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The Global Market for Printed, Flexible and Hybrid Electronics 2024-2034

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  • Published: October 2023
  • Pages: 1,402
  • Tables: 258
  • Figures: 505
  • Series: Electronics

 

The Global Market for Printed, Flexible and Hybrid Electronics 2024-2034 covers the latest trends and growth opportunities in the flexible, printed, and hybrid electronics markets.  Key technologies, players, applications, and market outlook are covered in detail. The publication provides detailed analysis on the evolution of these technologies and their disruptive potential across industries including consumer electronics, medical devices, automotive, smart packaging, textiles and more.

The report lists and profiles over 900 companies commercializing flexible display technologies, printed sensors, stretchable circuits, e-textiles, flexible batteries and supercapacitors. It analyzes manufacturing techniques including printed electronics, flexible hybrid electronics, in-mold electronics and roll-to-roll production enabling this new generation of electronics.

Also included are market drivers, SWOT analysis, global revenues forecasts until 2034, and in-depth segmentation by products, components, materials, and applications. Opportunities in wearables, healthcare sensors, flexible displays, structural electronics, printed photovoltaics, and smart product labelling are assessed.

Report contents include:

  • Executive summary covering the evolution of electronics, market drivers, wearable technology trends, and revenue forecasts
  • An overview of printed, flexible and hybrid electronics are, their benefits, and role in industries like healthcare, automotive, and consumer electronics.
  • Manufacturing methods analyzed include printed electronics, 3D electronics, analog printing, digital printing, flexible hybrid electronics, in-mold electronics, and roll-to-roll production. SWOT analysis is provided for each.
  • Materials and components assessed include conductive inks, printable semiconductors, flexible substrates, printed PCBs, thin film batteries, and energy harvesting solutions.
  • Applications covered include consumer electronics like wearables, hearables, and pet trackers; medical devices and healthcare; electronic textiles and smart apparel; energy storage and generation; flexible displays; automotive; smart buildings and packaging.
  • For each application, market drivers, trends, technologies, products, companies, and revenue forecasts are provided. SWOT analysis assesses challenges.
  • Lists and profiles of over 900 companies active in flexible, printed, and hybrid electronics. Companies profiled include BeFC, Brewer Science, C3 Nano, Canatu, CHASM, Dracula Technologies, DuPont, Electroninks, Elephantech, Epicore Biosystems, FlexEnable, GE Healthcare, Heraeus Epurio, Inkron Oy (Nagase), Inuru, LG Display, Liquid Wire, NovaCentrix, Optomec, Panasonic, PowerON, PragmatIC, PVNanoCell, SmartKem Ltd., Syenta, tacterion GmbH, Tactotek, Tracxon, Voltera, Xymox Technologies, Inc. and Ynvisible. . Company profiles include full contact details including relevant company contacts. 
  • Global market revenue forecasts are provided for each end-use application and the industry overall, segmented by product type and region, from 2018 to 2034.

 

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1              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   82

  • 1.1          The evolution of electronics        84
  • 1.2          Markets for printed, flexible and hybrid  electronics         88
    • 1.2.1      Macro-trends    88
    • 1.2.2      Healthcare and wellness               88
    • 1.2.3      Automotive        89
    • 1.2.4      Buildings and construction           90
    • 1.2.5      Energy storage and harvesting   90
    • 1.2.6      E-Textiles            91
    • 1.2.7      Consumer electronics    92
  • 1.2.8      Smart packaging and logistics      92
  • 1.3          The wearables revolution             93
  • 1.4          The wearable tech market in 2023             97
  • 1.5          Continuous monitoring  98
  • 1.6          Market map for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics  99
  • 1.7          Wearable market leaders             100
  • 1.8          What is printed/flexible electronics?       101
    • 1.8.1      Motivation for use           101
    • 1.8.2      From rigid to flexible and stretchable      102
      • 1.8.2.1   Stretchable electronics  104
      • 1.8.2.2   Stretchable electronics in wearables       105
      • 1.8.2.3   Stretchable electronics in Medical devices            105
      • 1.8.2.4   Stretchable electronics in sensors             105
      • 1.8.2.5   Stretchable electronics in energy harvesting        106
      • 1.8.2.6   Stretchable artificial skin               106
  • 1.9          Role in the metaverse   108
  • 1.10        Wearable electronics in the textiles industry        109
  • 1.11        New conductive materials            110
  • 1.12        Entertainment  113
  • 1.13        Growth in flexible and stretchable electronics market      115
    • 1.13.1    Recent growth in Printed, flexible and hyrbid products    115
    • 1.13.2    Future growth   115
    • 1.13.3    Advanced materials as a market driver   116
    • 1.13.4    Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics       117
  • 1.14        Innovations at CES 2021-2023      119
  • 1.15        Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2023        120
  • 1.16        Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) 124
    • 1.16.1    Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) revenues            128
  • 1.17        Global market revenues, 2018-2034         130
    • 1.17.1    Consumer electronics    130
    • 1.17.2    Medical & healthcare     131
    • 1.17.3    E-textiles and smart apparel        132
    • 1.17.4    Displays                133
    • 1.17.5    Automotive        134
    • 1.17.6    Smart buildings 135
    • 1.17.7    Smart packaging               136

 

2              MANUFACTURING METHODS     137

  • 2.1          Comparative analysis      137
  • 2.2          Printed electronics          138
    • 2.2.1      Technology description 138
    • 2.2.2      SWOT analysis   139
  • 2.3          3D electronics   140
    • 2.3.1      Technology description 140
    • 2.3.2      SWOT analysis   143
  • 2.4          Analogue printing            144
    • 2.4.1      Technology description 144
    • 2.4.2      SWOT analysis   147
  • 2.5          Digital printing   148
    • 2.5.1      Technology description 148
    • 2.5.2      SWOT analysis   150
  • 2.6          In-mold electronics (IME)             151
    • 2.6.1      Technology description 151
    • 2.6.2      SWOT analysis   155
  • 2.7          Roll-to-roll (R2R)               156
    • 2.7.1      Technology description 156
    • 2.7.2      SWOT analysis   159

 

3              MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 160

  • 3.1          Component attachment materials            160
    • 3.1.1      Conductive adhesives    162
    • 3.1.2      Biodegradable adhesives              162
    • 3.1.3      Magnets              162
    • 3.1.4      Bio-based solders            163
    • 3.1.5      Bio-derived solders         163
    • 3.1.6      Recycled plastics               163
    • 3.1.7      Nano adhesives 164
    • 3.1.8      Shape memory polymers              164
    • 3.1.9      Photo-reversible polymers          166
    • 3.1.10    Conductive biopolymers               166
    • 3.1.11    Traditional thermal processing methods 167
    • 3.1.12    Low temperature solder               168
    • 3.1.13    Reflow soldering              171
    • 3.1.14    Induction soldering         172
    • 3.1.15    UV curing             172
    • 3.1.16    Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing         173
    • 3.1.17    Photonic sintering/curing             173
    • 3.1.18    Hybrid integration           174
  • 3.2          Conductive inks 174
    • 3.2.1      Metal-based conductive inks      178
    • 3.2.2      Nanoparticle inks             179
    • 3.2.3      Silver inks            179
    • 3.2.4      Particle-Free conductive ink        181
    • 3.2.5      Copper inks        181
    • 3.2.6      Gold (Au) ink      183
    • 3.2.7      Conductive polymer inks               183
    • 3.2.8      Liquid metals     184
  • 3.3          Printable semiconductors            186
  • 3.4          Printable sensing materials          189
  • 3.5          Flexible Substrates          193
  • 3.6          Flexible ICs          197
  • 3.7          Printed PCBs      200
    • 3.7.1      High-Speed PCBs              202
    • 3.7.2      Flexible PCBs      203
    • 3.7.3      3D Printed PCBs                204
    • 3.7.4      Sustainable PCBs              205
  • 3.8          Thin film batteries           205
  • 3.9          Energy harvesting            208

 

4              CONSUMER ELECTRONICS            211

  • 4.1          Macro-trends    211
  • 4.2          Market drivers  212
  • 4.3          SWOT analysis   215
  • 4.4          Wearable sensors            216
  • 4.5          Wearable actuators         218
  • 4.6          Recent market developments    219
  • 4.7          Wrist-worn wearables   220
    • 4.7.1      Overview            220
    • 4.7.2      Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers         220
      • 4.7.2.1   Sensing 220
      • 4.7.2.2   Actuating             221
    • 4.7.3      Health monitoring           226
    • 4.7.4      Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches    228
    • 4.7.5      Main producers and products     228
  • 4.8          Sports and fitness            230
    • 4.8.1      Overview            230
    • 4.8.2      Wearable devices and apparel    231
    • 4.8.3      Skin patches       231
    • 4.8.4      Products              232
  • 4.9          Hearables            235
    • 4.9.1      Technology overview     235
    • 4.9.2      Assistive Hearables         238
      • 4.9.2.1   Biometric Monitoring     238
    • 4.9.3      Health & Fitness Hearables          241
    • 4.9.4      Multimedia Hearables   241
    • 4.9.5      Artificial Intelligence (AI)              241
    • 4.9.6      Companies and products              242
  • 4.10        Sleep trackers and wearable monitors    243
    • 4.10.1    Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers     244
    • 4.10.2    Smart rings         245
    • 4.10.3    Headbands         246
    • 4.10.4    Sleep monitoring devices             247
      • 4.10.4.1                Companies and products              247
  • 4.11        Pet and animal wearables            249
  • 4.12        Military wearables          250
  • 4.13        Industrial and workplace monitoring       251
    • 4.13.1    Products              252
  • 4.14        Global market revenues 254
  • 4.15        Market challenges           256

 

5              MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE/WELLNESS 257

  • 5.1          Macro-trends    257
  • 5.2          Market drivers  257
  • 5.3          SWOT analysis   261
  • 5.4          Current state of the art  262
    • 5.4.1      Electrochemical biosensors         263
    • 5.4.2      Skin patches for continuous monitoring 264
    • 5.4.3      Printed pH sensors          265
    • 5.4.4      Wearable medical device products           265
    • 5.4.5      Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring     268
  • 5.5          Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation          269
    • 5.5.1      Market overview             269
    • 5.5.2      Companies and products              270
  • 5.6          Electronic skin patches  276
    • 5.6.1      Electronic skin sensors   277
    • 5.6.2      Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics      278
    • 5.6.3      Nanomaterials-based devices     280
      • 5.6.3.1   Graphene           280
    • 5.6.4      Liquid metal alloys           281
    • 5.6.5      Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics      282
    • 5.6.6      Printed batteries              283
    • 5.6.7      Materials             283
      • 5.6.7.1   Summary of advanced materials 284
    • 5.6.8      SWOT analysis   285
    • 5.6.9      Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring     286
      • 5.6.9.1   Market overview             286
      • 5.6.9.2   Companies and products              287
    • 5.6.10    Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)   289
      • 5.6.10.1                Market overview             289
    • 5.6.11    Minimally-invasive CGM sensors               290
      • 5.6.11.1                Technologies     291
    • 5.6.12    Non-invasive CGM sensors          294
      • 5.6.12.1                Commercial devices        294
      • 5.6.12.2                Companies and products              296
    • 5.6.13    Cardiovascular monitoring           299
      • 5.6.13.1                Market overview             299
      • 5.6.13.2                ECG sensors       300
      • 5.6.13.2.1             Companies and products              301
      • 5.6.13.3                PPG sensors       302
        • 5.6.13.3.1             Companies and products              303
    • 5.6.14    Pregnancy and newborn monitoring        303
      • 5.6.14.1                Market overview             303
      • 5.6.14.2                Companies and products              303
    • 5.6.15    Hydration sensors           305
      • 5.6.15.1                Market overview             305
      • 5.6.15.2                Companies and products              306
    • 5.6.16    Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports)     306
      • 5.6.16.1                Market overview             306
      • 5.6.16.2                Companies and products              309
  • 5.7          Wearable drug delivery 310
    • 5.7.1      Companies and products              311
  • 5.8          Cosmetics patches           312
    • 5.8.1      Companies and products              313
  • 5.9          Femtech devices              314
    • 5.9.1      Companies and products              314
  • 5.10        Smart footwear for health monitoring     316
    • 5.10.1    Companies and products              317
  • 5.11        Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired         318
    • 5.11.1    Companies and products              318
  • 5.12        Smart woundcare            319
    • 5.12.1    Companies and products              321
  • 5.13        Smart diapers    322
    • 5.13.1    Companies and products              322
  • 5.14        Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots           323
    • 5.14.1    Companies and products              324
  • 5.15        Global market revenues 345
  • 5.16        Market challenges           346

 

6              ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL              348

  • 6.1          Macro-trends    349
  • 6.2          Market drivers  349
  • 6.3          SWOT analysis   353
  • 6.4          Performance requirements for E-textiles               354
  • 6.5          Growth prospects for electronic textiles 355
  • 6.6          Textiles in the Internet of Things               359
  • 6.7          Types of E-Textile products          361
    • 6.7.1      Embedded e-textiles      362
    • 6.7.2      Laminated e-textiles       362
  • 6.8          Materials and components          363
    • 6.8.1      Integrating electronics for E-Textiles        363
      • 6.8.1.1   Textile-adapted 365
      • 6.8.1.2   Textile-integrated           365
      • 6.8.1.3   Textile-based    365
    • 6.8.2      Manufacturing of E-textiles         366
      • 6.8.2.1   Integration of conductive polymers and inks        366
      • 6.8.2.2   Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers    369
      • 6.8.2.3   Integration of conductive sheets               370
    • 6.8.3      Flexible and stretchable electronics in E-textiles 370
    • 6.8.4      E-textiles materials and components       371
      • 6.8.4.1   Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns        372
        • 6.8.4.1.1               Production          376
        • 6.8.4.1.2               Metals  377
        • 6.8.4.1.3               Carbon materials and nanofibers              378
          • 6.8.4.1.3.1           Graphene           380
          • 6.8.4.1.3.2           Carbon nanotubes           381
          • 6.8.4.1.3.3           Nanofibers         384
      • 6.8.4.2   Mxenes 386
      • 6.8.4.3   Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)        387
      • 6.8.4.4   Conductive polymers     390
        • 6.8.4.4.1               PDMS    393
        • 6.8.4.4.2               PEDOT: PSS         393
        • 6.8.4.4.3               Polypyrrole (PPy)             393
        • 6.8.4.4.4               Conductive polymer composites 393
        • 6.8.4.4.5               Ionic conductive polymers           394
      • 6.8.4.5   Conductive inks 394
        • 6.8.4.5.1               Aqueous-Based Ink         397
        • 6.8.4.5.2               Solvent-Based Ink            398
        • 6.8.4.5.3               Oil-Based Ink      398
        • 6.8.4.5.4               Hot-Melt Ink      399
        • 6.8.4.5.5               UV-Curable Ink 399
        • 6.8.4.5.6               Metal-based conductive inks      401
          • 6.8.4.5.6.1           Nanoparticle ink               401
          • 6.8.4.5.6.2           Silver inks            402
          • 6.8.4.5.6.3           Copper inks        406
          • 6.8.4.5.6.4           Gold (Au) ink      408
        • 6.8.4.5.7               Carbon-based conductive inks    409
          • 6.8.4.5.7.1           Carbon nanotubes           409
          • 6.8.4.5.7.2           Single-walled carbon nanotubes 411
          • 6.8.4.5.7.3           Graphene           413
        • 6.8.4.5.8               Liquid metals     417
          • 6.8.4.5.8.1           Properties           417
      • 6.8.4.6   Electronic filaments        418
      • 6.8.4.7   Phase change materials 418
        • 6.8.4.7.1               Temperature controlled fabrics  418
      • 6.8.4.8   Shape memory materials              419
      • 6.8.4.9   Metal halide perovskites              422
      • 6.8.4.10                Nanocoatings in smart textiles   422
      • 6.8.4.11                3D printing          426
        • 6.8.4.11.1             Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)           426
        • 6.8.4.11.2             Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)     426
        • 6.8.4.11.3             Products              426
    • 6.8.5      E-textiles components   428
      • 6.8.5.1   Sensors and actuators    428
        • 6.8.5.1.1               Physiological sensors      430
        • 6.8.5.1.2               Environmental sensors  430
        • 6.8.5.1.3               Pressure sensors              431
          • 6.8.5.1.3.1           Flexible capacitive sensors           431
          • 6.8.5.1.3.2           Flexible piezoresistive sensors   431
          • 6.8.5.1.3.3           Flexible piezoelectric sensors      432
        • 6.8.5.1.4               Activity sensors 432
        • 6.8.5.1.5               Strain sensors    433
          • 6.8.5.1.5.1           Resistive sensors              434
          • 6.8.5.1.5.2           Capacitive strain sensors              434
        • 6.8.5.1.6               Temperature sensors     435
        • 6.8.5.1.7               Inertial measurement units (IMUs)          435
      • 6.8.5.2   Electrodes           435
      • 6.8.5.3   Connectors         435
  • 6.9          Applications, markets and products         436
    • 6.9.1      Current E-textiles and smart clothing products    437
    • 6.9.2      Temperature monitoring and regulation 438
      • 6.9.2.1   Heated clothing 438
      • 6.9.2.2   Heated gloves   440
      • 6.9.2.3   Heated insoles  441
      • 6.9.2.4   Heated jacket and clothing products        441
      • 6.9.2.5   Materials used in flexible heaters and applications            442
    • 6.9.3      Stretchable E-fabrics       443
    • 6.9.4      Therapeutic products     444
    • 6.9.5      Sport & fitness  445
      • 6.9.5.1   Products              447
    • 6.9.6      Smart footwear 449
      • 6.9.6.1   Companies and products              450
    • 6.9.7      Wearable displays            451
    • 6.9.8      Military 451
    • 6.9.9      Textile-based lighting     453
      • 6.9.9.1   OLEDs   453
    • 6.9.10    Smart gloves      453
    • 6.9.11    Powering E-textiles         454
      • 6.9.11.1                Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles            455
      • 6.9.11.2                Bio-batteries      456
      • 6.9.11.3                Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles           457
      • 6.9.11.4                Textile supercapacitors  458
      • 6.9.11.5                Energy harvesting            459
        • 6.9.11.5.1             Photovoltaic solar textiles            460
        • 6.9.11.5.2             Energy harvesting nanogenerators           462
          • 6.9.11.5.2.1         TENGs   463
          • 6.9.11.5.2.2         PENGs  463
      • 6.9.11.5.3             Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting 464
    • 6.9.12    Motion capture for AR/VR            464
  • 6.10        Global market revenues 466
  • 6.11        Market challenges           469

 

7              ENERGY                471

  • 7.1          Macro-trends    471
  • 7.2          Market drivers  472
  • 7.3          SWOT analysis   474
  • 7.4          Applications of printed and flexible electronics   475
  • 7.5          Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics                475
  • 7.6          Battery market megatrends        477
  • 7.7          Solid-state thin film batteries      480
    • 7.7.1      Introduction       480
      • 7.7.1.1   Features and advantages              481
      • 7.7.1.2   Technical specifications 482
      • 7.7.1.3   Types    484
      • 7.7.1.4   Microbatteries  486
        • 7.7.1.4.1               Introduction       486
        • 7.7.1.4.2               Materials             487
          • 7.7.1.4.2.1           Applications       487
        • 7.7.1.4.3               3D designs          487
          • 7.7.1.4.3.1           3D printed batteries       488
      • 7.7.1.5   Bulk type solid-state batteries    488
      • 7.7.1.6   Shortcomings and market challenges for solid-state thin film batteries     489
  • 7.8          Flexible batteries (including stretchable, rollable, bendable and foldable)               491
    • 7.8.1      Technical specifications 493
      • 7.8.1.1   Approaches to flexibility                494
        • 7.8.1.1.1               Flexible electronics          497
        • 7.8.1.1.2               Flexible materials             498
    • 7.8.2      Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries       499
    • 7.8.3      Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries              500
    • 7.8.4      Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries     501
      • 7.8.4.1   Electrode designs             504
      • 7.8.4.2   Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries          507
      • 7.8.4.3   Stretchable lithium-ion batteries               508
      • 7.8.4.4   Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries            510
    • 7.8.5      Flexible Li/S batteries     511
      • 7.8.5.1   Components      512
      • 7.8.5.2   Carbon nanomaterials    512
    • 7.8.6      Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries 513
    • 7.8.7      Flexible zinc-based batteries       514
      • 7.8.7.1   Components      514
        • 7.8.7.1.1               Anodes 514
        • 7.8.7.1.2               Cathodes             515
      • 7.8.7.2   Challenges          515
      • 7.8.7.3   Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries          516
      • 7.8.7.4   Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries       517
      • 7.8.7.5   Flexible Zn–Air batteries               518
      • 7.8.7.6   Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries               519
    • 7.8.8      Fiber-shaped batteries  519
      • 7.8.8.1   Carbon nanotubes           520
      • 7.8.8.2   Types    520
      • 7.8.8.3   Applications       522
      • 7.8.8.4   Challenges          522
    • 7.8.9      Transparent batteries    523
      • 7.8.9.1   Components      524
    • 7.8.10    Degradable batteries      525
      • 7.8.10.1                Components      526
    • 7.8.11    Flexible and stretchable supercapacitors               527
      • 7.8.11.1                Nanomaterials for electrodes     529
      • 7.8.11.2                Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices          531
  • 7.9          Printed batteries              534
    • 7.9.1      Technical specifications 534
      • 7.9.1.1   Components      535
        • 7.9.1.1.1               Design  537
      • 7.9.1.2   Key features      538
      • 7.9.1.3   Printable current collectors          539
      • 7.9.1.4   Printable electrodes       540
      • 7.9.1.5   Materials             541
      • 7.9.1.6   Applications       542
      • 7.9.1.7   Printing techniques         543
      • 7.9.1.8   Applications       545
    • 7.9.2      Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries            545
    • 7.9.3      Zinc-based printed batteries       547
    • 7.9.4      3D Printed batteries       550
      • 7.9.4.1   3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing             552
      • 7.9.4.2   Materials for 3D printed batteries            554
        • 7.9.4.2.1               Electrode materials         554
        • 7.9.4.2.2               Electrolyte Materials      554
    • 7.9.5      Printed supercapacitors 555
      • 7.9.5.1   Electrode materials         556
      • 7.9.5.2   Electrolytes        557
  • 7.10        Photovoltaics     563
    • 7.10.1    Conductive pastes           563
    • 7.10.2    Organic photovoltaics (OPV)       564
    • 7.10.3    Perovskite PV    564
    • 7.10.4    Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics    565
      • 7.10.4.1                Companies         565
    • 7.10.5    Photovoltaic solar textiles            565
    • 7.10.6    Solar tape            567
    • 7.10.7    Origami-like solar cells   567
    • 7.10.8    Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics  568
    • 7.10.9    Photovoltaic solar textiles            568
  • 7.11        Stretchable heaters        570
  • 7.12        Spray-on thermoelectric energy harvesting          571
  • 7.13        Paper based fuel cells     572
  • 7.14        Global market revenues 572
  • 7.15        Market challenges           575

 

8              DISPLAYS             576

  • 8.1          Macro-trends    576
  • 8.2          Market drivers  576
  • 8.3          SWOT analysis   580
  • 8.4          Flexible, printed and hybrid display prototypes and products       581
  • 8.5          Organic LCDs (OLCDs)    586
  • 8.6          Flexible AMOLEDs            587
  • 8.7          Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED) 589
    • 8.7.1      Printed OLEDs    590
      • 8.7.1.1   Performance     590
      • 8.7.1.2   Challenges          591
      • 8.7.1.3   Commercial inkjet-printed OLED displays               591
  • 8.8          Flexible and foldable microLED   592
    • 8.8.1      Foldable microLED displays          594
    • 8.8.2      Product developers        594
  • 8.9          Flexible QD displays        596
  • 8.10        Smartphones     598
  • 8.11        Laptops, tablets and other displays           600
  • 8.12        Products and prototypes              603
  • 8.13        Flexible lighting 609
    • 8.13.1    OLED lighting      609
    • 8.13.2    Automotive applications               611
      • 8.13.2.1                Commercial activity         611
  • 8.14        FHE for large area lighting             612
  • 8.15        Directly printed LED lighting         613
  • 8.16        Flexible electrophoretic displays                613
    • 8.16.1    Commercial activity         614
  • 8.17        Electrowetting displays  616
  • 8.18        Electrochromic displays 617
  • 8.19        Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs)             618
    • 8.19.1    Types    618
    • 8.19.2    Challenges          619
    • 8.19.3    White PeLEDs    619
    • 8.19.4    Printable and flexible electronics               620
  • 8.20        Metamaterials  620
    • 8.20.1    Metasurfaces    620
      • 8.20.1.1                Flexible metasurfaces    621
      • 8.20.1.2                Meta-Lens          622
      • 8.20.1.3                Metasurface holograms 623
      • 8.20.1.4                Stretchable displays        624
      • 8.20.1.5                Soft materials    624
  • 8.21        Transparent displays       626
    • 8.21.1    Product developers        630
  • 8.22        Global market revenues 632
  • 8.23        Market challenges           634

 

9              AUTOMOTIVE   635

  • 9.1          Macro-trends    635
  • 9.2          Market drivers  635
  • 9.3          SWOT analysis   636
  • 9.4          Applications       637
    • 9.4.1      Electric vehicles 637
      • 9.4.1.1   Applications       637
      • 9.4.1.2   Battery monitoring and heating 638
      • 9.4.1.3   Printed temperature sensors and heaters             638
    • 9.4.2      HMI       639
      • 9.4.3      Automotive displays and lighting               639
        • 9.4.3.1   Interiors               640
          • 9.4.3.1.1               OLED and flexible displays            641
          • 9.4.3.1.2               Passive-matrix OLEDs     643
          • 9.4.3.1.3               Active matrix OLED          643
          • 9.4.3.1.4               Transparent OLED for heads-up displays 644
          • 9.4.3.1.5               LCD displays       645
          • 9.4.3.1.6               Micro-LEDs in automotive displays           646
          • 9.4.3.1.6.1           Head-up display (HUD)  649
          • 9.4.3.1.6.2           Headlamps         650
          • 9.4.3.1.6.3           Product developers        651
        • 9.4.3.2   Exteriors              652
    • 9.4.4      In-Mold Electronics         654
    • 9.4.5      Flexible, printed and hybrid sensors        654
      • 9.4.5.1   Capacitive sensors           654
      • 9.4.5.2   Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors             656
      • 9.4.5.3   Piezoresistive sensors    656
      • 9.4.5.4   Piezoelectric sensors      658
      • 9.4.5.5   Image sensors   660
        • 9.4.5.5.1               Materials and technologies         661
    • 9.4.6      Printed heaters 663
      • 9.4.6.1   Printed car seat heaters 664
      • 9.4.6.2   Printed/flexible interior heaters 664
      • 9.4.6.3   Printed on-glass heater 665
      • 9.4.6.4   Carbon nanotube transparent conductors             665
      • 9.4.6.5   Metal mesh transparent conductors        665
      • 9.4.6.6   3D shaped transparent heaters 666
      • 9.4.6.7   Direct heating    666
      • 9.4.6.8   Transparent heaters       667
    • 9.4.7      Transparent antennas    669
    • 9.4.8      Global market revenues 672
    • 9.4.9      Market challenges           674

 

10           SMART BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION               675

  • 10.1        Macro-trends    675
  • 10.2        Market drivers  676
  • 10.3        SWOT analysis   677
  • 10.4        Applications       679
    • 10.4.1    Industrial asset tracking/monitoring with hybrid electronics          679
    • 10.4.2    Customizable interiors   680
    • 10.4.3    Sensors 681
      • 10.4.3.1                Capacitive sensors           684
      • 10.4.3.2                Temperature and humidity sensors          684
      • 10.4.3.3                Sensors for air quality     687
      • 10.4.3.4                Magnetostrictive sensors             687
      • 10.4.3.5                Magneto- and electrorheological fluids   687
      • 10.4.3.6                CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings             687
    • 10.4.4    Building integrated transparent antennas             690
    • 10.4.5    Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) 691
    • 10.4.6    Industrial monitoring      692
  • 10.5        Global market revenues 693

 

11           SMART PACKAGING ELECTRONICS            695

  • 11.1        What is Smart Packaging?             695
    • 11.1.1    Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) 697
    • 11.1.2    Printed batteries and antennas  699
    • 11.1.3    Flexible silicon integrated circuits              701
    • 11.1.4    Natural materials in packaging    702
    • 11.1.5    Extruded conductive pastes and inkjet printing   703
    • 11.1.6    OLEDs for smart and interactive packaging            704
    • 11.1.7    Active packaging               705
    • 11.1.8    Intelligent packaging       706
      • 11.1.8.1                Smart Cards        707
      • 11.1.8.2                RFID tags             708
        • 11.1.8.2.1             Low-frequency (LF) RFID tags: 30 KHz to 300 KHz                709
        • 11.1.8.2.2             High-frequency (HF) RFID tags: 3 to 30 MHz          709
        • 11.1.8.2.3             Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID tags: 300 MHz to 3GHz 710
        • 11.1.8.2.4          Active, passive and semi-passive RFID tags            710
    • 11.1.8.3                Temperature Indicators 711
    • 11.1.8.4                Freshness Indicators       713
    • 11.1.8.5                Gas Indicators    714
  • 11.2        SWOT analysis   715
  • 11.3        Supply chain management          716
  • 11.4        Improving product freshness and extending shelf life       718
  • 11.5        Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting              719
  • 11.6        Flexible, printed and hybrid electronics in packaging         720
    • 11.6.1    FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging       721
    • 11.6.2    Printed codes and markings         722
    • 11.6.3    Barcodes (D)      723
    • 11.6.4    D data matrix codes        725
    • 11.6.5    Quick response (QR) codes          725
    • 11.6.6    Augmented reality (AR) codes    726
    • 11.6.7    Sensors and indicators   727
      • 11.6.7.1                Freshness Indicators       727
      • 11.6.7.2                Time-temperature indicator labels (TTIs)               728
      • 11.6.7.3                Natural colour formulation indicator        729
      • 11.6.7.4                Thermochromic inks       731
      • 11.6.7.5                Gas indicators    731
      • 11.6.7.6                Chemical Sensors             733
      • 11.6.7.7                Electrochemical-Based Sensors  733
      • 11.6.7.8                Optical-Based Sensors   734
      • 11.6.7.9                Biosensors          734
        • 11.6.7.9.1             Electrochemical-Based Biosensors            734
        • 11.6.7.9.2             Optical-Based Biosensors             735
      • 11.6.7.10              Edible Sensors   735
    • 11.6.8    Antennas            736
      • 11.6.8.1                Radio frequency identification (RFID)      736
        • 11.6.8.1.1             RFID technologies            737
        • 11.6.8.1.1.1         Biosensors on RFID tags 739
          • 11.6.8.1.1.2         Powerless RFID sensor tags          739
          • 11.6.8.1.1.3         RFID ICs with Large Area Printed Sensors               740
          • 11.6.8.1.1.4         RFID for anti-counterfeiting         740
      • 11.6.8.1.2             Passive RFID       743
      • 11.6.8.1.3             Active RFID         744
        • 11.6.8.1.3.1         Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS)           744
        • 11.6.8.1.3.2         Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)           745
      • 11.6.8.1.4             Chipless RFID or Flexible/Printed IC Passive tags 745
      • 11.6.8.1.5             RAIN (UHF RFID) Smart Packaging             746
      • 11.6.8.2                Near-field communications (NFC)             746
    • 11.6.9    Smart blister packs          747
  • 11.7        Global market revenues 750

 

12           COMPANY PROFILES       752 (680 company profiles)

 

13           RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         1339

 

14           REFERENCES       1340

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. Macro-trends driving printed/flexible electronics.            88
  • Table 2. Applications of printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in healthcare & wellness. 89
  • Table 3. Applications of printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in automotive.     89
  • Table 4. Applications of printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in buildings and construction.       90
  • Table 5. Applications of printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in energy storage and harvesting. 91
  • Table 6. Applications of printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles.         91
  • Table 7. Applications of printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in consumer electronics. 92
  • Table 8. Applications of printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart packaging and logistics.  93
  • Table 9. Types of wearable devices and applications.        94
  • Table 10. Types of wearable devices and the data collected.         96
  • Table 11. Main Wearable Device Companies by Shipment Volume, Market Share, and Year-Over-Year Growth, (million units).   97
  • Table 12. New wearable tech products 2022-2023.             98
  • Table 13. Wearable market leaders by market segment. 100
  • Table 14. Applications of stretchable electronics in wearables.    105
  • Table 15. Applications of stretchable electronics in sensors.          106
  • Table 16.  Applications of stretchable artificial skin electronics     107
  • Table 17. Applications for printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the metaverse.  108
  • Table 18. Advanced materials for Printed, flexible and stretchable sensors and Electronics-Advantages and disadvantages.  111
  • Table 19. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).   112
  • Table 20. Applications of printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the entertainment industry.          114
  • Table 21. Wearable, printed and flexible electronics at CES 2021-2023.     119
  • Table 22. Wearables Investment funding and buy-outs 2019-2023.             120
  • Table 23. Comparative analysis of conventional and flexible hybrid electronics.    124
  • Table 24. Traxcon printed lighting circuitry.           125
  • Table 25. Materials, components, and manufacturing methods for FHE    126
  • Table 26. Research and commercial activity in FHE.           127
  • Table 27. Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) revenues by market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).              128
  • Table 28. Manufacturing methods for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics.      137
  • Table 29.  Common printing methods used in printed electronics manufacturing in terms of resolution vs throughput.                138
  • Table 30. Manufacturing methods for 3D electronics.      141
  • Table 31.  Readiness level of various additive manufacturing technologies for electronics applications.      141
  • Table 32. Fully 3D printed electronics process steps          143
  • Table 33. Manufacturing methods for Analogue manufacturing. 145
  • Table 34. Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods.    146
  • Table 35. Manufacturing methods for Digital printing       148
  • Table 36. Innovations in high resolution printing.               149
  • Table 37. Key manufacturing methods for creating smart surfaces with integrated electronics.      152
  • Table 38. IME manufacturing techniques.             154
  • Table 39. Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing.               157
  • Table 40. Technology readiness level for R2R manufacturing.       158
  • Table 41. Materials for printed/flexible electronics.          160
  • Table 42. Comparison of component attachment materials.          160
  • Table 43. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards  161
  • Table 44. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.       165
  • Table 45. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.                167
  • Table 46. Low temperature solder alloys.              168
  • Table 47. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.             169
  • Table 48. Typical conductive ink formulation.      175
  • Table 49. Comparative properties of conductive inks.       177
  • Table 50. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks. 184
  • Table 51. Conductive ink producers.        185
  • Table 52. Technology readiness level of printed semiconductors. 186
  • Table 53. Organic semiconductors: Advantages and disadvantages.           186
  • Table 54. Market Drivers for printed/flexible sensors.      189
  • Table 55. Overview of specific printed/flexible sensor types.        189
  • Table 56. Properties of typical flexible substrates.             193
  • Table 57. Comparison of stretchable substrates. 194
  • Table 58. Paper substrates: Advantages and disadvantages.         196
  • Table 59. Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies. 198
  • Table 60. PCB manufacturing process.    201
  • Table 61. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.         201
  • Table 62. 3D PCB manufacturing.              205
  • Table 63. Macro-trends in consumer electronics.               211
  • Table 64. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics.        212
  • Table 65. Types of wearable sensors.      216
  • Table 66. Trends in wearable technology.             217
  • Table 67. Different sensing modalities that can be incorporated into wrist-worn wearable device.               220
  • Table 68. Overview of actuating at the wrist         221
  • Table 69. Wearable health monitors.       226
  • Table 70. Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers producers and products.    228
  • Table 71. Wearable sensors for sports performance.        232
  • Table 72. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.  233
  • Table 73.  Product types in the hearing assistance technology market.     237
  • Table 74. Sensing options in the ear.        239
  • Table 75. Companies and products in hearables. 242
  • Table 76. Example wearable sleep tracker products and prices.    243
  • Table 77. Smart ring products.    246
  • Table 78. Sleep headband products.        246
  • Table 79. Sleep monitoring products.      247
  • Table 80. Pet wearable companies and products.               249
  • Table 81. Wearable electronics applications in the military.           250
  • Table 82. Wearable workplace products.               252
  • Table 83. Global market revenues for flexible, printed and hybrid in consumer electronics, 2018-2034, (millions USD).                255
  • Table 84. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics.  256
  • Table 85. Macro trends in medical & healthcare/ wellness.           257
  • Table 86. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.        258
  • Table 87. Healthcare/wellness applications for printed/flexible electronics.           263
  • Table 88. Examples of wearable medical device products.              265
  • Table 89. Medical wearable companies applying products to remote monitoring and analysis.       268
  • Table 90. Electronic skin patch manufacturing value chain.            276
  • Table 91. Benefits of electronic skin patches as a form factor.       279
  • Table 92. Current and emerging applications for electronic skin patches. 280
  • Table 93. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.                284
  • Table 94. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis. 288
  • Table 95. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages.                291
  • Table 96. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market.          294
  • Table 97. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products.         296
  • Table 98. Companies developing wearable swear sensors.             309
  • Table 99. Wearable drug delivery companies and products.          311
  • Table 100. Companies and products, cosmetics and drug delivery patches.            313
  • Table 101. Companies developing femtech wearable technology.              314
  • Table 102. Companies and products in smart footwear.  317
  • Table 103. Companies and products in smart contact lenses.        318
  • Table 104. Companies and products in smart wound care.             321
  • Table 105. Companies developing smart diaper products.              322
  • Table 106. Companies developing wearable robotics.      324
  • Table 107. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars. 346
  • Table 108. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables. 346
  • Table 109. Macro-trends for electronic textiles.  349
  • Table 110. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles.              349
  • Table 111. Examples of smart textile products.   352
  • Table 112. Performance requirements for E-textiles.        354
  • Table 113. Commercially available smart clothing products.          361
  • Table 114. Types of smart textiles.           364
  • Table 115. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods. 366
  • Table 116. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles.          367
  • Table 117. Methods for integrating conductive compounds.         367
  • Table 118. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber.            369
  • Table 119. 1D electronic fibers including the conductive materials, fabrication strategies, electrical conductivity, stretchability, and applications.  372
  • Table 120. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold.     376
  • Table 121. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms.    377
  • Table 122. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles.   379
  • Table 123. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel. 381
  • Table 124. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.               382
  • Table 125. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). 389
  • Table 126. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.     390
  • Table 127. Typical conductive ink formulation.    395
  • Table 128. Comparative properties of conductive inks.    396
  • Table 129.  Comparison of pros and cons of various types of conductive ink compositions.              399
  • Table 130: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.               410
  • Table 131. Properties of graphene.          413
  • Table 132. Electrical conductivity of different types of graphene. 416
  • Table 133. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks.              417
  • Table 134. Nanocoatings applied in the smart textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications.       422
  • Table 135. 3D printed shoes.      426
  • Table 136. Sensors used in electronic textiles.     428
  • Table 137. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures.   433
  • Table 138. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors.      434
  • Table 139. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles.             436
  • Table 140. Commercially available E-textiles and smart clothing products.              437
  • Table 141. Example heated jacket products.         439
  • Table 142. Heated jacket and clothing products. 441
  • Table 143. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.            442
  • Table 144. Commercialized smart textiles/or e-textiles for healthcare and fitness applications.      446
  • Table 145. Example earable sensor products for monitoring sport performance. 447
  • Table 146.Companies and products in smart footwear.   450
  • Table 147. Wearable electronics applications in the military.         452
  • Table 148. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles.         455
  • Table 149. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance. 457
  • Table 150. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles.           459
  • Table 151. Teslasuit.       466
  • Table 152. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.      466
  • Table 153. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing.        469
  • Table 154. Macro-trends in printed and flexible electronics in energy.      471
  • Table 155. Market drivers for Flexible, printed and hybrid electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting.  472
  • Table 156. Energy applications for printed/flexible electronics.   475
  • Table 157. Battery market megatrends. 477
  • Table 158. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.        480
  • Table 159. Shortcoming of solid-state thin film batteries.               489
  • Table 160. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements.        492
  • Table 161. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes.      501
  • Table 162. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.       504
  • Table 163. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.            507
  • Table 164. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.          520
  • Table 165. Components of transparent batteries.              524
  • Table 166. Components of degradable batteries.               526
  • Table 167. Applications of nanomaterials in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.              530
  • Table 168. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.  536
  • Table 169, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used.           539
  • Table 170. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.              542
  • Table 171. 2D and 3D printing techniques.            543
  • Table 172. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.          545
  • Table 173. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries. 546
  • Table 174. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.    548
  • Table 175. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.           552
  • Table 176. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries. 554
  • Table 177. Methods for printing supercapacitors.              555
  • Table 178. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors.          556
  • Table 179. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors.          558
  • Table 180. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors. 558
  • Table 181. Conductive pastes for photovoltaics. 563
  • Table 182. companies commercializing thin film flexible photovoltaics     565
  • Table 183. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.            570
  • Table 184. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.         572
  • Table 185. Market challenges in flexible, printed and hybrid electronics for energy.           575
  • Table 186. Macro-trends in displays.        576
  • Table 187. Market drivers for Flexible, printed and hybrid displays and electronic components.    576
  • Table 188. Flexible, printed and hybrid displays products.              581
  • Table 189. Flexible miniLED and MicroLED products.        594
  • Table 190. Comparison of performance metrics between microLEDs and other commercial display technologies. 595
  • Table 191. Foldable smartphones, laptops and tablets and other display products, on or near market.       603
  • Table 192. Companies developing OLED lighting products.             610
  • Table 193. Types of electrochromic materials and applications.    617
  • Table 194. Applications of Mini-LED and Micro-LED transparent displays. 627
  • Table 195. Companies developing Micro-LED transparent displays.            630
  • Table 196. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid displays, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.          632
  • Table 197. Market challenges in flexible, printed and hybrid displays.       634
  • Table 198.  Macro-trends in automotive.               635
  • Table 199. Market drivers for flexible, printed and hybrid electronics in automotive.         635
  • Table 200. Flexible, printed and hybrid electronics in the automotive market.       637
  • Table 201. Printed/flexible electronics in automotive displays and lighting.             639
  • Table 202. Printed and flexible electronics are being integrated into vehicle interiors.       641
  • Table 203. Applications of Micro-LED in automotive.        648
  • Table 204. Automotive display Mini-LED and Micro-LED products.              651
  • Table 205. Conductive materials for transparent capacitive sensors.          655
  • Table 206. Automotive applications for printed piezoresistive sensors.    656
  • Table 207.  Piezoelectric sensors for automotive applications.      658
  • Table 208. Printed piezoelectric sensors in automotive applications.         658
  • Table 209. SWIR for autonomous mobility and ADAS.       660
  • Table 210. Types of printed photodetectors and image sensors developed for automotive applications     661
  • Table 211. Comparison of SWIR image sensors technologies         662
  • Table 212. Comparison of conventional and printed seat heaters for automotive applications.      663
  • Table 213. Printed car seat heaters.         664
  • Table 214. Types of Printed/flexible interior heaters.       664
  • Table 215. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows.               667
  • Table 216. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.      668
  • Table 217. Transparent electronics for automotive radar for ADAS.            669
  • Table 218. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid automotive electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.                672
  • Table 219. Market challenges for flexible, printed and hybrid electronics in automotive.  674
  • Table 220. Macro-trends in smart buildings and construction.      675
  • Table 221. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings.              676
  • Table 222. Printed and flexible electronics being applied for building, infrastructure, and industrial applications.   679
  • Table 223.  Printed electronics in customizable smart building interiors.  680
  • Table 224. Types of smart building sensors.          681
  • Table 225. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings.    682
  • Table 226. Capacitive sensors integrated into smart buildings.      684
  • Table 227. Types of flexible humidity sensors.     685
  • Table 228. MOF sensor applications.        688
  • Table 229. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid smart buildings electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.                693
  • Table 230. Consumer goods applications for printed/flexible electronics. 701
  • Table 231. Types of Active packaging.      705
  • Table 232. Commercially available food active packaging.               705
  • Table 233. Types of intelligent packaging.              707
  • Table 234. Types of RFID tags.    709
  • Table 235.  Commercially available time-temperature indicators (TTI) indicators. 711
  • Table 236. Commercially available freshness indicators.  713
  • Table 237. Commercially available gas indicators.               714
  • Table 238.  Supply chain management considerations for smart electronic packaging targeted at consumers.         717
  • Table 239. Types of printed/flexible electronics and materials that can be used to enhance packaging barcodes.   724
  • Table 240. Commercially available freshness indicators.  728
  • Table 241. Commercial examples of time-temperature indicators               729
  • Table 242. Examples of Chemical Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs).      730
  • Table 243. Types of ripeness indicators. 730
  • Table 244. Commercially available gas indicators.               732
  • Table 245. Chemical sensors in smart packaging. 733
  • Table 246. Electrochemical-based sensors for smart food packaging.         733
  • Table 247. Optical-based sensors for smart food packaging applications. 734
  • Table 248. Electrochemical biosensors for smart food packaging:                734
  • Table 249. Optical-Based Biosensors for smart food packaging.    735
  • Table 250. Types of edible sensors for food packaging/    736
  • Table 251.  Commercially available radio frequency identification systems (RFID) technology.       742
  • Table 252. Passive RFID: Technologies by Operating Frequency.  744
  • Table 253. Examples of NFC in packaging.              747
  • Table 254. Companies in smart blister packs.       749
  • Table 255. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid smart packaging electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars. 750
  • Table 256. 3DOM separator.       756
  • Table 257. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.     1042
  • Table 258. TCL Mini-LED product range. 1274

 

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Examples of flexible electronics devices.             83
  • Figure 2. Evolution of electronics.             85
  • Figure 3. Applications for flexible, printed and hybrid electronics.               86
  • Figure 4. Wearable technology inventions.           87
  • Figure 5. Market map for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics.               100
  • Figure 6. Wove Band.     102
  • Figure 7. Wearable graphene medical sensor.     103
  • Figure 8. 3D printed stretchable electronics.        104
  • Figure 9. Artificial skin prototype for gesture recognition.              107
  • Figure 10. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts. 109
  • Figure 11. Systemization of wearable electronic systems.               110
  • Figure 12. Baby Monitor.              118
  • Figure 13. Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors.      118
  • Figure 14 . Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) revenues by market, 2018-2034 (millions USD).           129
  • Figure 15. Global market revenues for flexible, printed and hybrid in consumer electronics, 2018-2034, (millions USD).                131
  • Figure 16. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars. 132
  • Figure 17. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.      133
  • Figure 18. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid displays, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.           133
  • Figure 19. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid automotive electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.                134
  • Figure 20. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid smart buildings electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.                135
  • Figure 21. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid smart packaging electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars                136
  • Figure 22. SWOT analysis for printed electronics.               140
  • Figure 23. SWOT analysis for 3D electronics.        144
  • Figure 24. SWOT analysis for analogue printing.  148
  • Figure 25. SWOT analysis for digital printing.        151
  • Figure 26. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products.   151
  • Figure 27. SWOT analysis for In-Mold Electronics.              155
  • Figure 28. SWOT analysis for R2R manufacturing.              159
  • Figure 29. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli.              166
  • Figure 30. Supercooled Soldering™ Technology. 170
  • Figure 31. Reflow soldering schematic.   171
  • Figure 32. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow.            172
  • Figure 33. Types of conductive inks and applications.       175
  • Figure 34. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.           182
  • Figure 35. SWOT analysis for Printable semiconductors. 188
  • Figure 36.  SWOT analysis for Printable sensor materials.                193
  • Figure 37. RFID Tag with Nano Copper Antenna on Paper.              195
  • Figure 38. SWOT analysis for flexible integrated circuits. 199
  • Figure 39. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films.        200
  • Figure 40. Flexible PCB. 203
  • Figure 41. SWOT analysis for Flexible batteries.  207
  • Figure 42.  SWOT analysis for Flexible PV for energy harvesting.  210
  • Figure 43. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in consumer electronics.       216
  • Figure 44. EmeTerm nausea relief wearable.        222
  • Figure 45. Embr Wave for cooling and warming. 223
  • Figure 46. dpl Wrist Wrap Light THerapy pain relief.         224
  • Figure 47. SWOT analysis for Wrist-worn wearables.        225
  • Figure 48. FitBit Sense Watch.    226
  • Figure 49. Wearable bio-fluid monitoring system for monitoring of hydration.      231
  • Figure 50. Nuheara IQbuds² Max.             235
  • Figure 51. HP Hearing PRO OTC Hearing Aid.        238
  • Figure 52. SWOT analysis for Ear worn wearables (hearables).     241
  • Figure 53. Beddr SleepTuner.     247
  • Figure 54. Global market revenues for flexible, printed and hybrid in consumer electronics, 2018-2034, (millions USD).                254
  • Figure 55. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in medical and healthcare/wellness. 261
  • Figure 56. Connected human body and product examples.            262
  • Figure 57. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.           270
  • Figure 58. Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs.  277
  • Figure 59. Graphene medical patch.         281
  • Figure 60. Graphene-based E-skin patch.               281
  • Figure 61. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible electronics in skin patches.        286
  • Figure 62. Enfucell wearable temperature tag.    287
  • Figure 63. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer.   288
  • Figure 64. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection.           290
  • Figure 65. Schematic of non-invasive CGM sensor.            295
  • Figure 66. Adhesive wearable CGM sensor.          295
  • Figure 67. VitalPatch.     300
  • Figure 68. Wearable ECG-textile.              300
  • Figure 69. Wearable ECG recorder.           302
  • Figure 70. Nexkin™.        302
  • Figure 71. Bloomlife.      304
  • Figure 72. Nanowire skin hydration patch.             305
  • Figure 73. NIX sensors.  306
  • Figure 74. Wearable sweat sensor.           307
  • Figure 75. Wearable  graphene sweat sensor.     308
  • Figure 76. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch.   308
  • Figure 77. Sweat sensor incorporated into face mask.      309
  • Figure 78. D-mine Pump.              310
  • Figure 79. Lab-on-Skin™.              311
  • Figure 80. My UV Patch. 313
  • Figure 81. Overview layers of L'Oreal skin patch. 313
  • Figure 82. Brilliantly Warm.          314
  • Figure 83. Ava Fertility tracker.   315
  • Figure 84. S9 Pro breast pump.  315
  • Figure 85. Tempdrop.    316
  • Figure 86. Digitsole Smartshoe. 317
  • Figure 87. Schematic of smart wound dressing.  320
  • Figure 88. REPAIR electronic patch concept. Image courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.    321
  • Figure 89. ABENA Nova smart diaper.      322
  • Figure 90. Honda Walking Assist.               323
  • Figure 91. ABLE Exoskeleton.      324
  • Figure 92. ANGEL-LEGS-M10.      324
  • Figure 93. AGADEXO Shoulder.  324
  • Figure 94. Enyware.        325
  • Figure 95. AWN-12 occupational powered hip exoskeleton.          325
  • Figure 96. CarrySuit passive upper-body exoskeleton.     325
  • Figure 97. Axosuit lower body medical exoskeleton.         326
  • Figure 98. FreeGait.        326
  • Figure 99. InMotion Arm.             326
  • Figure 100. Biomotum SPARK.    326
  • Figure 101. PowerWalk energy. 327
  • Figure 102. Keeogo™.    327
  • Figure 103. MATE-XT.     328
  • Figure 104. CDYS passive shoulder support exoskeleton. 328
  • Figure 105. ALDAK.          328
  • Figure 106. HAL® Lower Limb.     328
  • Figure 107. DARWING PA.            329
  • Figure 108. Dephy ExoBoot.        329
  • Figure 109. EksoNR.        329
  • Figure 110. Emovo Assist.             330
  • Figure 111. HAPO.           330
  • Figure 112. Atlas passive modular exoskeleton.  330
  • Figure 113. ExoAtlet II.   331
  • Figure 114. ExoHeaver. 331
  • Figure 115. Exy ONE.      332
  • Figure 116. ExoArm.       332
  • Figure 117. ExoMotus.   332
  • Figure 118. Gloreha Sinfonia.      333
  • Figure 119. BELK Knee Exoskeleton.         333
  • Figure 120. Apex exosuit.             333
  • Figure 121. Honda Walking Assist.            334
  • Figure 122. BionicBack.  334
  • Figure 123. Muscle Suit. 335
  • Figure 124.Japet.W powered exoskeleton.           335
  • Figure 125.Ski~Mojo.     335
  • Figure 126. AIRFRAME passive shoulder. 336
  • Figure 127.FORTIS passive tool holding exoskeleton.        336
  • Figure 128. Integrated Soldier Exoskeleton (UPRISE®).     337
  • Figure 129.UNILEXA passive exoskeleton.             337
  • Figure 130.HandTutor.   337
  • Figure 131.MyoPro®.      338
  • Figure 132.Myosuit.        338
  • Figure 133. archelis wearable chair.          338
  • Figure 134.Chairless Chair.           338
  • Figure 135.Indego.          339
  • Figure 136. Polyspine.    339
  • Figure 137. Hercule powered lower body exoskeleton.   339
  • Figure 138. ReStore Soft Exo-Suit.             340
  • Figure 139. Hand of Hope.           340
  • Figure 140. REX powered exoskeleton.   340
  • Figure 141. Elevate Ski Exoskeleton.        341
  • Figure 142. UGO210 exoskeleton.            341
  • Figure 143. EsoGLOVE Pro.           341
  • Figure 144. Roki.               342
  • Figure 145. Powered Clothing.   342
  • Figure 146. Againer shock absorbing exoskeleton.             342
  • Figure 147. EasyWalk Assistive Soft Exoskeleton Walker. 342
  • Figure 148. Skel-Ex.         343
  • Figure 149. EXO-H3 lower limbs robotic exoskeleton.      343
  • Figure 150. Ikan Tilta Max Armor-Man 2 344
  • Figure 151. AMADEO hand and finger robotic rehabilitation device.          344
  • Figure 152.Atalante autonomous lower-body exoskeleton.           344
  • Figure 153. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid medical & healthcare electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars. 345
  • Figure 154. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles.             353
  • Figure 155. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles.   355
  • Figure 156. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles.    356
  • Figure 157. Conductive yarns.     360
  • Figure 158. Electronics integration in textiles: (a) textile-adapted, (b) textile-integrated (c) textile-basd.   363
  • Figure 159. Stretchable polymer encapsulation microelectronics on textiles.         370
  • Figure 160. Conductive yarns.     373
  • Figure 161. Classification of conductive materials and process technology.             376
  • Figure 162. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.              387
  • Figure 163. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.              388
  • Figure 164. BN nanosheet textiles application.    389
  • Figure 165. SEM image of cotton fibers with PEDOT:PSS coating. 391
  • Figure 166. Schematic of inkjet-printed processes.            398
  • Figure 167: Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components.             404
  • Figure 168. Schematic summary of the formulation of silver conductive inks.         405
  • Figure 169. Copper based inks on flexible substrate.         407
  • Figure 170: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube.              412
  • Figure 171. Stretchable SWNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.             412
  • Figure 172. Graphene layer structure schematic. 414
  • Figure 173. BGT Materials graphene ink product.               415
  • Figure 174. PCM cooling vest.     419
  • Figure 175. SMPU-treated cotton fabrics.              420
  • Figure 176. Schematics of DIAPLEX membrane.  421
  • Figure 177. SMP energy storage textiles.               422
  • Figure 178. Nike x Acronym Blazer Sneakers.       427
  • Figure 179. Adidas 3D Runner Pump.       427
  • Figure 180. Under Armour Archi-TechFuturist.    427
  • Figure 181. Reebok Reebok Liquid Speed.             427
  • Figure 182. Radiate sports vest. 428
  • Figure 183. Adidas smart insole. 432
  • Figure 184. Applications of E-textiles.      437
  • Figure 185. EXO2 Stormwalker 2 Heated Jacket. 439
  • Figure 186. Flexible polymer-based heated glove, sock and slipper.            440
  • Figure 187. ThermaCell Rechargeable Heated Insoles.     441
  • Figure 188. Myant sleeve tracks biochemical indicators in sweat. 444
  • Figure 189. Flexible polymer-based therapeutic products.             444
  • Figure 190. iStimUweaR .              445
  • Figure 191. Digitsole Smartshoe.               450
  • Figure 192. Basketball referee Royole fully flexible display.            451
  • Figure 193. A mechanical glove, Robo-Glove, with pressure sensors and other sensors jointly developed by General Motors and NASA.           454
  • Figure 194. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables.        455
  • Figure 195. Micro-scale energy scavenging techniques.  459
  • Figure 196. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.               461
  • Figure 197. 3D printed piezoelectric material.      463
  • Figure 198. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR.    465
  • Figure 199. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.      468
  • Figure 200. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in energy. 474
  • Figure 201. Flexible batteries on the market.       476
  • Figure 202. ULTRALIFE thin film battery. 480
  • Figure 203. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.            483
  • Figure 204. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials.        484
  • Figure 205. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).            485
  • Figure 206. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB.      489
  • Figure 207. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.  492
  • Figure 208. Flexible, rechargeable battery.           494
  • Figure 209. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.      495
  • Figure 210. Types of flexible batteries.   497
  • Figure 211. Flexible label and printed paper battery.        498
  • Figure 212. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.          501
  • Figure 213. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures.    504
  • Figure 214. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs.             505
  • Figure 215. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs.      506
  • Figure 216. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs. 508
  • Figure 217. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f) 510
  • Figure 218. Origami disposable battery. 511
  • Figure 219. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt.  513
  • Figure 220. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries.         516
  • Figure 221. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark. 517
  • Figure 222. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy.               518
  • Figure 223. Transparent batteries.            523
  • Figure 224. Degradable batteries.             525
  • Figure 225. Schematic of supercapacitors in wearables.  528
  • Figure 226. (A) Schematic overview of a flexible supercapacitor as compared to conventional supercapacitor.        529
  • Figure 227. Stretchable graphene supercapacitor.             530
  • Figure 228.  Wearable self-powered devices.       533
  • Figure 229. Various applications of printed paper batteries.          535
  • Figure 230.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.          536
  • Figure 231. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together.     537
  • Figure 232. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III).       551
  • Figure 233. Main printing methods for supercapacitors.  555
  • Figure 234. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.               566
  • Figure 235. Origami-like silicon solar cells.             568
  • Figure 236. Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper.               570
  • Figure 237. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid energy storage, generation and harvesting electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.         574
  • Figure 238. LG Signature OLED TV R.        578
  • Figure 239. Flexible display.         579
  • Figure 240. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in displays.                580
  • Figure 241. DELL Ori.       581
  • Figure 242. LG Media Chair.         582
  • Figure 243. LG Virtual Ride.          582
  • Figure 244. Organic LCD with a 10-mm bend radius.          587
  • Figure 245. AMOLED schematic. 588
  • Figure 246. Mirage smart speaker with wraparound touch display.             589
  • Figure 247. LG rollable OLED TV. 589
  • Figure 248. OLED structure.         591
  • Figure 249. TCL printed OLED panel.        592
  • Figure 250. OLEDIO 32-inch printed display by JOLED.      592
  • Figure 251. AU Optonics Flexible MicroLED Display.           593
  • Figure 252. Schematic of the TALT technique for wafer-level microLED transferring.           593
  • Figure 253. Foldable 4K C SEED M1.          594
  • Figure 254. Stamp-based transfer-printing techniques.   596
  • Figure 255: Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots. 597
  • Figure 256. Samsung S-foldable display. 598
  • Figure 257. Samsung slideable display.    599
  • Figure 258. Samsung foldable battery patent schematic. 600
  • Figure 259. Rollable 65RX OLED TV.          601
  • Figure 260. Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Fold.      601
  • Figure 261. LG Chem foldable display.     602
  • Figure 262. Samsung Display Flex G folding smartphones.              602
  • Figure 263. Asus Foldable Phone.              603
  • Figure 264. Asus Zenbook 17 Fold.            603
  • Figure 265. Dell Concept Ori.       604
  • Figure 266. Intel Foldable phone.              604
  • Figure 267. ThinkPad X1 Fold.     605
  • Figure 268. Motorola Razr.           605
  • Figure 269. Oppo Find N folding phone. 606
  • Figure 270. Royole FlexPai 2.       606
  • Figure 271. Galaxy Fold 3.             606
  • Figure 272. Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3         607
  • Figure 273. TCL Tri-Fold Foldable Phone 607
  • Figure 274. TCL rollable phone.  608
  • Figure 275. Xiaomi Mi MIX Flex. 608
  • Figure 276. LG OLED flexible lighting panel.          610
  • Figure 277. Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.            611
  • Figure 278. Audi 2022 A8 .            612
  • Figure 279. Electrophoretic display applications. 614
  • Figure 280. Passive reflective displays with flexibility.       615
  • Figure 281. Plastic Logic 5.4” Iridis™ display.         616
  • Figure 282. Argil electrochromic film integrated with polycarbonate lenses.          618
  • Figure 283. Transparent and flexible metamaterial film developed by Sekishi Chemical.    622
  • Figure 284. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of several metalens antenna forms.         623
  • Figure 285. Design concepts of soft mechanical metamaterials with large negative swelling ratios and tunable stress-strain curves.     625
  • Figure 286. Different transparent displays and transmittance limitations. 628
  • Figure 287. 7.56" high transparency & frameless Micro-LED display.          628
  • Figure 288. AUO's 13.5-inch transparent RGB microLED display.  629
  • Figure 289. 17.3-inch transparent microLED AI display in a Taiwan Ferry. 630
  • Figure 290. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid displays, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.         633
  • Figure 291. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in automotive.        636
  • Figure 292. Automotive display concept.               641
  • Figure 293. Mercedes MBUX Hyperscreen.           642
  • Figure 294. AUO automotive display.       647
  • Figure 295. Micro-LED automotive display.           647
  • Figure 296. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD.           650
  • Figure 297. Rear lamp utilizing flexible Micro-LEDs.           651
  • Figure 298. SWOT analysis for integrated antennas with printed electronics in automotive.            672
  • Figure 299. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid automotive electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars.                673
  • Figure 300. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart buildings and construction. Source: Future Markets.               678
  • Figure 301. Use of sensors in smart buildings.      682
  • Figure 302. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid smart buildings electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars. 694
  • Figure 303. Active and Intelligent packaging classification.              696
  • Figure 304. Smart packaging for detecting bacteria growth in milk containers.      697
  • Figure 305. RFID tags with printed silver antennas on paper substrates.   699
  • Figure 306. Smart card incorporating an ultra-thin battery.            708
  • Figure 307. RFID ultra micro battery.       710
  • Figure 308. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart packaging.               716
  • Figure 309. Active packaging film.             719
  • Figure 310. Anti-counterfeiting smart label.          720
  • Figure 311. Security tag developed by Nanotech Security.             723
  • Figure 312. Fundamental principle of a gas sensor for detecting CO2 (gas) after food spoilage        732
  • Figure 313. A standard RFID system.        738
  • Figure 314. RFID functions and applications of silver nanoparticle inks.     738
  • Figure 315. OHMEGA Conductive Ink + Touchcode box.   740
  • Figure 316. Wiliot RFID. 741
  • Figure 317. Smart blister pack.   748
  • Figure 318. Global market for flexible, printed and hybrid smart packaging electronics, 2018-2034, millions of US dollars. 751
  • Figure 319. 24M battery.              753
  • Figure 320. 3DOM battery.          756
  • Figure 321. Libre 3.          759
  • Figure 322. Abbott Lingo wearable.          759
  • Figure 323. Libre Sense Glucose Sport Biowearable.         760
  • Figure 324. AC biode prototype. 761
  • Figure 325. AcuPebble SA100.    762
  • Figure 326. Vitalgram®. 770
  • Figure 327. BioMan+.     778
  • Figure 328. EXO Glove.  779
  • Figure 329. e-Tint® cell in the (a) OFF and in the (b) ON states.     781
  • Figure 330. Alertgy NICGM wristband.    782
  • Figure 331. ALLEVX.        783
  • Figure 332. Gastric Alimetry.       784
  • Figure 333. Alva Health stroke monitor. 789
  • Figure 334. amofit S.       791
  • Figure 335. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).   792
  • Figure 336. Amprius battery products.    794
  • Figure 337. MIT and Amorepacific's chip-free skin sensor.              795
  • Figure 338. All-polymer battery schematic.           797
  • Figure 339. All Polymer Battery Module. 798
  • Figure 340. Resin current collector.          798
  • Figure 341. Sigi™ Insulin Management System.   800
  • Figure 342. The Apollo wearable device. 802
  • Figure 343. Apos3.           803
  • Figure 344. Piezotech® FC.           807
  • Figure 345. PowerCoat® paper. 808
  • Figure 346. Artemis is  smart clothing system.     809
  • Figure 347. KneeStim.    810
  • Figure 348. LED hooded jacket.  815
  • Figure 349. Heated element module.      816
  • Figure 350. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.       819
  • Figure 351. 1.39-inch full-circle Micro-LED display              823
  • Figure 352. 9.4" flexible Micro-LED display.           824
  • Figure 353. Cyclops HMD.             825
  • Figure 354. PaciBreath.  828
  • Figure 355. Avery Dennison smart labels.               830
  • Figure 356. AD Pure™ Line [Sustainable UHF RFID tags and inlays].             830
  • Figure 357. Structure of Azalea Vision’s smart contact lens.           832
  • Figure 358. BeFC® biofuel cell and digital platform.           838
  • Figure 359. Belun® Ring.                840
  • Figure 360. Evo Patch.    846
  • Figure 361. Neuronaute wearable.           850
  • Figure 362. biped.ai device.         852
  • Figure 363. 3D printed lithium-ion battery.           854
  • Figure 364. Blue Solution module.            857
  • Figure 365. TempTraq wearable patch.   859
  • Figure 366. BOE Mini-LED display TV.       863
  • Figure 367. BOE Mini-LED automotive display.     864
  • Figure 368. circul+ smart ring.     866
  • Figure 369. Brewer Science printed water sensor.             870
  • Figure 370. C2Sense sensors.      872
  • Figure 371. Cala Trio.      875
  • Figure 372. Transparent 3D touch control with LED lights and LED matrix.               876
  • Figure 373. Large transparent heater for LiDAR.  876
  • Figure 374. Cionic Neural Sleeve.              885
  • Figure 375. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest.        888
  • Figure 376. Coachwhisperer device.        891
  • Figure 377. Cognito's gamma stimulation device.               893
  • Figure 378. Cogwear headgear. 894
  • Figure 379. CardioWatch 287.     895
  • Figure 380. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.           902
  • Figure 381. Cymbet EnerChip™  904
  • Figure 382. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket.        906
  • Figure 383. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.    907
  • Figure 384. Diabeloop wearable.               911
  • Figure 385. Inkjet printed OPV module.  916
  • Figure 386. First Relief.  918
  • Figure 387. FRENZ™ Brainband. 921
  • Figure 388. NightOwl Home Sleep Apnea Test Device.     923
  • Figure 389. Jewel Patch Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator .       926
  • Figure 390. P-Flex® Flexible Circuit.          927
  • Figure 391. enFuse.        935
  • Figure 392. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.              937
  • Figure 393. EOPatch.      939
  • Figure 394. Epilog.           943
  • Figure 395. eQ02+LIfeMontor.   945
  • Figure 396. noDiffusion OLED encapsulation film.               947
  • Figure 397. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.            950
  • Figure 398. FDK Corp battery.     957
  • Figure 399. Cove wearable device.           959
  • Figure 400. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor.            961
  • Figure 401. FloPatch.      964
  • Figure 402. KiTT motion tracking knee sleeve.     970
  • Figure 403. 2D paper batteries.  977
  • Figure 404. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.  978
  • Figure 405. Fuji carbon nanotube products.         979
  • Figure 406. German bionic exoskeleton. 983
  • Figure 407. UnlimitedHand.         993
  • Figure 408. Healables app-controlled electrotherapy device.        998
  • Figure 409. Helio materials incorporated into flexible displays.    1000
  • Figure 410. Apex Exosuit.             1002
  • Figure 411. Hinge Health wearable therapy devices.         1004
  • Figure 412. MYSA - 'Relax Shirt'. 1007
  • Figure 413. Humanox Shin Guard.             1010
  • Figure 414. Airvida E1.    1012
  • Figure 415. Sensor surface.          1017
  • Figure 416. ZincPoly™ technology.            1019
  • Figure 417. In2tec’s fully recyclable flexible circuit board assembly.           1020
  • Figure 418. Footrax.        1022
  • Figure 419. Flexible microLED.    1024
  • Figure 420. eMacula®.   1026
  • Figure 421. Printed moisture sensors.     1030
  • Figure 422. G2 Pro.          1034
  • Figure 423. Atusa system.            1037
  • Figure 424. ITEN micro batteries.              1038
  • Figure 425. Soluboard immersed in water.            1044
  • Figure 426. Infineon PCB before and after immersion.     1045
  • Figure 427. Kenzen ECHO Smart Patch.   1050
  • Figure 428. The Kernel Flow headset.      1051
  • Figure 429. REFLEX.         1053
  • Figure 430. KnowU™.     1054
  • Figure 431. Hyperfluorescence™ OLED display.   1061
  • Figure 432. LiBEST flexible battery.           1069
  • Figure 433. LifeSpan patch.          1073
  • Figure 434. Ring ZERO.   1079
  • Figure 435. LumeoLoop device. 1084
  • Figure 436. Lyten batteries.         1085
  • Figure 437. Mawi Heart Patch.   1089
  • Figure 438. WalkAid.       1094
  • Figure 439. Monarch™ Wireless Wearable Biosensor       1095
  • Figure 440. MetaSCOPE.               1096
  • Figure 441. HICARDI system.       1098
  • Figure 442. Modoo device.          1106
  • Figure 443. Movesense ECG monitor.      1109
  • Figure 444. Munevo Drive.           1114
  • Figure 445. Electroskin integration schematic.     1120
  • Figure 446. Modius Sleep wearable device.          1128
  • Figure 447. Neuphony Headband.            1129
  • Figure 448. Nextiles’ compression garments.       1131
  • Figure 449. Nextiles e-fabric.      1132
  • Figure 450. Nix Biosensors patch.              1135
  • Figure 451. Ayo wearable light therapy. 1138
  • Figure 452. Nowatch.     1139
  • Figure 453 .Nuada.          1145
  • Figure 454. ONA DM.      1152
  • Figure 455. ORII smart ring.          1154
  • Figure 456. Otolith wearable device.       1159
  • Figure 457. Oxitone 1000M.         1160
  • Figure 458. Palarum PUP smart socks.     1164
  • Figure 459. BEYOLEX™ film.         1165
  • Figure 460. 55” flexible AM panel.            1166
  • Figure 461. Peerbridge Cor.         1169
  • Figure 462. 9.4" flexible MicroLED display.            1175
  • Figure 463. 7.56-inch transparent Micro LED display.        1175
  • Figure 464. Point Fit Technology skin patch.         1178
  • Figure 465. Printed battery.         1181
  • Figure 466. Printed Energy flexible battery.          1183
  • Figure 467. Proxxi Voltage.          1187
  • Figure 468. ProLogium solid-state battery.            1189
  • Figure 469. Sylvee 1.0.   1194
  • Figure 470. RealWear HMT-1.     1198
  • Figure 471. RootiRx.        1201
  • Figure 472. Micro-LED stretchable display.            1203
  • Figure 473. Sylvee 1.0.   1206
  • Figure 474. SES Apollo batteries.               1218
  • Figure 475. Silvertree Reach.       1232
  • Figure 476. Smardii smart diaper.              1239
  • Figure 477. Moonwalkers from Shift Robotics Inc.              1242
  • Figure 478. SnowCookie device. 1246
  • Figure 479. Softmatter compression garment.    1247
  • Figure 480. Softmatter sports bra with a woven ECG sensor.         1247
  • Figure 481. Soter device.              1248
  • Figure 482. Femsense patch.      1255
  • Figure 483. MoCap Pro Glove.    1259
  • Figure 484. Subcuject.   1261
  • Figure 485. 3D printed electronics.           1266
  • Figure 486. Tactotek IME device.               1268
  • Figure 487. TactoTek® IMSE® SiP - System In Package.     1269
  • Figure 488. TCL Mini-LED TV schematic. 1274
  • Figure 489. TCL 8K Mini-LED TV. 1275
  • Figure 490. The Cinema Wall Micro-LED display. 1275
  • Figure 491. Teslasuit.      1282
  • Figure 492. Nerivio.         1286
  • Figure 493. Feelzing Energy Patch.            1288
  • Figure 494. 7.56” Transparent Display.    1289
  • Figure 495. 7.56" Flexible Micro-LED.       1290
  • Figure 496. 5.04" seamless splicing Micro LED.    1290
  • Figure 497. 7.56" Transparent Micro LED.              1291
  • Figure 498. A sample of TracXon’s printed lighting circuitry.           1299
  • Figure 499. Ultrahuman wearable glucose monitor.          1301
  • Figure 500. Vaxxas patch.             1304
  • Figure 501. S-Patch Ex.   1322
  • Figure 502. Wiliot tags.  1325
  • Figure 503. Zeit Medical Wearable Headband.    1333
  • Figure 504. ZOZOFIT wearable at-home 3D body scanner.              1337
  • Figure 505. YouCare smart shirt. 1338
  •  

 

 

 

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