery types.   173
  • Table 53. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).    176
  • Table 54. Lithium-sulphur battery product developers.              177
  • Table 55. Product developers in Lithium titanate and niobate batteries.           182
  • Table 56. Comparison of cathode materials.   184
  • Table 57.  Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.              184
  • Table 58. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials.          185
  • Table 59. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes.        187
  • Table 60. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials.     187
  • Table 61.  Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries.           190
  • Table 62. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials.        192
  • Table 63. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes.        193
  • Table 64. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes.        194
  • Table 65. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite.          196
  • Table 66. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.   200
  • Table 67. Comparison of carbon based anodes.             201
  • Table 68.  Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries.      201
  • Table 69. Na-ion electrolyte formulations.        203
  • Table 70. Pros and cons compared to other battery types.        204
  • Table 71. Cost comparison with Li-ion batteries.           205
  • Table 72. Key materials in sodium-ion battery cells.     205
  • Table 73. Product developers in aluminium-ion batteries.        219
  • Table 74. Types of solid-state electrolytes.       222
  • Table 75. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.    223
  • Table 76.  Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.                224
  • Table 77. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries.           228
  • Table 78. Limitations of solid-state thin film batteries.               234
  • Table 79. Global revenues for All-Solid State Batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD). 235
  • Table 80. Solid-state thin-film battery market players. 237
  • Table 81. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements.   239
  • Table 82. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes.     247
  • Table 83. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.   250
  • Table 84. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.        253
  • Table 85. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.         265
  • Table 86. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).               271
  • Table 87. Product developers in flexible batteries.       273
  • Table 88. Components of transparent batteries.            275
  • Table 89. Components of degradable batteries.             279
  • Table 90. Product developers in degradable batteries.               282
  • Table 91. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.               285
  • Table 92. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.      289
  • Table 93. 2D and 3D printing techniques.          289
  • Table 94. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.       291
  • Table 95. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.       291
  • Table 96. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.    293
  • Table 97. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.        297
  • Table 98. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.               299
  • Table 99. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).               301
  • Table 100. Product developers in printed batteries.     302
  • Table 101. Advantages and disadvantages of redox flow batteries.      305
  • Table 102. Comparison of different battery types.         306
  • Table 103. Summary of main flow battery types.            307
  • Table 104. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.               309
  • Table 105. Market players in Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB).   311
  • Table 106. Zinc-bromine (ZnBr) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.           314
  • Table 107. Market players in Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr).         316
  • Table 108. Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.               317
  • Table 109. Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.           320
  • Table 110. Market players in Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries.         322
  • Table 111. All-Iron flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.    323
  • Table 112. Market players in All-iron Flow Batteries.    325
  • Table 113. Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.    327
  • Table 114. Market players in Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) Flow Batteries. 328
  • Table 115. Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.               330
  • Table 116. Market players in Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries.               332
  • Table 117. Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.               333
  • Table 118. Market players in Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) Flow Batteries.     335
  • Table 119. Materials in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB). 335
  • Table 120. Key Active species for ORFBs            336
  • Table 121. Organic flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.    336
  • Table 122. Market players in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB).     339
  • Table 123. Zinc-Cerium Hybrid flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.           342
  • Table 124. Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.               344
  • Table 125. Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.           345
  • Table 126. Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.           347
  • Table 127. Vanadium-Polyhalide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.               348
  • Table 128. Redox flow battery value chain.       349
  • Table 129. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2035, by type (millions USD).          352
  • Table 130. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2035, by end-use market (millions USD).  355
  • Table 131. ZN-based battery product developers.         361
  • Table 132. CATL sodium-ion battery characteristics.  414
  • Table 133. CHAM sodium-ion battery characteristics. 420
  • Table 134. Chasm SWCNT products.   421
  • Table 135. Faradion sodium-ion battery characteristics.          448
  • Table 136. HiNa Battery sodium-ion battery characteristics.  483
  • Table 137. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.             506
  • Table 138. LiNa Energy battery characteristics.             525
  • Table 139. Natrium Energy battery characteristics.      546

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Annual sales of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.             44
  • Figure 2. Electric car Li-ion demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2035.          55
  • Figure 3. EV Li-ion battery market (US$B), 2018-2035. 56
  • Figure 4. Electric bus, truck and van battery forecast (GWh), 2018-2035.          57
  • Figure 5. Micro EV Li-ion demand forecast (GWh).         58
  • Figure 6. Lithium-ion battery grid storage demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2035.             61
  • Figure 7. Sodium-ion grid storage units.              61
  • Figure 8. Salt-E Dog mobile battery.      64
  • Figure 9. I.Power Nest - Residential Energy Storage System Solution. 65
  • Figure 10. Costs of batteries to 2030.   71
  • Figure 11. Lithium Cell Design.                76
  • Figure 12. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery.               77
  • Figure 13. Li-ion battery cell pack.         77
  • Figure 14. Li-ion electric vehicle (EV) battery.  81
  • Figure 15. SWOT analysis: Li-ion batteries.       86
  • Figure 16. Silicon anode value chain.   90
  • Figure 17. Silicon anode value chain.   97
  • Figure 18. BEV anode market 2020-2035 (GWh).            101
  • Figure 19. BEV anode market 2020-2035 (KT). 101
  • Figure 20. BEV anode market 2020-2035 (Billions USD).            102
  • Figure 21. EV Anode market 2020-2035 (GWh).               104
  • Figure 22. Consumer devices Anode market 2020-2035 (GWh).             105
  • Figure 23. Consumer devices Anode market 2020-2035 (KT).  106
  • Figure 24. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes).         110
  • Figure 25. Anode material consumption by end user market (tonnes).                111
  • Figure 26. Li-cobalt structure. 126
  • Figure 27.  Li-manganese structure.     128
  • Figure 28. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials.            143
  • Figure 29. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).    146
  • Figure 30. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet.     147
  • Figure 31. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.           149
  • Figure 32. Umicore recycling flow diagram.      150
  • Figure 33. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.               151
  • Figure 34. Schematic of direct recyling process.            152
  • Figure 35. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling.  157
  • Figure 36. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD). 162
  • Figure 37. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery.    163
  • Figure 38. SWOT analysis: Lithium-metal batteries.     171
  • Figure 39. Schematic diagram of Lithium–sulfur battery.          172
  • Figure 40. SWOT analysis: Lithium-sulfur batteries.     176
  • Figure 41. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).  177
  • Figure 42. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD). 182
  • Figure 43. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA).            189
  • Figure 44. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG).       195
  • Figure 45. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications.       197
  • Figure 46. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). 199
  • Figure 47. Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery.       207
  • Figure 48. SWOT analysis: Sodium-ion batteries.          209
  • Figure 49. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).    209
  • Figure 50.  Schematic of a Na–S battery.            212
  • Figure 51. SWOT analysis: Sodium-sulfur batteries.     215
  • Figure 52. Saturnose battery chemistry.             216
  • Figure 53. SWOT analysis: Aluminium-ion batteries.   218
  • Figure 54. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).             219
  • Figure 55. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery.      221
  • Figure 56. ULTRALIFE thin film battery.               222
  • Figure 57. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.        225
  • Figure 58. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials. 226
  • Figure 59. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).          228
  • Figure 60. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB.   232
  • Figure 61. SWOT analysis: All-solid state batteries.      233
  • Figure 62. Global revenues for All-Solid State Batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).              236
  • Figure 63. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.                239
  • Figure 64. Flexible, rechargeable battery.          240
  • Figure 65. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.              241
  • Figure 66. Types of flexible batteries.   243
  • Figure 67. Flexible label and printed paper battery.      244
  • Figure 68. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.     247
  • Figure 69. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures. 250
  • Figure 70. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.        251
  • Figure 71. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs. 251
  • Figure 72. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs.        254
  • Figure 73. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f)                255
  • Figure 74. Origami disposable battery.                256
  • Figure 75. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt. 259
  • Figure 76. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries. 261
  • Figure 77. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark.              262
  • Figure 78. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy.             263
  • Figure 79.  Wearable self-powered devices.     269
  • Figure 80. SWOT analysis: Flexible  batteries. 271
  • Figure 81. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).             272
  • Figure 82. Transparent batteries.           275
  • Figure 83. SWOT analysis: Transparent batteries.         277
  • Figure 84. Degradable batteries.            278
  • Figure 85. SWOT analysis: Degradable batteries.          282
  • Figure 86. Various applications of printed paper batteries.       284
  • Figure 87.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.      284
  • Figure 88. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together.   286
  • Figure 89. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III).    296
  • Figure 90. SWOT analysis: Printed batteries.    301
  • Figure 91. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2035, by market (Billions USD).             302
  • Figure 92. Scheme of a redox flow battery.        305
  • Figure 93. Vanadium Redox Flow Battery schematic.  308
  • Figure 94. SWOT analysis: Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)         311
  • Figure 95. Schematic of zinc bromine flow battery energy storage system.      313
  • Figure 96. SWOT analysis: Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr).             316
  • Figure 97. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries.              319
  • Figure 98. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries.              322
  • Figure 99.  Schematic of All-Iron Redox Flow Batteries.              323
  • Figure 100. SWOT analysis: All-iron Flow Batteries.      325
  • Figure 101. SWOT analysis: Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries.    328
  • Figure 102. Schematic of Hydrogen-bromine flow battery.       329
  • Figure 103. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries. 332
  • Figure 104. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries.        334
  • Figure 105. SWOT analysis: Organic redox flow batteries (ORFBs) batteries.   339
  • Figure 106. Schematic of zinc-polyiodide redox flow battery (ZIB).       344
  • Figure 107. Redox flow batteries applications roadmap.            352
  • Figure 108. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2035, by type (millions USD).         354
  • Figure 109. Global revenues for flow batteries, 2018-2035, by end-use market (millions USD).             356
  • Figure 110. 24M battery.             364
  • Figure 111. AC biode prototype.             366
  • Figure 112. Schematic diagram of liquid metal battery operation.        377
  • Figure 113. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).          378
  • Figure 114. Amprius battery products. 380
  • Figure 115. All-polymer battery schematic.      383
  • Figure 116. All Polymer Battery Module.             383
  • Figure 117. Resin current collector.      384
  • Figure 118. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.    386
  • Figure 119. The structure of aluminum-sulfur battery from Avanti Battery.      390
  • Figure 120. Containerized NAS® batteries.       392
  • Figure 121. 3D printed lithium-ion battery.        398
  • Figure 122. Blue Solution module.         400
  • Figure 123. TempTraq wearable patch.               402
  • Figure 124. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process.       422
  • Figure 125. Cymbet EnerChip™                427
  • Figure 126. Rongke Power 400 MWh VRFB.       428
  • Figure 127. E-magy nano sponge structure.      435
  • Figure 128. Enerpoly zinc-ion battery. 437
  • Figure 129. SoftBattery®.           438
  • Figure 130. ASSB All-Solid-State Battery by EGI 300 Wh/kg.      440
  • Figure 131. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.         442
  • Figure 132. 40 Ah battery cell.  447
  • Figure 133. FDK Corp battery.  451
  • Figure 134. 2D paper batteries.               459
  • Figure 135. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.             459
  • Figure 136. Fuji carbon nanotube products.     460
  • Figure 137. Gelion Endure battery.        463
  • Figure 138. Portable desalination plant.             463
  • Figure 139. Grepow flexible battery.     476
  • Figure 140. HPB solid-state battery.     482
  • Figure 141. HiNa Battery pack for EV.   484
  • Figure 142. JAC demo EV powered by a HiNa Na-ion battery.  484
  • Figure 143. Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabrics from Hirose.              485
  • Figure 144. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery. 486
  • Figure 145. Ilika solid-state batteries.  492
  • Figure 146. ZincPoly™ technology.         493
  • Figure 147. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.       497
  • Figure 148. Ionic Materials battery cell.              501
  • Figure 149. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure.  502
  • Figure 150. ITEN micro batteries.           504
  • Figure 151. Kite Rise’s A-sample sodium-ion battery module. 512
  • Figure 152. LiBEST flexible battery.       519
  • Figure 153. Li-FUN sodium-ion battery cells.   522
  • Figure 154. LiNa Energy battery.             525
  • Figure 155. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology.             527
  • Figure 156. Lyten batteries.      531
  • Figure 157. Cellulomix production process.     533
  • Figure 158. Nanobase versus conventional products. 534
  • Figure 159. Nanotech Energy battery.  545
  • Figure 160. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.      548
  • Figure 161. NBD battery.            550
  • Figure 162. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production. 551
  • Figure 163. TEM images of carbon nanobrush. 552
  • Figure 164. EnerCerachip.         556
  • Figure 165. Cambrian battery. 570
  • Figure 166. Printed battery.       574
  • Figure 167. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery.      575
  • Figure 168. Printed Energy flexible battery.       578
  • Figure 169. ProLogium solid-state battery.       580
  • Figure 170. QingTao solid-state batteries.         582
  • Figure 171. Schematic of the quinone flow battery.      585
  • Figure 172. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery.              590
  • Figure 173. Salgenx S3000 seawater flow battery.        592
  • Figure 174. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries.          594
  • Figure 175. SES Apollo batteries.           599
  • Figure 176. Sionic Energy battery cell. 607
  • Figure 177. Solid Power battery pouch cell.      610
  • Figure 178. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.              613
  • Figure 179.TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery    624
  • Figure 180. Zeta Energy 20 Ah cell.        646
  • Figure 181. Zoolnasm batteries.             647

 

 

 

The Global Market for Advanced Li-ion and Beyond Lithium Batteries 2024-2035
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