The Global Market for Smart and Sustainable Buildings 2023-2033

Published August 2022 | 505 pages, 142 figures, 62 tables | Download table of contents

Due to evolving standards for building regulations and demand for occupant comfort, the performance of building envelopes continues to improve. Buildings account for ~30-40% of the world’s total primary energy, and the benefits of energy efficient buildings are numerous, from better thermal comfort to longer buildings lifecycle. In order to adhere to regulations, many new buildings are required to meet energy efficiency targets. These targets are increasingly met through technology, and in most cases rely on advanced materials, either by developing new materials or modifying existing ones.

The use of advanced materials, nanomaterials, and smart materials, is now driving improved building envelope performance by allowing reconciliation of the architectural features of buildings with the new challenges of energy and environmental efficiency. Technologies and materials include:

Smart glass and windows
- Electrochromic (EC) smart glass
- Thermochromic smart glass
- Suspended particle device (SPD) smart glass
- Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) smart glass
- Photochromic smart glass
- Micro-blinds
- Electrokinetic glass
- Graphene smart glass
- Heat insulation solar glass (HISG)
Thermal and sound insulation
- Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP)
- Aerogels
- Transparent Insulation Materials (TIM)
- Metamaterials
- Graphene
- Nanofiber‐based insulation material
- Shape memory sound absorption
Advanced construction materials
- Advanced concrete additives
  - Graphene
  - Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
  - Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
  - Cellulose nanofibers
  - Nanosilica
  - Nano-titania (TiO2)
  - Zycosoil
  - Phase change materials
  - Self-healing materials
- Self-sensing concrete
- 3D printing construction materials
- Environment-adaptive skin facades
- Memory steel
- Biomaterials
- Double-skin façades
- Carbon negative concrete
Vibration dampening
- Passive vibration mitigation materials
- Smart vibration mitigation materials
- Metamaterials
- Shape memory materials
- Carbon nanotubes
- Magnetorheological fluid (MRF)
- Magnetostrictive materials
Smart coatings and films
- Cool roofs
- Antireflective glazing
- Metamaterials
- Photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings
- Hydrophobic coatings
- Superhydrophobic surfaces
- Anti-fouling and easy-to-clean coatings
- Advanced antimicrobial coatings
- Thermally insulating paint
Smart air filtration and HVAC
- Nanofibers
- Graphene
- Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF)
- Nanosilver filters
- Carbon nanotubes
- Phase change materials
- Nano-TiO2 photocatalyst filter coatings
- Self-healing coatings
Heating and energy efficiency
- Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF)
- Phase change materials
Energy harvesting
- Piezoelectric materials
- Thermoelectric materials
- Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
- Bioadaptive glazing
Smart sensors
- Temperature sensors
- Motion sensors
- Humidity sensors
- Sensors for air quality
- CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings
Smart lighting
- LEDs
- Organic LEDs (OLEDs)
- Quantum dots
- Flexible lighting

Report contents include:

Market drivers for advanced materials in smart and sustainable buildings.
Revenues for smart and advanced materials building applications and markets, 2021-2033 (millions USD).
In-depth technology analysis.
In depth market analysis.
Profiles of over 250 companies in the smart and sustainable buildings market. Companies profiled include Acoustic Metamaterials Group Limited, Aerogel Technologies LLC, Ambient Photonics, Aspen Aerogels, Blueshift Materials, Inc., CarbiCrete, CarbonCure Technologies, Carbon Upcycling Technologies, ChromoGenics AB, ClearVue Technologies, Eterbright Solar Corporation, Fortera, GoodWe, HeatVentors, JinkoSolar, Next Energy Technologies, Inc, Onyx Solar, Phononic Vibes, RavenWindow, Research Frontiers, Inc., Inc., Solidia Technologies etc.

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 31

1.1 What are smart buildings? 31
1.2 Integration into smart cities 32
1.3 Market drivers 33
1.4 Adaptive facades 34
1.5 Smart/switchable/dynamic glass or smart windows 37
1.6 Advanced thermal and sound insulation 40
1.7 Smart lighting 41
1.8 Smart coatings 41
1.9 Energy harvesting 43
1.10 Market revenues and forecasts, by technology area to 2033 46

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY 48

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 49

4 SMART GLASS AND WINDOWS 50

4.1 What is smart glass? 50
4.2 Market drivers for smart glass 52
4.3 Smart windows 54
- 4.3.1 Controlling light transmission 54
4.4 Types of smart glass 55
- 4.4.1 Passive smart glass 55
- 4.4.2 Active smart glass 56
4.5 Comparison of smart glass technologies 56
4.6 Nanomaterials in smart glass 57
4.7 Competitive landscape 57
4.8 Manufacturers 59
4.9 Routes to market 60
- 4.9.1 Residential and commercial glazing 62
4.10 Market and technical challenges 64
4.11 Future of smart glass 66
- 4.11.1 Need for innovation 66
- 4.11.2 Reducing costs 66
- 4.11.3 Integration with building systems/Internet of things (IoT) 66
- 4.11.4 Photovoltaic smart glass 66
- 4.11.5 Faster switching times 67
4.12 Advanced materials for smart glass and windows 67
- 4.12.1 Electrochromic (EC) smart glass 67
  - 4.12.1.1 Technology description 67
  - 4.12.1.2 Materials 68
    - 4.12.1.2.1 Inorganic metal oxides 69
    - 4.12.1.2.2 Organic EC materials 69
    - 4.12.1.2.3 Nanomaterials 69
  - 4.12.1.3 Benefits 69
  - 4.12.1.4 Shortcomings 70
  - 4.12.1.5 Application in residential and commercial windows 70
  - 4.12.1.6 Companies 73
- 4.12.2 Thermochromic smart glass 82
  - 4.12.2.1 Technology description 82
  - 4.12.2.2 Benefits 82
  - 4.12.2.3 Shortcomings 82
  - 4.12.2.4 Application in residential and commercial windows 83
  - 4.12.2.5 Companies 83
- 4.12.3 Suspended particle device (SPD) smart glass 85
  - 4.12.3.1 Technology description 85
  - 4.12.3.2 Benefits 85
  - 4.12.3.3 Shortcomings 86
  - 4.12.3.4 Application in residential and commercial windows 86
  - 4.12.3.5 Companies 87
- 4.12.4 Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) smart glass 97
  - 4.12.4.1 Technology description 97
  - 4.12.4.2 Types 98
    - 4.12.4.2.1 Laminated Switchable PDLC Glass 98
    - 4.12.4.2.2 Self-adhesive Switchable PDLC Film 98
  - 4.12.4.3 Benefits 99
  - 4.12.4.4 Shortcomings 99
  - 4.12.4.5 Application in residential and commercial windows 99
    - 4.12.4.5.1 Interior glass 100
  - 4.12.4.6 Companies 101
- 4.12.5 Photochromic smart glass 117
  - 4.12.5.1 Technology analysis 117
  - 4.12.5.2 Application in residential and commercial windows 117
- 4.12.6 Micro-blinds 117
  - 4.12.6.1 Technology analysis 117
  - 4.12.6.2 Benefits 118
- 4.12.7 Electrokinetic glass 118
  - 4.12.7.1 Technology analysis 118
  - 4.12.7.2 Companies 119
- 4.12.8 Other advanced glass technologies 119
  - 4.12.8.1 Graphene smart glass 119
    - 4.12.8.1.1 Companies 120
  - 4.12.8.2 Heat insulation solar glass (HISG) 122
  - 4.12.8.3 Quantum dot solar glass 123

5 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 125

5.1 Market drivers 125
5.2 Concrete additives 126
- 5.2.1 Graphene 126
- 5.2.2 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 128
- 5.2.3 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) 129
- 5.2.4 Cellulose nanofibers 130
- 5.2.5 Nanosilica 132
- 5.2.6 Nano-titania (TiO2) 133
- 5.2.7 Zycosoil 134
- 5.2.8 Phase change materials 135
- 5.2.9 Self-healing materials 136
  - 5.2.9.1 Extrinsic self-healing 138
  - 5.2.9.2 Capsule-based 138
  - 5.2.9.3 Vascular self-healing 139
  - 5.2.9.4 Intrinsic self-healing 140
  - 5.2.9.5 Healing volume 141
  - 5.2.9.6 Self-healing concrete 142
    - 5.2.9.6.1 Bioconcrete 144
    - 5.2.9.6.2 Fibre concrete 144
5.3 Self-sensing concrete 145
- 5.3.1 Filler materials 146
- 5.3.2 Applications 147
5.4 Memory steel 149
5.5 Biomaterials 150
- 5.5.1 Mycelium 150
- 5.5.2 Microalgae biocement 152
5.6 Carbon-negative concrete 153
5.7 Companies 155

6 VIBRATION DAMPING 188

6.1 Advanced materials for vibration damping 188
- 6.1.1 Metamaterials 188
- 6.1.2 Shape memory materials 190
  - 6.1.2.1 Shape memory effect 190
  - 6.1.2.2 Superelasticity 191
  - 6.1.2.3 Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) alloys 192
    - 6.1.2.3.1 Properties 192
  - 6.1.2.4 Copper-based SMAs 194
  - 6.1.2.5 Iron-based SMAs 195
  - 6.1.2.6 Hardened high temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs) 196
  - 6.1.2.7 Titanium-Tantalum (Ti-Ta)-based alloys 196
  - 6.1.2.8 Shape-memory polymers 197
- 6.1.3 Carbon nanotubes 198
- 6.1.4 Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) 198
- 6.1.5 Magnetostrictive materials 199
- 6.1.6 Piezoelectric ceramics 199
6.2 Companies 200

7 SMART COATINGS 206

7.1 Market drivers 206
7.2 Advanced materials for smart coatings and films 207
7.2.1 Metamaterial cooling films 208
7.2.2 Photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings 209
7.2.2.1 Glass coatings 210
7.2.2.2 Exterior coatings 213
7.2.2.3 Interior coatings 214
7.2.2.3.1 Medical facilities 214
7.2.2.3.2 Antimicrobial coating indoor light activation 214
7.2.3 Hydrophobic coatings 215
7.2.4 Superhydrophobic surfaces 217
7.2.4.1 Properties 217
7.2.5 Anti-fouling and easy-to-clean coatings 218
7.2.6 Advanced antimicrobial coatings 219
7.2.6.1 Metallic-based coatings 219
7.2.6.2 Polymer-based coatings 221
7.2.6.3 Mode of action 223
7.2.7 Thermally insulating paint 223
7.2.8 High reflectance coatings 224
7.2.9 Self-healing coatings 224
7.3 Companies 225

8 SMART AIR FILTRATION AND HVAC 276

8.1 Market drivers 276
8.2 Advanced materials for smart filtration and HVAC 276
- 8.2.1 Nanomaterials 277
- 8.2.2 Carbon nanotubes 277
- 8.2.3 Graphene 279
- 8.2.4 Nanofibers 281
  - 8.2.4.1 Polymer nanofibers 281
  - 8.2.4.2 Cellulose nanofibers 282
- 8.2.5 Nanosilver 282
- 8.2.6 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF) 283
- 8.2.7 Phase change materials 284
- 8.2.8 Nano-TiO2 photocatalyst coatings 286
8.3 Companies 289

9 THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION 312

9.1 Advanced materials for heating and energy efficiency 313
9.2 Market drivers 313
9.3 Advanced materials for thermal and sound insulation 314
- 9.3.1 Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) 316
- 9.3.2 Aerogels 319
  - 9.3.2.1 Commercially available aerogels 322
  - 9.3.2.2 Silica aerogels 322
    - 9.3.2.2.1 Properties 323
      - 9.3.2.2.1.1 Thermal conductivity 323
      - 9.3.2.2.1.2 Mechanical 324
    - 9.3.2.2.2 Monoliths 324
    - 9.3.2.2.3 Powder 324
    - 9.3.2.2.4 Granules 324
    - 9.3.2.2.5 Blankets 325
    - 9.3.2.2.6 Aerogel boards 327
    - 9.3.2.2.7 Aerogel renders 327
  - 9.3.2.3 Aerogel-like polymer foams 327
  - 9.3.2.4 Biobased aerogels (bio-aerogels) 327
    - 9.3.2.4.1 Cellulose aerogels 328
    - 9.3.2.4.1.1 Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels 328
    - 9.3.2.4.1.2 Cellulose nanocrystal aerogels 329
    - 9.3.2.4.2 Lignin aerogels 329
    - 9.3.2.4.3 Alginate aerogels 329
    - 9.3.2.4.4 Starch aerogels 330
  - 9.3.2.5 Thermal and sound insulation 331
  - 9.3.2.6 3D printed aerogels 332
- 9.3.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF) 333
  - 9.3.3.1 Heat exchangers for heat pumps 333
- 9.3.4 Phase change materials 334
  - 9.3.4.1 Organic/biobased phase change materials 336
    - 9.3.4.1.1 Paraffin wax 336
    - 9.3.4.1.2 Non-Paraffins/Bio-based 337
  - 9.3.4.2 Inorganic phase change materials 338
    - 9.3.4.2.1 Salt hydrates 338
    - 9.3.4.2.2 Metal and metal alloy PCMs (High-temperature) 339
  - 9.3.4.3 Eutectic mixtures 339
  - 9.3.4.4 Encapsulation of PCMs 340
    - 9.3.4.4.1 Macroencapsulation 340
    - 9.3.4.4.2 Micro/nanoencapsulation 340
  - 9.3.4.5 Nanomaterial phase change materials 341
  - 9.3.4.6 PCMS in buildings and construction 341
    - 9.3.4.6.1 Water heaters 344
    - 9.3.4.6.2 Thermal batteries for water heaters and EVs 345
- 9.3.5 Metamaterials 347
  - 9.3.5.1 Metasurfaces 349
  - 9.3.5.2 Types of metamaterials 349
  - 9.3.5.3 Sound insulation 351
- 9.3.6 Graphene 352
- 9.3.7 Nanofiber‐based insulation material 353
  - 9.3.7.1 Polymer nanofibers 353
  - 9.3.7.2 Alumina nanofibers 353
9.4 Companies 355

10 BUILDING ENERGY HARVESTING AND GENERATION 386

10.1 Market drivers 386
10.2 Advanced materials for building energy harvesting 386
- 10.2.1 Piezoelectric materials 387
- 10.2.2 Thermoelectric materials 388
- 10.2.3 Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) 389
  - 10.2.3.1 Photovoltaic glazing 392
  - 10.2.3.2 Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) 393
  - 10.2.3.3 Organic solar cells (OSCs) 393
  - 10.2.3.4 Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) 394
  - 10.2.3.5 Quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) 394
  - 10.2.3.6 Copper zinc tin sulphide solar cells (CZTS) 395
- 10.2.4 Microalgae bioreactive façades 395
10.3 Companies 398

11 SMART SENSORS 437

11.1 Market drivers 437
11.2 Types of smart building sensors 438
11.3 Applications 439
- 11.3.1 Temperature and humidity sensors 441
- 11.3.2 Sensors for air quality 443
- 11.3.3 Magnetostrictive sensors 444
- 11.3.4 Magneto- and electrorheological fluids 444
- 11.3.5 CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings 444
11.4 Companies 447

12 SMART LIGHTING 456

12.1 Market drivers 456
12.2 Advanced materials for smart lighting 457
- 12.2.1 LEDs 458
- 12.2.2 Organic LEDs (OLEDs) 459
- 12.2.3 Quantum dots 459
- 12.2.4 Graphene 461
- 12.2.5 Sensor-based lighting 463
12.3 Companies 465

13 REFERENCES 485

Tables

Table 1. Market drivers for advanced materials in smart and sustainable buildings. 33
Table 2. Summary of adaptive facade technologies and processes. 35
Table 3. Markets for smart glass and windows. 39
Table 4: Properties of nanocoatings. 43
Table 5. Comparison of smart glass and windows types. 50
Table 6. Market drivers for smart glass. 52
Table 7. Technologies controlling daylight transmission. 54
Table 8. Types of passive smart glass. 55
Table 9. Types of active smart glass. 56
Table 10. Advantages and disadvantages of respective smart glass technologies. 56
Table 11. Market structure for smart glass and windows. 58
Table 12. Manufacturers of smart film and glass, by type. 59
Table 13. Routes to market for smart glass companies. 60
Table 14. Technologies for smart windows in buildings. 62
Table 15. Market and technical challenges for smart glass and windows, by main technology type. 65
Table 16. Types of electrochromic materials and applications. 68
Table 17. Market drivers for advanced construction materials. 125
Table 18. Graphene for concrete and cement. 126
Table 19. Typical properties of nanosilica. 132
Table 20. Types of self-healing coatings and materials. 137
Table 21. Comparative properties of self-healing materials. 142
Table 22. Types of self-healing concrete. 143
Table 23. Types of fillers in self-sensing concrete. 146
Table 24. Applications of self-sensing concrete. 147
Table 25. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 150
Table 26. Physical properties of NiTi. 192
Table 27. Applications of shape memory materials in construction and stage of development. 194
Table 28. Properties of copper-based shape memory alloys 194
Table 29. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs. 197
Table 30. Market drivers for smart coatings in buildings. 206
Table 31. Advanced coating applied in the building and construction industry. 207
Table 32. Contact angles of hydrophilic, super hydrophilic, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. 216
Table 33. Anti-fouling and easy-to-clean coatings-Nanomaterials used, principles, properties and applications. 218
Table 34. Polymer-based coatings for antimicrobial coatings and surfaces. 221
Table 35. Market drivers for smart air filtration and HVAC. 276
Table 36. Comparison of CNT membranes with other membrane technologies 277
Table 37. Market and applications for graphene in filtration. 279
Table 38. Market assessment for PCMs in building and construction-market age, applications, key benefits and motivation for use, market drivers and trends, market challenges. 284
Table 39. Types of thermal insulation materials. 313
Table 40. Market drivers for advanced materials in thermal and sound insulation. 313
Table 41. Technologies controlling heat loss from windows, walls and roofs in smart and sustainable buildings. 315
Table 42. Comparison of VIP with other insulation. 317
Table 43. Market overview of aerogels in building and construction-market drivers, types of aerogels utilized, motivation for use of aerogels, applications, TRL. 319
Table 44. General properties and value of aerogels. 322
Table 45. Commercially available aerogel-enhanced blankets. 326
Table 46. PCM Types and properties. 335
Table 47. Advantages and disadvantages of organic PCM Fatty Acids. 337
Table 48. Advantages and disadvantages of salt hydrates 338
Table 49. Advantages and disadvantages of low melting point metals. 339
Table 50. Market assessment for PCMs in building and construction-market age, applications, key benefits and motivation for use, market drivers and trends, market challenges. 343
Table 51. Market assessment for PCMs in thermal storage systems-market age, applications, key benefits and motivation for use, market drivers and trends, market challenges. 346
Table 52. CrodaTherm Range. 361
Table 53.Market drivers for advanced materials and technologies in energy harvesting for buildings. 386
Table 54. Technologies generating electricity in smart buildings. 386
Table 55. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings. 437
Table 56. Types of smart building sensors. 439
Table 57. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings. 439
Table 58. Types of flexible humidity sensors. 442
Table 59. MOF sensor applications. 445
Table 60: Market drivers for smart lighting in smart and sustainable buildings. 456
Table 61. QD-LEDs and External quantum efficiencies (EQE). 461
Table 62. Market and applications for graphene in lighting. 461

Figures

Figure 1. Productivity and comfort gains achieved through window and ventilation technologies. 39
Figure 2. SLENTEX® thermal insulation. 40
Figure 3. Energy harvesting technologies. 44
Figure 4. Energy harvesting solutions in smart buildings. 45
Figure 5. Global market revenues for smart buildings, by technology areas, 2018-2033 (Millions USD). 47
Figure 6. Nanocrystal smart glass that can switch between fully transparent, heat-blocking, and light-and-heat-blocking modes. 57
Figure 7. Typical setup of an electrochromic device (ECD). 67
Figure 8. Electrochromic smart glass schematic. 68
Figure 9. Electrochromic smart glass. 71
Figure 10. Examples of electrochromic smart windows each in fully coloured (left) and bleached state (right). 72
Figure 11. Argil smart glass for buildings. 73
Figure 12. CoverLight by Chromogenics. 75
Figure 13. Thermochromic smart windows schematic. 82
Figure 14. Vertical insulated glass unit for a Suntuitive® thermochromic window. 83
Figure 15. SPD smart windows schematic. 85
Figure 16. SPD film lamination. 86
Figure 17. SPD smart film schematic. Control the transmittance of light and glare by adjusting AC voltage to the SPD Film. 87
Figure 18. SPD film glass installation at Indiana University. 91
Figure 19. Schematic of Cromalite SPD film. 92
Figure 20. PDLC schematic. 97
Figure 21. Schematic of PDLC film and self-adhesive PDLC film. 98
Figure 22. Smart glass made with polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) technology. 100
Figure 23. e-Tint® cell in the (a) OFF and in the (b) ON states. 101
Figure 24. Bestroom Smart VU film. 104
Figure 25. Schematic of Magic Glass. 106
Figure 26. Application of Magic Glass in office. 106
Figure 27. Installation schematic of Magic Glass. 107
Figure 28. Micro-blinds schematic. 117
Figure 29. Cross-section of Electro Kinetic Film. 118
Figure 30. Schematic of HISG. 123
Figure 31. UbiQD PV windows. 124
Figure 32. Comparison of nanofillers with supplementary cementitious materials and aggregates in concrete. 126
Figure 33. MWCNTS in concrete and cement. 128
Figure 34. SWCNTS in concrete and cement. 129
Figure 35. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in concrete and cement additives. 130
Figure 36. SEM micrographs of plain (A) and nano-silica modified cement paste (B). 133
Figure 37. Schematic of photocatalytic air purifying pavement. 133
Figure 38. Applicaiton of Zycosil in concrete. 134
Figure 39. Phase change materials for thermal energy storage in concrete. 136
Figure 40. Schematic of self-healing polymers. Capsule based (a), vascular (b), and intrinsic (c) schemes for self-healing materials. Red and blue colours indicate chemical species which react (purple) to heal damage. 136
Figure 41. Stages of self-healing mechanism. 138
Figure 42. Schematic of the self-healing concept using microcapsules with a healing agent inside. 139
Figure 43. Self-healing mechanism in vascular self-healing systems. 140
Figure 44. Comparison of self-healing systems. 141
Figure 45. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete. 142
Figure 46. Self-healing concrete test study with cracked concrete (left) and self-healed concrete after 28 days (right). 143
Figure 47. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete. 144
Figure 48. Self-healing concrete. 144
Figure 49. Self-sensing concrete schematic. 146
Figure 50. Memory-steel reinforcement bars. 150
Figure 51. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam. 152
Figure 52. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials. 152
Figure 53. Microalgae based biocement masonry bloc. 153
Figure 54. Graphene asphalt additives. 166
Figure 55. OG (Original Graphene) Concrete Admix Plus. 175
Figure 56. Talcoat graphene mixed with paint. 182
Figure 57. Metamaterials example structures. 188
Figure 58. Metamaterial schematic versus conventional materials. 189
Figure 59. Robotic metamaterial device for seismic-induced vibration mitigation. 190
Figure 60. Histeresys cycle for Superelastic and shape memory material. 190
Figure 61. Shape memory effect. 191
Figure 62. Superelasticity Elastic Property. 192
Figure 63. Stress x Strain diagram. 193
Figure 64. Shape memory pipe joint. 196
Figure 65. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli. 198
Figure 66. Cabkoma strand rod. 202
Figure 67. Viscoelastic coupling damper. 204
Figure 68. Schematic of dry-cooling technology. 209
Figure 69. Mechanism of photocatalysis on a surface treated with TiO2 nanoparticles. 210
Figure 70. Schematic showing the self-cleaning phenomena on superhydrophilic surface. 211
Figure 71. Titanium dioxide-coated glass (left) and ordinary glass (right). 212
Figure 72. Schematic of photocatalytic air purifying pavement. 213
Figure 73. Self-Cleaning mechanism utilizing photooxidation. 214
Figure 74. (a) Water drops on a lotus leaf. 215
Figure 75. Self-cleaning superhydrophobic coating schematic. 216
Figure 76. Contact angle on superhydrophobic coated surface. 217
Figure 77. Antibacterial mechanisms of metal and metallic oxide nanoparticles. 220
Figure 78. GermStopSQ mechanism of action. 237
Figure 79. NOx reduction with TioCem®. 242
Figure 80. Quartzene®. 267
Figure 81. V-CAT® photocatalyst mechanism. 271
Figure 82. Applications of Titanystar. 274
Figure 83. Capture mechanism for MOFs toward air pollutants. 284
Figure 84. Schematic of photocatalytic indoor air purification filter. 286
Figure 85. Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) air filter. 287
Figure 86. Schematic indoor air filtration. 288
Figure 87: CNF gel. 295
Figure 88: Block nanocellulose material. 295
Figure 89. Mosaic Materials MOFs. 301
Figure 90. MOF-based cartridge (purple) added to an existing air conditioner. 311
Figure 91. Global energy consumption growth of buildings. 312
Figure 92. Energy consumption of residential building sector. 312
Figure 93. Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP). 316
Figure 94. Main characteristics of aerogel type materials. 321
Figure 95. Classification of aerogels. 321
Figure 96. Flower resting on a piece of silica aerogel suspended in mid air by the flame of a bunsen burner. 323
Figure 97. Monolithic aerogel. 324
Figure 98. Aerogel granules. 325
Figure 99. Internal aerogel granule applications. 325
Figure 100. Fabrication routes for starch-based aerogels. 330
Figure 101. Aerogel construction applications. 331
Figure 102. Commonly employed printing technologies for aerogels. 332
Figure 103. Schematic for direct ink writing of silica aerogels. 333
Figure 104. 3D printed aerogel. 333
Figure 105. MOF-coated heat exchanger. 334
Figure 106. Classification of PCMs. 335
Figure 107. Phase-change materials in their original states. 335
Figure 108. Schematic of PCM use in buildings. 342
Figure 109. Comparison of the maximum energy storage capacity of 10 mm thickness of different building materials operating between 18 °C and 26 °C for 24 h. 343
Figure 110. Schematic of PCM in storage tank linked to solar collector. 345
Figure 111. UniQ line of thermal batteries. 346
Figure 112. Metamaterials example structures. 348
Figure 113. Metamaterial schematic versus conventional materials. 349
Figure 114. Prototype metamaterial device used in acoustic sound insulation. 351
Figure 115. Metamaterials installed in HVAC sound insulation the Hotel Madera Hong Kong. 352
Figure 116. Graphene aerogel. 353
Figure 117. TE module schematic. 388
Figure 118. Utilization of TE materials in exterior walls for energy generation, heating and cooling. 389
Figure 119. The Sun Rock building, Taiwan. 390
Figure 120. Photovoltaic solar cells. 391
Figure 121. Classification of BIPV products. 392
Figure 122. BIQ House in Hamburg. 396
Figure 123. Photo.Synth.Etica curtain. 397
Figure 124. Hikari building incorporating SunEwat Square solar glazing. 398
Figure 125. Elegante solar glass panel. 400
Figure 126. Certainteed Apollo-2 solar shingles roof. 404
Figure 127. Triple insulated glass unit for the Stadtwerke Konstanz energy cube in Germany. 406
Figure 128. Moscow building incorporating Hevel's BIPV product. 412
Figure 129. Mitrex solar façade layers. 417
Figure 130. Solar Brick by Mitrex 417
Figure 131. QDSSC Module. 418
Figure 132. DragonScales technology. 419
Figure 133. Photovoltaic integration in façade at the Gioia 22 skyscraper, in Milan. 423
Figure 134. S6 flexible solar module. 431
Figure 135. Ubiquitous Energy windows installed at the Boulder Commons in Colorado. 434
Figure 136. Use of sensors in smart buildings. 439
Figure 137. Sensor surface. 450
Figure 138. Printed moisture sensors. 451
Figure 139. Fourth generation QD-LEDs. 460
Figure 140. Applications of graphene in lighting. 463
Figure 141. Graphene LED bulbs. 472
Figure 142. iOLED film light source. 476

The Global Market for Smart and Sustainable Buildings 2023-2033

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Published August 2022 | 505 pages, 142 figures, 62 tables | Download table of contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 31

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY 48

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 49

4 SMART GLASS AND WINDOWS 50

5 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 125

6 VIBRATION DAMPING 188

7 SMART COATINGS 206

8 SMART AIR FILTRATION AND HVAC 276

9 THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION 312

10 BUILDING ENERGY HARVESTING AND GENERATION 386

11 SMART SENSORS 437

12 SMART LIGHTING 456

13 REFERENCES 485

Tables

Figures

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