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The Global Bio-based Market Report 2021: Bio-Chemicals, Bio-Polymers, Bio-Materials and Bio-Coatings & Paints

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Published October 2021 | 905 pages | 250 figures, 150 tables | Table of contents

There is growing consumer demand and regulatory push for bio-based materials with high performance, good recyclability and biodegradable properties to underpin transition towards more sustainable manufacturing and products. Materials from biomass sources include bulk chemicals, platform chemicals, solvents, polymers, and biocomposites.

The many processes to convert biomass components to value-added products and fuels can be classified broadly as biochemical or thermochemical. In addition, biotechnological processes that rely mainly on plant breeding, fermentation, and conventional enzyme isolation also are used.

New bio-based materials that may compete with conventional materials are emerging continually, and the opportunities to use them in existing and novel products are explored in this publication. 

Contents include:

  • In depth market analysis of bio-based chemical feedstocks, biopolymers, bioplastics, natural fibers and lignin, and bio-based coatings and paints. 
  • Global production capacities, market demand and trends 
  • Analysis of bio-based chemical including 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO), Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), Epichlorohydrin (ECH), Ethylene, Furan derivatives, 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA), Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME), Isosorbide,  Itaconic acid, 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), Lactic acid (D-LA), Lactic acid – L-lactic acid (L-LA), Lactide, Levoglucosenone, Levulinic acid, Monoethylene glycol (MEG), Monopropylene glycol (MPG), Muconic acid, Naphtha, 1,5-Pentametylenediamine (DN5), 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), Sebacic acid and Succinic acid.
  • Analysis of synthetic bio-polymers and bio-plastics market including Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA), Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET), Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT), Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF), Polyamides (Bio-PA), Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT), Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers, Polyethylene (Bio-PE), Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
  • Analysis of naturally produced bio-based polymers including Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Polysaccharides, Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), Cellulose nanocrystals, Cellulose nanofibers,  Protein-based bioplastics, Algal and fungal. 
  • Analysis of types of natural fibers including plant fibers, animal fibers including alternative leather, wool, silk fiber and down and polysaccharides. 
  • Markets for natural fibers, including composites, aerospace, automotive, construction & building, sports & leisure, textiles, consumer products and packaging.
  • Production capacities of lignin producers. 
  • In depth analysis of biorefinery lignin production. 
  • Analysis of types of bio-coatings and paints market.  Including Alkyd coatings, Polyurethane coatings, Epoxy coatings, Acrylate resins, Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA), Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Cellulose, Rosins, Biobased carbon black, Lignin, Edible coatings, Protein-based biomaterials for coatings, Alginate etc. 
  • Profiles of over 630 companies. 

 

Feedstocks, Intermediates, Bio-chemicals and Bio-Polymers covered include:

FeedstocksIntermediatesBio-chemicalsBio-Polymers
• Natural rubber
• Waste Oil
• Starch
• Plants Oils
• Non-edible milk
• Lignocellulose
• Naphtha
• Ethanol
• Fructose
• Isobutanol
• Glucose
• Lysine
• Casein
• Hemicellulose
• Ethylene
• Vinyl chloride
• Methyl methacrylate
• MEG
• 2,5-FDCA
• Itaconic acid
• Lactic acid
• Lactide acid
• Levulinic acid
• 5-HMF/5-CMF
• FDME
• 1,3 Propanediol
• Terephthalic acid
• p-Xylene
• THF
• 1,4-Butanediol
• Succinic acid
• Adipic acid
• 3-HP
• Acrylic acid
• Sorbitol
• Isosorbide
• DN5
• HMDA
• Caprolactame
• DDDA
• Sebacic acid
• 11-AA
• Castor oil
• Fatty acids
• Glycerol
• ECH
• MPG
• NOPs
• Furfural
• Furfuryl alcohol
• Propylene
• Aniline
• PVC
• PMMA
• PRF
• PET
• PTF
• PTT
• SBR
• PBT
PBAT
• PBS(x)
• Superabsorbent polymers
• ABS
• PLA
• APC
• PHA
• PA
• Epoxy resins
• Starch-containing polymers
• Casein polymers
• PFA
• Lignin-based polymers
• Cellulose-based polymers
• Natural rubber
• Polyurethanes
• Unsaturated polyester resins
• PE
• PP
• EPDM

1              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         44

 

2              BIO-BASED CHEMICALS 45

  • 2.1          Types    45
  • 2.2          Production capacities     46
  • 2.3          Bio-based adipic acid      48
  • 2.4          11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)            48
  • 2.5          1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)              48
  • 2.6          Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)         49
  • 2.7          Epichlorohydrin (ECH)    50
  • 2.8          Ethylene              51
  • 2.9          Furfural 52
  • 2.10        5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF) 53
  • 2.11        2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA)     53
  • 2.12        Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME)  53
  • 2.13        Isosorbide           54
  • 2.14        Itaconic acid       54
  • 2.15        3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) 54
  • 2.16        5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) 55
  • 2.17        Lactic acid (D-LA)             55
  • 2.18        Lactic acid – L-lactic acid (L-LA)   55
  • 2.19        Lactide  56
  • 2.20        Levoglucosenone             57
  • 2.21        Levulinic acid      57
  • 2.22        Monoethylene glycol (MEG)       58
  • 2.23        Monopropylene glycol (MPG)    59
  • 2.24        Muconic acid      60
  • 2.25        Naphtha              60
  • 2.26        Pentamethylene diisocyanate    61
  • 2.27        1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)           62
  • 2.28        Sebacic acid        63
  • 2.29        Succinic acid (SA)             63

 

3              BIO-POLYMERS AND BIO-PLASTICS           65

  • 3.1          The global plastics market            65
  • 3.1.1      Global production            65
  • 3.1.2      The importance of plastic              66
  • 3.1.3      Issues with plastics use  66
  • 3.1.4      Market trends   69
  • 3.1.5      Bio-based plastics global production        70
  • 3.1.6      Main bio-plastics producers and global production capacities       72
  • 3.1.6.1   Producers           72
  • 3.1.6.2   By biobased and sustainable plastic type               73
  • 3.1.6.3   By region             78
  • 3.1.7      Global demand for bio-based and sustainable plastics 2020, by market    80
  • 3.1.8      Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the bioplastics market and future demand        83
  • 3.1.9      Challenges for the biobased and sustainable plastics market         83
  • 3.2          Bio-based or renewable plastics 85
  • 3.2.1      Drop-in bio-based plastics            85
  • 3.2.2      Novel bio-based plastics                86
  • 3.3          Biodegradable and compostable plastics                87
  • 3.3.1      Biodegradability               87
  • 3.3.2      Compostability  89
  • 3.4          Advantages and disadvantages  89
  • 3.5          Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics              89
  • 3.6          Market leaders by biobased and/or biodegradable plastic types  91
  • 3.7          SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS            92
  • 3.7.1      Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 93
  • 3.7.1.1   Market analysis 93
  • 3.7.1.2   Producers           94
  • 3.7.2      Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)     96
  • 3.7.2.1   Market analysis 96
  • 3.7.2.2   Producers           97
  • 3.7.3      Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)             97
  • 3.7.3.1   Market analysis 97
  • 3.7.3.2   Producers           98
  • 3.7.4      Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)             98
  • 3.7.4.1   Market analysis 99
  • 3.7.4.2   Comparative properties to PET   100
  • 3.7.4.3   Producers           100
  • 3.7.5      Polyamides (Bio-PA)       101
  • 3.7.5.1   Market analysis 102
  • 3.7.5.2   Producers           103
  • 3.7.6      Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)        103
  • 3.7.6.1   Market analysis 103
  • 3.7.6.2   Producers           104
  • 3.7.7      Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers     105
  • 3.7.7.1   Market analysis 105
  • 3.7.7.2   Producers           106
  • 3.7.8      Polyethylene (Bio-PE)    106
  • 3.7.8.1   Market analysis 106
  • 3.7.8.2   Producers           107
  • 3.7.9      Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 107
  • 3.7.9.1   Market analysis 107
  • 3.7.9.2   Producers           108
  • 3.8          NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS               108
  • 3.8.1      Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)     109
  • 3.8.1.1   Types    111
  • 3.8.1.2   Market analysis 113
  • 3.8.1.3   Commercially available PHAs      114
  • 3.8.1.4   Markets for PHAs             115
  • 3.8.1.5   Producers           117
  • 3.8.2      Polysaccharides 118
  • 3.8.2.1   Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 118
  • 3.8.2.2   Cellulose nanocrystals    120
  • 3.8.2.3   Cellulose nanofibers       122
  • 3.8.3      Protein-based bioplastics             125
  • 3.8.3.1   Types, applications and producers            125
  • 3.8.4      Algal and fungal 127
  • 3.8.4.1   Algal      127
  • 3.8.4.2   Mycelium            130
  • 3.8.5      Chitosan              133
  • 3.9          PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND SUSTAINABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION      133
  • 3.9.1      North America   135
  • 3.9.2      Europe 135
  • 3.9.3      Asia-Pacific         136
  • 3.9.3.1   China     136
  • 3.9.3.2   Japan    136
  • 3.9.3.3   Thailand               137
  • 3.9.3.4   Indonesia            137
  • 3.9.4      Latin America    138
  • 3.10        MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS           139
  • 3.10.1    Packaging            141
  • 3.10.2    Consumer products        143
  • 3.10.3    Automotive        144
  • 3.10.4    Building & construction 145
  • 3.10.5    Textiles 146
  • 3.10.6    Electronics          147
  • 3.10.7    Agriculture and horticulture        148
  • 3.11        BIO-BASED CHEMCALS, BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOPLASTICS COMPANY PROFILES     150
  • 3.11.1    9Fiber, Inc.          150
  • 3.11.2    ADBioplastics     151
  • 3.11.3    Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd.             152
  • 3.11.4    AGRANA Staerke GmbH 153
  • 3.11.5    Algix LLC               154
  • 3.11.6    AlgiKnit 155
  • 3.11.7    AMSilk GmbH    156
  • 3.11.8    An Phát Bioplastics          157
  • 3.11.9    Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd.            158
  • 3.11.10  Anellotech, Inc. 158
  • 3.11.11  Anqing He Xing Chemical Co., Ltd.             159
  • 3.11.12  Applied Bioplastics           160
  • 3.11.13  Aquafil S.p.A.     160
  • 3.11.14  Aquapak Polymers Ltd   161
  • 3.11.15  Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM) 162
  • 3.11.16  Arctic Biomaterials Oy    163
  • 3.11.17  Arkema S.A         163
  • 3.11.18  Arlanxeo              164
  • 3.11.19  Arrow Greentech             165
  • 3.11.20  Arzeda Corp.      166
  • 3.11.21  Attis Innovations, llc        167
  • 3.11.22  AVA Biochem AG              167
  • 3.11.23  Avantium B.V.   168
  • 3.11.24  Avani Eco             169
  • 3.11.25  Ayas Renewables Inc.     170
  • 3.11.26  Azolla    171
  • 3.11.27  BASF SE 171
  • 3.11.28  BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd.           173
  • 3.11.29  Bcomp ltd.          173
  • 3.11.30  Bioextrax AB      174
  • 3.11.31  Bio Fab NZ           175
  • 3.11.32  BIO-FED               175
  • 3.11.33  Biofibre GmbH  176
  • 3.11.34  Biofine Technology, LLC 177
  • 3.11.35  BioLogiQ, Inc.     177
  • 3.11.36  Bioextrax AB      179
  • 3.11.37  Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd.                179
  • 3.11.38  Biome Bioplastics             180
  • 3.11.39  BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG 181
  • 3.11.40  Biofiber Tech Sweden AB              182
  • 3.11.41  Bioplastech Ltd 182
  • 3.11.42  Biotrem                183
  • 3.11.43  BlockTexx Pty Ltd.            184
  • 3.11.44  BluCon Biotech GmbH    184
  • 3.11.45  Blue BioFuels, Inc.            185
  • 3.11.46  Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd.             186
  • 3.11.47  Bolt Threads       187
  • 3.11.48  Borealis AG         187
  • 3.11.49  Borregaard Chemcell      188
  • 3.11.50  Bosk Bioproducts Inc.     189
  • 3.11.51  B-PREG 190
  • 3.11.52  Braskem SA        191
  • 3.11.53  Bio Fab NZ           192
  • 3.11.54  Carbiolice            192
  • 3.11.55  Carbios 193
  • 3.11.56  Cardia Bioplastics Ltd.    194
  • 3.11.57  CARAPAC Company        195
  • 3.11.58  Cargill    195
  • 3.11.59  Catalyxx               196
  • 3.11.60  Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd.    196
  • 3.11.61  Celanese Corporation    197
  • 3.11.62  Cellucomp Ltd.  198
  • 3.11.63  Cellugy 199
  • 3.11.64  Cellutech AB (Stora Enso)             200
  • 3.11.65  CH-Bioforce Oy 201
  • 3.11.66  Checkerspot, Inc.             201
  • 3.11.67  Chempolis Oy    202
  • 3.11.68  Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.  204
  • 3.11.69  Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd.   204
  • 3.11.70  Circa Group        207
  • 3.11.71  CJ CheilJedang Corporation         208
  • 3.11.72  Corumat, Inc.     208
  • 3.11.73  Clariant AG         209
  • 3.11.74  Cristal Union Group        210
  • 3.11.75  Cruz Foam           211
  • 3.11.76  CuanTec Ltd.      211
  • 3.11.77  Daicel Polymer Ltd.         213
  • 3.11.78  Daio Paper Corporation 214
  • 3.11.79  DAK Americas LLC            216
  • 3.11.80  Danimer Scientific LLC    217
  • 3.11.81  Diamond Green Diesel LLC           218
  • 3.11.82  DIC Corporation 219
  • 3.11.83  Dongying Hebang Chemical Corp.             219
  • 3.11.84  Dow, Inc.             220
  • 3.11.85  Royal DSM N.V  221
  • 3.11.86  DuFor Resins B.V.             222
  • 3.11.87  DuPont 222
  • 3.11.88  DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products Co., LLC               224
  • 3.11.89  Eastman Chemical Ltd. Corporation          225
  • 3.11.90  Ecoshell                225
  • 3.11.91  Ecovia Renewables         226
  • 3.11.92  Ecovative Design LLC       227
  • 3.11.93  EggPlant Srl         228
  • 3.11.94  EMS-Grivory      229
  • 3.11.95  Eni S.p.A.             230
  • 3.11.96  Eranova                230
  • 3.11.97  Esbottle Oy         231
  • 3.11.98  Evolved By Nature           232
  • 3.11.99  Evonik Industries AG      233
  • 3.11.100               Fairbrics               234
  • 3.11.101               Far Eastern New Century Corporation     234
  • 3.11.102               Fiberlean Technologies  235
  • 3.11.103               Fiberight              237
  • 3.11.104               FKuR Kunststoff GmbH  238
  • 3.11.105               Floreon 239
  • 3.11.106               Foamplant BV    239
  • 3.11.107               Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC       240
  • 3.11.108               Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF   240
  • 3.11.109               Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd.      241
  • 3.11.110               Full Cycle Bioplastics LLC               242
  • 3.11.111               Futerro 244
  • 3.11.112               Futuramat Sarl   244
  • 3.11.113               Galatea Biotech Srl          245
  • 3.11.114               Gen3Bio               246
  • 3.11.115               Genecis Bioindustries, Inc.           246
  • 3.11.116               Genomatica       247
  • 3.11.117               Grabio Greentech Corporation  248
  • 3.11.118               Granbio Technologies    248
  • 3.11.119               Grupp MAIP       250
  • 3.11.120               GS Alliance Co. Ltd           251
  • 3.11.121               Guangzhou Bio-plus Materials Technology Co., Ltd.           253
  • 3.11.122               Haldor Topsoe A/S           253
  • 3.11.123               Hattori Shoten K.K.         254
  • 3.11.124               Hebei Casda Biomaterials Co., Ltd.            255
  • 3.11.125               Hebei Jiheng Chemical Co., Ltd.  256
  • 3.11.126               Hebei Xinhua Lactic Acid Co.        257
  • 3.11.127               Heilongjiang Chenneng Bioengineering Ltd.          257
  • 3.11.128               Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology Co., Ltd.      257
  • 3.11.129               Henan Xinghan Biological Technology Co., Ltd.    258
  • 3.11.130               Hengshui Jinghua Chemical Co., Ltd.        259
  • 3.11.131               Hengli Petrochemical     259
  • 3.11.132               Hokuetsu Toyo Fibre Co., Ltd.     260
  • 3.11.133               Hubei Guangshui National Chemical Co., Ltd.       262
  • 3.11.134               Humintech GmbH            263
  • 3.11.135               Hunan Anhua Lactic Acid Co        263
  • 3.11.136               India Glycols Ltd.              264
  • 3.11.137               Indochine Bio Plastiques (ICBP) Sdn Bhd 265
  • 3.11.138               Indorama Ventures Public Co. Ltd.            265
  • 3.11.139               Inovyn  266
  • 3.11.140               Inspidere B.V.    267
  • 3.11.141               Ioniqa   267
  • 3.11.142               Itaconix 268
  • 3.11.143               Jiangsu Anpon Electrochemical Co., Ltd  269
  • 3.11.144               Jiangsu Jinhe Hi-Tech Co., Ltd.    270
  • 3.11.145               Jiangsu Senda Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.      270
  • 3.11.146               Jiangsu Torise Biomaterials Co., Ltd          271
  • 3.11.147               Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Group Co., Ltd.          271
  • 3.11.148               Jiangsu Zhongzheng Biochemical Co., Ltd.              272
  • 3.11.149               Jilin COFCO Biomaterial Corporation        272
  • 3.11.150               JinHui ZhaoLang High Technology Co., Ltd.            273
  • 3.11.151               Jungbunzlauer Suisse AG              274
  • 3.11.152               Kaneka Corporation        275
  • 3.11.153               Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co. Ltd.           276
  • 3.11.154               Kolon Industries, Inc.      277
  • 3.11.155               Kraig Biocraft Laboratories           277
  • 3.11.156               LAM’ON               278
  • 3.11.157               Lactips S.A.         278
  • 3.11.158               LCY Biosciences 279
  • 3.11.159               Lean Orb              280
  • 3.11.160               Lenzing AG          281
  • 3.11.161               LEUNA-Harze GmbH       282
  • 3.11.162               Lingrove, Inc.     282
  • 3.11.163               Lixea Limited      283
  • 3.11.164               Locus Fermentation Solutions    283
  • 3.11.165               Loick Biowertstoff GmbH             284
  • 3.11.166               Loliware LLC       285
  • 3.11.167               LOTTE Chemical Corporation       285
  • 3.11.168               LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V.   286
  • 3.11.169               Made of Air GmbH          286
  • 3.11.170               Mango Materials, Inc.    287
  • 3.11.171               Marea   288
  • 3.11.172               Marine Innovation Co., Ltd           289
  • 3.11.173               MedPHA Bio-Tech Co., Ltd.          290
  • 3.11.174               Meghmani Finechem Ltd.             290
  • 3.11.175               Mercurius Biorefining Inc              291
  • 3.11.176               METabolic EXplorer S.A. (METEX)              291
  • 3.11.177               Metgen Oy         292
  • 3.11.178               Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation              293
  • 3.11.179               Mitsubishi Polyester Film GmbH 294
  • 3.11.180               Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.     294
  • 3.11.181               Mobius 296
  • 3.11.182               Mogu S.r.l.          296
  • 3.11.183               Multibax Public Co., Ltd.                297
  • 3.11.184               Mura Technology Limited             298
  • 3.11.185               Musashino Chemical Laboratory, Ltd.      299
  • 3.11.186               MYCL     299
  • 3.11.187               MycoWorks        300
  • 3.11.188               Nabaco, Inc.       302
  • 3.11.189               Nafigate Corporation a.s.              302
  • 3.11.190               Nanollose Ltd     303
  • 3.11.191               Nantong Cellulose Fibers Co., Ltd              305
  • 3.11.192               Nantong Jiuding Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. 305
  • 3.11.193               NatPol  306
  • 3.11.194               Natural Fiber Welding, INc.          306
  • 3.11.195               NatureWorks LLC             307
  • 3.11.196               NefFa    308
  • 3.11.197               Neste Oyj            309
  • 3.11.198               Newlight Technologies LLC           309
  • 3.11.199               New Zealand Natural Fibers (NZNF)         310
  • 3.11.200               NEXE Innovations Inc.    311
  • 3.11.201               Ningbo Huanyang Chemical Co., Ltd.        312
  • 3.11.202               Ningbo Tianan Biologic Material 312
  • 3.11.203               Nippon Paper Industries               313
  • 3.11.204               Norske Skog AS 315
  • 3.11.205               Northern Technologies International       316
  • 3.11.206               Notpla  317
  • 3.11.207               Novamont S.p.A.              317
  • 3.11.208               Novomer             318
  • 3.11.209               NUREL S.A.          319
  • 3.11.210               Nxtlevvel             320
  • 3.11.211               Oakbio, Inc.        321
  • 3.11.212               Oimo     322
  • 3.11.213               Oleon N.V.          323
  • 3.11.214               Oji Paper Company         323
  • 3.11.215               Origin Materials                327
  • 3.11.216               Paques Biomaterials       328
  • 3.11.217               PHABuilder         329
  • 3.11.218               PHB Industrial S.A.           329
  • 3.11.219               Photanol B.V.     330
  • 3.11.220               Plafco Fibertech Oy         331
  • 3.11.221               Plantic Technologies Ltd.              331
  • 3.11.222               Plantics B.V.       332
  • 3.11.223               Polaris Renewables LLC 333
  • 3.11.224               Polyferm             334
  • 3.11.225               Pond Biomaterials            334
  • 3.11.226               PT Intera Lestari Polimer               335
  • 3.11.227               PTT MCC Biochem Co., Ltd.          336
  • 3.11.228               Qnature UG        336
  • 3.11.229               Radical Plastics  337
  • 3.11.230               Radici Group      338
  • 3.11.231               Red Avenue New Materials Group Co., Ltd.           339
  • 3.11.232               RenCom AB        339
  • 3.11.233               Relement BV      340
  • 3.11.234               Ripro Corporation            340
  • 3.11.235               Rodenburg Biopolymers B.V.      341
  • 3.11.236               Roquette S.A.    341
  • 3.11.237               RWDC Industries              342
  • 3.11.238               Samyang Corporation     343
  • 3.11.239               Saphium Biotechnology GMBH   344
  • 3.11.240               Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC)         345
  • 3.11.241               Sebacic Oman SAOC        345
  • 3.11.242               Seevix Material Sciences Ltd.       346
  • 3.11.243               Sebiplast s.r.l.    347
  • 3.11.244               S-EnPol Co., Ltd.                348
  • 3.11.245               Seiko PMC Corporation  348
  • 3.11.246               Shandong Baisheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd.          350
  • 3.11.247               Shandong Fuwin New Material Co., Ltd. 350
  • 3.11.248               Shandong Landian Biological Technology Co., Ltd.              351
  • 3.11.249               Shandong Minji Chemical Co., Ltd.            352
  • 3.11.250               Shandong Siqiang Chemical Group Co., Ltd.          352
  • 3.11.251               Shanghai Tong-Jie-Liang Biomaterials Co., Ltd.     353
  • 3.11.252               Shanxi Leda Biochemical Co., Ltd.              353
  • 3.11.253               Shanxi Zhengang Chemical Co., Ltd.          354
  • 3.11.254               Shenghong Group           355
  • 3.11.255               Shenzhen Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd.          355
  • 3.11.256               Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co., Ltd.             356
  • 3.11.257               SK Chemicals Co., Ltd.    357
  • 3.11.258               Smartfiber AG   357
  • 3.11.259               Solvay SA             359
  • 3.11.260               Soma Bioworks/White Lemur Co.              359
  • 3.11.261               Spectrus Sustainable Solutions Pvt Ltd    360
  • 3.11.262               Spiber, Inc.          361
  • 3.11.263               Spidey Tek          362
  • 3.11.264               Spolchemie        363
  • 3.11.265               STORA ENSO OYJ              364
  • 3.11.266               Sulapac Oy          364
  • 3.11.267               Sulzer Chemtech AG       366
  • 3.11.268               Sunar Misir         366
  • 3.11.269               SUPLA Bioplastics             367
  • 3.11.270               TAIF-NK 368
  • 3.11.271               Tanin sevnica kemicna industrija               368
  • 3.11.272               TBM Co., Ltd.     369
  • 3.11.273               TECNARO GmbH               370
  • 3.11.274               TechnipFMC       371
  • 3.11.275               Teijin Ltd              372
  • 3.11.276               TerraVerdae BioWorks Inc            373
  • 3.11.277               Teysha Technologies Limited       374
  • 3.11.278               thyssenkrupp Industrial Solutions AG      375
  • 3.11.279               Tianan Biologic Material Co., Ltd.              376
  • 3.11.280               Tianjin GreenBio Materials Co., Ltd           376
  • 3.11.281               Tianxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 377
  • 3.11.282               Tômtex 378
  • 3.11.283               Tongliao Xinghe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 378
  • 3.11.284               Toray Industries, Inc.      379
  • 3.11.285               Total Corbion PLA            380
  • 3.11.286               Toyobo Co., Ltd.                381
  • 3.11.287               Treemera GmbH              381
  • 3.11.288               TripleW 382
  • 3.11.289               UBQ Materials   382
  • 3.11.290               Uluu      383
  • 3.11.291               Unitika Ltd.         384
  • 3.11.292               UPM-Kymmene Oyj        384
  • 3.11.293               VEnvirotech Biotechnology SL     385
  • 3.11.294               Virent Inc.           386
  • 3.11.295               VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd       387
  • 3.11.296               Vynova 388
  • 3.11.297               WeylChem International GmbH 388
  • 3.11.298               Woodly Ltd.        389
  • 3.11.299               Wuhan Sanjiang Space Good Biotech Co., Ltd.     389
  • 3.11.300               Xampla 390
  • 3.11.301               Xinjiang Lanshan Tunhe 391
  • 3.11.302               Yield10 Bioscience, Inc.  391
  • 3.11.303               Zhangjiagang Glory Chemical Industry Co., Ltd     392
  • 3.11.304               Zhejiang Hangzhou Xinfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.             392
  • 3.11.305               Zhejiang Hisun Biomaterials Co., Ltd.       393
  • 3.11.306               Zhejiang Youcheng New Materials Co., Ltd            393

 

4              NATURAL FIBERS              394

  • 4.1          Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers            395
  • 4.2          Advantages of natural fibers       396
  • 4.3          Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose) 398
  • 4.3.1      Seed fibers         398
  • 4.3.1.1   Cotton  398
  • 4.3.1.2   Kapok   399
  • 4.3.1.3   Luffa      400
  • 4.3.2      Bast fibers           401
  • 4.3.2.1   Jute       402
  • 4.3.2.2   Hemp    404
  • 4.3.2.3   Flax        405
  • 4.3.2.4   Ramie   407
  • 4.3.2.5   Kenaf    408
  • 4.3.3      Leaf fibers           410
  • 4.3.3.1   Sisal       410
  • 4.3.3.2   Abaca    412
  • 4.3.4      Fruit fibers          414
  • 4.3.4.1   Coir        414
  • 4.3.4.2   Banana 415
  • 4.3.4.3   Pineapple            417
  • 4.3.5      Stalk fibers from agricultural residues     418
  • 4.3.5.1   Rice fiber             418
  • 4.3.5.2   Corn      419
  • 4.3.6      Cane, grasses and reed  419
  • 4.3.6.1   Switch grass       420
  • 4.3.6.2   Sugarcane (agricultural residues)              420
  • 4.3.6.3   Bamboo               421
  • 4.3.6.4   Fresh grass (green biorefinery)  422
  • 4.3.7      Modified natural polymers          422
  • 4.3.7.1   Mycelium            422
  • 4.3.7.2   Chitosan              425
  • 4.3.7.3   Alginate               426
  • 4.4          Animal (fibrous protein) 427
  • 4.4.1      Wool     427
  • 4.4.1.1   Alternative wool materials           428
  • 4.4.1.2   Producers           428
  • 4.4.2      Silk fiber              428
  • 4.4.2.1   Alternative silk materials               429
  • 4.4.3      Leather 430
  • 4.4.3.1   Alternative leather materials       430
  • 4.4.4      Down    431
  • 4.4.4.1   Alternative down materials          431
  • 4.5          MARKETS FOR NATURAL FIBERS 432
  • 4.5.1      Composites        432
  • 4.5.2      Applications       433
  • 4.5.3      Natural fiber injection moulding compounds       434
  • 4.5.3.1   Properties           434
  • 4.5.3.2   Applications       435
  • 4.5.4      Non-woven natural fiber mat composites              435
  • 4.5.4.1   Automotive        435
  • 4.5.4.2   Applications       436
  • 4.5.5      Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites        436
  • 4.5.6      Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds         437
  • 4.5.7      Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats              438
  • 4.5.7.1   Flax        438
  • 4.5.7.2   Kenaf    438
  • 4.5.8      Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites       438
  • 4.6          Aerospace          439
  • 4.6.1      Market overview             439
  • 4.7          Automotive        439
  • 4.7.1      Market overview             439
  • 4.7.2      Applications of natural fibers      443
  • 4.8          Building/construction     444
  • 4.8.1      Market overview             444
  • 4.8.2      Applications of natural fibers      445
  • 4.9          Sports and leisure            446
  • 4.9.1      Market overview             446
  • 4.10        Textiles 446
  • 4.10.1    Market overview             447
  • 4.10.2    Consumer apparel           448
  • 4.10.3    Geotextiles        448
  • 4.11        Packaging            449
  • 4.11.1    Market overview             450
  • 4.12        NATURAL FIBERS GLOBAL PRODUCTION 451
  • 4.12.1    Overall global fibers market        451
  • 4.12.2    Plant-based fiber production      454
  • 4.12.3    Animal-based natural fiber production   456
  • 4.13        NATURAL FIBER COMPANY PROFILES      457
  • 4.13.1    3M         457
  • 4.13.2    9Fiber, Inc.          457
  • 4.13.3    Aeropowder Limited      458
  • 4.13.4    AHLSTROM-MUNKSJO Oyj           459
  • 4.13.5    Algix LLC               460
  • 4.13.6    AlgiKnit 461
  • 4.13.7    Amadou Mushroom Leather       462
  • 4.13.8    AMSilk GmbH    463
  • 4.13.9    Ananas Anam Ltd.            464
  • 4.13.10  ANPOLY, Inc.      465
  • 4.13.11  Arekapak GmbH               467
  • 4.13.12  Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation           467
  • 4.13.13  Avani Eco             471
  • 4.13.14  Bambooder Biobased Fibers B.V.               472
  • 4.13.15  BASF SE 472
  • 4.13.16  B-PREG 473
  • 4.13.17  Bast Fiber Technologies, Inc.       474
  • 4.13.18  Betulium Oy       475
  • 4.13.19  Beyond Leather Materials ApS    476
  • 4.13.20  Biotecam             476
  • 4.13.21  Bolt Threads       477
  • 4.13.22  Bcomp ltd.          478
  • 4.13.23  Biophilica             479
  • 4.13.24  BlockTexx Pty Ltd.            480
  • 4.13.25  Bucha Bio, Inc.   481
  • 4.13.26  Cellicon B.V.       481
  • 4.13.27  Cellucomp Ltd.  482
  • 4.13.28  Cellugy 484
  • 4.13.29  Cellutech AB (Stora Enso)             484
  • 4.13.30  Checkerspot, Inc.             485
  • 4.13.31  Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd.   486
  • 4.13.32  Circular Systems               489
  • 4.13.33  Daicel Corporation          490
  • 4.13.34  DaikyoNishikawa Corporation     491
  • 4.13.35  Daio Paper Corporation 492
  • 4.13.36  Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd.             495
  • 4.13.37  DENSO Corporation         496
  • 4.13.38  DIC Products, Inc.             496
  • 4.13.39  DKS Co. Ltd.        498
  • 4.13.40  Desserto              500
  • 4.13.41  Ecopel   501
  • 4.13.42  Ecoshell                501
  • 4.13.43  Ecovative Design LLC       502
  • 4.13.44  Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd.        504
  • 4.13.45  Evolved By Nature           505
  • 4.13.46  Enkev    506
  • 4.13.47  Evrnu    507
  • 4.13.48  Fillerbank Limited            507
  • 4.13.49  Flocus   508
  • 4.13.50  Fruit Leather Rotterdam               509
  • 4.13.51  Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd.      510
  • 4.13.52  Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd.           511
  • 4.13.53  Gelatex Technologies OÜ             513
  • 4.13.54  Grado Zero Innovation  513
  • 4.13.55  Granbio Technologies    514
  • 4.13.56  GS Alliance Co. Ltd           516
  • 4.13.57  Hattori Shoten K.K.         518
  • 4.13.58  Hexa Chemical Co. Ltd./Nature Gift          519
  • 4.13.59  Hide Biotech Ltd.              519
  • 4.13.60  Honext Material SL          520
  • 4.13.61  Hokuetsu Toyo Fibre Co., Ltd.     521
  • 4.13.62  Icytos    523
  • 4.13.63  Infinited Fiber Company Oy         524
  • 4.13.64  JeNaCell GmbH 524
  • 4.13.65  Kao Corporation               525
  • 4.13.66  Kami Shoji Company       528
  • 4.13.67  Kelheim Fibres GmbH     528
  • 4.13.68  Kraig Biocraft Laboratories           529
  • 4.13.69  KRI Inc. 530
  • 4.13.70  Kusano Sakko K.K.            531
  • 4.13.71  Lenzing 532
  • 4.13.72  Le Qara 533
  • 4.13.73  Lingrove, Inc.     534
  • 4.13.74  Living Ink             534
  • 4.13.75  Lixea      535
  • 4.13.76  Malai Biomaterials Design Pvt. Ltd. (Malai)            536
  • 4.13.77  Marine Nanofiber Co., Ltd.           538
  • 4.13.78  Marusumi Paper Company Limited           539
  • 4.13.79  Masuko Sangyo Co., Ltd.               540
  • 4.13.80  Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation              541
  • 4.13.81  Modern Meadow, Inc.   544
  • 4.13.82  Mogu S.r.l.          545
  • 4.13.83  Mori Machinery Co., Ltd.               546
  • 4.13.84  MYCL     547
  • 4.13.85  MycoWorks        548
  • 4.13.86  Nanollose Ltd.   550
  • 4.13.87  Natural Fiber Welding, INc.          551
  • 4.13.88  Nature Coatings, Inc.      552
  • 4.13.89  NefFa    552
  • 4.13.90  New Zealand Natural Fibers (NZNF)         553
  • 4.13.91  Nippon Paper Industries               554
  • 4.13.92  Nova Kaeru         556
  • 4.13.93  Oji Paper COmpany         558
  • 4.13.94  Organic Disposables        562
  • 4.13.95  Orange Fiber S.r.l.            563
  • 4.13.96  Plafco Fibertech Oy         563
  • 4.13.97  Pond Biomaterials            564
  • 4.13.98  Provenance Biofabrics, Inc.          565
  • 4.13.99  Qorium B.V.       566
  • 4.13.100               Rengo Co., Ltd.  566
  • 4.13.101               Re:newcell          568
  • 4.13.102               Ripro Corporation            568
  • 4.13.103               Risho Kogyo Co. Ltd.        569
  • 4.13.104               SaltyCo Textiles 570
  • 4.13.105               Seevix Material Sciences Ltd.       570
  • 4.13.106               Seiko PMC Corporation  572
  • 4.13.107               Sharp Chemical Ind. Co., Ltd.       573
  • 4.13.108               Smartfiber AG   574
  • 4.13.109               Spiber, Inc.          575
  • 4.13.110               Spidey Tek          577
  • 4.13.111               Sugino Machine Limited 579
  • 4.13.112               Sulapac Oy          582
  • 4.13.113               Tandem Repeat 583
  • 4.13.114               TECNARO GmbH               584
  • 4.13.115               Tenbro Bamboo Company            585
  • 4.13.116               Tômtex 586
  • 4.13.117               Toray     586
  • 4.13.118               Toyota Boshoku Corporation      587
  • 4.13.119               TreeToTextile AB              588
  • 4.13.120               TS Tech Co., Ltd.               589
  • 4.13.121               Unitika Co., Ltd. 590
  • 4.13.122               UPM Biocomposites       591
  • 4.13.123               Vegea srl              591
  • 4.13.124               VitroLabs Inc      593
  • 4.13.125               VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd       593
  • 4.13.126               Woodly Ltd.        596
  • 4.13.127               Worn Again Technologies             596
  • 4.13.128               Yoshikawakuni Plastics Industries Co., Ltd.            597
  • 4.13.129               Zaara Biotech     598
  • 4.13.130               Zelfo Technology              598

 

5              LIGNIN 601

  • 5.1          INTRODUCTION 601
  • 5.1.1      What is lignin?   601
  • 5.1.1.1   Lignin structure 602
  • 5.1.2      Types of lignin    603
  • 5.1.2.1   Sulfur containing lignin  606
  • 5.1.2.2   Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process            606
  • 5.1.3      Properties           606
  • 5.1.4      The lignocellulose biorefinery     609
  • 5.1.5      Markets and applications              610
  • 5.1.6      Challenges for using lignin            612
  • 5.2          LIGNIN PRODUCTON PROCESSES              612
  • 5.2.1      Lignosulphonates            614
  • 5.2.2      Kraft Lignin          614
  • 5.2.2.1   LignoBoost process         615
  • 5.2.2.2   LignoForce method         615
  • 5.2.2.3   Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification             616
  • 5.2.2.4   A-Recovery+      617
  • 5.2.3      Soda lignin          618
  • 5.2.4      Biorefinery lignin              618
  • 5.2.4.1   Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes    620
  • 5.2.5      Organosolv lignins            622
  • 5.2.6      Hydrolytic lignin                623
  • 5.3          MARKETS FOR LIGNIN    624
  • 5.3.1      Market drivers and trends for lignin         624
  • 5.3.2      Lignin industry developments 2020-2021               625
  • 5.3.3      Production capacities     626
  • 5.3.3.1   Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)    626
  • 5.3.3.2   Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)             627
  • 5.3.4      Estimated consumption of lignin                628
  • 5.3.5      Prices    629
  • 5.3.6      Heat and power energy 630
  • 5.3.7      Pyrolysis and syngas       630
  • 5.3.8      Aromatic compounds     630
  • 5.3.8.1   Benzene, toluene and xylene      630
  • 5.3.8.2   Phenol and phenolic resins          631
  • 5.3.8.3   Vanillin 632
  • 5.3.9      Plastics and polymers     632
  • 5.3.10    Hydrogels            633
  • 5.3.11    Carbon materials              634
  • 5.3.11.1                Carbon black      634
  • 5.3.11.2                Activated carbons            634
  • 5.3.11.3                Carbon fiber       635
  • 5.3.12    Concrete             636
  • 5.3.13    Rubber 637
  • 5.3.14    Biofuels 637
  • 5.3.15    Bitumen and Asphalt      638
  • 5.3.16    Oil and gas          638
  • 5.3.17    Energy storage  639
  • 5.3.17.1                Supercapacitors 639
  • 5.3.17.2                Anodes for lithium-ion batteries 639
  • 5.3.17.3                Gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries                640
  • 5.3.17.4                Binders for lithium-ion batteries 640
  • 5.3.17.5                Cathodes for lithium-ion batteries            641
  • 5.3.17.6                Sodium-ion batteries      641
  • 5.3.18    Binders, emulsifiers and dispersants        641
  • 5.3.19    Chelating agents              644
  • 5.3.20    Ceramics              644
  • 5.3.21    Automotive interiors      645
  • 5.3.22    Fire retardants  645
  • 5.3.23    Antioxidants      646
  • 5.3.24    Lubricants           646
  • 5.3.25    Dust control       646
  • 5.4          COMPANY PROFILES       647
  • 5.4.1      Key players         647
  • 5.4.2      Aemetis, Inc.      648
  • 5.4.3      Andritz AG          649
  • 5.4.4      Anellotech, Inc. 651
  • 5.4.5      Attis Innovations, llc        652
  • 5.4.6      Avantium NV     653
  • 5.4.7      Blue Biofuels, Inc.            655
  • 5.4.8      Bloom Biorenewables SA              656
  • 5.4.9      The Borregaard Group   657
  • 5.4.10    Burgo Group S.p.A.         659
  • 5.4.11    Cellicon B.V.       659
  • 5.4.12    CH-Bioforce Oy 660
  • 5.4.13    Chempolis Oy    662
  • 5.4.14    CIMV     663
  • 5.4.15    Clariant AG         663
  • 5.4.16    Domsjö Fabriker AB         666
  • 5.4.17    Domtar Paper Company LLC        667
  • 5.4.18    Enerkem, Inc.    668
  • 5.4.19    Enviral   669
  • 5.4.20    FP Innovations  669
  • 5.4.21    Fraunhofer Center for Chemical-Biotechnological Processes CBP 671
  • 5.4.22    Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF   672
  • 5.4.23    Futurity Bio-Ventures Ltd.            672
  • 5.4.24    G+E GETEC Holding GmbH            673
  • 5.4.25    Global Bioenergies SA    674
  • 5.4.26    Graanul Biotech OU        674
  • 5.4.27    Granbio Technologies    675
  • 5.4.28    exion Inc              678
  • 5.4.29    Ingevity 678
  • 5.4.30    Iogen Corporation           679
  • 5.4.31    Kanteleen Voima             680
  • 5.4.32    Klabin S.A.           680
  • 5.4.33    Leaf Resources Ltd.         681
  • 5.4.34    Lignin Industries               681
  • 5.4.35    LignoPure GmbH              682
  • 5.4.36    Lixea      683
  • 5.4.37    LXP Group GmbH             685
  • 5.4.38    Mehler Engineered Products GmbH         687
  • 5.4.39    Metgen Oy         687
  • 5.4.40    Mobius 690
  • 5.4.41    NewEnergyBlue LLC        690
  • 5.4.42    Nippon Paper Industries, Co. Ltd.              691
  • 5.4.43    Novozymes A/S 693
  • 5.4.44    ORLEN Południe               694
  • 5.4.45    Praj Industries Ltd.          695
  • 5.4.46    PRISMA Renewable Composites 697
  • 5.4.47    Pure Lignin Environmental Technology Ltd.           698
  • 5.4.48    Rayonier Advanced Materials     698
  • 5.4.49    Red Leaf Pulp Ltd.            699
  • 5.4.50    RenFuel               700
  • 5.4.51    Renmatix             701
  • 5.4.52    Resolute Forest Products, Inc.    703
  • 5.4.53    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB   703
  • 5.4.54    Sainc Energy Limited       704
  • 5.4.55    SAPPI Biotech    705
  • 5.4.56    Sekab E-Technology AB 706
  • 5.4.57    Soma Bioworks/White Lemur Co.              707
  • 5.4.58    Spero Renewables          708
  • 5.4.59    St1 Oy   709
  • 5.4.60    Stora Enso Oyj   710
  • 5.4.61    SunCoal Industries GmbH             711
  • 5.4.62    Suzano SA           712
  • 5.4.63    Sweetwater Energy        712
  • 5.4.64    TECNARO GmbH               713
  • 5.4.65    UPM Biochemicals           714
  • 5.4.66    Valmet Oyj          716
  • 5.4.67    Versalis SpA        717
  • 5.4.68    Vertoro 718
  • 5.4.69    West Fraser Timber Co Ltd.          719
  • 5.4.70    Xingzhenghe Chemical Co., Ltd.  720
  • 5.4.71    Yokogawa Electric Corporation   721

 

6              BIO-BASED PAINTS AND COATINGS          722

  • 6.1          The global paints and coatings market    722
  • 6.2          Bio-based paints and coatings     722
  • 6.3          Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings   723
  • 6.4          Types of bio-based coatings and materials             724
    • 6.4.1      Alkyd coatings   724
      • 6.4.1.1   Alkyd resin properties    724
      • 6.4.1.2   Biobased alkyd coatings 725
      • 6.4.1.3   Products              727
    • 6.4.2      Polyurethane coatings   728
      • 6.4.2.1   Properties           728
      • 6.4.2.2   Biobased polyurethane coatings 728
      • 6.4.2.3   Products              730
    • 6.4.3      Epoxy coatings  731
      • 6.4.3.1   Properties           731
      • 6.4.3.2   Biobased epoxy coatings               731
      • 6.4.3.3   Products              733
    • 6.4.4      Acrylate resins   734
      • 6.4.4.1   Properties           734
      • 6.4.4.2   Biobased acrylates           735
      • 6.4.4.3   Products              735
    • 6.4.5      Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 736
      • 6.4.5.1   Properties           738
      • 6.4.5.2   Bio-PLA coatings and films            738
    • 6.4.6      Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)     739
      • 6.4.6.1   Properties           741
      • 6.4.6.2   PHA coatings      743
      • 6.4.6.3   Commercially available PHAs      744
    • 6.4.7      Cellulose              746
      • 6.4.7.1   Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 752
      • 6.4.7.2   Cellulose nanofibers       754
      • 6.4.7.3   Cellulose nanocrystals    758
      • 6.4.7.4   Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)    760
    • 6.4.8      Rosins   760
    • 6.4.9      Biobased carbon black   761
      • 6.4.9.1   Lignin-based      761
      • 6.4.9.2   Algae-based       761
    • 6.4.10    Lignin    761
      • 6.4.10.1                Application in coatings   762
    • 6.4.11    Edible coatings  763
    • 6.4.12    Protein-based biomaterials for coatings 765
      • 6.4.12.1                Plant derived proteins   765
      • 6.4.12.2                Animal origin proteins   765
    • 6.4.13    Alginate               767
  • 6.5          Market for bio-based paints and coatings              769
    • 6.5.1      Global market revenues to 2031, total    769
    • 6.5.2      Global market revenues to 2031, by market         770
  • 6.6          Company profiles             774
    • 6.6.1      Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd (ABT)  774
    • 6.6.2      Aekyung Chemical Co., Ltd.          774
    • 6.6.3      Akzo Nobel N.V.               775
    • 6.6.4      Alberdingk Boley  GmbH               776
    • 6.6.5      allnex GmbH      777
    • 6.6.6      Alfa Kimya S.A.  778
    • 6.6.7      Altropol Kunststoff GmbH            779
    • 6.6.8      AMSilk GmbH    780
    • 6.6.9      Amyris, Inc.         780
    • 6.6.10    Apeel Sciences  781
    • 6.6.11    Applied Graphene Materials       782
    • 6.6.12    Aquapak Polymers Ltd   783
    • 6.6.13    Archroma            784
    • 6.6.14    Arkema S.A.       784
    • 6.6.15    AVA Biochem AG              785
    • 6.6.16    Avantium B.V.   786
    • 6.6.17    Baril Coatings B.V.           787
    • 6.6.18    BASF SE 788
    • 6.6.19    Biome Bioplastics             789
    • 6.6.20    Borregaard Chemcell      790
    • 6.6.21    Brightplus Oy     791
    • 6.6.22    BYK-Chemie GmbH         792
    • 6.6.23    Cargill Corporation          792
    • 6.6.24    Celanese Corporation    793
    • 6.6.25    Cellicon B.V.       794
    • 6.6.26    Cellucomp Ltd.  795
    • 6.6.27    Celluforce, Inc.  796
    • 6.6.28    Cellugy 798
    • 6.6.29    Chemical Process Services Ltd. (Bitrez)    799
    • 6.6.30    Chemol Company (Seydel)           800
    • 6.6.31    Clariant AG         801
    • 6.6.32    Corbion N.V.      802
    • 6.6.33    Cortec Corporation          802
    • 6.6.34    Covestro AG       803
    • 6.6.35    Cosun Beet Company     805
    • 6.6.36    Croda International plc  806
    • 6.6.37    Daily Polymer    806
    • 6.6.38    Danimer Scientific            807
    • 6.6.39    DKS Co. Ltd.        808
    • 6.6.40    Domsjö Fabriker AB         810
    • 6.6.41    Dow Chemical Company               812
    • 6.6.42    DuPont Tate & Lyle, LLC 813
    • 6.6.43    Eastman Chemical Company       814
    • 6.6.44    Ecoat S.A.S          815
    • 6.6.45    Eco Safety Products        816
    • 6.6.46    EcoSynthetix, Inc.            816
    • 6.6.47    Elementis plc      817
    • 6.6.48    Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc.           818
    • 6.6.49    Emery Oleochemicals LLC             818
    • 6.6.50    Essential Polymers          819
    • 6.6.51    Esbottle Oy         820
    • 6.6.52    Ethox Chemicals LLC        821
    • 6.6.53    Evonik Industries AG      821
    • 6.6.54    Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC       822
    • 6.6.55    Futurity Bio-Ventures Ltd.            823
    • 6.6.56    Gen Corporation              824
    • 6.6.57    GEON Performance Solutions     824
    • 6.6.58    GFBiochemicals 825
    • 6.6.59    Green Lizard Technologies Ltd    826
    • 6.6.60    Hokuetsu Toyo Fibre Co., Ltd.     827
    • 6.6.61    Holmen Iggesund             829
    • 6.6.62    Imerys S.A.         830
    • 6.6.63    India Glycol         831
    • 6.6.64    Ingevity 832
    • 6.6.65    Itaconix 832
    • 6.6.66    IUV Srl   833
    • 6.6.67    JRS Rettenmaier & Sohne GmbH               834
    • 6.6.68    Kane Biotech, INc.            835
    • 6.6.69    KH Neochem     836
    • 6.6.70    Kraton Corporation         837
    • 6.6.71    Labema® Laboratories   838
    • 6.6.72    Lanxess AG         839
    • 6.6.73    Living Ink Technologies  839
    • 6.6.74    LEUNA-Harze GmbH       840
    • 6.6.75    Lixea      840
    • 6.6.76    LOTTE Chemical Corporation       842
    • 6.6.77    The Lubrizol Corporation              842
    • 6.6.78    Marusumi Paper Company Limited           843
    • 6.6.79    Melodea Ltd.     844
    • 6.6.80    Michelman         846
    • 6.6.81    Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation              847
    • 6.6.82    Mitsui Chemicals, inc.     848
    • 6.6.83    Mondi   849
    • 6.6.84    mori       850
    • 6.6.85    Nabaco, Inc.       850
    • 6.6.86    Natural Fiber Welding, INc.          851
    • 6.6.87    Nature Coatings, Inc.      852
    • 6.6.88    NatureWorks     852
    • 6.6.89    Nippon Paper Industries               854
    • 6.6.90    Novamont S.p.A.              856
    • 6.6.91    Nxtlevvel             857
    • 6.6.92    Oji Paper COmpany         858
    • 6.6.93    Omya    861
    • 6.6.94    Orineo  861
    • 6.6.95    OrganoClick AB 862
    • 6.6.96    Osaka Gas Group             863
    • 6.6.97    Perstorp AB        864
    • 6.6.98    Polaris Renewables LLC 864
    • 6.6.99    Polyferm             865
    • 6.6.100  PPG       866
    • 6.6.101  PTT MCC Biochem Co., Ltd.          866
    • 6.6.102  RAW Paints         867
    • 6.6.103  Relement BV      867
    • 6.6.104  Rengo Co., Ltd.  868
    • 6.6.105  Roquette S.A.    869
    • 6.6.106  RWDC Industries              870
    • 6.6.107  Sappi     871
    • 6.6.108  Seevix Material Sciences Ltd.       872
    • 6.6.109  S-EnPol Co., Ltd.                873
    • 6.6.110  Sharp Chemical Ind. Co., Ltd.       874
    • 6.6.111  Shenzhen Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd.          874
    • 6.6.112  SICOMIN Epoxy Systems               875
    • 6.6.113  Solvay SA             876
    • 6.6.114  Spidey Tek          877
    • 6.6.115  Spolchemie        878
    • 6.6.116  Starlite Co., Ltd. 879
    • 6.6.117  Stora Enso Oyj   880
    • 6.6.118  Sufresca               881
    • 6.6.119  Sulapac Oy          882
    • 6.6.120  Sun Chemical Corporation            882
    • 6.6.121  Sugino Machine Limited 883
    • 6.6.122  Synthopol Chemie           886
    • 6.6.123  Take Cite Co., Ltd.            887
    • 6.6.124  Vencorex® Chemicals     887
    • 6.6.125  VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd       888
    • 6.6.126  Wacker Chemie AG         891
    • 6.6.127  Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd.             893
    • 6.6.128  WeylChem International GmbH 893
    • 6.6.129  Worlée-Chemie GmbH  894
    • 6.6.130  Zolpan SAS          894

 

7              REFERENCES       895

 

List of Tables

  • Table 1. List of Bio-based chemicals.        45
  • Table 2. Biobased MEG producers capacities.       58
  • Table 3. Issues related to the use of plastics.        67
  • Table 4. Market drivers and trends in bio-based products.             69
  • Table 5. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2018-2030, in 1,000 tons.          70
  • Table 6. Global production capacities, by producers.        72
  • Table 7. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019-2030, by type, in 1,000 tons.        73
  • Table 8. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019-2025, by region, tons.      78
  • Table 9. Type of biodegradation.               88
  • Table 10. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics. 89
  • Table 11. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.               89
  • Table 12. Market leader by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.             91
  • Table 13. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.    93
  • Table 14. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.             95
  • Table 15. PLA producers and production capacities.          95
  • Table 16. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis.            96
  • Table 17. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers.              97
  • Table 18. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis. 97
  • Table 19. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.   98
  • Table 20. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis. 99
  • Table 21. PEF vs. PET.     100
  • Table 22. FDCA and PEF producers.          101
  • Table 23. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis.              102
  • Table 24. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.            103
  • Table 25. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis.            103
  • Table 26. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands.      104
  • Table 27. Bio-PBS market analysis.            105
  • Table 28. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.          106
  • Table 29. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis.           106
  • Table 30. Leading Bio-PE producers.        107
  • Table 31. Bio-PP market analysis.              107
  • Table 32. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.           108
  • Table 33.Types of PHAs and properties. 112
  • Table 34. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis. 113
  • Table 35. Commercially available PHAs.  115
  • Table 36. Markets and applications for PHAs.       116
  • Table 37. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.           117
  • Table 38. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis.            118
  • Table 39. Leading MFC producers and capacities.               119
  • Table 40. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis.               120
  • Table 41: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.          121
  • Table 42. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis.   122
  • Table 43. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.    124
  • Table 44. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.             125
  • Table 45. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies.             127
  • Table 46. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.          128
  • Table 47. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics. 129
  • Table 48. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          130
  • Table 49. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.      132
  • Table 50. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.         133
  • Table 51. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2025, by region, tons.              133
  • Table 52. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America. 135
  • Table 53. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.               136
  • Table 54. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific.       137
  • Table 55. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.  138
  • Table 56. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.         249
  • Table 57. Lactips plastic pellets. 279
  • Table 58. Oji Holdings CNF products.       326
  • Table 59. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.        395
  • Table 60. Typical properties of natural fibers.      397
  • Table 61. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 398
  • Table 62. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 399
  • Table 63. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    400
  • Table 64. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.     402
  • Table 65. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  404
  • Table 66. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      405
  • Table 67. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 407
  • Table 68. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  408
  • Table 69. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.            410
  • Table 70. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.  412
  • Table 71. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      414
  • Table 72. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.               415
  • Table 73. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.         417
  • Table 74. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.      418
  • Table 75. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.    419
  • Table 76. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.             420
  • Table 77. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.           420
  • Table 78. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.             421
  • Table 79. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.          424
  • Table 80. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.            425
  • Table 81. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.          426
  • Table 82. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.   427
  • Table 83. Alternative wool materials producers. 428
  • Table 84. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.       428
  • Table 85. Alternative silk materials producers.    429
  • Table 86. Alternative leather materials producers.            430
  • Table 87. Alternative down materials producers. 432
  • Table 88. Applications of natural fiber composites.           433
  • Table 89. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.       434
  • Table 90. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.               436
  • Table 91. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites. 436
  • Table 92. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.       437
  • Table 93. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.             438
  • Table 94. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.   439
  • Table 95. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market. 441
  • Table 96. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.  442
  • Table 97. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.           443
  • Table 98. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.                444
  • Table 99. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.           445
  • Table 100. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.  446
  • Table 101. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.     447
  • Table 102. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use. 450
  • Table 103. Oji Holdings CNF products.     560
  • Table 104. Technical lignin types and applications.             604
  • Table 105. Classification of technical lignins.         606
  • Table 106. Lignin content of selected biomass.   607
  • Table 107. Properties of lignins and their applications.     608
  • Table 108. Example markets and applications for lignin.  610
  • Table 109. Processes for lignin production.           612
  • Table 110. Biorefinery feedstocks.           619
  • Table 111. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.              619
  • Table 112. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes              620
  • Table 113. Market drivers and trends for lignin.  624
  • Table 114. Lignin industry developments 2020-2021.        625
  • Table 115. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.    627
  • Table 116. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers. 627
  • Table 117. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2031 (000 MT).             628
  • Table 118. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.          630
  • Table 119. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers. 632
  • Table 120. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries.     640
  • Table 121. Application of lignin in binders, emulsifiers and dispersants.   642
  • Table 122. Types of alkyd resins and properties. 724
  • Table 123. Market summary for biobased alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers.          726
  • Table 124. Biobased alkyd coating products.        727
  • Table 125. Types of polyols.         728
  • Table 126. Polyol producers.       729
  • Table 127. Biobased polyurethane coating products.        730
  • Table 128. Market summary for biobased epoxy resins.  732
  • Table 129. Biobased polyurethane coating products.        733
  • Table 130. Biobased acrylate resin products.        735
  • Table 131. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis. 736
  • Table 132. PLA producers and production capacities.        737
  • Table 133. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.              740
  • Table 134.Types of PHAs and properties.               743
  • Table 135. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.        744
  • Table 136. Commercially available PHAs.               745
  • Table 137. Properties of micro/nanocellulose, by type.    748
  • Table 138. Types of nanocellulose.           751
  • Table 139: MFC production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes. 753
  • Table 140. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.           754
  • Table 141. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings.   756
  • Table 142. CNC properties.          758
  • Table 143: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.                759
  • Table 144. Edible coatings market summary.       763
  • Table 145. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies.       766
  • Table 146. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.        767
  • Table 147. Global market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2031 (billions USD).    769
  • Table 148. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2031 (billions USD), conservative estimate.   770
  • Table 149. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2031 (billions USD), high estimate.    772
  • Table 150. Oji Holdings CNF products.     859
  •  

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Bio-based chemicals production capacities, 2018-2025. 47
  • Figure 2. 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).            49
  • Figure 3. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 50
  • Figure 4. Epichlorohydrin production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).      51
  • Figure 5. Ethylene production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).     52
  • Figure 6. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).  56
  • Figure 7. Lactide production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).        57
  • Figure 8. Bio-MEG producers capacities. 59
  • Figure 9. Bio-MPG production capacities, 2018-2025.        60
  • Figure 10. Naphtha production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).  61
  • Figure 11. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes). 62
  • Figure 12. Sebacic acid production capacities, 2018-2025 (tonnes).           63
  • Figure 13. Global plastics production 1950-2018, millions of tons.              66
  • Figure 14. Total global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics, all types, 000 tons.      68
  • Figure 15. Global production capacities of bioplastics 2018-2030, in 1,000 tons by biodegradable/non-biodegradable types.   71
  • Figure 16. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2030, by type, in 1,000 tons.                76
  • Figure 17. Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2019-2025, by type.         76
  • Figure 18. Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2030, by type.    77
  • Figure 19. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2020.              78
  • Figure 20. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025.              79
  • Figure 21. Current and future applications of biobased and sustainable plastics.   80
  • Figure 22. Global demand for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market, 2020.              81
  • Figure 23. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019-2030, tons.                83
  • Figure 24. Challenges for the biobased and sustainable plastics market.   83
  • Figure 25.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.           86
  • Figure 26. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.              87
  • Figure 27. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.               101
  • Figure 28. PHA family.    112
  • Figure 29. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.           129
  • Figure 30. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.     131
  • Figure 31. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.          132
  • Figure 32. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2020.              134
  • Figure 33. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025.              135
  • Figure 34. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019, 1,000 tons.                139
  • Figure 35. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2020, 1,000 tons.                140
  • Figure 36. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2030      141
  • Figure 37. PHA bioplastics products.        142
  • Figure 38. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in packaging 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.                143
  • Figure 39. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in consumer products 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.         144
  • Figure 40. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in automotive 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.                145
  • Figure 41. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in building and construction 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.     146
  • Figure 42. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in textiles 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.                147
  • Figure 43. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in electronics 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.                148
  • Figure 44. Biodegradable mulch films.     149
  • Figure 45. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in agriculture 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.                150
  • Figure 46. Algiknit yarn. 156
  • Figure 47. Bio-PA rear bumper stay.         172
  • Figure 48. formicobio™ technology.         203
  • Figure 49. nanoforest-S. 205
  • Figure 50. nanoforest-PDP.         206
  • Figure 51. nanoforest-MB.           206
  • Figure 52. CuanSave film.             212
  • Figure 53. ELLEX products.           215
  • Figure 54. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.            215
  • Figure 55. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 216
  • Figure 56. Mushroom leather.    228
  • Figure 57. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).  242
  • Figure 58. PHA production process.         243
  • Figure 59. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.                252
  • Figure 60. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer). 255
  • Figure 61. CNF gel.           261
  • Figure 62. Block nanocellulose material. 261
  • Figure 63. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.              262
  • Figure 64. Made of Air's HexChar panels.               287
  • Figure 65. IPA synthesis method.              295
  • Figure 66. MOGU-Wave panels. 297
  • Figure 67. Reishi.              301
  • Figure 68. Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers.             315
  • Figure 69. Compostable water pod.         317
  • Figure 70. CNF clear sheets.        325
  • Figure 71. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.          327
  • Figure 72. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.   349
  • Figure 73. Lyocell process.           358
  • Figure 74. Spider silk production.              362
  • Figure 75. Sulapac cosmetics containers.               365
  • Figure 76.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing. 366
  • Figure 77. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles.               373
  • Figure 78. Corbion FDCA production process.      380
  • Figure 79. Types of natural fibers.             395
  • Figure 80. Cotton production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT).     399
  • Figure 81. Kapok production volume 2018-2030 (MT).     400
  • Figure 82.  Luffa cylindrica fiber. 401
  • Figure 83. Jute production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT).          403
  • Figure 84. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT).            405
  • Figure 85. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).               407
  • Figure 86. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).          408
  • Figure 87. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).           410
  • Figure 88. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).              412
  • Figure 89. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).          413
  • Figure 90. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MILLION MT).            415
  • Figure 91. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).        416
  • Figure 92. Pineapple fiber.           418
  • Figure 93. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MILLION MT).    422
  • Figure 94. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.     423
  • Figure 95. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.          424
  • Figure 96. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.           427
  • Figure 97. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.         439
  • Figure 98. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.  440
  • Figure 99. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.               440
  • Figure 100. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.       448
  • Figure 101. Coir mats for erosion control.              449
  • Figure 102. Global fiber production in 2019, by fiber type, million MT and %.        452
  • Figure 103. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2030.     453
  • Figure 104. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2030, by fiber type, MT.   455
  • Figure 105. Animal based fiber production 2018-2030, by fiber type, million MT. 457
  • Figure 106. Pluumo.        459
  • Figure 107. Algiknit yarn.              462
  • Figure 108. Amadou leather shoes.          463
  • Figure 109. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.               466
  • Figure 110. MEDICELLU™.            466
  • Figure 111. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.               468
  • Figure 112. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.            469
  • Figure 113. CNF nonwoven fabric.            470
  • Figure 114. Roof frame made of natural fiber.     473
  • Figure 115. Beyond Leather Materials product.   476
  • Figure 116. Natural fibres racing seat.     479
  • Figure 117. Cellugy materials.     484
  • Figure 118. nanoforest-S.             487
  • Figure 119. nanoforest-PDP.       488
  • Figure 120. nanoforest-MB.        488
  • Figure 121. Celish.           491
  • Figure 122. Trunk lid incorporating CNF. 491
  • Figure 123. ELLEX products.         493
  • Figure 124. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.          494
  • Figure 125. Kirekira! toilet wipes.              494
  • Figure 126. Color CNF.   495
  • Figure 127. Rheocrysta spray.     499
  • Figure 128. DKS CNF products.   499
  • Figure 129. Mushroom leather. 503
  • Figure 130. CNF based on citrus peel.      504
  • Figure 131. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.    505
  • Figure 132. Filler Bank CNC products.      508
  • Figure 133. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.     509
  • Figure 134. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE). 511
  • Figure 135. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.              512
  • Figure 136. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.            517
  • Figure 137. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).              518
  • Figure 138. CNF gel.        521
  • Figure 139. Block nanocellulose material.              522
  • Figure 140. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.            522
  • Figure 141. Marine leather products.      523
  • Figure 142. Dual Graft System.   526
  • Figure 143. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.        527
  • Figure 144. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).           527
  • Figure 145. Kami Shoji CNF products.      528
  • Figure 146. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).     530
  • Figure 147. BioFlex process.        535
  • Figure 148. Chitin nanofiber product.      538
  • Figure 149. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.            540
  • Figure 150. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder. 541
  • Figure 151. Cellulomix production process.           542
  • Figure 152. Nanobase versus conventional products.       543
  • Figure 153. MOGU-Wave panels.              545
  • Figure 154. CNF slurries.                546
  • Figure 155. Range of CNF products.          547
  • Figure 156. Reishi.           549
  • Figure 157. Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers.          556
  • Figure 158. Leather made from leaves.   557
  • Figure 159. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.      558
  • Figure 160. CNF clear sheets.      560
  • Figure 161. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.       562
  • Figure 162. XCNF.            567
  • Figure 163. CNF insulation flat plates.     569
  • Figure 164. Manufacturing process for STARCEL. 572
  • Figure 165. Lyocell process.         575
  • Figure 166. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.          576
  • Figure 167. Spider silk production.            578
  • Figure 168. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.       579
  • Figure 169. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 580
  • Figure 170. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.          580
  • Figure 171. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       581
  • Figure 172. Sulapac cosmetics containers.             583
  • Figure 173. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.     588
  • Figure 174. CNF resin products. 590
  • Figure 175. Vegea production process.   592
  • Figure 176. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.     594
  • Figure 177. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film.        595
  • Figure 178. Worn Again products.             597
  • Figure 179. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.       599
  • Figure 180. High purity lignin.     602
  • Figure 181. Lignocellulose architecture. 603
  • Figure 182. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.                604
  • Figure 183. The lignocellulose biorefinery.            610
  • Figure 184. LignoBoost process. 615
  • Figure 185. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor.          616
  • Figure 186. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system.         617
  • Figure 187. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept.       618
  • Figure 188.  Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals. 620
  • Figure 189. Organosolv lignin.     623
  • Figure 190. Hydrolytic lignin powder.      623
  • Figure 191. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2031 (000 MT).            629
  • Figure 192. Schematic of WISA plywood home.   632
  • Figure 193. Lignin based activated carbon.            635
  • Figure 194. Lignin/celluose precursor.     636
  • Figure 195. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.    651
  • Figure 196. DAWN Technology Process. 654
  • Figure 197. BALI™ technology.   658
  • Figure 198. Pressurized Hot Water Extraction.     661
  • Figure 199. sunliquid® production process.           665
  • Figure 200. Domsjö process.       667
  • Figure 201.  TMP-Bio Process.    670
  • Figure 202. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.          671
  • Figure 203. AVAPTM process.     676
  • Figure 204. GreenPower+™ process.       677
  • Figure 205. BioFlex process.        684
  • Figure 206. LX Process.  686
  • Figure 207. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.              689
  • Figure 208. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.            696
  • Figure 209: Plantrose process.    701
  • Figure 210. Hansa lignin.               706
  • Figure 211. UPM biorefinery process.     715
  • Figure 212. The Proesa® Process.              718
  • Figure 213. Goldilocks process and applications. 719
  • Figure 214. Paints and coatings industry by market segmentation 2019-2020.        722
  • Figure 215. PHA family. 742
  • Figure 216: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit. 747
  • Figure 217: Scale of cellulose materials.  748
  • Figure 218. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials. 749
  • Figure 219: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses.         751
  • Figure 220. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.     758
  • Figure 221: CNC slurry.  759
  • Figure 222. High purity lignin.     762
  • Figure 223. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.        768
  • Figure 224. Global market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2031 (billions USD).  770
  • Figure 225. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2031 (billions USD), conservative estimate. 771
  • Figure 226. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2031 (billions USD), high      773
  • Figure 227. Dulux Better Living Air Clean Biobased.           776
  • Figure 228: NCCTM Process.        797
  • Figure 229: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:         798
  • Figure 230. Cellugy materials.     799
  • Figure 231. EcoLine® 3690 (left) vs Solvent-Based Competitor Coating (right).       803
  • Figure 232. Rheocrysta spray.     809
  • Figure 233. DKS CNF products.   810
  • Figure 234. Domsjö process.       811
  • Figure 235. CNF gel.        827
  • Figure 236. Block nanocellulose material.              828
  • Figure 237. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.            828
  • Figure 238. BioFlex process.        841
  • Figure 239. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.            844
  • Figure 240: Fluorene cellulose ® powder.              863
  • Figure 241. XCNF.            869
  • Figure 242. Spider silk production.            877
  • Figure 243. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite.      880
  • Figure 244. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.       883
  • Figure 245. BiNFi-s Dry Powder. 884
  • Figure 246. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.          884
  • Figure 247. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.       885
  • Figure 248. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.     890
  • Figure 249. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film.        891
  • Figure 250. Bioalkyd products.   895
  •  

The Global Bio-based Market Report 2021
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