- Published: September 2024
- Pages: 324
- Tables: 54
- Figures: 73
The market for biodegradable and compostable packaging is experiencing rapid growth, driven by increasing environmental awareness, stringent regulations, and shifting consumer preferences towards sustainable products. This sector has emerged as a crucial component of the global packaging industry, offering eco-friendly alternatives to traditional plastic packaging. Currently, the market is characterized by a diverse range of materials and technologies, including polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), starch-based blends, and cellulose-derived packaging solutions. These materials are finding applications across various industries, with food packaging representing the largest segment due to growing concerns about plastic waste in the food supply chain. Major players in the packaging industry are investing heavily in research and development to improve the performance and cost-effectiveness of biodegradable materials. Simultaneously, numerous start-ups and innovative companies are entering the market with novel solutions, such as seaweed-based packaging and mycelium-derived materials. The market is witnessing a trend towards the development of compostable packaging that can break down in home composting conditions, addressing the limitations of industrial composting infrastructure. Additionally, there is a growing focus on creating multi-functional packaging that not only biodegrades but also offers enhanced shelf life for products or incorporates smart technologies.
Despite its growth, the biodegradable packaging market faces challenges, including higher production costs compared to conventional plastics, performance limitations in certain applications, and the need for proper waste management infrastructure. However, ongoing technological advancements and economies of scale are gradually addressing these issues. As the global push for sustainability intensifies, the biodegradable and compostable packaging market is expected to continue its upward trajectory. The industry is likely to see further innovations, increased adoption across various sectors, and potential consolidation as larger companies acquire promising technologies. This growth is not only reshaping the packaging industry but also contributing significantly to global efforts in reducing plastic waste and environmental pollution.
The Global Market for Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging 2025-2035 provides a thorough examination of the market landscape from 2025 to 2035, offering valuable insights for manufacturers, investors, and stakeholders in the sustainable packaging ecosystem. Report contents include:
- Market Size and Growth Projections: Detailed forecasts of the biodegradable and compostable packaging market size and growth rate from 2025 to 2035, segmented by product type, material, end-use industry, and region.
- Material Innovation Deep Dive: Comprehensive analysis of both synthetic and natural biobased packaging materials, including PLA, Bio-PET, PHA, starch-based blends, and emerging solutions like mycelium and seaweed-based packaging.
- Application Landscape: Exploration of key application areas such as food packaging, consumer goods, pharmaceuticals, and e-commerce, with insights into specific requirements and growth opportunities.
- Competitive Landscape: Profiles of leading companies and emerging players in the biodegradable packaging space, including their technologies, strategies, and market positioning. Companies profiled include 9Fiber, Inc., ADBioplastics, Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd., Aeropowder Limited, AGRANA Staerke GmbH, Ahlstrom-Munksjö Oyj, Alberta Innovates/Innotech Materials, LLC, Alter Eco Pulp, Alterpacks, AmicaTerra, An Phát Bioplastics, Anellotech, Inc., Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd., ANPOLY, Inc., Apeel Sciences, Applied Bioplastics, Aquapak Polymers Ltd, Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM), Arekapak GmbH, Arkema S.A, Arrow Greentech, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, Attis Innovations, llc, Avani Eco, Avantium B.V., Avient Corporation, Balrampur Chini Mills, BASF SE, Bio Fab NZ, Bio Plast Pom, Bio2Coat, Bioelements Group, Biofibre GmbH, Bioform Technologies, Biokemik, BIOLO, BioLogiQ, Inc., Biome Bioplastics, Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd., BIO-FED, BIO-LUTIONS International AG, Bioplastech Ltd, BioSmart Nano, BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG, Biovox GmbH, BlockTexx Pty Ltd., Blue Ocean Closures, Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd., BOBST, Borealis AG, Brightplus Oy, Business Innovation Partners Co., Ltd., Carbiolice, Carbios, Cardia Bioplastics Ltd., CARAPAC Company, Cass Materials Pty Ltd, Celanese Corporation, Cellugy, Cellutech AB (Stora Enso), Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Chemol Company (Seydel), CJ Biomaterials, Inc., Coastgrass ApS, Corumat, Inc., Cruz Foam, CuanTec Ltd., Daicel Polymer Ltd., Daio Paper Corporation, Danimer Scientific LLC, DIC Corporation, DIC Products, Inc., DKS Co. Ltd., Dow, Inc., DuFor Resins B.V., DuPont, Earthodic Pty Ltd., EarthForm, Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Ecoshell, EcoSynthetix, Inc., Ecovia Renewables, Enkev, Epoch Biodesign, Eranova, Esbottle Oy, Fiberlean Technologies, Fiberwood Oy, FKuR Kunststoff GmbH, Floreon, Footprint, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Full Cycle Bioplastics LLC, Futamura Chemical Co., Ltd., Futuramat Sarl, Futurity Bio-Ventures Ltd., Genecis Bioindustries, Inc., Grabio Greentech Corporation, Granbio Technologies, GreenNano Technologies Inc., GS Alliance Co. Ltd, Guangzhou Bio-plus Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Hokuetsu Toyo Fibre Co., Ltd., Holmen Iggesund, IUV Srl, Jiangsu Jinhe Hi-Tech Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Torise Biomaterials Co., Ltd, JinHui ZhaoLang High Technology Co., Ltd., Kagzi Bottles Private Limited, Kami Shoji Company, Kaneka Corporation, Kelpi Industries Ltd., Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co. Ltd., Klabin S.A., Lactips S.A., LAM'ON, LanzaTech, Licella, Lignin Industries, Loick Biowertstoff GmbH, LOTTE Chemical Corporation, MadeRight, MakeGrowLab, Marea, Marine Innovation Co., Ltd, Melodea Ltd., Mi Terro, Inc., Mitr Phol, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Mitsubishi Polyester Film GmbH, Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Mobius, Mondi, Multibax Public Co., Ltd., Nabaco, Inc., NatPol, Nature Coatings, Inc., NatureWorks LLC, New Zealand Natural Fibers (NZNF), Newlight Technologies, NEXE Innovations Inc., Nippon Paper Industries, Notpla, Novamont S.p.A., Novomer, Oimo, Oji Paper Company, Omya, one • five GmbH, Origin Materials, Pack2Earth, Paptic Ltd., Pivot Materials LLC, Plafco Fibertech Oy, Plantic Technologies Ltd., Plantics B.V., Poliloop, Polyferm Canada, Pond Biomaterials, Provenance Biofabrics, Inc., PT Intera Lestari Polimer, PTT MCC Biochem Co., Ltd., Qnature UG, Rengo Co., Ltd., Rise Innventia AB, Rodenburg Productie B.V., Roquette S.A., RWDC Industries, S.lab, Sappi Limited, Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC), Searo, Shellworks, Shenzhen Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Sirmax Group, SK Chemicals Co., Ltd., Solvay SA, Spectrus Sustainable Solutions Pvt Ltd, Spero Renewables, StePAc, Stora Enso Oyj, Sufresca, Sulapac Oy, Sulzer Chemtech AG, SUPLA Bioplastics, Sway Innovation Co., Sweetwater Energy, Taghleef Industries Llc, Teal Bioworks, Inc., TemperPack® Technologies, Termotécnica, TerraVerdae BioWorks Inc, Tianjin GreenBio Materials Co., Ltd, Ticinoplast, TIPA, Toppan Printing Co., Ltd., Toraphene, TotalEnergies Corbion, Universal Bio Pack Co., Ltd., UPM Biochemicals, UPM-Kymmene Oyj, Valentis Nanotech, Vegea srl, Verso Corporation, Weidmann Fiber Technology, Woamy Oy, Woodly Ltd., Worn Again Technologies, Xampla, Yangi, Yokohama Bio Frontier, Inc., Zelfo Technology, ZeroCircle, Zhejiang Jinjiahao Green Nanomaterial Co., Ltd.
- Sustainability Impact: Assessment of the environmental benefits and challenges associated with biodegradable and compostable packaging, including life cycle analyses and circular economy initiatives.
- Recent developments in biodegradable packaging technology.
- Market Drivers and Opportunities.
- Challenges and Market Dynamics
- Regional Analysis and Market Opportunities
- In-depth analysis of biodegradable packaging applications across various industries:
- Food and Beverage: Largest market segment with diverse applications from fresh produce to dairy packaging
- Consumer Goods: Growing demand in personal care and household products
- Pharmaceutical: Increasing use of bioplastics in medical packaging and drug delivery systems
- E-commerce: Rising adoption of sustainable packaging solutions for online retail
- Materials Benchmarking and Performance Analysis
- Manufacturing and Processing Innovations
- Improvements in extrusion and thermoforming processes
- Novel approaches to enhance material properties
- Scalability considerations for mass production
- Quality control and testing methodologies
- Investment Landscape and Market Opportunities
- Regulatory Framework and Standards
As the world moves towards more sustainable packaging solutions, understanding the biodegradable and compostable packaging market is crucial for:
- Packaging manufacturers looking to expand their product portfolio
- Brand owners seeking to meet sustainability goals and consumer demands
- Investors interested in high-growth areas of the packaging industry
- Policy makers developing regulations for sustainable packaging
- Researchers and material scientists working on next-generation packaging solutions
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 18
- 1.1 Global Packaging Market 18
- 1.2 The Market for Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging 19
- 1.2.1 By biobased plastics type 19
- 1.2.2 By packaging product type 20
- 1.2.3 By end-use market 21
- 1.2.4 By region 22
- 1.3 Main types 22
- 1.3.1 Cellulose acetate 24
- 1.3.2 PLA 24
- 1.3.3 Aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters 25
- 1.3.4 PHA 25
- 1.3.5 Starch/starch blends 25
- 1.4 Prices 26
- 1.5 Market Trends 27
- 1.6 Market Drivers for recent growth in Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging 28
- 1.7 Challenges for Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging 29
2 BIOBASED MATERIALS IN BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PACKAGING 31
- 2.1 Materials innovation 31
- 2.2 Active packaging 31
- 2.3 Monomaterial packaging 31
- 2.4 Conventional polymer materials used in packaging 32
- 2.4.1 Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene 33
- 2.4.1.1 Overview 33
- 2.4.1.2 Grades 33
- 2.4.1.3 Producers 34
- 2.4.2 PET and other polyester polymers 35
- 2.4.2.1 Overview 35
- 2.4.3 Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging 35
- 2.4.4 Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers 37
- 2.4.5 Processes for bioplastics in packaging 37
- 2.4.6 End-of-life treatment of bio-based and sustainable packaging 38
- 2.4.1 Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene 33
- 2.5 Synthetic bio-based packaging materials 39
- 2.5.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 39
- 2.5.1.1 Overview 39
- 2.5.1.2 Properties 40
- 2.5.1.3 Applications 40
- 2.5.1.4 Advantages 41
- 2.5.1.5 Challenges 41
- 2.5.1.6 Commercial examples 42
- 2.5.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) 42
- 2.5.2.1 Overview 43
- 2.5.2.2 Properties 43
- 2.5.2.3 Applications 43
- 2.5.2.4 Advantages of Bio-PET in Packaging 44
- 2.5.2.5 Challenges and Limitations 44
- 2.5.2.6 Commercial examples 45
- 2.5.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) 46
- 2.5.3.1 Overview 46
- 2.5.3.2 Production Process 46
- 2.5.3.3 Properties 46
- 2.5.3.4 Applications 46
- 2.5.3.5 Advantages of Bio-PTT in Packaging 47
- 2.5.3.6 Challenges and Limitations 47
- 2.5.3.7 Commercial examples 48
- 2.5.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) 48
- 2.5.4.1 Overview 48
- 2.5.4.2 Properties 48
- 2.5.4.3 Applications 49
- 2.5.4.4 Advantages of Bio-PEF in Packaging 49
- 2.5.4.5 Challenges and Limitations 49
- 2.5.4.6 Commercial examples 50
- 2.5.5 Bio-PA 50
- 2.5.5.1 Overview 50
- 2.5.5.2 Properties 50
- 2.5.5.3 Applications in Packaging 51
- 2.5.5.4 Advantages of Bio-PA in Packaging 51
- 2.5.5.5 Challenges and Limitations 51
- 2.5.5.6 Commercial examples 52
- 2.5.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters 52
- 2.5.6.1 Overview 52
- 2.5.6.2 Properties 52
- 2.5.6.3 Applications in Packaging 53
- 2.5.6.4 Advantages of Bio-PBAT in Packaging 53
- 2.5.6.5 Challenges and Limitations 53
- 2.5.6.6 Commercial examples 54
- 2.5.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers 54
- 2.5.7.1 Overview 54
- 2.5.7.2 Properties 54
- 2.5.7.3 Applications in Packaging 55
- 2.5.7.4 Advantages of Bio-PBS and Co-polymers in Packaging 55
- 2.5.7.5 Challenges and Limitations 55
- 2.5.7.6 Commercial examples 56
- 2.5.8 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) 56
- 2.5.8.1 Overview 56
- 2.5.8.2 Properties 56
- 2.5.8.3 Applications in Packaging 56
- 2.5.8.4 Advantages of Bio-PP in Packaging 57
- 2.5.8.5 Challenges and Limitations 57
- 2.5.8.6 Commercial examples 57
- 2.5.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 39
- 2.6 Natural bio-based packaging materials 58
- 2.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 58
- 2.6.1.1 Properties 58
- 2.6.1.2 Applications in Packaging 58
- 2.6.1.3 Advantages of PHA in Packaging 60
- 2.6.1.4 Challenges and Limitations 60
- 2.6.1.5 Commercial examples 60
- 2.6.2 Starch-based blends 61
- 2.6.2.1 Overview 61
- 2.6.2.2 Properties 61
- 2.6.2.3 Applications in Packaging 61
- 2.6.2.4 Advantages of Starch-Based Blends in Packaging 62
- 2.6.2.5 Challenges and Limitations 62
- 2.6.2.6 Commercial examples 62
- 2.6.3 Cellulose 62
- 2.6.3.1 Feedstocks 62
- 2.6.3.1.1 Wood 63
- 2.6.3.1.2 Plant 63
- 2.6.3.1.3 Tunicate 64
- 2.6.3.1.4 Algae 64
- 2.6.3.1.5 Bacteria 65
- 2.6.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 66
- 2.6.3.2.1 Properties 66
- 2.6.3.3 Nanocellulose 66
- 2.6.3.3.1 Cellulose nanocrystals 66
- 2.6.3.3.1.1 Applications in packaging 67
- 2.6.3.3.2 Cellulose nanofibers 68
- 2.6.3.3.2.1 Applications in packaging 69
- 2.6.3.3.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 75
- 2.6.3.3.3.1 Applications in packaging 77
- 2.6.3.3.1 Cellulose nanocrystals 66
- 2.6.3.4 Commercial examples 78
- 2.6.3.1 Feedstocks 62
- 2.6.4 Protein-based bioplastics in packaging 78
- 2.6.4.1 Feedstocks 78
- 2.6.4.2 Commercial examples 80
- 2.6.5 Lipids and waxes for packaging 80
- 2.6.5.1 Overview 80
- 2.6.5.2 Commercial examples 81
- 2.6.6 Seaweed-based packaging 81
- 2.6.6.1 Overview 81
- 2.6.6.2 Production 82
- 2.6.6.3 Applications in packaging 83
- 2.6.6.4 Producers 83
- 2.6.7 Mycelium 83
- 2.6.7.1 Overview 83
- 2.6.7.2 Applications in packaging 84
- 2.6.7.3 Commercial examples 85
- 2.6.8 Chitosan 85
- 2.6.8.1 Overview 85
- 2.6.8.2 Applications in packaging 86
- 2.6.8.3 Commercial examples 86
- 2.6.9 Bio-naphtha 88
- 2.6.9.1 Overview 88
- 2.6.9.2 Markets and applications 88
- 2.6.9.3 Commercial examples 90
- 2.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 58
3 MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS 91
- 3.1 Paper and board packaging 91
- 3.2 Food packaging 91
- 3.2.1 Bio-Based films and trays 92
- 3.2.2 Bio-Based pouches and bags 92
- 3.2.3 Bio-Based textiles and nets 92
- 3.2.4 Bioadhesives 93
- 3.2.4.1 Starch 94
- 3.2.4.2 Cellulose 94
- 3.2.4.3 Protein-Based 94
- 3.2.5 Barrier coatings and films 94
- 3.2.5.1 Polysaccharides 95
- 3.2.5.1.1 Chitin 96
- 3.2.5.1.2 Chitosan 96
- 3.2.5.1.3 Starch 96
- 3.2.5.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 96
- 3.2.5.3 Poly(butylene Succinate) 96
- 3.2.5.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings 96
- 3.2.5.1 Polysaccharides 95
- 3.2.6 Active and Smart Food Packaging 97
- 3.2.6.1 Active Materials and Packaging Systems 97
- 3.2.6.2 Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging 98
- 3.2.7 Antimicrobial films and agents 99
- 3.2.7.1 Natural 100
- 3.2.7.2 Inorganic nanoparticles 100
- 3.2.7.3 Biopolymers 100
- 3.2.8 Bio-based Inks and Dyes 101
- 3.2.9 Edible films and coatings 101
- 3.2.9.1 Overview 101
- 3.2.9.2 Commercial examples 103
- 3.2.9 Edible films and coatings 101
- 3.3 Biobased films and coatings in packaging 104
- 3.3.1 Overview 104
- 3.3.2 Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings 104
- 3.3.3 Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging 107
- 3.3.3.1 Polyurethane coatings 107
- 3.3.3.1.1 Properties 107
- 3.3.3.1.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings 107
- 3.3.3.1.3 Products 108
- 3.3.3.2 Acrylate resins 109
- 3.3.3.2.1 Properties 109
- 3.3.3.2.2 Bio-based acrylates 109
- 3.3.3.2.3 Products 110
- 3.3.3.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) 110
- 3.3.3.3.1 Properties 111
- 3.3.3.3.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films 112
- 3.3.3.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings 112
- 3.3.3.5 Cellulose coatings and films 113
- 3.3.3.5.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) 113
- 3.3.3.5.2 Cellulose nanofibers 114
- 3.3.3.5.2.1 Properties 114
- 3.3.3.5.2.2 Product developers 116
- 3.3.3.6 Lignin coatings 118
- 3.3.3.7 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings 118
- 3.3.3.7.1 Plant derived proteins 118
- 3.3.3.7.2 Animal origin proteins 118
- 3.3.3.1 Polyurethane coatings 107
- 3.4 Carbon capture derived materials for packaging 119
- 3.4.1 Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks 120
- 3.4.2 CO₂-derived polymers and plastics 122
- 3.4.3 CO2 utilization products 123
- 3.5 Flexible packaging 124
- 3.6 Rigid packaging 127
- 3.7 Coatings and films 130
4 COMPANY PROFILES 131 (230 company profiles)
5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 313
6 REFERENCES 314
List of Tables
- Table 1. Global biodegradable and compostable packaging by biobased plastics type, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 19
- Table 2. Global biodegradable and compostable packaging by packaging product type, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 20
- Table 3. Global biodegradable and compostable packaging by end-use market, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 21
- Table 4. Global biodegradable and compostable packaging by region, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 22
- Table 5. Main Types of Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging Materials 23
- Table 6. Average prices by bioplastic type, 2024 (US$ per kg). 26
- Table 7. Average annual prices by bioplastic type, 2020-2023 (US$ per kg). 26
- Table 8. Market trends in Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging 27
- Table 9. Market drivers for recent growth in the Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging market. 28
- Table 10. Challenges for Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging. 29
- Table 11. Types of bio-based plastics and fossil-fuel-based plastics 32
- Table 12. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers. 37
- Table 13. Processes for bioplastics in packaging. 38
- Table 14. LDPE film versus PLA, 2019–24 (USD/tonne). 39
- Table 15. PLA properties for packaging applications. 40
- Table 16. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging. 59
- Table 17. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae. 64
- Table 18. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers. 66
- Table 19. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC). 67
- Table 20. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging. 69
- Table 21. Applications of Bacterial Nanocellulose in Packaging. 77
- Table 22. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies. 79
- Table 23. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size. 82
- Table 24. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics. 83
- Table 25. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 83
- Table 26. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications. 86
- Table 27. Commercial Examples of Chitosan-based Films and Coatings and Companies. 86
- Table 28. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications. 88
- Table 29. Bio-naphtha market value chain. 89
- Table 30. Commercial Examples of Bio-Naphtha Packaging and Companies. 90
- Table 31. Pros and cons of different type of food packaging materials. 91
- Table 32. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications. 98
- Table 33. Intelligent Biodegradable Films. 98
- Table 34. Edible films and coatings market summary. 101
- Table 35. Summary of barrier films and coatings for packaging. 105
- Table 36. Types of polyols. 107
- Table 37. Polyol producers. 108
- Table 38. Bio-based polyurethane coating products. 108
- Table 39. Bio-based acrylate resin products. 110
- Table 40. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis. 110
- Table 41. Commercially available PHAs. 113
- Table 42. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings. 114
- Table 43. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings. 116
- Table 44. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies. 118
- Table 45. CO2 utilization and removal pathways. 120
- Table 46. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers. 123
- Table 47. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging. 125
- Table 48. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging. 125
- Table 49. Bioplastics for flexible packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes) 126
- Table 50. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging. 128
- Table 51. Bioplastics for rigid packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes). 128
- Table 52. Market revenues for bio-based coatings in packaging, 2018-2035 (billions USD), high estimate. 130
- Table 53. Lactips plastic pellets. 235
- Table 54. Oji Holdings CNF products. 265
List of Figures
- Figure 1. Global packaging market by material type. 18
- Figure 2. Global biodegradable and compostable packaging by biobased plastics type, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 20
- Figure 3. Global biodegradable and compostable packaging by packaging product type, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 20
- Figure 4. Global biodegradable and compostable packaging by end-use market, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 21
- Figure 5. Global biodegradable and compostable packaging by region, 2023-2035 (1,000 tonnes). 22
- Figure 6. Routes for synthesizing polymers from fossil-based and bio-based resources. 36
- Figure 7. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms. 63
- Figure 8. Biosynthesis of (a) wood cellulose (b) tunicate cellulose and (c) BC. 64
- Figure 9. Cellulose microfibrils and nanofibrils. 65
- Figure 10. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals. 67
- Figure 11. CNC slurry. 67
- Figure 12. CNF gel. 69
- Figure 13. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes 76
- Figure 14. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix. 82
- Figure 15. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam. 85
- Figure 16. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application. 100
- Figure 17. Water soluble packaging by Notpla. 103
- Figure 18. Examples of edible films in food packaging. 104
- Figure 19. Schematic of gas barrier properties of nanoclay film. 105
- Figure 20. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test. 117
- Figure 21. Applications for CO2. 120
- Figure 22. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services. 122
- Figure 23. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials 123
- Figure 24. Bioplastics for flexible packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes). 127
- Figure 25. Bioplastics for rigid packaging by bioplastic material type, 2019–2035 (‘000 tonnes). 129
- Figure 26. Market revenues for bio-based coatings in packaging, 2018-2035 (billions USD), conservative estimate. 130
- Figure 27. Pluumo. 133
- Figure 28. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel. 142
- Figure 29. MEDICELLU™. 143
- Figure 30. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet. 149
- Figure 31. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric. 150
- Figure 32. CNF nonwoven fabric. 151
- Figure 33. Passionfruit wrapped in Xgo Circular packaging. 156
- Figure 34. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA. 161
- Figure 35. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc. 162
- Figure 36. Fiber-based screw cap. 170
- Figure 37. SEELCAP ONEGO. 175
- Figure 38. CJ CheilJedang's biodegradable PHA-based wrapper for shipping products. 183
- Figure 39. CuanSave film. 185
- Figure 40. ELLEX products. 187
- Figure 41. CNF-reinforced PP compounds. 188
- Figure 42. Kirekira! toilet wipes. 188
- Figure 43. Edible packaging from Dissolves. 192
- Figure 44. Rheocrysta spray. 193
- Figure 45. DKS CNF products. 193
- Figure 46. Evoware edible seaweed-based packaging 204
- Figure 47. Photograph (a) and micrograph (b) of mineral/ MFC composite showing the high viscosity and fibrillar structure. 205
- Figure 48. Forest and Whale container. 211
- Figure 49. PHA production process. 212
- Figure 50. Soy Silvestre’s wheatgrass shots. 213
- Figure 51. AVAPTM process. 217
- Figure 52. GreenPower+™ process. 217
- Figure 53. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials. 220
- Figure 54. CNF gel. 222
- Figure 55. Block nanocellulose material. 222
- Figure 56. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu. 223
- Figure 57. Unilever Carte D’Or ice cream packaging. 225
- Figure 58. Kami Shoji CNF products. 230
- Figure 59. IPA synthesis method. 248
- Figure 60. Compostable water pod. 259
- Figure 61. XCNF. 276
- Figure 62: Innventia AB movable nanocellulose demo plant. 277
- Figure 63. Shellworks packaging containers. 282
- Figure 64. Thales packaging incorporating Fibrease. 288
- Figure 65. Sulapac cosmetics containers. 290
- Figure 66. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing. 291
- Figure 67. Silver / CNF composite dispersions. 297
- Figure 68. CNF/nanosilver powder. 298
- Figure 69. Corbion FDCA production process. 299
- Figure 70. UPM biorefinery process. 301
- Figure 71. Vegea production process. 304
- Figure 72. Worn Again products. 307
- Figure 73. S-CNF in powder form. 309
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